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Liu B, Mullen L, Payne EM, Linden KG. Accelerated Ultraviolet Treatment of Carbamazepine and NDMA in Water under 222 nm Irradiation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18909-18917. [PMID: 37186817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Krypton chloride (KrCl*) excimer ultraviolet (UV) light may provide advantages for contaminant degradation compared to conventional low-pressure (LP) UV. Direct and indirect photolysis as well as UV/hydrogen peroxide-driven advanced oxidation (AOP) of two chemical contaminants were investigated in laboratory grade water (LGW) and treated secondary effluent (SE) for LPUV and filtered KrCl* excimer lamps emitting at 254 and 222 nm, respectively. Carbamazepine (CBZ) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) were chosen because of their unique molar absorption coefficient profiles, quantum yields (QYs) at 254 nm, and reaction rate constants with hydroxyl radical. Quantum yields and molar absorption coefficients at 222 nm for both CBZ and NDMA were determined, with measured molar absorption coefficients of 26 422 and 8170 M-1 cm-1, respectively, and QYs of 1.95 × 10-2 and 6.68 × 10-1 mol Einstein-1, respectively. The 222 nm irradiation of CBZ in SE improved degradation compared to that in LGW, likely through promotion of in situ radical formation. AOP conditions improved degradation of CBZ in LGW for both UV LP and KrCl* sources but did not improve NDMA decay. In SE, photolysis of CBZ resulted in decay similar to that of AOP, likely due to the in situ generation of radicals. Overall, the KrCl* 222 nm source significantly improves contaminant degradation compared to that of 254 nm LPUV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Liu
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Lauren Mullen
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Emma M Payne
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Karl G Linden
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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Song Y, Feng S, Qin W, Li J, Guan C, Zhou Y, Gao Y, Zhang Z, Jiang J. Formation mechanism and control strategies of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation during ozonation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153679. [PMID: 35131246 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes major findings over the last decade related to N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formed upon ozonation, which was regarded as highly toxic and carcinogenic disinfection by-products. The reaction kinetics, chemical yields and mechanisms were assessed for the ozonation of potential precursors including dimethylamine (DMA), N,N-dimethylsulfamide, hydrazines, N-containing water and wastewater polymers, dyes containing a dimethylamino function, N-functionalized carbon nanotubes, guanidine, and phenylurea. The effects of bromide on the NDMA formation during ozonation of different types of precursors were also discussed. The mechanism for NDMA formation during ozonation of DMA was re-summarized and new perspectives were proposed to assess on this mechanism. Effect of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) on NDMA formation during ozonation was also discussed due to the noticeable oxidation of NDMA by •OH. Surrogate parameters including nitrate formation and UV254 after ozonation may be useful parameters to estimate NDMA formation for practical application. The strategies for NDMA formation control were proposed through improving the ozonation process such as ozone/hydrogen peroxide, ozone/peroxymonosulfate and catalytic ozonation process based on membrane pores aeration (MEMBRO3X).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Sha Feng
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Qin
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Chaoting Guan
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China.
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Yang X, Tao Y, Murphy JG. Kinetics of the oxidation of ammonia and amines with hydroxyl radicals in the aqueous phase. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1906-1913. [PMID: 34704996 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00317h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
While many studies have reported on the oxidation kinetics of ammonia and amines with the hydroxyl radical (OH) in the gas phase, the analogous reactions in the aqueous phase have not been adequately studied. In this work, the reaction rate constants of ammonia, dimethylamine (DMA) and diethylamine (DEA) with hydroxyl radicals in the aqueous phase were investigated using ion chromatography. The neutral and protonated forms of each base were shown to have differing rate constants with OH by performing the measurements over a range of pH from 7.0 to 11.0. Excess hydrogen peroxide was used as the precursor for hydroxyl radicals, while monochloroacetic acid and benzoic acid were chosen as the reference compounds for the relative rate method. The rate constants of both protonated forms and neutral forms were calculated for DMA ((9.5 ± 1.2) ×106 M-1 s-1 and (3.3 ± 0.2) ×109 M-1 s-1) and DEA ((1.5 ± 0.4) × 108 M-1 s-1 and (4.9 ± 0.1) × 109 M-1 s-1) using the relative rate method. The rate constant of ammonium ion and neutral ammonia were calculated to be (2.3 ± 0.5) × 106 M-1 s-1 and (1.8 ± 0.4) × 108 M-1 s-1, respectively. With a pKa of 9.25, the rate constant of the protonated form is applicable to the overall rate constant of ammonia at pH <7, indicating that this oxidation pathway is not a significant sink for ammonia in acidic aqueous environments. Because of their partitioning characteristics, oxidation of DMA and DEA by OH in aerosol particles could be competitive with oxidation in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Ye Tao
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jennifer G Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.
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Hogard S, Salazar-Benites G, Pearce R, Nading T, Schimmoller L, Wilson C, Heisig-Mitchell J, Bott C. Demonstration-scale evaluation of ozone-biofiltration-granular activated carbon advanced water treatment for managed aquifer recharge. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:1157-1172. [PMID: 33522033 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Sustainable Water Initiative for Tomorrow (SWIFT) program is the effort of the Hampton Roads Sanitation District to implement indirect potable reuse to recharge the depleted Potomac Aquifer. This initiative is being demonstrated at the 1-MGD SWIFT Research Center with a treatment train including coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation (floc/sed), ozonation, biofiltration (BAF), granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, and UV disinfection, followed by managed aquifer recharge. Bulk total organic carbon (TOC) removal occurred via multiple treatment barriers including, floc/sed (26% removal), ozone/BAF (30% removal), and adsorption by GAC. BAF acclimation was observed during the first months of plant operation which coincided with the establishment of biological nitrification and dissolved metal removal. Bromate formation during ozonation was efficiently controlled below 10 µg/L using preformed monochloramine and preoxidation with free chlorine. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was formed at an average concentration of 53 ng/L post-ozonation and was removed >70% by the BAFs after several months of operation. Contaminants of emerging concern were removed by multiple treatment barriers including oxidation, biological degradation, and adsorption. The breakthrough of these contaminants and bulk TOC will likely determine the replacement interval of GAC. The ozone/BAC/GAC treatment process was shown to meet all defined treatment goals for managed aquifer recharge. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Floc/sed, biofiltration, and GAC adsorption provide important barriers in carbon-based treatment trains for bulk TOC and trace organic contaminant removal. Biofilter acclimation was observed during the first three months of operation in each operating period as evidenced by the establishment of nitrification. Bromate was effectively controlled during ozonation of a high bromide water with monochloramine doses of 3-5 mg/L. NDMA was formed at an average concentration of 53 ng/L by ozonation and complete removal was achieved by BAFs after several months of biological acclimation. An average 25% removal of 1,4-dioxane was achieved via oxidation by hydroxyl radicals during ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hogard
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Robert Pearce
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Tyler Nading
- Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc., Englewood, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Charles Bott
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District (HRSD), Virginia Beach, VA, USA
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Pourshirband N, Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh A, Mirsattari SN. The CdS/g-C 3N 4 nano-photocatalyst: Brief characterization and kinetic study of photodegradation and mineralization of methyl orange. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 248:119110. [PMID: 33246857 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The CdS/g-C3N4 hybrid was prepared mechanically and characterized by different techniques including XRD, SEM, DRS, FTIR, and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The SEM study showed that CdS nanoparticles (NPs) have been randomly dispersed on the surface of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). The CV results showed better charge carriers' transfer for the modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) by the CdS/g-C3N4 system concerning the modified CPE by single CdS or g-C3N4 modifier. The band gap (Bg) energies of 1.7, 2.7, and 1.9 eV were obtained from DRS results for CdS, g-C3N4, and CdS/g-C3N4 systems, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of the single and hybrid systems was tested towards methyl orange (MO). The degradation extents of 16%, 22%, and 34% were respectively obtained for CdS NPs, g-C3N4, and CdS/g-C3N4 systems at initial steps. To enhance the degradation efficiency, the mole ratio of the component was changed in the second step. The work was then focused on the kinetic study of both photodegradation and mineralization processes. For this goal, the degradation extents of the photodegraded MO solutions were calculated based on the recorded absorbance of the solutions in the visible-light and the results were then subjected to the Hinshelwood equation. Then the solutions were subjected to COD experiment to follow the mineralization extent of MO. Form the slopes of the Hinshelwood plots, the rate constants of 0.024 and 0.025 min-1 were obtained for the degradation and mineralization of MO molecules, respectively. TOC results confirmed the mineralization of 187.5 μmoles of MO molecules in a 50 ppm MO solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Pourshirband
- Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, P. O. Box 311-86145, Shahreza, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran; Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Alireza Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh
- Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, P. O. Box 311-86145, Shahreza, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran; Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza, Islamic Republic of Iran; Razi Chemistry Research Center (RCRC), Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Seyed Nezamoddin Mirsattari
- Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, P. O. Box 311-86145, Shahreza, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran; Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza, Islamic Republic of Iran; Razi Chemistry Research Center (RCRC), Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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6
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Bhat AP, Gogate PR. Degradation of nitrogen-containing hazardous compounds using advanced oxidation processes: A review on aliphatic and aromatic amines, dyes, and pesticides. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123657. [PMID: 33264866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing amino and azo compounds are widely used in textile, agricultural and chemical industries. Most of these compounds have been demonstrated to be resistant to conventional degradation processes. Advanced oxidation processes can be effective to mineralize nitrogen-containing compounds and improve the efficacy of overall treatment schemes. Due to a global concern for the occurrence of toxic and hazardous amino-compounds and their harmful degradation products in water, it is important to develop technologies that focus on all the aspects of their degradation. Our focus is to present a state-of-the-art review on the degradation of several amine- and azo-based compounds using advanced oxidation processes. The categories reviewed are aromatic amines, aliphatic amines, N-containing dyes and N-containing pesticides. Data has been compiled for degradation efficiencies of each process, reaction mechanisms focusing on specific attack of oxidants on N atoms, the effect of process parameters like pH, initial concentration, time of treatment, etc. and identification of intermediates. Several AOPs have been compared to provide a systematic overview of available literature that will drive essential aspects of future research on amine-based compounds. Ozone is observed to be highly reactive to most amines, dyes and pesticides, followed by Fenton processes. Degradation of amines is highly sensitive to pH and mechanisms differ at different pH values. Cavitation is a promising alternative pre-treatment method for cost reduction. Hybrid methods under optimized conditions are demonstrated to give synergistic effects and must be tailored for specific effluents in question. In conclusion, even though nitrogen-containing compounds are recalcitrant in nature, the use of advanced oxidation processes at carefully established optimum conditions can yield highly efficient degradation of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash P Bhat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Parag R Gogate
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India.
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7
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Beard JC, Swager TM. An Organic Chemist's Guide to N-Nitrosamines: Their Structure, Reactivity, and Role as Contaminants. J Org Chem 2021; 86:2037-2057. [PMID: 33474939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
N-Nitrosamines are a class of compounds notorious both for the potent carcinogenicity of many of its members and for their widespread occurrence throughout the human environment, from air and water to our diets and drugs. Considerable effort has been dedicated to understanding N-nitrosamines as contaminants, and methods for their prevention, remediation, and detection are ongoing challenges. Understanding the chemistry of N-nitrosamines will be key to addressing these challenges. To facilitate such understanding, we focus in this Perspective on the structure, reactivity, and synthetic applications of N-nitrosamines with an emphasis on alkyl N-nitrosamines. The role of N-nitrosamines as water contaminants and the methods for their detection are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Beard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy M Swager
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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8
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Tooker NB, Gao C, Onnis-Hayden A, Gu AZ. Impact of oxidation processes on the composition and biodegradability of soluble organic nutrients in wastewater effluents. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:217-231. [PMID: 32640068 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics and bioavailability of wastewater derived organic nutrients and their susceptibility to removal technologies have implications in nutrient loading to aquatic environments and their contributions to eutrophication. Therefore, a better understanding of treatability of effluent organic nutrients is of interest for water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) and regulators. Oxidation processes (OPs) can reduce concentrations of soluble organic nutrients and convert them into more biodegradable forms. In this study, three WRRF effluents were treated with low-pressure ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), and combined UV/H2 O2 . Untreated and treated effluents were subjected to nitrogen and phosphorus speciation analyses and soluble organic nitrogen (SON) biodegradability assays. The OP treatments did not change SON concentrations significantly. For two WRRFs, OP treatments decreased soluble organic phosphorus (SOP) and seemed to convert it into soluble acid hydrolyzable phosphorus (SAHP), indicating possible increases in phosphorus bioavailability. Fingerprinting and quantification of dissolved organic matter (DOM) using fluorescence spectroscopy with parallel factor analysis revealed changes in DOM pool composition in response to OPs treatments, which suggests likely organic nutrients composition changes. Based on biodegradability assessments, OP treatments likely changed the composition and biodegradability of effluent SON compounds. Combined UV/H2 O2 treatment seemed more effective than other OPs at oxidizing some of the organic nutrients. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Treatment of secondary or tertiary effluent with UV, H2 O2 , or UV/ H2 O2 was generally not effective at mineralizing SON and SOP, when applied at the doses used in this study. Treatment resulted in observable changes in DOM compositions, likely including SON and SOP compounds. Combined UV/H2 O2 treatment was more effective than UV or H2 O2 alone at oxidizing some DOM compounds. The BSON (bioavailable SON) assay indicated that the composition of the SON pool in the effluents was likely changed by the OP treatments. This was supported by fluorescence spectroscopy analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Tooker
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
- Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ce Gao
- Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - April Z Gu
- Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Aqeel A, Lim HJ. Role of various factors affecting the photochemical treatment of N-nitrosamines related to CO 2 capture. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 41:1391-1400. [PMID: 30339495 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1536172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Post-combustion CO2 capture using amine solvents is the most feasible method of reducing anthropogenic CO2 emissions, which are the largest contributor to global warming. The formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines (i.e. by-products) can hinder the industrial application of this technology. In this study, the effects of direct UV photolysis (N-nitrosamine concentration and amines) and advanced oxidation processes (UV/H2O2 and UV/O3) on the three specific N-nitrosamines that are commonplace in amine-based CO2 capture (i.e. N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA), and N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR)) were examined. A significant decrease in the photodegradation rate constants was observed for NDEA (1.02 × 100 to 2.94 × 10-1 min-1), NDELA (1.52 × 100 to 3.32 × 10-1 min-1), and NMOR (1.93 × 100 to 2.20 × 10-1 min-1) as their concentrations increased within 1-50 mg/L. This is the first report of a significant increase in the degradation rate constants of N-nitrosamine with an increase in amine concentrations (i.e. monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, and morpholine) within 10-200 mM. The photodegradation rate constants increased as the molar ratio of H2O2 to N-nitrosamine increased to 20, but then decreased at molar ratios beyond this. O3 had a negligible effect on the photodegradation of N-nitrosamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Aqeel
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jin Lim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Yang Z, Wang P, Zhang Y, Zan X, Zhu W, Jiang Y, Zhang L, Yasin A. Improved Ozonation Efficiency for Polymerization Mother Liquid from Polyvinyl Chloride Production Using Tandem Reactors. Molecules 2019; 24:E4436. [PMID: 31817148 PMCID: PMC6943591 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymerization mother liquid (PML) is one of the main sources of wastewater in the chlor-alkali industry. The effective degradation of the PML produced in PVC polymerization using three or five ozone reactors in tandem was designed with a focus on improving the ozonation efficiency. The ozonation efficiency of the tandem reactors for the degradation of PML, along with the effect of ozone concentration, the number of reactors utilized in series, and the reaction time on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were investigated in detail. The results showed that the COD removal increased as the ozone concentration was increased from 10.6 to 60 mg·L-1, achieving 66.4% COD removal at ozone concentration of 80.6 mg·L-1. However, when the ozone concentration was increased from 60 mg·L-1 to 80 mg·L-1, the COD removal only increased very little. The COD decreased with increasing ozone concentration. During the initial degradation period, the degradation rate was the highest at both low and high ozone concentrations. The degradation rate decreased with reaction time. The rate at a low ozone concentration decreased more significantly than at high ozone concentration. Although high ozone concentration is desirable for COD removal and degradation rate, the utilization efficiency of ozone decreased with increasing ozone concentration. The ozone utilization efficiency of the five-reactor device was three times higher than that of three tandem reactors, demonstrating that ozonation utilization efficiency can be improved by increasing the number of tandem reactors. Ozonation in tandem reactors is a promising approach for PML treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yang
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (Z.Y.); (P.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.J.); (L.Z.); (A.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumqi 830023, China
| | - Penglei Wang
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (Z.Y.); (P.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.J.); (L.Z.); (A.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yagang Zhang
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (Z.Y.); (P.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.J.); (L.Z.); (A.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumqi 830023, China
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xingjie Zan
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (Z.Y.); (P.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.J.); (L.Z.); (A.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhu
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (Z.Y.); (P.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.J.); (L.Z.); (A.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumqi 830023, China
| | - Yingfang Jiang
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (Z.Y.); (P.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.J.); (L.Z.); (A.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Letao Zhang
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (Z.Y.); (P.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.J.); (L.Z.); (A.Y.)
| | - Akram Yasin
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (Z.Y.); (P.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.J.); (L.Z.); (A.Y.)
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11
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Pakdehi SG, Shaveisi Y. Photocatalytic Degradation of Dimethyl Aminoethyl Azide in Water via TiO
2
/Light Expanded Clay Aggregate Catalyst. Chem Eng Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201900185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahram G. Pakdehi
- Malek Ashtar University of TechnologyFaculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaabanlou Street 16765/3454 Tehran Iran
| | - Yaser Shaveisi
- Malek Ashtar University of TechnologyFaculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaabanlou Street 16765/3454 Tehran Iran
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Koltsakidou Α, Katsiloulis C, Εvgenidou Ε, Lambropoulou DA. Photolysis and photocatalysis of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Nimesulide under simulated solar irradiation: Kinetic studies, transformation products and toxicity assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:245-257. [PMID: 31271990 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the degradation of Nimesulide (NIM), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, using photolysis, heterogeneous (TiO2 in dispersion) and homogeneous (photo-Fenton reactant) photocatalysis, under simulated solar light (SSL) radiation, was investigated. Various parameters affecting the degradation rate of the target compound during the applied processes were optimized. The efficiency of all treatments used (direct photolysis; TiΟ2/SSL; TiΟ2/Η2Ο2/SSL; TiΟ2/S2Ο82-/SSL; Fe3+/H2O2/SSL; Fe3+/S2O82-/SSL and [Fe(C2O4)3]3-/H2O2/SSL) was evaluated by means of initial reaction rate and mineralization. Moreover, the generated transformation products (TPs) by each basic process (photolysis; TiΟ2/SSL and Fe3+/H2O2/SSL) were identified, using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry, and their formation kinetic profiles were given. The main transformation routes of NIM were hydroxylation and fragmentation, for all three treatments applied. Finally, toxicity measurements were conducted using Microtox bioassay in order to evaluate the potential risk of NIM and its TPs to aqueous organisms. Although, the acute toxicity increased during the first stages of treatment the final outcome lead to very low toxicity levels even within 60 min of TiO2/SSL treatment. Concluding, the obtained results suggest that the photocatalytic degradation of NIM can lead to its complete elimination and simultaneously to the detoxification of the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Α Koltsakidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ch Katsiloulis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ε Εvgenidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - D A Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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13
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Dong C, Huang G, Cheng G, An C, Yao Y, Chen X, Chen J. Wastewater treatment in amine-based carbon capture. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 222:742-756. [PMID: 30738317 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Amine-based CO2 capture (ACC) has become one cost-effective method for reducing carbon emissions in order to mitigate climate changes. The amine-rich wastewater (ARWW) generated from ACC may contain a series of degradation products of amine-based solvents (ABSs). These products are harmful for ecological environment and human health. Effective and reliable ARWW treatment methods are highly required for mitigating the harmfulness. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive review of the existing limited methods that can guide ARWW-related technological advancements and treatment practices. To fill this gap, the review is achieved in this study. All available technologies for treating the ARWW from washwater, condenser, and reclaimer units in ACC are examined based on clarification of degradation mechanisms and ARWW compounds. A series of significant findings and recommendations are revealed through this review. For instance, ARWW treatment methods should be selected according to degradation conditions and pollution concentrations. UV light can be only used for treating wastewater from washwater and condenser units in ACC. Biological activated carbon is feasible for removing nitrosamines from washwater and condenser units. Sequence batch reactors, microbial fuel cells, and the other techniques for removing amines and similar degradation products are applicable for treating ARWW. This review provides scientific support for the selection and improvement of ARWW treatment techniques, the mitigation of ACC's consequences in environment, health and other aspects, and the extensive development and applications of ACC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Dong
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada; Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability Research, UR-BNU, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada
| | - Gordon Huang
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada; Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability Research, UR-BNU, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada.
| | - Guanhui Cheng
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada; Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability Research, UR-BNU, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada.
| | - Chunjiang An
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Yao Yao
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada; Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability Research, UR-BNU, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada
| | - Xiujuan Chen
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada; Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability Research, UR-BNU, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada
| | - Jiapei Chen
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada; Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability Research, UR-BNU, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada
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14
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Garcia-Alonso S, Perez-Pastor RM. Organic Analysis of Environmental Samples Using Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array and Fluorescence Detectors: An Overview. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:29-49. [PMID: 30925844 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1570461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This overview is focused to provide an useful guide of the families of organic pollutants that can be determined by liquid chromatography operating in reverse phase and ultraviolet/fluorescence detection. Eight families have been classified as the main groups to be considered: carbonyls, carboxyls, aromatics, phenols, phthalates, isocyanates, pesticides and emerging. The references have been selected based on analytical methods used in the environmental field, including both the well-established procedures and those more recently developed.
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15
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Glover CM, Verdugo EM, Trenholm RA, Dickenson ERV. N-nitrosomorpholine in potable reuse. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 148:306-313. [PMID: 30390511 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As potable reuse guidelines and regulations continue to develop, the presence of N-nitrosamines is a primary concern because of their associated health concerns. In this study, bench-, pilot-, and full-scale tests were conducted to focus on the occurrence and treatment of N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) in United States (U.S.) potable reuse systems. Out of twelve U.S. wastewater effluents collected, ambient NMOR was detected in eleven (average = 20 ± 18 ng/L); in contrast, only two of the thirteen surface water and stormwater samples had NMOR. Across all of these samples maximum formation potential by chloramination produced an average increase of 3.6 ± 1.8 ng/L. This result underscores the need to understand the sources of NMOR as it is not likely a disinfection byproduct and it is not known to be commercially produced within the U.S. At the pilot-scale, three potable reuse systems were evaluated for ambient NMOR with oxidation (i.e., chlorination and ozonation), biofiltration, and granular activated carbon (GAC). Both pre-oxidation and biofiltration were ineffective at mitigating NMOR during long-term pilot plant operation (at least eight-months). GAC adsorbers were the only pilot-scale treatment to remove NMOR; however, complete breakthrough occurred rapidly from <2000 to 10,000 bed volumes. For comparison, a full-scale reverse osmosis (RO) potable reuse system was monitored for a year and confirmed that RO effectively removes NMOR. Systematic bench-scale UV-advanced oxidation experiments were undertaken to assess the mitigation potential for NMOR. At a fluence dose of 325 ± 10 mJ/cm2, UV alone degraded 90% of the NMOR present. The addition of 5 mg/L hydrogen peroxide did not significantly decrease the UV dose required for one-log removal. These data illustrate that efficient NMOR removal from potable reuse systems is limited to RO or UV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Glover
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV, 89193-9954, USA.
| | - Edgard M Verdugo
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV, 89193-9954, USA
| | - Rebecca A Trenholm
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV, 89193-9954, USA
| | - Eric R V Dickenson
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV, 89193-9954, USA.
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16
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pH-sensitive and magnetically separable Fe/Cu bimetallic nanoparticles supported by graphene oxide (GO) for high-efficiency removal of tetracyclines. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 534:549-562. [PMID: 30253356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has been recognized as one of the most promising materials for the removal of a wide range of pharmaceuticals in water; however, aggregation and instability of nZVI in aqueous media reduces its efficacy. In this study, graphene oxide (GO) supported nZVI/copper bimetallic-nanoparticles (BNPs) were fabricated for high-efficiency removal of tetracyclines (TCs). In comparison to pure nZVI, the addition of Cu to the nano-adsorbents enhanced the efficacy of TC removal by 13%. The GO supporter mitigated the aggregation of BNPs and reduced the dissolution of metal nanoparticles, thereby demonstrating a higher working efficacy than Fe/Cu BNPs, even over five consecutive runs. At the optimal condition (pH 5-7, [TCs]: [Fe/Cu-GO] = 1:2.5 w/w), the Fe/Cu-GO nanocomposite showed near-complete (∼100%) TCs-removal within 15 min. The adsorption of TCs by Fe/Cu-GO fits the Freundlich model, with an adsorption capacity of 201.9 mg g-1. The Fe/Cu-GO nanocomposite showed pH-dependent assembly behavior to potentially recycle GO at a pH > 9 condition to generate new nanoparticles. The high removal efficiency of TCs, combining with high stability and easy separation performance in the aqueous environment, makes Fe/Cu-GO nanocomposites a promising material for treating latent antibiotics in water.
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17
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Badmus KO, Tijani JO, Massima E, Petrik L. Treatment of persistent organic pollutants in wastewater using hydrodynamic cavitation in synergy with advanced oxidation process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:7299-7314. [PMID: 29349742 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are very tenacious wastewater contaminants. The consequences of their existence have been acknowledged for negatively affecting the ecosystem with specific impact upon endocrine disruption and hormonal diseases in humans. Their recalcitrance and circumvention of nearly all the known wastewater treatment procedures are also well documented. The reported successes of POPs treatment using various advanced technologies are not without setbacks such as low degradation efficiency, generation of toxic intermediates, massive sludge production, and high energy expenditure and operational cost. However, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have recently recorded successes in the treatment of POPs in wastewater. AOPs are technologies which involve the generation of OH radicals for the purpose of oxidising recalcitrant organic contaminants to their inert end products. This review provides information on the existence of POPs and their effects on humans. Besides, the merits and demerits of various advanced treatment technologies as well as the synergistic efficiency of combined AOPs in the treatment of wastewater containing POPs was reported. A concise review of recently published studies on successful treatment of POPs in wastewater using hydrodynamic cavitation technology in combination with other advanced oxidation processes is presented with the highlight of direction for future research focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassim Olasunkanmi Badmus
- Environmental and Nano Science, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Natural Science, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Jimoh Oladejo Tijani
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria
| | - Emile Massima
- Environmental and Nano Science, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Natural Science, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leslie Petrik
- Environmental and Nano Science, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Natural Science, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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18
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Yu K, Mitch WA, Dai N. Nitrosamines and Nitramines in Amine-Based Carbon Dioxide Capture Systems: Fundamentals, Engineering Implications, and Knowledge Gaps. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11522-11536. [PMID: 28946738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Amine-based absorption is the primary contender for postcombustion CO2 capture from fossil fuel-fired power plants. However, significant concerns have arisen regarding the formation and emission of toxic nitrosamine and nitramine byproducts from amine-based systems. This paper reviews the current knowledge regarding these byproducts in CO2 capture systems. In the absorber, flue gas NOx drives nitrosamine and nitramine formation after its dissolution into the amine solvent. The reaction mechanisms are reviewed based on CO2 capture literature as well as biological and atmospheric chemistry studies. In the desorber, nitrosamines are formed under high temperatures by amines reacting with nitrite (a hydrolysis product of NOx), but they can also thermally decompose following pseudo-first order kinetics. The effects of amine structure, primarily amine order, on nitrosamine formation and the corresponding mechanisms are discussed. Washwater units, although intended to control emissions from the absorber, can contribute to additional nitrosamine formation when accumulated amines react with residual NOx. Nitramines are much less studied than nitrosamines in CO2 capture systems. Mitigation strategies based on the reaction mechanisms in each unit of the CO2 capture systems are reviewed. Lastly, we highlight research needs in clarifying reaction mechanisms, developing analytical methods for both liquid and gas phases, and integrating different units to quantitatively predict the accumulation and emission of nitrosamines and nitramines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ning Dai
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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19
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Widger LR, Combs M, Lohe AR, Lippert CA, Thompson JG, Liu K. Selective Removal of Nitrosamines from a Model Amine Carbon-Capture Waterwash Using Low-Cost Activated-Carbon Sorbents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:10913-10922. [PMID: 28792740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrosamines generated in the amine solvent loop of postcombustion carbon capture systems are potent carcinogens, and their emission could pose a serious threat to the environment or human health. Nitrosamine emission control strategies are critical for the success of amine-based carbon capture as the technology approaches industrial-scale deployment. Waterwash systems have been used to control volatile and aerosol emissions, including nitrosamines, from carbon-capture plants, but it is still necessary to remove or destroy nitrosamines in the circulating waterwash to prevent their subsequent emission into the environment. In this study, a cost-effective method for selectively removing nitrosamines from the absorber waterwash effluent with activated-carbon sorbents was developed to reduce the environmental impact associated with amine-based carbon capture. The results show that the commercial activated-carbon sorbents tested have a high capacity and selectivity for nitrosamines over the parent solvent amines, with capacities up to 190 mg/g carbon, under simulated amine waterwash conditions. To further reduce costs, an aerobic thermal sorbent regeneration step was also examined due to the low thermal stability of nitrosamines. To model the effect of oxidation on the sorbent performance, thermal- and acid-oxidized sorbents were also prepared from the commercial sorbents and analyzed. The chemical and physical properties of nitrosamines, the parent amine, and the influence of the physical properties of the carbon sorbents on nitrosamine adsorption was examined. Key sorbent properties included the sorbent hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity, surface pKa of the sorbent, and chemical structure of the parent amine and nitrosamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leland R Widger
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky , 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Megan Combs
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky , 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Amit R Lohe
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky , 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Cameron A Lippert
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky , 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Jesse G Thompson
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky , 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Kunlei Liu
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky , 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky , 151 Ralph G. Anderson Building, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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20
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Process modeling and optimization of Rhodamine B dye ozonation in a novel microreactor equipped with high frequency ultrasound wave. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-015-0188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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21
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Guo J, Chen X, Shi Y, Lan Y, Qin C. Rapid Photodegradation of Methyl Orange (MO) Assisted with Cu(II) and Tartaric Acid. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134298. [PMID: 26241043 PMCID: PMC4524705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cu(II) and organic carboxylic acids, existing extensively in soil and aquatic environments, can form complexes that may play an important role in the photodegradation of organic contaminants. In this paper, the catalytic role of Cu(II) in the removal of methyl orange (MO) in the presence of tartaric acid with light was investigated through batch experiments. The results demonstrate that the introduction of Cu(II) could markedly enhance the photodegradation of MO. In addition, high initial concentrations of Cu(II) and tartaric acid benefited the decomposition of MO. The most rapid removal of MO assisted by Cu(II) was achieved at pH 3. The formation of Cu(II)-tartaric acid complexes was assumed to be the key factor, generating hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and other oxidizing free radicals under irradiation through a ligand-to-metal charge-transfer pathway that was responsible for the efficient degradation of MO. Some intermediates in the reaction system were also detected to support this reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xue Chen
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Ying Shi
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yeqing Lan
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Chao Qin
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
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Dai N, Mitch WA. Controlling Nitrosamines, Nitramines, and Amines in Amine-Based CO₂ Capture Systems with Continuous Ultraviolet and Ozone Treatment of Washwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:8878-8886. [PMID: 26087660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Formation of nitrosamines and nitramines from reactions between flue gas NOx and the amines used in CO2 capture units has arisen as a significant concern. Washwater scrubbers can capture nitrosamines and nitramines. They can also capture amines, preventing formation of nitrosamines and nitramines downwind by amine reactions with ambient NOx. The continuous application of UV alone, or a combination of UV and ozone to the return line of a washwater treatment unit was evaluated to control the accumulation of nitrosamines, nitramines and amines in a laboratory-scale washwater unit. With model secondary amine solvents ranging from nonvolatile diethanolamine to volatile morpholine, application of 272-537 mJ/cm(2) UV incident fluence alone reduced the accumulation of nitrosamines and nitramines by approximately an order of magnitude. Modeling indicated that the gains achieved by UV treatment should increase over time, because UV treatment converts the time dependence of nitrosamine accumulation from a quadratic to a linear function. Ozone (21 mg/L) maintained low steady-state concentrations of amines in the washwater. While modeling indicated that more than 80% of nitrosamine accumulation in the washwater was associated with reaction of washwater amines with residual NOx, a reduction in nitrosamine accumulation rates due to ozone oxidation of amines was not fully realized because the ozonation products of amines reduced nitrosamine photolysis rates by competing for photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Dai
- †Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Wang T, Hovland J, Jens KJ. Amine reclaiming technologies in post-combustion carbon dioxide capture. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 27:276-289. [PMID: 25597687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Amine scrubbing is the most developed technology for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture. Degradation of amine solvents due to the presence of high levels of oxygen and other impurities in flue gas causes increasing costs and deterioration in long term performance, and therefore purification of the solvents is needed to overcome these problems. This review presents the reclaiming of amine solvents used for post combustion CO2 capture (PCC). Thermal reclaiming, ion exchange, and electrodialysis, although principally developed for sour gas sweetening, have also been tested for CO2 capture from flue gas. The three technologies all have their strengths and weaknesses, and further development is needed to reduce energy usage and costs. An expected future trend for amine reclamation is to focus on process integration of the current reclaiming technologies into the PCC process in order to drive down costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tielin Wang
- Telemark University College, Porsgrunn 3918, Norway.
| | | | - Klaus J Jens
- Telemark University College, Porsgrunn 3918, Norway; Tel-Tek, Porsgrunn 3918, Norway
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24
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Lindahl S, Gundersen CB, Lundanes E. A review of available analytical technologies for qualitative and quantitative determination of nitramines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:1825-1840. [PMID: 24898740 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00095a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to summarize the available analytical methods in the open literature for the determination of some aliphatic and cyclic nitramines. Nitramines covered in this review are the ones that can be formed from the use of amines in post-combustion CO2 capture (PCC) plants and end up in the environment. Since the literature is quite scarce regarding the determination of nitramines in aqueous and soil samples, methods for determination of nitramines in other matrices have also been included. Since the nitramines are found in complex matrices and/or in very low concentration, an extraction step is often necessary before their determination. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) using dichloromethane and solid phase extraction (SPE) with an activated carbon based material have been the two most common extraction methods. Gas chromatography (GC) or reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) has been used often combined with mass spectrometry (MS) in the final determination step. Presently there is no comprehensive method available that can be used for determination of all nitramines included in this review. The lowest concentration limit of quantification (cLOQ) is in the ng L(-1) range, however, most methods appear to have a cLOQ in the μg L(-1) range, if the cLOQ has been given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Lindahl
- University of Oslo, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway.
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25
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Wagner ED, Osiol J, Mitch WA, Plewa MJ. Comparative in vitro toxicity of nitrosamines and nitramines associated with amine-based carbon capture and storage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8203-8211. [PMID: 24940705 DOI: 10.1021/es5018009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Amine-based CO2 capture is a prime contender for the first full-scale implementation of CO2 capture at fossil fuel-fired power plants postcombustion. However, the formation of potentially carcinogenic N-nitrosamines and N-nitramines from reactions of flue gas NOx with the amines presents a potential risk for contaminating airsheds and drinking water supplies. Setting regulatory emission limits is hampered by the dearth of toxicity information for the N-nitramines. This study employed quantitative in vitro bioassays for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium, and chronic cytotoxicity and acute genotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to compare the toxicity of analogous N-nitrosamines and N-nitramines relevant to CO2 capture. Although the rank order was similar for genotoxicity in CHO cells and mutagenicity in S. typhimurium, the Salmonella assay was far more sensitive. In general, mutagenicity was higher with S9 hepatic microsomal activation. The rank order of mutagenicity was N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)>N-nitrosomorpholine>N-nitrodimethylamine>1,4-dinitrosopiperazine>N-nitromorpholine>1,4-dinitropiperazine>N-nitromonoethanolamine>N-nitrosodiethanolamine>N-nitrodiethanolamine. 1-Nitrosopiperazine and 1-nitropiperazine were not mutagenic. Overall, N-nitrosamines were ∼15-fold more mutagenic than their N-nitramine analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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26
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Dai N, Mitch WA. Effects of flue gas compositions on nitrosamine and nitramine formation in postcombustion CO2 capture systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:7519-7526. [PMID: 24918477 DOI: 10.1021/es501864a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Amine-based technologies are emerging as the prime contender for postcombustion CO2 capture. However, concerns have arisen over the health impacts of amine-based CO2 capture associated with the release of nitrosamines and nitramines, which are byproducts from the reactions between flue gas NOx and solvent amines. In this study, flue gas compositions were systematically varied to evaluate their effects on the formation of nitrosamines and nitramines in a lab-scale CO2 capture reactor with morpholine as a model solvent amine. The accumulation of N-nitrosomorpholine in both the absorber and washwater increased linearly with both NO and NO2 for concentrations up to ∼20 ppmv. These correlations could be extrapolated to estimate N-nitrosomorpholine accumulation at extremely low NOx levels (0.3 ppmv NO2 and 1.5 ppmv NO). NO played a particularly important role in driving N-nitrosomorpholine formation in the washwater, likely following partial oxidation to NO2 by O2. The accumulation of N-nitromorpholine in both the absorber and washwater positively correlated with flue gas NO2 concentration, but not with NO concentration. Both N-nitrosomorpholine and N-nitromorpholine accumulated fastest in the absence of CO2. Flue gas humidity did not affect nitrosamine accumulation in either the absorber or the washwater unit. These results provide a basis for estimating the effects of flue gas composition on nitrosamine and nitramine accumulation in postcombustion CO2 capture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Dai
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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Dai N, Mitch WA. Influence of amine structural characteristics on N-nitrosamine formation potential relevant to postcombustion CO2 capture systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:13175-13183. [PMID: 24138561 DOI: 10.1021/es4035396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Concerns have arisen for the possible contamination of air or drinking water supplies downwind of amine-based CO2 capture facilities by potentially carcinogenic N-nitrosamines formed from reactions between flue gas NOx and amine solvents. This study evaluated the influence of amine structure on the potential to form total N-nitrosamines within the absorber and washwater units of a laboratory-scale CO2 capture reactor, and in the solvent after a pressure-cooker treatment as a mimic of desorber conditions. Among 16 amines representing 3 amine classes (alkanolamines, straight-chain and cyclic diamines, and amino acids), the order of the amine was the primary determinant of total N-nitrosamine formation in the absorber unit, with total N-nitrosamine formation in the order: secondary amines ≈ tertiary amines ≫ primary amines. Similar results were observed upon pressure-cooker treatment, due to reactions between nitrite and amines at high temperature. For secondary and tertiary amines, total N-nitrosamine formation under these desorber-like conditions appeared to be more important than in the absorber, but for primary amines, significant formation of total N-nitrosamines was only observed in the absorber. For diamines and amino acids, total N-nitrosamine accumulation rates in washwaters were lowest for primary amines. For alkanolamines, however, total N-nitrosamine accumulation in the washwater was similar regardless of alkanolamine order, due to the combined effects of amine reactivity toward nitrosation and amine volatility. While total N-nitrosamine accumulation rates in washwaters were generally 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than in the absorber, they were comparable to absorber rates for several primary amines. Decarboxylation of the amino acid sarcosine resulted in the accumulation of significant concentrations of N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrodimethylamine in the washwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Dai
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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Floyd WC, Baker SE, Valdez CA, Stolaroff JK, Bearinger JP, Satcher JH, Aines RD. Evaluation of a carbonic anhydrase mimic for industrial carbon capture. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:10049-10055. [PMID: 23883067 DOI: 10.1021/es401336f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Zinc(II) cyclen, a small molecule mimic of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, was evaluated under rigorous conditions resembling those in an industrial carbon capture process: high pH (>12), nearly saturated salt concentrations (45% K2CO3) and elevated temperatures (100-130 °C). We found that the catalytic activity of zinc cyclen increased with increasing temperature and pH and was retained after exposure to a 45% w/w K2CO3 solution at 130 °C for 6 days. However, high bicarbonate concentrations markedly reduced the activity of the catalyst. Our results establish a benchmark level of stability and provide qualitative insights for the design of improved small-molecule carbon capture catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Floyd
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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