1
|
Li W, Xin S, Deng W, Wang B, Liu X, Yuan Y, Wang S. Occurrence, spatiotemporal distribution patterns,partitioning and risk assessments of multiple pesticide residues in typical estuarine water environments in eastern China. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 245:120570. [PMID: 37703754 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The low terrain and the prosperous agriculture in the east of China, have caused the accumulation of pesticide residues in the estuaries. Therefore, this study analyzed the spatiotemporal distribution and partition tendency of 106 pesticides based on their abundance, frequencies, and concentrations in the aquatic environment of 16 river estuaries in 7 major basins in the eastern China by using solid-phase extraction (SPE) with high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‒MS/MS) and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC‒MS/MS). In addition, potential risk of multiple pesticides was also evaluated. The results showed that herbicides were the dominant pesticide type, while triazines were the predominate substance group of pesticide. In addition, triadimenol, vinclozolin, diethylatrazine, prometryn, thiamethoxam, atrazine, and metalachlor were the major pesticides in the water, while prometryn, metalachlor, and atrazine were the main pesticides in the sediment. The average total concentration of pesticide was 751.15 ng/L in the dry season, 651.17 ng/L in the wet season, and 617.37 ng/L in the normal season, respectively. The estuaries of the Huai River Basin, the Yangtze River Basin, the Hai River Basin, and the Yellow River Basin have been affected by the low pollution treatment efficiency, weak infrastructure, and agricultural/non-agricultural activities in eastern China, resulting in relatively serious pesticide pollution. The estuaries of Huaihe River, Yangtze River, Xiaoqing River, and Luanhe River had large pesticide abundance and comparatively severe pesticide pollution, while the estuaries of Tuhai River and Haihe River had heavy pesticide contamination in the sediment, which might be induced by historical sedimentary factors. The log KOC values showed that except for thioketone, other pesticides were relatively stable due to the adsorption by sediment. The ecological risk assessment results indicated that insecticides had a high risk. Teenagers were the most severely affected by the noncarcinogenic risk of pesticides, while adults were mostly affected by the carcinogenic risk of pesticides. Therefore, pesticide hazards in the water environment of estuaries in eastern China needs to be further close supervision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Li
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Shuhan Xin
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Wenjing Deng
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Bingbing Wang
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Yin Yuan
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Shiliang Wang
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hung H, Halsall C, Ball H, Bidleman T, Dachs J, De Silva A, Hermanson M, Kallenborn R, Muir D, Sühring R, Wang X, Wilson S. Climate change influence on the levels and trends of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and chemicals of emerging Arctic concern (CEACs) in the Arctic physical environment - a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1577-1615. [PMID: 35244108 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00485a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Climate change brings about significant changes in the physical environment in the Arctic. Increasing temperatures, sea ice retreat, slumping permafrost, changing sea ice regimes, glacial loss and changes in precipitation patterns can all affect how contaminants distribute within the Arctic environment and subsequently impact the Arctic ecosystems. In this review, we summarized observed evidence of the influence of climate change on contaminant circulation and transport among various Arctic environment media, including air, ice, snow, permafrost, fresh water and the marine environment. We have also drawn on parallel examples observed in Antarctica and the Tibetan Plateau, to broaden the discussion on how climate change may influence contaminant fate in similar cold-climate ecosystems. Significant knowledge gaps on indirect effects of climate change on contaminants in the Arctic environment, including those of extreme weather events, increase in forests fires, and enhanced human activities leading to new local contaminant emissions, have been identified. Enhanced mobilization of contaminants to marine and freshwater ecosystems has been observed as a result of climate change, but better linkages need to be made between these observed effects with subsequent exposure and accumulation of contaminants in biota. Emerging issues include those of Arctic contamination by microplastics and higher molecular weight halogenated natural products (hHNPs) and the implications of such contamination in a changing Arctic environment is explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M5P 1W4, Canada.
| | - Crispin Halsall
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Hollie Ball
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Terry Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia 08034, Spain
| | - Amila De Silva
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Mark Hermanson
- Hermanson & Associates LLC, 2000 W 53rd Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55419, USA
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- Department of Arctic Technology, University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Longyearbyen, 9171, Norway
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, 1432, Norway
| | - Derek Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Roxana Sühring
- Department for Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Simon Wilson
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme Secretariat, The Fram Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
de Wit CA, Vorkamp K, Muir D. Influence of climate change on persistent organic pollutants and chemicals of emerging concern in the Arctic: state of knowledge and recommendations for future research. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1530-1543. [PMID: 35171167 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00531f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have accumulated in polar environments as a result of long-range transport from urban/industrial and agricultural source regions in the mid-latitudes. Climate change has been recognized as a factor capable of influencing POP levels and trends in the Arctic, but little empirical data have been available previously. A growing number of recent studies have now addressed the consequences of climate change for the fate of Arctic contaminants, as reviewed and assessed by the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP). For example, correlations between POP temporal trends in air or biota and climate indices, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation Index, have been found. Besides the climate indices, temperature, precipitation and sea-ice were identified as important climate parameters influencing POP levels in the Arctic environment. However, the physical changes are interlinked with complex ecological changes, including new species habitats and predator/prey relationships, resulting in a vast diversity of processes directly or indirectly affecting levels and trends of POPs. The reviews in this themed issue illustrate that the complexity of physical, chemical, and biological processes, and the rapid developments with regard to both climate change and chemical contamination, require greater interdisciplinary scientific exchange and collaboration. While some climate and biological parameters have been linked to POP levels in the Arctic, mechanisms underlying these correlations are usually not understood and need more work. Going forward there is a need for a stronger collaborative approach to understanding these processes due to high uncertainties and the incremental process of increasing knowledge of these chemicals. There is also a need to support and encourage community-based studies and the co-production of knowledge, including the utilization of Indigenous Knowledge, for interpreting trends of POPs in light of climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A de Wit
- Dept. of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden.
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Dept. of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, 400 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Derek Muir
- Environment & Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hader JD, Lane T, Boxall ABA, MacLeod M, Di Guardo A. Enabling forecasts of environmental exposure to chemicals in European agriculture under global change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 840:156478. [PMID: 35667426 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
European agricultural development in the 21st century will be affected by a host of global changes, including climate change, changes in agricultural technologies and practices, and a shift towards a circular economy. The type and quantity of chemicals used, emitted, and cycled through agricultural systems in Europe will change, driven by shifts in the use patterns of pesticides, veterinary pharmaceuticals, reclaimed wastewater used for irrigation, and biosolids. Climate change will also impact the chemical persistence, fate, and transport processes that dictate environmental exposure. Here, we review the literature to identify research that will enable scenario-based forecasting of environmental exposures to organic chemicals in European agriculture under global change. Enabling exposure forecasts requires understanding current and possible future 1.) emissions, 2.) persistence and transformation, and 3.) fate and transport of agricultural chemicals. We discuss current knowledge in these three areas, the impact global change drivers may have on them, and we identify knowledge and data gaps that must be overcome to enable predictive scenario-based forecasts of environmental exposure under global change. Key research gaps identified are: improved understanding of relationships between global change and chemical emissions in agricultural settings; better understanding of environment-microbe interactions in the context of chemical degradation under future conditions; and better methods for downscaling climate change-driven intense precipitation events for chemical fate and transport modelling. We introduce a set of narrative Agricultural Chemical Exposure (ACE) scenarios - augmenting the IPCC's Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) - as a framework for forecasting chemical exposure in European agriculture. The proposed ACE scenarios cover a plausible range of optimistic to pessimistic 21st century development pathways. Filling the knowledge and data gaps identified within this study and using the ACE scenario approach for chemical exposure forecasting will support stakeholder planning and regulatory intervention strategies to ensure European agricultural practices develop in a sustainable manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D Hader
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Taylor Lane
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair B A Boxall
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew MacLeod
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Antonio Di Guardo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, CO, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Welch SA, Lane T, Desrousseaux AO, van Dijk J, Mangold-Döring A, Gajraj R, Hader JD, Hermann M, Parvathi Ayillyath Kutteyeri A, Mentzel S, Nagesh P, Polazzo F, Roth SK, Boxall AB, Chefetz B, Dekker SC, Eitzinger J, Grung M, MacLeod M, Moe SJ, Rico A, Sobek A, van Wezel AP, van den Brink P. ECORISK2050: An Innovative Training Network for predicting the effects of global change on the emission, fate, effects, and risks of chemicals in aquatic ecosystems. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2022; 1:154. [PMID: 37645192 PMCID: PMC10446038 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14283.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
By 2050, the global population is predicted to reach nine billion, with almost three quarters living in cities. The road to 2050 will be marked by changes in land use, climate, and the management of water and food across the world. These global changes (GCs) will likely affect the emissions, transport, and fate of chemicals, and thus the exposure of the natural environment to chemicals. ECORISK2050 is a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Innovative Training Network that brings together an interdisciplinary consortium of academic, industry and governmental partners to deliver a new generation of scientists, with the skills required to study and manage the effects of GCs on chemical risks to the aquatic environment. The research and training goals are to: (1) assess how inputs and behaviour of chemicals from agriculture and urban environments are affected by different environmental conditions, and how different GC scenarios will drive changes in chemical risks to human and ecosystem health; (2) identify short-to-medium term adaptation and mitigation strategies, to abate unacceptable increases to risks, and (3) develop tools for use by industry and policymakers for the assessment and management of the impacts of GC-related drivers on chemical risks. This project will deliver the next generation of scientists, consultants, and industry and governmental decision-makers who have the knowledge and skillsets required to address the changing pressures associated with chemicals emitted by agricultural and urban activities, on aquatic systems on the path to 2050 and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Taylor Lane
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | | | - Joanke van Dijk
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annika Mangold-Döring
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Rudrani Gajraj
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment (WAU), University of Natural Resources and Life sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - John D. Hader
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - Markus Hermann
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sophie Mentzel
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, 0579, Norway
| | - Poornima Nagesh
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Polazzo
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, 28805, Spain
| | - Sabrina K. Roth
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | | | - Benny Chefetz
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Stefan C. Dekker
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Josef Eitzinger
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment (WAU), University of Natural Resources and Life sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Merete Grung
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, 0579, Norway
| | - Matthew MacLeod
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | | | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, 28805, Spain
| | - Anna Sobek
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - Annemarie P. van Wezel
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul van den Brink
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Luarte T, Tucca F, Nimptsch J, Woelfl S, Casas G, Dachs J, Chiang G, Pozo K, Barra R, Galbán-Malagón C. Occurrence and air-water diffusive exchange legacy persistent organic pollutants in an oligotrophic north Patagonian lake. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112042. [PMID: 34555404 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the occurrence and diffusive air-water exchange of POPs in Panguipulli Lake (39°42'S-72°13'W), an oligotrophic lake located in northern Patagonia (Chile), were determined. Air and water samples were collected between March and August 2017 (autumn-winter) and analyzed for concentrations of OCPs (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH and HCB) and PCBs (PCB-28,-52,-101,-118,-153,-158,-180) using gas chromatography coupled with an electron capture detector. The direction of air-water exchange direction was evaluated using a fugacity approach (ƒw ƒa-1), and net diffusive exchange fluxes (FAW, ng m-2 d-1) were also estimated. Total ∑4OCP levels in air ranged from 0.31 to 37 pg m-3, with a maximum for β-HCH, while Σ7PCB levels ranged from 3.05 to 43 pg m-3. The most abundant congener was PCB-153, accounting for 60% of the total PCBs in air. Surface water ∑4OCPs measured in this study ranged from 1.01 to 3.9 pg L-1, with γ-HCH predominating, while surface water Σ7PCB levels ranged from 0.32 to 24 pg L-1, with PCB-101, PCB-118, and PCB-153 presenting the highest levels. Diffusive air-water exchanges of HCB, α-HCH, γ-HCH and PCBs in the form of volatilization from the lake to air predominated; in contrast, for β-HCH net deposition dominated during the sampling period. Estimates suggested faster microbial degradation in the dissolved phase compared to atmospheric degradation for all analyzed POPs. Overall, these results could indicate that the oligotrophic lakes of northern Patagonia act as a secondary source of atmospheric POPs, mainly PCBs and some OCPs. This study is a first attempt to understand the occurrence of POPs in air and water, as well as their dynamics in oligotrophic lakes in the southern hemisphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thais Luarte
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Medicina de La Conservación, Facultad Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; GEMA, Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide, 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Tucca
- Instituto Tecnológico Del Salmón (INTESAL de SalmonChile), Av. Juan Soler Manfredini 41, Of. 1802, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Jorge Nimptsch
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Casilla 567, Chile
| | - Stefan Woelfl
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Casilla 567, Chile
| | - Gemma Casas
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gustavo Chiang
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karla Pozo
- RECETOX, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur 1457, Concepción, Bío Bío, Chile
| | - Ricardo Barra
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA, Universidad de Concepción, 4070386, Chile
| | - Cristóbal Galbán-Malagón
- GEMA, Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide, 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Townhill BL, Reppas-Chrysovitsinos E, Sühring R, Halsall CJ, Mengo E, Sanders T, Dähnke K, Crabeck O, Kaiser J, Birchenough SNR. Pollution in the Arctic Ocean: An overview of multiple pressures and implications for ecosystem services. AMBIO 2022; 51:471-483. [PMID: 34874530 PMCID: PMC8692579 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01657-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic is undergoing unprecedented change. Observations and models demonstrate significant perturbations to the physical and biological systems. Arctic species and ecosystems, particularly in the marine environment, are subject to a wide range of pressures from human activities, including exposure to a complex mixture of pollutants, climate change and fishing activity. These pressures affect the ecosystem services that the Arctic provides. Current international policies are attempting to support sustainable exploitation of Arctic resources with a view to balancing human wellbeing and environmental protection. However, assessments of the potential combined impacts of human activities are limited by data, particularly related to pollutants, a limited understanding of physical and biological processes, and single policies that are limited to ecosystem-level actions. This manuscript considers how, when combined, a suite of existing tools can be used to assess the impacts of pollutants in combination with other anthropogenic pressures on Arctic ecosystems, and on the services that these ecosystems provide. Recommendations are made for the advancement of targeted Arctic research to inform environmental practices and regulatory decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryony L. Townhill
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0HT UK
| | | | - Roxana Sühring
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3 Canada
| | - Crispin J. Halsall
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ UK
| | - Elena Mengo
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0HT UK
| | - Tina Sanders
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute for Carbon Cycles, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Kirsten Dähnke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute for Carbon Cycles, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Odile Crabeck
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Jan Kaiser
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Silvana N. R. Birchenough
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0HT UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cheng C, Hu T, Liu W, Mao Y, Shi M, Xu A, Su Y, Li X, Xing X, Qi S. Modern lake sedimentary record of PAHs and OCPs in a typical karst wetland, south China: Response to human activities and environmental changes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118173. [PMID: 34537600 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The sedimentary history of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) over the past 140 years in a lake sediment core from Huixian karst wetland was reconstructed. The total PAHs and OCPs concentrations ranged from 40.0 to 210 ng g-1 and 0.98 to 31.4 ng g-1, respectively. The vertical distribution of PAHs and OCPs in different stages was great consistent with the history of regional socio-economic development and the usage of OCPs. As the indicators of socio-economic development, gross domestic product (GDP), population, energy consumption, highway mileage, and private vehicles correlated with the PAHs concentrations, indicating the impact of human activities on PAHs levels. The PAHs and OCPs concentrations were also affected by environmental changes in the wetland, as reconstructed by total organic carbon (TOC), sand, silt, clay, quartz, and calcite in sediments. Redundancy analysis (RDA) results showed TOC was the dominant factor to explain the concentrations of PAHs and OCPs with the explanation of 86.7% and 43.5%, respectively. In addition, TOC content had significantly positive correlation with PAHs (0.96, p < 0.01) and OCPs (0.78, p < 0.01). In particular, the significantly positive correlation (p < 0.05) between calcite and PAHs and OCPs inferred that karstification might play an important role in the migration of PAHs and OCPs in the karst area. Therefore, the lake in Huixian wetland tended to be a sink more than a source of PAHs and OCPs influenced by the increasing TOC content and karstification under climate warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cheng
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Tianpeng Hu
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Weijie Liu
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Yao Mao
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Mingming Shi
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - An Xu
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Yewang Su
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Xingyu Li
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Xinli Xing
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; Key Laboratory of Karst Ecosystem and Treatment of Rocky Desertification, Ministry of Natural Resources, IRCK by UNESCO, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Shihua Qi
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Crane JL, Bijak AL, Maier MA, Nord MA. Development of current ambient background threshold values for sediment quality parameters in U.S. lakes on a regional and statewide basis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148630. [PMID: 34328994 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, background threshold values have been developed for a large suite of sediment quality parameters from 969 lakes spanning the conterminous United States (U.S.). These values provide a statistical basis for estimating current ambient background, which refers to chemical and physical (e.g., grain size) concentrations derived from natural and/or widespread diffuse anthropogenic sources (e.g., nonpoint sources like atmospheric deposition and land runoff). Surficial sediment quality data, collected based on the randomized, probability-based sampling design of the 2017 National Lakes Assessment (NLA) study, were utilized for this effort. These data included 16 metal(loid)s, 25 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 53 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, 27 legacy organochlorine pesticides and metabolites, total organic carbon (TOC), and grain size parameters. The data were analyzed based on different geographic areas, including: 10 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Regions, two major ecoregions bisecting the State of Minnesota (i.e., Temperate Plains and Upper Midwest), and for Minnesota. Hypothesis testing of 47 sediment quality parameters was performed on three geographic areas bisecting Minnesota, and there were many statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences between geographic pairs that included Minnesota. Background threshold values were calculated for parameters with >20% detects using 95% one-sided upper tolerance limit (UTL) with 95% coverage (UTL95-95) values. The UTL95-95 represents the value below which 95% of the population values are expected to fall with 95% confidence. These values were compared to matching sediment quality guidelines for the protection of benthic organisms, both with and without potential outliers removed. Applications and limitations of the UTL95-95 values are discussed. Jurisdictions within the continental U.S. could use these same publicly available sediment quality data to calculate UTL95-95 values for specific geographic areas, and other countries could design similar probabilistic field studies to determine current ambient background of sediment quality parameters in lake sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judy L Crane
- Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, 520 Lafayette Road North, St. Paul, MN 55155-4194, USA.
| | - Alexandra L Bijak
- ORISE Research Participant, Office of Water, Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1301 Constitution Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
| | - Michelle A Maier
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1301 Constitution Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
| | - Mari A Nord
- Region 5, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 77 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL 60604, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tian L, Li J, Zhao S, Tang J, Li J, Guo H, Liu X, Zhong G, Xu Y, Lin T, Lyv X, Chen D, Li K, Shen J, Zhang G. DDT, Chlordane, and Hexachlorobenzene in the Air of the Pearl River Delta Revisited: A Tale of Source, History, and Monsoon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9740-9749. [PMID: 34213322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been banned for more than three decades, their concentrations have only decreased gradually. This may be largely attributable to their environmental persistence, illegal application, and exemption usage. This study assessed the historic and current regional context for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), which were added to the Stockholm Convention in 2001. An air sampling campaign was carried out in 2018 in nine cities of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), where the historical OCP application was the most intensive in China. Different seasonalities were observed: DDT exhibited higher concentrations in summer than in winter; chlordane showed less seasonal variation, whereas HCB was higher in winter. The unique coupling of summer monsoon with DDT-infused paint usage, winter monsoon with HCB-combustion emission, and local chlordane emission jointly presents a dynamic picture of these OCPs in the PRD air. We used the BETR Global model to back-calculate annual local emissions, which accounted for insignificant contributions to the nationally documented production (<1‰). Local emissions were the main sources of p,p'-DDT and chlordane, while ocean sources were limited (<4%). This study shows that geographic-anthropogenic factors, including source, history, and air circulation pattern, combine to affect the regional fate of OCP compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lele Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiaopu Lyv
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Duohong Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Kechang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jin Shen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ding Y, Li L, Wania F, Huang H, Zhang Y, Peng B, Chen Y, Qi S. Do dissipation and transformation of γ-HCH and p,p'-DDT in soil respond to a proxy for climate change? Insights from a field study on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 278:116824. [PMID: 33689948 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While the influence of climate change on the fate of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is becoming a topic of global concern, it has yet to be demonstrated how POPs and their transformation products in soil respond to a changing climate at the local scale. We conducted a year-long field experiment with spiked soils to investigate the impact of climate on the dissipation of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH) and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT) as well as the formation of their products. Four sites along an elevational gradient on the eastern Tibetan Plateau were selected to represent four scenarios ranging from a dry and cold to a warm and humid climate. Based on the measured concentrations of the two pesticides and their transformation products, we calculated the dissipation rates of γ-HCH and p,p'-DDT in soil using two biphasic kinetic models, and the formation rates of transformation products using a mid-point rectangular approximation method. The spiked γ-HCH generally showed the expected decrease in dissipation from soils with increasing altitudes, and therefore decreasing temperature and precipitation, whereas dissipation of p,p'-DDT was influenced more by photolysis and sequestration in soil. The formation rates of the primary products of γ-HCH (i.e. γ-HCH→PeCCH and γ-HCH→TeCCH) and p,p'-DDT (i.e. p,p'-DDT→p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT→p,p'-DDD) indicate that a warmer and wetter climate favors dechloroelimination (anaerobic biodegradation) over dehydrochlorination (aerobic biodegradation). The significantly longer dissipation half-lives of γ-HCH at the coldest site suggests that the fate of POPs in frozen regions (e.g. polar regions) needs more attention. Overall, the fate of more volatile chemicals (e.g. γ-HCH) might be more responsive to the climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Huanfang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yingjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
da Silva KA, Nicola VB, Dudas RT, Demetrio WC, Maia LDS, Cunha L, Bartz MLC, Brown GG, Pasini A, Kille P, Ferreira NGC, de Oliveira CMR. Pesticides in a case study on no-tillage farming systems and surrounding forest patches in Brazil. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9839. [PMID: 33972553 PMCID: PMC8110586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88779-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
With the growing global concern on pesticide management, the relationship between its environmental recalcitrance, food security and human health has never been more relevant. Pesticides residues are known to cause significant environmental contamination. Here, we present a case study on long-term no-tillage farming systems in Brazil, where Glyphosate (GLY) has been applied for more than 35 years. GLY and its main breakdown product, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) were determined in topsoil (0-10 cm) samples from no-tillage fields and nearby subtropical secondary forests by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a fluorescence detector. In addition, the presence of carbamates, organochlorines, organophosphates and triazines were also screened for. GLY and AMPA were present in all soil samples, reaching values higher than those described for soils so far in the literature. A significant decrease for AMPA was observed only between the secondary forest and the farm's middle slope for site B. GLY and AMPA were observed respectively at peak concentrations of 66.38 and 26.03 mg/kg soil. GLY was strongly associated with forest soil properties, while AMPA associated more with no-tillage soil properties. Soil texture was a significant factor contributing to discrimination of the results as clay and sand contents affect GLY and AMPA retention in soils. This was the first study to report DDT and metabolites in consolidated no-tillage soils in Brazil (a pesticide fully banned since 2009). Based on human risk assessment conducted herein and the potential risk of GLY to local soil communities, this study offers a baseline for future studies on potential adverse effects on soil biota, and mechanistic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karlo Alves da Silva
- grid.412402.10000 0004 0388 207XPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Gestão Ambiental, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, 81280-330 Brasil
| | - Vitoria Beltrame Nicola
- grid.412402.10000 0004 0388 207XGraduação em Biomedicina, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, 81280-330 Brasil
| | - Rafaela Tavares Dudas
- grid.412402.10000 0004 0388 207XPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Gestão Ambiental, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, 81280-330 Brasil
| | - Wilian Carlo Demetrio
- grid.20736.300000 0001 1941 472XPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Solo, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, 80035-050 Brasil
| | - Lilianne dos Santos Maia
- grid.20736.300000 0001 1941 472XPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Solo, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, 80035-050 Brasil
| | - Luis Cunha
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.410658.e0000 0004 1936 9035School of Applied Sciences, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, CF37 4BD Wales UK
| | - Marie Luise Carolina Bartz
- grid.412402.10000 0004 0388 207XPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Gestão Ambiental, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, 81280-330 Brasil ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - George Gardner Brown
- grid.20736.300000 0001 1941 472XPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Solo, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, 80035-050 Brasil ,grid.460200.00000 0004 0541 873XEmbrapa Florestas, Colombo, Paraná 83411-000 Brasil
| | - Amarildo Pasini
- grid.411400.00000 0001 2193 3537Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970 Brasil
| | - Peter Kille
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX Wales, UK
| | - Nuno G. C. Ferreira
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX Wales, UK
| | - Cíntia Mara Ribas de Oliveira
- grid.412402.10000 0004 0388 207XPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Gestão Ambiental, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, 81280-330 Brasil ,grid.412402.10000 0004 0388 207XGraduação em Biomedicina, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, 81280-330 Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Muir DCG, Galarneau E. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in the Canadian environment: Links to global change. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 273:116425. [PMID: 33460875 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this review, global change processes have been linked to polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in Canada and a first national budget of sources and sinks has been derived. Sources are dominated by wildfire emissions that affect western and northern regions of Canada disproportionately due to the location of Pacific and boreal forests and the direction of prevailing winds. Wildfire emissions are projected to increase under climate warming along with releases from the thawing of glaciers and permafrost. Residential wood combustion, domestic transportation and industry contribute the bulk of anthropogenic emissions, though they are substantially smaller than wildfire emissions and are not expected to change considerably in coming years. Other sources such as accidental spills, deforestation, and re-emission of previous industrial deposition are expected to contribute anthropogenic and biogenic PACs to nearby ecosystems. PAC sinks are less well-understood. Atmospheric deposition is similar in magnitude to anthropogenic sources. Considerable knowledge gaps preclude the estimation of environmental transformations and transboundary flows, and assessing the importance of climate change relative to shifts in population distribution and energy production is not yet possible. The outlook for PACs in the Arctic is uncertain due to conflicting assessments of competing factors and limited measurements, some of which provide a baseline but have not been followed up in recent years. Climate change has led to an increase in primary productivity in the Arctic Ocean, but PAC-related impacts on marine biota appear to be modest. The net effect of changes in ecological exposure from changing emissions and environmental conditions throughout Canada remains to be seen. Evidence suggests that the PAC budget at the national scale does not represent impacts at the local or regional level. The ability to assess future trends depends on improvements to Canada's environmental measurement strategy and biogeochemical modelling capability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S1A1, Canada.
| | - Elisabeth Galarneau
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang J, Hoondert RPJ, Thunnissen NW, van de Meent D, Hendriks AJ. Chemical fate of persistent organic pollutants in the arctic: Evaluation of simplebox. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137579. [PMID: 32135281 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are of great concern for decades due to their persistence, bioaccumulation and long-range transport potential. Multimedia fate models are useful scientific and decision-support tools for predicting the chemical fate in the environment. The SimpleBox multimedia fate model (v4.0) was used in this study to estimate the impact of POP emissions from the European and North American mainland on POP contamination in the Arctic. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the performance of SimpleBox by comparing estimations to measurements. Model performance for the air compartment was reasonable as estimated concentrations were generally within a factor of five of measured concentrations. SimpleBox suggested higher POP concentrations in Arctic oceans than in temperate oceans, contrary to the few measured data. Discrepancies between estimations and measurements may be attributed to the variability in emission estimates and degradation rates of POPs, representativeness of monitoring data, and a missing snow and ice environmental compartment in SimpleBox. Emission rates and degradation rate constants were the most influential input parameters in SimpleBox based on sensitivity analysis. Suggestions for improvements of SimpleBox refining POP risk assessment are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Renske P J Hoondert
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Naomi W Thunnissen
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dik van de Meent
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A Jan Hendriks
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Trojanowicz M. Removal of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from waters and wastewaters by the use of ionizing radiation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 718:134425. [PMID: 31843309 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The most important advantages of the use of ionizing radiation over other AOPs are exceptionally efficient in situ generation of very reactive oxidizing free radicals •OH from water radiolysis and very unique simultaneous generation of strongly reducing hydrated electrons. They allow to carry out Advanced Oxidation and Reduction Processes (AO/RPs) simultaneously. Carrying out only oxidative or reductive processes is also possible by the use of appropriate scavengers of free radicals in irradiated solutions. For the application of these processes for environmental protection purposes gamma-rays from radioisotope sources or beams of accelerated electrons are most commonly used. In the case of particularly resistant POPs some chemical additives to the irradiated solutions may enhance the yield of decomposition. This review based on 125 references reported so far presents the applications of the discussed technology in removing POPs from waters and wastewaters, including pesticides listed among POPs, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and selected perfluorinated surfactants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Trojanowicz
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Ryzhenko NO, Bondar OI, Chetverykov VV, Fedorenko YO. Polychlorinated biphenyls: Hazardous properties and environmentally sound management in Ukraine. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.15421/022005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls are one of the most dangerous compounds for human health and the environment and are included to Annex C of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Since Ukraine joined the Stockholm Convention in 2007, the National Implementation Plan of the Stockholm Convention provides the environmentally sound disposal of polychlorinated biphenyls, as well as creation of a monitoring system and sharing information about toxicants. Polychlorinated biphenyls’ have fire resistance, low volatility and stability. Therefore, these substances have been widely used in industry, but on the other hand, they are a problem for the environment. The main hazardous properties of polychlorinated biphenyls are bioaccumulation, stability in the environment, the possibility of formation in accidents (especially in fires) of extremely persistent and toxic aromatic compounds, such as dioxins and furans. Toxic responses to polychlorinated biphenyls are: acute lethality; body weight loss; carcinogenesis; dermal toxicity; fatty liver; genotoxicity; hepatomegaly; immunosuppressive effects; neurotoxicity; porphyria; reproductive and developmental toxicity; thymic atrophy; thyroid hormone-level alterations. The most likely risks of polychlorinated biphenyls contamination in Ukraine are in the areas of operation, repair or storage of electrical equipment. According to quantity, the leading regions for accumulated polychlorinated biphenyls in Ukraine, are Dnipropetrovsk (459 tons), Volyn (280 tons) and Kyiv regions (255 tons). A comprehensive approach to reducing the risk of polychlorinated biphenyls for human health and the environment involves the improvement of the regulatory framework for managing in all stages of “life cycle”. Obtaining complete and accurate information on the volumes and forms of polychlorinated biphenyls accumulation and creation of modern effective technological support for polychlorinated biphenyls’ degradation are a necessary part of environmentally sound management of polychlorinated biphenyls in Ukraine. The “Polychlorinated Biphenyls Database in Ukraine” information system (2017) was created as a National Polychlorinated Biphenyls Registry in Ukraine. It was designed to systematize, structure, and analyze the large amount of information collected during the inventorising of polychlorinated biphenyls. The best technology of polychlorinated biphenyls degradation must not only provides a high degree of polychlorinated biphenyls’ destruction, but also not lead to the formation of new toxic compounds.
Collapse
|
18
|
Huntington A, Corcoran PL, Jantunen L, Thaysen C, Bernstein S, Stern GA, Rochman CM. A first assessment of microplastics and other anthropogenic particles in Hudson Bay and the surrounding eastern Canadian Arctic waters of Nunavut. Facets (Ott) 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2019-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microplastics are a globally ubiquitous contaminant, invading the most remote regions, including the Arctic. To date, our understanding of the distribution and sources of microplastics in the Arctic is limited but growing. This study aims to advance our understanding of microplastics in the Arctic. Surface water, zooplankton, sediment, and snow samples were collected from Hudson Bay to north Baffin Bay onboard the CCGS Amundsen from July to August 2017. Samples were examined for microplastics, which were chemically identified via Raman spectroscopy for surface water and zooplankton and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for sediment. We found that 90% of surface water and zooplankton samples, and 85% of sediment samples, contained microplastics or other anthropogenic particles. Mean anthropogenic particle concentrations, which includes microplastics, were 0.22 ± 0.23 (per litre) for surface water, 3.51 ± 4.00 (per gram) for zooplankton, and 1.94 ± 4.12 (per gram) for sediment. These concentrations were not related to the human populations upstream, suggesting that microplastic contamination in the Arctic is from long-range transport. Overall, this study highlights the presence of microplastics across the eastern Canadian Arctic, in multiple media, and offers evidence of long-range transport via ocean and atmospheric currents. Further research is needed to better understand sources, distribution, and effects to Arctic ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Huntington
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Patricia L. Corcoran
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Liisa Jantunen
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Egbert, ON L0L 1N0, Canada
| | - Clara Thaysen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Sarah Bernstein
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Egbert, ON L0L 1N0, Canada
| | - Gary A. Stern
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Chelsea M. Rochman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ya M, Wu Y, Wu S, Li Y, Mu J, Fang C, Yan J, Zhao Y, Qian R, Lin X, Wang X. Impacts of Seasonal Variation on Organochlorine Pesticides in the East China Sea and Northern South China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13088-13097. [PMID: 31661968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the characteristics of historic-use organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the marginal seawater of China, we examined the seasonal and spatial distributions of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs) in the northern South China Sea (NSCS, 18-23° N) and East China Sea (ECS, 26-32° N). Seasonally, in the NSCS, the significantly higher concentrations (p < 0.05) of HCB, HCHs, and DDTs were found in summer, autumn, and summer through autumn, respectively. In the ECS, the higher concentrations were found in summer through winter, autumn, and summer. Spatially, HCB concentrations were significantly higher in the NSCS than in the ECS during all seasons except winter. During all four seasons, concentrations of HCHs were significantly higher in the NSCS than in the ECS. In summer and autumn, concentrations of DDTs were significantly higher in the NSCS than in the ECS, while no significant differences were found in spring and winter. Generally, regional usage, river-influenced coastal plumes, phytoplankton abundances, and ocean currents played crucial roles in the input, transport, degradation, and dilution of OCPs. These dynamic factors along with the seasonally alternating monsoon directly influenced the seasonal and spatial characteristics of OCPs. Furthermore, the profiles and diagnostic ratios of HCHs and DDTs revealed highly weathered OCP residues, attributed to eroded soils carried by surface runoff and long-range oceanic and atmospheric transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jingli Mu
- Institute of Oceanography , Minjiang University , Fuzhou 350108 , China
| | - Chao Fang
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology , Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Aslam SN, Huber C, Asimakopoulos AG, Steinnes E, Mikkelsen Ø. Trace elements and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in terrestrial compartments of Svalbard, Norwegian Arctic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:1127-1138. [PMID: 31390703 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite being a remote location, the Arctic is a major receptor for anthropogenic pollution transported from the mid-latitudes. Vegetation and underlying organic soils in the Norwegian Arctic, Svalbard were used to study the occurrences of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and trace elements. In this study, current concentrations of PCBs and trace elements, namely, Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Sb, U and Zn in the terrestrial compartments of Svalbard are presented. Samples were collected from Adventdalen near Longyearbyen and from areas in proximity to Ny-Ålesund. There was significant variability in soil organic matter (SOM) among the soils analysed (5.0%-72.1%), with the highest values detected in Ny-Ålesund. The concentrations of Al, As, Cr Cu, Fe, Pb and Ni were associated with the geology of the local bedrock. The concentrations of all elements, except for Cd, Hg and Zn, were higher in soils than those in the overlying vegetation layers. Mean concentrations of ∑PCBs were significantly higher in vegetation (6.90 ± 0.81 ng g-1 dw) than the underlying organic soils (3.70 ± 0.36 ng g-1 dw). An inverse correlation of PCBs with the elements originating from the local bedrock indicated that their concentrations were potentially impacted by atmospheric deposition. PCBs and Cd were strongly associated, proposing a potential concomitant source of origin in Svalbard. Concentrations of PCBs and trace elements measured herein were below the proposed guidelines for Norwegian soil quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shazia N Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.
| | - Carolin Huber
- Department of Chemistry, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | | | - Eiliv Steinnes
- Department of Chemistry, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Øyvind Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang H, Huo S, Yeager KM, Li C, Xi B, Zhang J, He Z, Ma C. Apparent relationships between anthropogenic factors and climate change indicators and POPs deposition in a lacustrine system. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 83:174-182. [PMID: 31221380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and anthropogenic activities are expected to impact the environmental behaviors and fates of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), however, quantitative studies on these combined factors are scarce. In this study, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were used as examples to identify how and when those factors may be related to the deposition of POPs in the sediment of Lake Chaohu, China, using generalized additive models (GAMs). Three historical trends of DDT, PAH, and PCB deposition were delineated in a dated sediment core encompassing ~100 years of historical record: a steady state or gradually increasing stage, a rapidly increasing stage, and a declining stage. The GAM results showed that aquatic total phosphorus (TP) concentrations and regional GDP (anthropogenic factors) were dominant contributors to POP accumulation rates in the lake sediment. The fitted relationships between air temperature and sedimentary DDT and PAH concentrations were linear and negative, while a positive linear relationship was found for PCBs, suggesting that Lake Chaohu may have become a net source for DDTs and PAHs, and a sink for PCBs, under a progressively warming climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shouliang Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Kevin M Yeager
- Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Chaocan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jingtian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhuoshi He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chunzi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Su C, Zhang H, Cridge C, Liang R. A review of multimedia transport and fate models for chemicals: Principles, features and applicability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:881-892. [PMID: 31018472 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The frequent use of chemicals has caused ecosystems and humans to be threatened due to their discharge into the environment. Multimedia environmental fate models could provide a comprehensive picture of transport behaviour and fate for organic chemicals in multiple environmental media. They have been designed and widely used for chemical risk assessment, chemical ranking and management support, and determination of chemical bioaccumulation. This study reviewed the principles, features and applicability of recent commonly used multimedia fate models from peer-reviewed literature. Fugacity-based and concentration-based models are now widely adopted for use in chemical fate evaluation, while they are more appropriate for volatile and semi-volatile chemicals. Or the fugacity-based models can use aquivalence equilibrium criterion to cations, anions and involatile chemicals. The MAMI and SESAMe models based on activity approach are applicable to neutral and ionizable molecules. However, interactions of ionic species with other water solutes are not taken into account in these models. Additionally, they could not directionally simulate how chemicals transported form one grid to another. Future attention should be focused on the reliability of transfer behaviour and fate of ionizable chemicals, as integrating the advantages of these two kinds of models into a reconstructed one may be a better choice. In a word, environmental multimedia models have been beneficial tools for chemical control and management, risk and effect estimation, and decision supporting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Su
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Claudia Cridge
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Ruoyu Liang
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang X, Wang C, Zhu T, Gong P, Fu J, Cong Z. Persistent organic pollutants in the polar regions and the Tibetan Plateau: A review of current knowledge and future prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:191-208. [PMID: 30784838 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to their low temperatures, the Arctic, Antarctic and Tibetan Plateau are known as the three polar regions of the Earth. As the most remote regions of the globe, the occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in these polar regions arouses global concern. In this paper, we review the literatures on POPs involving these three polar regions. Overall, concentrations of POPs in the environment (air, water, soil and biota) have been extensively reported, with higher levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) detected on the Tibetan Plateau. The spatial distribution of POPs in air, water and soil in the three polar regions broadly reflects their distances away from source regions. Based on long-term data, decreasing trends have been observed for most "legacy POPs". Observations of transport processes of POPs among multiple media have also been carried out, including air-water gas exchange, air-soil gas exchange, emissions from melting glaciers, bioaccumulations along food chains, and exposure risks. The impact of climate change on these processes possibly enhances the re-emission processes of POPs out of water, soil and glaciers, and reduces the bioaccumulation of POPs in food chains. Global POPs transport model have shown the Arctic receives a relatively small fraction of POPs, but that climate change will likely increase the total mass of all compounds in this polar region. Considering the impact of climate change on POPs is still unclear, long-term monitoring data and global/regional models are required, especially in the Antarctic and on the Tibetan Plateau, and the fate of POPs in all three polar regions needs to be comprehensively studied and compared to yield a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the global cycling of POPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cabrerizo A, Muir DCG, Köck G, Iqaluk D, Wang X. Climatic Influence on Temporal Trends of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in Landlocked Char from Lakes in the Canadian High Arctic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10380-10390. [PMID: 30020775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Temporal trends and climate related parameters affecting the fate of legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were examined in landlocked Arctic char from four lakes in the Canadian Arctic. Among biological parameters, lipid content was a key factor explaining the concentration of most POPs in Arctic char. Legacy PCBs and OCPs generally showed declining trends of concentrations in Arctic char, consistent with past restriction on uses and emissions of POPs. However, increases in lake primary productivity (measured as chlorophyll a) exerted a dilution effect on POPs concentrations in Arctic char. Concentrations of POPs in char from the last two decades were positively correlated with interannual variations of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Higher concentrations of POPs in Arctic char were observed in 3 of the 4 lakes during positive NAO phases. This, together with increasing local Arctic temperatures, could lead to increases on POPs concentrations in char from remote Arctic Lakes in future decades. Also, if there are nearby secondary sources as may be the case for Resolute Lake, located near an airport where increasing levels were found for hexachlorobenzene and toxaphene, probably due to the mobilization from secondary sources in soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cabrerizo
- Water Science and Technology Directorate , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Water Science and Technology Directorate , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Günter Köck
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research , A-6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | | | - Xiaowa Wang
- Water Science and Technology Directorate , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Carlsson P, Breivik K, Brorström-Lundén E, Cousins I, Christensen J, Grimalt JO, Halsall C, Kallenborn R, Abass K, Lammel G, Munthe J, MacLeod M, Odland JØ, Pawlak J, Rautio A, Reiersen LO, Schlabach M, Stemmler I, Wilson S, Wöhrnschimmel H. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as sentinels for the elucidation of Arctic environmental change processes: a comprehensive review combined with ArcRisk project results. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:22499-22528. [PMID: 29956262 PMCID: PMC6096556 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2625-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can be used as chemical sentinels for the assessment of anthropogenic influences on Arctic environmental change. We present an overview of studies on PCBs in the Arctic and combine these with the findings from ArcRisk-a major European Union-funded project aimed at examining the effects of climate change on the transport of contaminants to and their behaviour of in the Arctic-to provide a case study on the behaviour and impact of PCBs over time in the Arctic. PCBs in the Arctic have shown declining trends in the environment over the last few decades. Atmospheric long-range transport from secondary and primary sources is the major input of PCBs to the Arctic region. Modelling of the atmospheric PCB composition and behaviour showed some increases in environmental concentrations in a warmer Arctic, but the general decline in PCB levels is still the most prominent feature. 'Within-Arctic' processing of PCBs will be affected by climate change-related processes such as changing wet deposition. These in turn will influence biological exposure and uptake of PCBs. The pan-Arctic rivers draining large Arctic/sub-Arctic catchments provide a significant source of PCBs to the Arctic Ocean, although changes in hydrology/sediment transport combined with a changing marine environment remain areas of uncertainty with regard to PCB fate. Indirect effects of climate change on human exposure, such as a changing diet will influence and possibly reduce PCB exposure for indigenous peoples. Body burdens of PCBs have declined since the 1980s and are predicted to decline further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Knut Breivik
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027, Kjeller, Norway
| | | | - Ian Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Christensen
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), 0834, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Crispin Halsall
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences (KBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Christian Magnus Falsen Veg 1, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Department of Arctic Technology (AT), University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), 9171, Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway
| | - Khaled Abass
- Department of Pesticides, Menoufia University, P.O. Box 32511, Shebeen El-Kom, Egypt
- Arctic Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - John Munthe
- IVL Swedish Environment Research Institute, 411 33, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Matthew MacLeod
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon Øyvind Odland
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Janet Pawlak
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), AMAP Secretariat, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arja Rautio
- Arctic Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lars-Otto Reiersen
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), AMAP Secretariat, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Schlabach
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Irene Stemmler
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Wilson
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), AMAP Secretariat, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henry Wöhrnschimmel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Worblentalstrasse 68, 3063, Ittigen, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Su C, Song S, Lu Y, Liu S, Giesy JP, Chen D, Jenkins A, Sweetman AJ, Yvette B. Potential effects of changes in climate and emissions on distribution and fate of perfluorooctane sulfonate in the Bohai Rim, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 613-614:352-360. [PMID: 28917174 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and emissions rates of contaminants are expected to affect distribution and fate of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the environment, however, studies on these combined factors are rare. In this study, Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) is used as an example to assess how those two factors synthetically affect fate and disposition of POPs in the Bohai Rim of China by using the Berkeley-Trent-Urban-Rural (BETR-Urban-Rural) model. We set up three climate change scenarios and four emission scenarios to conduct the simulations. The results show that climate change could have significant effects on the transport and fate of PFOS mainly including advection, inter-compartmental transfer under the "worst case" emission scenario. For most grids, a remarkable decrease in concentrations of PFOS are predicted for fresh water and urban soil in the future, with precipitation and temperature being predominant factors, whilst for coastal water and rural soil, an increasing trend is predicted. Additionally, predicted sum of sources to the Bohai Sea increases greater than removals from the Bohai Sea in the future, adding evidence that concentrations of PFOS in coastal water will increase more in the future. Under scenarios of reduced emissions and climate change, concentrations of PFOS in each compartment decreased more rapidly over time. We suggest that assessment of future climate change impacts on fate of PFOS could take emission reductions into consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuai Song
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Shijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Deliang Chen
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alan Jenkins
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, OX 10 8BB, UK
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, OX 10 8BB, UK; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Baninla Yvette
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Di Guardo A, Gouin T, MacLeod M, Scheringer M. Environmental fate and exposure models: advances and challenges in 21 st century chemical risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:58-71. [PMID: 29318251 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00568g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental fate and exposure models are a powerful means to integrate information on chemicals, their partitioning and degradation behaviour, the environmental scenario and the emissions in order to compile a picture of chemical distribution and fluxes in the multimedia environment. A 1995 pioneering book, resulting from a series of workshops among model developers and users, reported the main advantages and identified needs for research in the field of multimedia fate models. Considerable efforts were devoted to their improvement in the past 25 years and many aspects were refined; notably the inclusion of nanomaterials among the modelled substances, the development of models at different spatial and temporal scales, the estimation of chemical properties and emission data, the incorporation of additional environmental media and processes, the integration of sensitivity and uncertainty analysis in the simulations. However, some challenging issues remain and require research efforts and attention: the need of methods to estimate partition coefficients for polar and ionizable chemical in the environment, a better description of bioavailability in different environments as well as the requirement of injecting more ecological realism in exposure predictions to account for the diversity of ecosystem structures and functions in risk assessment. Finally, to transfer new scientific developments into the realm of regulatory risk assessment, we propose the formation of expert groups that compare, discuss and recommend model modifications and updates and help develop practical tools for risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Guardo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Todd Gouin
- TG Environmental Research, Sharnbrook, MK44 1PL, UK
| | - Matthew MacLeod
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-11418 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland. and RECETOX, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Crane JL. Ambient sediment quality conditions in Minnesota lakes, USA: Effects of watershed parameters and aquatic health implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:1320-1338. [PMID: 28738509 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surficial sediments were collected from 50 randomly selected Minnesota lakes, plus four a priori reference lakes, in 2007. The lakes encompassed broad geographic coverage of the state and included a variety of major land uses in the surrounding watersheds. Sediment samples were analyzed for a suite of metals, metalloids, persistent organic pollutants, total organic carbon, and particle size fractions. In addition, a small fish survey was conducted to assess PBDEs in both whole fish and fish tissues. Sediment quality in this set of lakes ranged from good (43%) to moderate (57%) based on an integrative measure of multiple contaminants. On an individual basis, some contaminants (e.g., arsenic, lead, DDD, and DDE) exceeded benchmark values in a small number of lakes that would be detrimental to benthic invertebrates. The sediments in two developed lakes tended to be more contaminated than sediments in lakes from other major watershed land uses. These differences were often statistically significant (p<0.05), particularly for lakes with developed versus cultivated land uses for arsenic, lead, zinc, and numerous PAH compounds. Multivariate statistical approaches were used on a subgroup of contaminants to show the two urban lakes, as well as a few northeastern Minnesota lakes, differed from the rest of the data set. Background threshold values were calculated for data with <80% nondetects. Source apportionment modeling of PAHs revealed that vehicle emissions and coal-related combustion were the most common sources. A general environmental forensic analysis of the PCDD/F data showed that ubiquitous combustion sources appeared to be important. BDE-209, a decaBDE, was detected in 84% of lake sediment samples, whereas fish at the top of the food chain (i.e., predator trophic group) had significantly higher (p<0.05) mean lipid-normalized concentrations of BDEs-47, 100, and 153 than lower trophic fish. These results will be used for future status and trends work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judy L Crane
- Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, 520 Lafayette Road North, St. Paul, MN 55155-4194, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Göktaş RK, MacLeod M. Remoteness from sources of persistent organic pollutants in the multi-media global environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 217:33-41. [PMID: 26775726 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the remoteness from sources of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can inform the design of monitoring studies and the interpretation of measurement data. Previous work on quantifying remoteness has not explicitly considered partitioning between the gas phase and aerosols, and between the atmosphere and the Earth's surface. The objective of this study is to present a metric of remoteness for POPs transported through the atmosphere calculated with a global multimedia fate model, BETR-Research. We calculated the remoteness of regions covering the entire globe from emission sources distributed according to light emissions, and taking into account the multimedia partitioning properties of chemicals and using averaged global climate data. Remoteness for hypothetical chemicals with distinct partitioning properties (volatile, semi-volatile, hydrophilic, low-volatility) and having two different half-lives in air (60-day and 2-day) are presented. Differences in remoteness distribution among the hypothetical chemicals are most pronounced in scenarios assuming 60-day half-life in air. In scenarios with a 2-day half-life in air, degradation dominates over wet and dry deposition processes as a pathway for atmospheric removal of all chemicals except the low-volatility chemical. The remoteness distribution of the low-volatility chemical is strongly dependent on assumptions about degradability on atmospheric aerosols. Calculations that considered seasonal variability in temperature, hydroxyl radical concentrations in the atmosphere and global atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns indicate that variability in hydroxyl radical concentrations largely determines the seasonal variability of remoteness. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) measured in tree bark from around the world are more highly correlated with remoteness calculated using our methods than with proximity to human population, and we see considerable potential to apply remoteness calculations for interpretation of monitoring data collected under programs such as the Stockholm Convention Global Monitoring Plan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Recep Kaya Göktaş
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Yerleşkesi, 41380, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE 11418, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Matthew MacLeod
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE 11418, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Glüge J, Bogdal C, Scheringer M, Hungerbühler K. What determines PCB concentrations in soils in rural and urban areas? Insights from a multi-media fate model for Switzerland as a case study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 550:1152-1162. [PMID: 26889948 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are banned worldwide under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. However, PCBs are still emitted in appreciable amounts from remaining primary sources in urban areas or landfills and are ubiquitous environmental contaminants, inter alia in soil and air. Concentrations of PCBs have been measured in various media by numerous studies worldwide. However, monitoring data do not always provide quantitative information about transport processes between different media, deposition fluxes to ground, or distribution of PCBs between environmental compartments. Also future trends in environmental contamination by PCBs cannot be predicted from monitoring data, but such information is highly relevant for decision-makers. Here, we present a new regionally resolved dynamic multimedia mass balance model for Switzerland to investigate the origin of PCBs in air and to investigate their long-term fate and mass balance in the environment. The model was validated with existing field data for PCBs. We find that advective inflow of PCBs from outside Switzerland into the atmospheric boundary layer is responsible for 80% of PCBs present in air in Switzerland, whereas Swiss emissions cause the remaining 20%. Furthermore, we show that the atmospheric deposition of the higher-chlorinated PCBs is dominated by particle-bound deposition, whereas the deposition of the lower-chlorinated PCBs is a combination of particle-bound and gaseous deposition. The volume fraction of particles in air is in both cases an important factor driving the deposition of PCBs to ground and, thus, contributing to the higher concentrations of PCBs generally observed in populated and polluted areas. Regional emissions influence the deposition fluxes only to a limited extent. We also find that secondary emissions from environmental reservoirs do not exceed primary emissions for all PCB congeners until at least 2036. Finally, we use our model to evaluate the effect of chemical regulation on future environmental contamination by PCBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Glüge
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Bogdal
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Agroscope, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Environmental Chemistry and Substance Dynamics, Leuphana University Lüneburg, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Hungerbühler
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Huang T, Jiang W, Ling Z, Zhao Y, Gao H, Ma J. Trend of cancer risk of Chinese inhabitants to dioxins due to changes in dietary patterns: 1980-2009. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21997. [PMID: 26912346 PMCID: PMC4766489 DOI: 10.1038/srep21997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Food ingestion is a major route for human exposure and body burden to dioxins. We estimated the potential influence of changes in dietary patterns in Chinese population on human health risk to 2,3,7,8-TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) over the last three decades. We performed multiple modeling scenario investigations to discriminate the contribution of 2,3,7,8-TCDD emissions and changes in dietary patterns to the cancer risks (CR) to dioxins. Results showed that changes in dietary patterns, featured by decreasing consumption of total grain (including all unprocessed grains) and vegetables and increasing intake of animal-derived foodstuffs, caused increasing CR from 7.3 × 10(-8) in 1980 to 1.1 × 10(-7) in 2009. Varying dietary patterns contributed 17% to the CR of Chinese population in 2009 under the fixed emission in 1980. The CR to 2,3,7,8-TCDD in urban and eastern China residents was higher considerably than those who lived in rural area and western China, attributable to higher emissions, household income, and greater intake of animal-derived foodstuffs in urban and eastern China inhabitants. On the other hand, more rapid increasing trend of the CR was found in rural residents due to their more rapid increase in the consumption of fat-dominated foods as compared with urban residents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province; College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wanyanhan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province; College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zaili Ling
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province; College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province; College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province; College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province; College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nadal M, Marquès M, Mari M, Domingo JL. Climate change and environmental concentrations of POPs: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 143:177-185. [PMID: 26496851 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the climate change impact on the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has become a topic of notable concern. Changes in environmental conditions such as the increase of the average temperature, or the UV-B radiation, are likely to influence the fate and behavior of POPs, ultimately affecting human exposure. The state of the art of the impact of climate change on environmental concentrations of POPs, as well as on human health risks, is here reviewed. Research gaps are also identified, while future studies are suggested. Climate change and POPs are a hot issue, for which wide attention should be paid not only by scientists, but also and mainly by policy makers. Most studies reported in the scientific literature are focused on legacy POPs, mainly polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and pesticides. However, the number of investigations aimed at estimating the impact of climate change on the environmental levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is scarce, despite of the fact that exposure to PAHs and photodegradation byproducts may result in adverse health effects. Furthermore, no data on emerging POPs are currently available in the scientific literature. In consequence, an intensification of studies to identify and mitigate the indirect effects of the climate change on POP fate is needed to minimize the human health impact. Furthermore, being this a global problem, interactions between climate change and POPs must be addressed from an international perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Montse Marquès
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montse Mari
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Thackray CP, Friedman CL, Zhang Y, Selin NE. Quantitative Assessment of Parametric Uncertainty in Northern Hemisphere PAH Concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:9185-93. [PMID: 26110215 PMCID: PMC4786340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We quantitatively examine the relative importance of uncertainty in emissions and physicochemical properties (including reaction rate constants) to Northern Hemisphere (NH) and Arctic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations, using a computationally efficient numerical uncertainty technique applied to the global-scale chemical transport model GEOS-Chem. Using polynomial chaos (PC) methods, we propagate uncertainties in physicochemical properties and emissions for the PAHs benzo[a]pyrene, pyrene and phenanthrene to simulated spatially resolved concentration uncertainties. We find that the leading contributors to parametric uncertainty in simulated concentrations are the black carbon-air partition coefficient and oxidation rate constant for benzo[a]pyrene, and the oxidation rate constants for phenanthrene and pyrene. NH geometric average concentrations are more sensitive to uncertainty in the atmospheric lifetime than to emissions rate. We use the PC expansions and measurement data to constrain parameter uncertainty distributions to observations. This narrows a priori parameter uncertainty distributions for phenanthrene and pyrene, and leads to higher values for OH oxidation rate constants and lower values for European PHE emission rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin P. Thackray
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Correspondence to: C. P. Thackray (), Telephone: 857-250-5183, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 54-1810, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Carey L. Friedman
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science and Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yanxu Zhang
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Noelle E. Selin
- Engineering Systems Division and Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang C, Wang X, Yuan X, Ren J, Gong P. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in air, grass and yak butter from Namco in the central Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 201:50-57. [PMID: 25768883 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Limited studies on bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) along terrestrial food chains were conducted. The food chain air-grass-yak (butter) in the pasture region of Namco in the central Tibetan Plateau (TP) was chosen for study. The air, grass and butter POPs in the TP were at the lower end of the concentrations generally found around the globe. HCB was the main pollutant in air and butter. Besides HCB, β-HCH and p,p'-DDE were the other major compounds in butter. Along the food chain, DDTs and high molecular weight PCB-138, 153 and 180 had higher Biological Concentration Factor values. The air-butter transfer factors of POPs were derived and demonstrated the practical advantage in predicting the atmospheric OCPs and PCBs to the TP. This study sheds light on the transfer and accumulation of POPs along the terrestrial food chain of the TP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, China.
| | - Xiaohua Yuan
- China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Octaviani M, Stemmler I, Lammel G, Graf HF. Atmospheric transport of persistent organic pollutants to and from the Arctic under present-day and future climate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:3593-602. [PMID: 25686012 DOI: 10.1021/es505636g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The long-term atmospheric cycling and fate of persistent organic pollutants under the influence of a changing climate is a concern. A GCM's realization of present-day (1970-1999) and future (2070-2099) climate, the latter under a medium scenario of greenhouse gas emissions, is used to study meridional transports and their correlations with the Arctic and North Atlantic Oscillations (AO and NAO). Regions of import and export maxima into the Arctic are identified along the Arctic Circle. It is found that, under future climate conditions, the net export of PCB153 out of the Arctic will increase. The meridional net flux pattern of this substance is expected to become independent of AO and NAO. For DDT, a trend of decreasing net Arctic import will reverse to an increasing trend 100 years after peak emission, which is partly due to more frequent AO and NAO positive phases. It is concluded that the long-term accumulation trends in the Arctic of other persistent pollutants, including so-called emerging pollutants, are subject to the substances' specific behavior and fate in the environment and need to be studied specifically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mega Octaviani
- †Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Irene Stemmler
- ‡University of Hamburg, CEN, Institute for Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science, Hamburg 22767, Germany
- §Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg 20146, Germany
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- †Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
- ∥Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Hans F Graf
- ⊥University of Cambridge, Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
de Solla SR. Exposure, Bioaccumulation, Metabolism and Monitoring of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Terrestrial Wildlife. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2015_450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
38
|
Kong D, MacLeod M, Hung H, Cousins IT. Statistical analysis of long-term monitoring data for persistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere at 20 monitoring stations broadly indicates declining concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:12492-12499. [PMID: 25296171 DOI: 10.1021/es502909n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
During recent decades concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the atmosphere have been monitored at multiple stations worldwide. We used three statistical methods to analyze a total of 748 time series of selected POPs in the atmosphere to determine if there are statistically significant reductions in levels of POPs that have had control actions enacted to restrict or eliminate manufacture, use and emissions. Significant decreasing trends were identified in 560 (75%) of the 748 time series collected from the Arctic, North America, and Europe, indicating that the atmospheric concentrations of these POPs are generally decreasing, consistent with the overall effectiveness of emission control actions. Statistically significant trends in synthetic time series could be reliably identified with the improved Mann-Kendall (iMK) test and the digital filtration (DF) technique in time series longer than 5 years. The temporal trends of new (or emerging) POPs in the atmosphere are often unclear because time series are too short. A statistical detrending method based on the iMK test was not able to identify abrupt changes in the rates of decline of atmospheric POP concentrations encoded into synthetic time series.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deguo Kong
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University , SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Undeman E, Gustafsson E, Gustafsson BG. A novel modeling tool with multi-stressor functionality for organic contaminant transport and fate in the Baltic Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 497-498:382-391. [PMID: 25146907 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The coupled physical-biogeochemical model BALTSEM, previously used to assess nutrient/carbon cycles and eutrophication in the Baltic Sea, has been expanded to include algorithms for calculations of organic contaminant environmental transport and fate. This novel model version (BALTSEM-POP) is evaluated for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in Baltic Sea surface water and sediment. Modeled dissolved concentrations are usually within a factor of 2-4 of observed concentrations, however with larger deviations for furans. Calculated concentrations in particulate organic matter are less accurate (within factors of 1-700), likely due to errors in estimated pelagic biomass, particulate matter-water partitioning, and large natural variability in field data. Concentrations in sediments are usually predicted within a factor of 6. The good performance of the model illustrates its usefulness for exploration of contaminant fate in response to variations in nutrient input and climatic conditions in the Baltic Sea marine environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Undeman
- Baltic Nest Institute, Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - E Gustafsson
- Baltic Nest Institute, Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - B G Gustafsson
- Baltic Nest Institute, Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kong D, MacLeod M, Cousins IT. Modelling the influence of climate change on the chemical concentrations in the Baltic Sea region with the POPCYCLING-Baltic model. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 110:31-40. [PMID: 24880596 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of projected future changes in temperature, wind speed, precipitation and particulate organic carbon on concentrations of persistent organic chemicals in the Baltic Sea regional environment is evaluated using the POPCYCLING-Baltic multimedia chemical fate model. Steady-state concentrations of hypothetical perfectly persistent chemicals with property combinations that encompass the entire plausible range for non-ionizing organic substances are modelled under two alternative climate change scenarios (IPCC A2 and B2) and compared to a baseline climate scenario. The contributions of individual climate parameters are deduced in model experiments in which only one of the four parameters is changed from the baseline scenario. Of the four selected climate parameters, temperature is the most influential, and wind speed is least. Chemical concentrations in the Baltic region are projected to change by factors of up to 3.0 compared to the baseline climate scenario. For chemicals with property combinations similar to legacy persistent organic pollutants listed by the Stockholm Convention, modelled concentration ratios between two climate change scenarios and the baseline scenario range from factors of 0.5 to 2.0. This study is a first step toward quantitatively assessing climate change-induced changes in the environmental concentrations of persistent organic chemicals in the Baltic Sea region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deguo Kong
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, Frescativägen 50, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew MacLeod
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, Frescativägen 50, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ian T Cousins
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, Frescativägen 50, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hao Q, Sun YX, Xu XR, Yao ZW, Wang YS, Zhang ZW, Luo XJ, Mai BX. Occurrence of persistent organic pollutants in marine fish from the Natuna Island, South China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 85:274-279. [PMID: 24952457 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Five marine fish species were collected from the Natuna Island, South China Sea to investigate the occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs). Concentrations of PBDEs, PCBs, and DDTs in marine fish ranged from 2.85 to 7.82, 14.3 to 48.1, and 7.99 to 40.3 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Higher concentrations of PBDEs, PCBs, and DDTs were observed in Snakefish (Trachinocephalus myops), which might be attributed to their different feeding and living habits. PCBs were the predominant POPs in all marine fish, followed by DDTs and PBDEs. BDE 47 and PCB 153 were the predominant congener of PBDEs and PCBs, respectively. Compositional distribution of DDTs indicated the possible presence of fresh input sources around the Natuna Island. The ratios of o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT being less than 1 in fish samples suggested that DDT contributions from dicofol seemed considerably low. New input sources of DDT in South China Sea are worth further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Hao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Zi-Wei Yao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - You-Shao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Zai-Wang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Steinlin C, Bogdal C, Scheringer M, Pavlova PA, Schwikowski M, Schmid P, Hungerbühler K. Polychlorinated biphenyls in glaciers. 2. Model results of deposition and incorporation processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:7849-7857. [PMID: 24999726 DOI: 10.1021/es501793h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In previous work, Alpine glaciers have been identified as a secondary source of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). However, detailed understanding of the processes organic chemicals undergo in a glacial system was missing. Here, we present results from a chemical fate model describing deposition and incorporation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) into an Alpine glacier (Fiescherhorn, Switzerland) and an Arctic glacier (Lomonosovfonna, Norway). To understand PCB fate and dynamics, we investigate the interaction of deposition, sorption to ice and particles in the atmosphere and within the glacier, revolatilization, diffusion and degradation, and discuss the effects of these processes on the fate of individual PCB congeners. The model is able to reproduce measured absolute concentrations in the two glaciers for most PCB congeners. While the model generally predicts concentration profiles peaking in the 1970s, in the measurements, this behavior can only be seen for higher-chlorinated PCB congeners on Fiescherhorn glacier. We suspect seasonal melt processes are disturbing the concentration profiles of the lower-chlorinated PCB congeners. While a lower-chlorinated PCB congener is mainly deposited by dry deposition and almost completely revolatilized after deposition, a higher-chlorinated PCB congener is predominantly transferred to the glacier surface by wet deposition and then is incorporated into the glacier ice. The incorporated amounts of PCBs are higher on the Alpine glacier than on the Arctic glacier due to the higher precipitation rate and aerosol particle concentration on the former. Future studies should include the effects of seasonal melt processes, calculate the quantities of PCBs incorporated into the entire glacier surface, and estimate the quantity of chemicals released from glaciers to determine the importance of glaciers as a secondary source of organic chemicals to remote aquatic ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Steinlin
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Friedman CL, Zhang Y, Selin NE. Climate change and emissions impacts on atmospheric PAH transport to the Arctic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:429-37. [PMID: 24279957 DOI: 10.1021/es403098w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigate effects of 2000-2050 emissions and climate changes on the atmospheric transport of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): phenanthrene (PHE), pyrene (PYR), and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). We use the GEOS-Chem model coupled to meteorology from a general circulation model and focus on impacts to northern hemisphere midlatitudes and the Arctic. We project declines in anthropogenic emissions (up to 20%) and concentrations (up to 37%), with particle-bound PAHs declining more, and greater declines in midlatitudes versus the Arctic. Climate change causes relatively minor increases in midlatitude concentrations for the more volatile PHE and PYR (up to 4%) and decreases (3%) for particle-bound BaP. In the Arctic, all PAHs decline slightly under future climate (up to 2%). Overall, we observe a small 2050 "climate penalty" for volatile PAHs and "climate benefit" for particle-bound PAHs. The degree of penalty or benefit depends on competition between deposition and surface-to-air fluxes of previously deposited PAHs. Particles and temperature have greater impacts on future transport than oxidants, with particle changes alone accounting for 15% of BaP decline under 2050 emissions. Higher temperatures drive increasing surface-to-air fluxes that cause PHE and PYR climate penalties. Simulations suggest ratios of more-to-less volatile species can be used to diagnose signals of climate versus emissions and that these signals are best observed in the Arctic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carey L Friedman
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
How Enhancing Atmospheric Monitoring and Modelling can be Effective for the Stockholm Convention on POPs. ATMOSPHERE 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos4040445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
45
|
Armitage JM, Wania F. Exploring the potential influence of climate change and particulate organic carbon scenarios on the fate of neutral organic contaminants in the Arctic environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:2263-72. [PMID: 24142194 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00315a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to explore the potential influence of climate change and particulate organic carbon scenarios on the fate of organic chemicals in the Arctic marine environment using an evaluative modeling approach. Particulate organic carbon scenarios are included to represent changes such as enhanced primary production and terrestrial inputs. Simulations are conducted for a set of hypothetical chemicals covering a wide range of partitioning property combinations using a 40-year emission scenario. Differences in model output between the default simulations (i.e. contemporary conditions) and future scenarios during the primary emission phase are limited in magnitude (typically within a factor of two), consistent with other modeling studies. The changes to particulate organic carbon levels in the Arctic Ocean assumed in the simulations exert a relatively important influence for hydrophobic organic chemicals during the primary emission phase, mitigating the potential for exposure via the pelagic food web by reducing freely-dissolved concentrations in the water column. The changes to particulate organic carbon levels are also influential in the secondary emission/depuration phase. The model results illustrate the potential importance of changes to organic carbon levels in the Arctic Ocean and support efforts to improve the understanding of organic carbon cycling and links to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Armitage
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM1C 1A4.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kong D, MacLeod M, Li Z, Cousins IT. Effects of input uncertainty and variability on the modelled environmental fate of organic pollutants under global climate change scenarios. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:2086-93. [PMID: 24112655 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change (GCC) is expected to influence the fate, exposure and risks of organic pollutants to wildlife and humans. Multimedia chemical fate models have been previously applied to estimate how GCC affects pollutant concentrations in the environment and biota, but previous studies have not addressed how uncertainty and variability of model inputs affect model predictions. Here, we assess the influence of climate variability and chemical property uncertainty on future projections of environmental fate of six polychlorinated biphenyl congeners under different GCC scenarios using a spreadsheet version of the ChemCAN model and the Crystal Ball® software. Regardless of emission mode, results demonstrate: (i) uncertainty in degradation half-lives dominates the variance of modelled absolute levels of PCB congeners under GCC scenarios; (ii) when the ratios of predictions under GCC to predictions under present day climate are modelled, climate variability dominates the variance of modelled ratios; and (iii) the ratios also indicate a maximum of about a factor of 2 change in the long-term average environmental concentrations due to GCC that is forecasted between present conditions and the period between 2080 and 2099. We conclude that chemical property uncertainty does not preclude assessing relative changes in a GCC scenario compared to a present-day scenario if variance in model outputs due to chemical properties and degradation half-lives can be assumed to cancel out in the two scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deguo Kong
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, Frescativägen 50, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|