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Lin X, Song MH, Li W, Wei W, Wu X, Mao J, Yun YS. Optimized design of quaternary amino-functionalized chitosan fibers for ultra-high diclofenac adsorption from wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:141970. [PMID: 38608776 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) from water bodies is imperative due to the potential harm to humans and the ecosystem caused by NSAID-contaminated water. Quaternary amino-functionalized epichlorohydrin cross-linked chitosan fibers (QECFs), an economical and eco-friendly adsorbent, were successfully prepared using a simple and gentle method for efficient diclofenac (DCF) adsorption. Additionally, the optimized factors for the preparation of QECFs included epichlorohydrin concentration, pH, temperature, and (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CHTAC) concentration. QECFs demonstrated excellent adsorption performance for DCF across a broad pH range of 7-12. The calculated maximum adsorption capacity and the amount of adsorbed DCF per adsorption site were determined to be 987.5 ± 20.1 mg/g and 1.2 ± 0.2, respectively, according to the D-R and Hill isotherm models, at pH 7 within 180 min. This performance surpassed that of previously reported adsorbents. The regeneration of QECFs could be achieved using a 0.5 mol/L NaOH solution within 90 min, with QECFs retaining their original fiber form and experiencing only a 9.18% reduction in adsorption capacity after 5 cycles. The Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to study the characterization of QECFs, the preparation mechanism of QECFs, and the adsorption mechanism of DCF by QECFs. Quaternary ammonium groups (R4N+) were well developed in QECFs through the reaction between amino/hydroxyl groups on chitosan and CHTAC, and approximately 0.98 CHTAC molecule with 0.98 R4N+ group were immobilized on each chitosan monomer. Additionally, these R4N+ on QECFs played a crucial role in the removal of DCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water and Wastewater Treatment (HUST), MOHURD, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Myung-Hee Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenhao Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water and Wastewater Treatment (HUST), MOHURD, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Geographic Sciences, Key Laboratory for Synergistic Prevention of Water and Soil Environmental Pollution, Xinyang Normal University, Nanhu Road 237, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water and Wastewater Treatment (HUST), MOHURD, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Juan Mao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water and Wastewater Treatment (HUST), MOHURD, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Yeoung-Sang Yun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 561-756, Republic of Korea.
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Bean TG, Chadwick EA, Herrero-Villar M, Mateo R, Naidoo V, Rattner BA. Do Pharmaceuticals in the Environment Pose a Risk to Wildlife? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:595-610. [PMID: 36398854 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of knowledge related to the question "To what extent do pharmaceuticals in the environment pose a risk to wildlife?" stems from the Asian vulture crisis (>99% decline of some species of Old World vultures on the Indian subcontinent related to the veterinary use of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug [NSAID] diclofenac). The hazard of diclofenac and other NSAIDs (carprofen, flunixin, ketoprofen, nimesulide, phenylbutazone) to vultures and other avian species has since been demonstrated; indeed, only meloxicam and tolfenamic acid have been found to be vulture-safe. Since diclofenac was approved for veterinary use in Spain and Italy in 2013 (home to ~95% of vultures in Europe), the risk of NSAIDs to vultures in these countries has become one of the principal concerns related to pharmaceuticals and wildlife. Many of the other bodies of work on pharmaceutical exposure, hazard and risk to wildlife also relate to adverse effects in birds (e.g., poisoning of scavenging birds in North America and Europe from animal carcasses containing pentobarbital, secondary and even tertiary poisoning of birds exposed to pesticides used in veterinary medicine as cattle dips, migratory birds as a vector for the transfer of antimicrobial and antifungal resistance). Although there is some research related to endocrine disruption in reptiles and potential exposure of aerial insectivores, there remain numerous knowledge gaps for risk posed by pharmaceuticals to amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. Developing noninvasive sampling techniques and new approach methodologies (e.g., genomic, in vitro, in silico, in ovo) is important if we are to bridge the current knowledge gaps without extensive vertebrate testing. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:595-610. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Herrero-Villar
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Ciudad Real, Castilla-La-Mancha, Spain
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Ciudad Real, Castilla-La-Mancha, Spain
| | - Vinny Naidoo
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Barnett A Rattner
- Eastern Ecological Science Center at the Patuxent Research Refuge, US Geological Survey, Laurel, Maryland, USA
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Shafi M, Jan R, Gani KM. Selection of priority emerging contaminants in surface waters of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:139976. [PMID: 37657704 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The challenge of emerging contaminants (ECs) in global surface water bodies and particularly in low- and middle-income countries such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, is evident from the literature. The complexity arises from the high costs involved in EC analysis and the extensive list of ECs, which complicates the selection of essential compounds for scientific and regulatory investigations. Consequently, monitoring programs often include ECs that may have minimal significance within a region and do not pose known or suspected ecological or human health risks. This study aims to address this issue by employing a multi-risk assessment approach to identify priority ECs in the surface waters of the aforementioned countries. Through an analysis of occurrence levels and frequency data gathered from published literature, an optimized risk quotient (RQ) was derived. The findings reveal a priority list of 38 compounds that exhibit potential environmental risks and merit consideration in future water quality monitoring programs. Furthermore, the majority of antibiotics in India (12 out of 17) and Pakistan (7 out of 17) exhibit a risk quotient for antimicrobial resistance selection (RQAMR) greater than 1, highlighting the need for devising effective strategies to mitigate the escalation of antibiotic resistance in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozim Shafi
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Jammu, and Kashmir, 190006, India; Environmental Engineering and Management, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Ruby Jan
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Jammu, and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Khalid Muzamil Gani
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Jammu, and Kashmir, 190006, India.
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Nozaki K, Tanoue R, Kunisue T, Tue NM, Fujii S, Sudo N, Isobe T, Nakayama K, Sudaryanto A, Subramanian A, Bulbule KA, Parthasarathy P, Tuyen LH, Viet PH, Kondo M, Tanabe S, Nomiyama K. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in surface water and fish from three Asian countries: Species-specific bioaccumulation and potential ecological risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161258. [PMID: 36587684 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In Asian developing countries, undeveloped and ineffective sewer systems are causing surface water pollution by a lot of contaminants, especially pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Therefore, the risks for freshwater fauna need to be assessed. The present study aimed at: i) elucidating the contamination status; ii) evaluating the bioaccumulation; and iii) assessing the potential risks of PPCP residues in surface water and freshwater fish from three Asian countries. We measured 43 PPCPs in the plasma of several fish species as well as ambient water samples collected from India (Chennai and Bengaluru), Indonesia (Jakarta and Tangerang), and Vietnam (Hanoi and Hoa Binh). In addition, the validity of the existing fish blood-water partitioning model based solely on the lipophilicity of chemicals is assessed for ionizable and readily metabolizable PPCPs. When comparing bioaccumulation factors calculated from the PPCP concentrations measured in the fish and water (BAFmeasured) with bioconcentration factors predicted from their pH-dependent octanol-water partition coefficient (BCFpredicted), close values (within an order of magnitude) were observed for 58-91 % of the detected compounds. Nevertheless, up to 110 times higher plasma BAFmeasured than the BCFpredicted were found for the antihistamine chlorpheniramine in tilapia but not in other fish species. The plasma BAFmeasured values of the compound were significantly different in the three fish species (tilapia > carp > catfish), possibly due to species-specific differences in toxicokinetics (e.g., plasma protein binding and hepatic metabolism). Results of potential risk evaluation based on the PPCP concentrations measured in the fish plasma suggested that chlorpheniramine, triclosan, haloperidol, triclocarban, diclofenac, and diphenhydramine can pose potential adverse effects on wild fish. Results of potential risk evaluation based on the PPCP concentrations measured in the surface water indicated high ecological risks of carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, and triclosan on Asian freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazusa Nozaki
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790 8577, Japan
| | - Rumi Tanoue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790 8577, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790 8577, Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790 8577, Japan; Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 11400, Viet Nam
| | - Sadahiko Fujii
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790 8577, Japan
| | - Nao Sudo
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790 8577, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Isobe
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 8506, Japan
| | - Kei Nakayama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790 8577, Japan
| | - Agus Sudaryanto
- Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Building 820, Puspiptek Serpong, South Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Annamalai Subramanian
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 024, India
| | - Keshav A Bulbule
- KLE Society's S. Nijalingappa College, 2nd Block, Rajajinagar, Bangaluru 560 010, India
| | - Peethambaram Parthasarathy
- E-Parisaraa Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 30-P3, Karnataka Industrial Area Development Board, Dobaspet Industrial Area, Bengaluru 562 111, India
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 11400, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Hung Viet
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 11400, Viet Nam
| | - Masakazu Kondo
- Department of Applied Aquabiology, National Fisheries University, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yamaguchi 759 6595, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790 8577, Japan
| | - Kei Nomiyama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790 8577, Japan
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Kumar A, Škoro N, Gernjak W, Jovanović O, Petrović A, Živković S, Lumbaque EC, Farré MJ, Puač N. Degradation of diclofenac and 4-chlorobenzoic acid in aqueous solution by cold atmospheric plasma source. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 864:161194. [PMID: 36581289 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) was explored as a novel advanced oxidation process (AOP) for water decontamination. Samples with high concentration aqueous solutions of Diclofenac sodium (DCF) and 4-Chlorobenzoic acid (pCBA) were treated by plasma systems. Atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs) with a 1 pin-electrode and multi-needle electrodes (3 pins) configurations were used. The plasma generated using argon as working gas was touching a stationary liquid surface in the case of pin electrode-APPJ while for multi-needle electrodes-APPJ the liquid sample was flowing during treatment. In both configurations, a commercial RF power supply was used for plasma ignition. Measurement of electrical signals enabled precise determination of power delivered from the plasma to the sample. The optical emission spectroscopy (OES) of plasma confirmed the appearance of excited reactive species in the plasma, such as hydroxyl radicals and atomic oxygen which are considered to be key reactive species in AOPs for the degradation of organic pollutants. Treatments were conducted with two different volumes (5 mL and 250 mL) of contaminated water samples. The data acquired allowed calculation of degradation efficiency and energy yield for both plasma sources. When treated with pin-APPJ, almost complete degradation of 5 mL DCF occurred in 1 min with the initial concentration of 25 mg/L and 50 mg/L, whereas 5 mL pCBA almost degraded in 10 min at the initial concentration of 25 mg/L and 40 mg/L. The treatment results with multi-needle electrodes system confirmed that DCF almost completely degraded in 30 min and pCBA degraded about 24 % in 50 min. The maximum calculated energy yield for 50 % removal was 6465 mg/kWh after treatment of 250 mL of DCF aqueous solution utilizing the plasma recirculation technique. The measurements also provided an insight to the kinetics of DCF and pCBA degradation. Degradation products and pathways for DCF were determined using LC-MS measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Nikola Škoro
- Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Wolfgang Gernjak
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), 17003 Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olivera Jovanović
- Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Anđelija Petrović
- Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Suzana Živković
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota stefana 142, 11060, Serbia
| | | | - Maria José Farré
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Nevena Puač
- Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
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Herrero-Villar M, Mateo-Tomás P, Sánchez-Barbudo IS, Camarero PR, Taggart MA, Mateo R. Determinants of the exposure of Eurasian griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) to fluoroquinolones used in livestock: The role of supplementary feeding stations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119923. [PMID: 35961576 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics, are emerging contaminants of concern worldwide. Avian scavengers are exposed to pharmaceuticals through consumption of livestock carcasses used for feeding wildlife for conservation purposes at supplementary feeding stations. Here we tested the hypothesis that griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) would be more exposed to antibiotics (i.e., quinolones) when feeding on livestock carcasses from intensive farming than when they rely on carcasses from extensive farming or wild animals. We sampled 657 adult griffon vultures captured between 2008 and 2012. In addition, we sampled tissues from domestic livestock supplied at feeding stations in the study area between 2009 and 2019; pig (n = 114), sheep (n = 28), cow (n = 1) and goat (n = 2). Samples were analysed by liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). Quinolones were detected in plasma from 12.9% of the griffon vultures analysed. Quinolone prevalence in griffon vultures varied significantly among feeding stations but was also affected by the total amount of carcasses supplemented, especially the mass of pig carcasses. These results aligned with a 21.1% quinolone prevalence in pig carcasses sampled at feeding stations, wherein enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin levels of up to 3359 ng/g and 1550 ng/g, respectively, were found. Given enrofloxacin pharmacokinetics in pig tissues, 5.3% of the analysed pigs may have died no more than one day after treatment. Quinolone presence in vultures was negatively associated with blood lead levels, which mostly originates from lead ammunition and indicates a higher consumption of game animal carcasses. Carcass disposal for feeding avian scavengers must always assess and manage the risks posed by veterinary pharmaceuticals, especially when livestock provided may have died soon after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Herrero-Villar
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos-IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Patricia Mateo-Tomás
- Biodiversity Research Institute (University of Oviedo - CSIC - Principado de Asturias), 33600, Mieres, Spain
| | - Inés S Sánchez-Barbudo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos-IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pablo R Camarero
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos-IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Mark A Taggart
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso, Caithness, Scotland, KW14 7JD, UK
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos-IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Plaza PI, Wiemeyer GM, Lambertucci SA. Veterinary pharmaceuticals as a threat to endangered taxa: Mitigation action for vulture conservation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:152884. [PMID: 35016927 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Overuse and misapplication of veterinary pharmaceuticals affect the ecosystem, even at low concentrations. Vultures are mainly exposed to these compounds when feeding on improperly disposed carcasses from animals treated before death. This produces diverse negative impacts on vulture health and populations, even leading to death. Using the available bibliography we determined which veterinary pharmaceuticals vultures are exposed to worldwide and assessed the potential consequences for these species. Based on the responsibilities of the different stakeholders, we also propose action to mitigate this problem. Of 104 articles addressing vulture exposure to veterinary pharmaceuticals, most came from Asia, Europe and Africa; almost no information was available on the Americas. Vultures were reported as being exposed to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics, anti-parasitic and euthanizing agents. Most available information is related to the catastrophic effect of the NSAID diclofenac in South Asia. Vultures are particularly exposed to veterinary drugs when ingesting carcasses from intensive livestock production, but other potential pathways (e.g., discards from salmon farms or fisheries) have not yet been properly evaluated. It is essential to improve scientific information on this topic - increasing the range of drugs and geographical areas studied - in order to implement sustainable conservation action for these birds. A combination of strategies could prove effective in reducing the impact of pharmaceuticals on the environment and non-target species. To mitigate this conservation problem, a set of multilateral actions should therefore be implemented, involving diverse stakeholders such as government representatives, pharmaceutical companies, veterinary practitioners, scientists and conservation agents, and local communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo I Plaza
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, INIBIOMA- CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250 (R8400FRF), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina.
| | - Guillermo M Wiemeyer
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, INIBIOMA- CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250 (R8400FRF), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Sergio A Lambertucci
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, INIBIOMA- CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250 (R8400FRF), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
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Galligan TH, Green RE, Wolter K, Taggart MA, Duncan N, Mallord JW, Alderson D, Li Y, Naidoo V. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug nimesulide kills Gyps vultures at concentrations found in the muscle of treated cattle. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150788. [PMID: 34619222 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Throughout South Asia, cattle are regularly treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and their carcasses are left for scavengers to consume. Residues of the NSAID diclofenac in cattle carcasses caused widespread mortality and catastrophic population declines in three species of Gyps vulture during the 1990s and 2000s. Diclofenac is now banned, but other NSAIDs are used in its place. Different lines of evidence, including safety testing in Gyps vultures, have shown that some of these other NSAIDs are toxic, or probably toxic, to vultures. The NSAID nimesulide is widely available and commonly used, and has been found in dead vultures with signs of renal failure (i.e. visceral gout) and without the presence of diclofenac and/or other vulture-toxic NSAIDs. Nimesulide is therefore probably toxic to vultures. Here, we report safety testing of nimesulide in Gyps vultures. In a controlled toxicity experiment, we gave two vultures the maximum likely exposure (MLE) of nimesulide calculated from initial pharmacokinetic and residue experiments in cattle. Two other control birds were given an oral dose of water. Both vultures dosed with nimesulide died within 30 h, after showing outward signs of toxicity and increases in biochemical indicators of renal failure. Post-mortem examinations found extensive visceral gout in both vultures. Both control vultures survived without biochemical indicators of renal failure. With this evidence, we call for an immediate and comprehensive ban of nimesulide throughout South Asia to ensure the survival of the region's Critically Endangered vultures. More generally, testing the impacts of drugs on non-target species should be the responsibility of the pharmaceutical industry, before their veterinary use is licensed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby H Galligan
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, RSPB, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK
| | - Rhys E Green
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, David Attenborough Building, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - Kerri Wolter
- VulPro, Rietfontein, North West Province 0048, South Africa
| | - Mark A Taggart
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Thurso, Caithness, KW17 7JD, UK
| | - Neil Duncan
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Gauteng 0110, South Africa
| | - John W Mallord
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, RSPB, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK.
| | - Dawn Alderson
- SAC Consulting Veterinary Services, SRUC, Janetstown, Caithness KW14 7XF, UK
| | - Yuan Li
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Thurso, Caithness, KW17 7JD, UK
| | - Vinny Naidoo
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Gauteng 0110, South Africa
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Nambirajan K, Muralidharan S, Ashimkumar AR, Jadhav S. Nimesulide poisoning in white-rumped vulture Gyps bengalensis in Gujarat, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:57818-57824. [PMID: 34097213 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Population of white-rumped vulture has not recovered in India to a desired level even after diclofenac was banned in 2006. During 2019, there were two known separate incidents of white-rumped vulture mortality involving four white-rumped vultures in Gujarat. After post-mortem examinations, tissues of all four vultures were received for toxicological investigation at the National Centre for Avian Ecotoxicology, SACON. Tissues were screened for a set of toxic pesticides, and none of them was at detectable level. Subsequently, the tissues were analysed for thirteen NSAIDs and paracetamol. Of all the drugs tested, only nimesulide was detected in all the tissues (17-1395 ng/g) indicative of exposure. Visceral gout was also observed in all the four vultures during post-mortem. Residues of nimesulide in tissues with symptoms of gout indicated that the vultures died due to nimesulide poisoning. Although, other than diclofenac, many NSAIDs are suspected to be toxic to white-rumped vultures, only nimesulide is reported in the recent past with clear symptom of gout in wild dead white-rumped vultures similar to diclofenac. Since, nimesulide appears to act similar to diclofenac in exerting toxic effects, if veterinary use of nimesulide continues, white-rumped vulture are bound to suffer. Hence, it is recommended that nimesulide should be banned by the government to conserve white-rumped vulture in the Indian subcontinent. Further, an effective system is recommended to be put in place to collect the tissues of dead vultures for toxicological investigations and eventual conservation of the critically endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanthan Nambirajan
- Division of Ecotoxicology, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, 641108, India.
| | - Subramanian Muralidharan
- Division of Ecotoxicology, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, 641108, India
| | - Aditya Roy Ashimkumar
- Division of Ecotoxicology, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, 641108, India
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10
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Herrero-Villar M, Velarde R, Camarero PR, Taggart MA, Bandeira V, Fonseca C, Marco I, Mateo R. NSAIDs detected in Iberian avian scavengers and carrion after diclofenac registration for veterinary use in Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115157. [PMID: 32673993 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the now well recognised impact of diclofenac on vultures across the Indian subcontinent, this non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) was registered in 2013 for livestock treatment in Spain, Europe's main vulture stronghold. We assessed the risk of exposure to diclofenac and nine other NSAIDs in avian scavengers in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) after the onset of diclofenac commercialization. We sampled 228 livestock carcasses from vulture feeding sites, primarily pig (n = 156) and sheep (n = 45). We also sampled tissues of 389 avian scavenger carcasses (306 Eurasian griffon vultures, 15 cinereous vultures, 11 Egyptian vultures, 12 bearded vultures and 45 other facultative scavengers). Samples were analysed by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LCMS). Seven livestock carcasses (3.07%) contained NSAID residues: flunixin (1.75%), ketoprofen, diclofenac and meloxicam (0.44% each). NSAID residues were only detected in sheep (4.44%) and pig (3.21%) carcasses. Fourteen dead avian scavengers (3.60%) had NSAID residues in kidney and liver, specifically flunixin (1.03%) and meloxicam (2.57%). Flunixin was associated with visceral gout and/or kidney damage in three (0.98%) dead Eurasian griffons. To date, diclofenac poisoning has not been observed in Spain and Portugal, however, flunixin would appear to pose an immediate and clear risk. This work supports the need for well managed carrion disposal, alongside appropriate risk labelling on veterinary NSAIDs and other pharmaceuticals potentially toxic to avian scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Herrero-Villar
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Roser Velarde
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Pablo R Camarero
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Mark A Taggart
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Thurso, Scotland, KW14 7JD, UK
| | - Victor Bandeira
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos Fonseca
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ignasi Marco
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain; Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
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11
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Barik S, Saini M, Rana M, Gupta PK. Multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4) is expressed as transcript variants in both Gallus domesticus and Gyps himalyanesis. Gene 2018; 689:172-182. [PMID: 30562604 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac, known to cause hyperuricemia and concomitant visceral gout in Gyps vultures is suggested to be a result of interference with renal uric acid excretion. Three species of Gyps vultures are on the verge of extinction due to nephrotoxic veterinary diclofenac having entered the food chain, notwithstanding the fact that the toxicity of different avian species to the NSAIDs like diclofenac varies. The multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4), an organic anion transporter in birds has unique role in unidirectional efflux of urate into proximal renal tubular lumen for excretion and maintenance of homeostasis. We characterized MRP4 channel at molecular level to predict its structural based ligand binding activity in Gallus domesticus (Indian domestic chicken) and Gyps himalayensis (Himalayan griffon vulture). MRP4 gene was amplified using reverse transcribed cDNA from renal tissue sample in overlapping fragments. The obtained amplicons were cloned, sequenced, assembled and analyzed. Multiple alignment and blast analysis revealed point variations and presence of additional stretch of 57 bp towards the 3' end which was confirmed in Real time PCR. Predicted MRP4 polypeptides revealed presence of characteristic 12 transmembrane helices (TMH) with two nucleotide binding domains (NBD). Additional 19 amino acids in transcript variant was found to be localized in NBD2 that might influence the transporter function. The homology modeling and pocket identification throws ample light on varying transport efficacy and paves the way for depicting its role of these amino acids in effect of diclofenac on urate transport in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasmita Barik
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, UP, India.
| | - Mohini Saini
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, UP, India
| | - Mashidur Rana
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, UP, India
| | - Praveen K Gupta
- Division of Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, UP, India
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12
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Gómez-Ramírez P, Jiménez-Montalbán PJ, Delgado D, Martínez-López E, María-Mojica P, Godino A, García-Fernández AJ. Development of a QuEChERS method for simultaneous analysis of antibiotics in carcasses for supplementary feeding of endangered vultures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:319-327. [PMID: 29353780 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics have been beneficial for human and animal health. However, an excessive use in livestock and a deficient management of the carcasses can lead to adverse effects in the scavengers that ingest them, especially in "supplementary feeding sites" (SFS). The aim of this study was to assess the potential risk of exposure to antibiotics for an endangered population of Cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus) from southeastern Portugal. Hence, a multi-residue method based on QuEChERs was adapted and validated to analyse, in small volumes of tissues, the most frequent antibiotics used in livestock. The method was applied to 87 samples of liver, muscle and kidney from 7 goats and 25 sheep disposed in SFS. According to questionnaires to farmers, the animals had not been treated with antibiotics, but analyses showed residues in 29% of the samples. Antibiotics were more frequent in goats (42.9%) than in sheep (24.2%), and oxytetracycline and trimethoprim were the most common (both 13.8%). Oxytetracycline, the most common antibiotic for livestock in Portugal, showed the highest concentration (1452.68 ng g-1). To our knowledge, this is the first study of presence of antibiotics in carrion from SFS. The concentrations of antibiotics in carrion do not seem to pose a risk of acute intoxication for adult Cinereous vultures. However, subtle and likely chronic exposure with unknown health consequences may occur, which requires more research. Moreover, the results of this first study can be used in future studies to assess the risk for avian scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gómez-Ramírez
- Area of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - P J Jiménez-Montalbán
- Area of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - D Delgado
- LPN - Liga para a Protecção da Natureza, Portugal
| | - E Martínez-López
- Area of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - P María-Mojica
- Area of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - A Godino
- IUCN-Vulture Specialist Group, Spain
| | - A J García-Fernández
- Area of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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13
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Liu YY, Hu XL, Bao YF, Yin DQ. Simultaneous determination of 29 pharmaceuticals in fish muscle and plasma by ultrasonic extraction followed by SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:2139-2150. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- You-yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment; Ministry of Education; College of Environmental Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Xia-lin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment; Ministry of Education; College of Environmental Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yi-fan Bao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment; Ministry of Education; College of Environmental Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Da-qiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment; Ministry of Education; College of Environmental Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai P. R. China
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14
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Nambirajan K, Muralidharan S, Roy AA, Manonmani S. Residues of Diclofenac in Tissues of Vultures in India: A Post-ban Scenario. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 74:292-297. [PMID: 29159701 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Populations of three resident Gyps species (Indian white-backed vulture Gyps bengalensis, Indian vulture Gyps indicus, and Slender-billed vulture Gyps tenuirostris) in India have decreased by more than 90% since mid 1990s, and they continue to decline. Experimental studies showed the mortality of vultures to be due to renal failure caused by diclofenac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. India, Pakistan, and Nepal banned the veterinary usage of diclofenac in 2006 to prevent further decline in vulture population. This study was performed to know the current status of the impact of diclofenac on vultures in India. Between 2011 and 2014, 44 vultures comprising two species, namely Indian white-backed vulture (32) and Himalayan griffon Gyps himalayensis (12) were collected dead from Gujarat, Assam, and Tamil Nadu on an opportunistic basis. Kidney and liver tissues and gut content were analysed for diclofenac. Of the 32 dead white-backed vultures analysed, 68.75% of them had diclofenac ranging from 62.28 to 272.20 ng/g. Fourteen white-backed vultures had diclofenac in kidney in toxic range (70-908 ng/g). Of 12 Himalayan griffon studied, 75% of them had diclofenac in the range of 139.69 to 411.73 ng/g. Himalayan griffon had significantly higher levels of diclofenac in tissues than Indian white-backed vultures. It is possible that 14 of 29 white-backed vultures and 9 of 12 Himalayan griffon included in this study died due to diclofenac poisoning. Studies have indicated that diclofenac can continue to kill vultures even after its ban in India for veterinary use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanthan Nambirajan
- Division of Ecotoxicology, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, 641108, India.
- Department of Chemistry, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, 641 014, India.
| | - Subramanian Muralidharan
- Division of Ecotoxicology, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, 641108, India
| | - Aditya A Roy
- Division of Ecotoxicology, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, 641108, India
| | - S Manonmani
- Department of Chemistry, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, 641 014, India
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15
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Naidoo V, Taggart MA, Duncan N, Wolter K, Chipangura J, Green RE, Galligan TH. The use of toxicokinetics and exposure studies to show that carprofen in cattle tissue could lead to secondary toxicity and death in wild vultures. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 190:80-89. [PMID: 28985539 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary medicines can be extremely damaging to the environment, as seen with the catastrophic declines in Gyps vulture in South Asia due to their secondary exposure to diclofenac in their primary food source. Not surprisingly, concern has been raised over other similar drugs. In this study, we evaluate the toxicity of carprofen to the Gyps vulture clade through plasma pharmacokinetics evaluations in Bos taurus cattle (their food source) and Gyps africanus (a validated model species); tissue residues in cattle; and the effect of carprofen as a secondary toxicant as both tissue-bound residue or pure drug at levels expected in cattle tissues. Carprofen residues were highest in cattle kidney (7.72 ± 2.38 mg/kg) and injection site muscle (289.05 ± 98.96 mg/kg of dimension of 5 × 5 × 5 cm). Vultures exposed to carprofen as residues in the kidney tissue or pure drug equivalents showed no toxic signs. When exposed to average injection site concentrations (64 mg/kg) one of two birds died with evidence of severe renal and liver damage. Toxicokinetic analysis revealed a prolonged drug half-life of 37.75 h in the dead bird as opposed to 13.99 ± 5.61 h from healthy birds dosed intravenously at 5 mg/kg. While carprofen may generally be harmless to Gyps vultures, its high levels at the injection site in treated cattle can result in lethal exposure in foraging vultures, due to relative small area of tissue it is found therein. We thus suggest that carprofen not be used in domesticated ungulates in areas where carcasses are accessible or provided to vultures at supplementary feeding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Naidoo
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - M A Taggart
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle St, Thurso, Scotland, KW17 7JD, UK
| | - N Duncan
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - K Wolter
- VulPro, Plot 121, Rietfontein, 0048, South Africa
| | - J Chipangura
- Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - R E Green
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, David Attenborough Building, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 3QZ, UK; Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, David Attenborough Building, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - T H Galligan
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, David Attenborough Building, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 3QZ, UK
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16
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Philip JM, Aravind UK, Aravindakumar CT. Emerging contaminants in Indian environmental matrices - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 190:307-326. [PMID: 28992484 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of issues related to environment from ECs is a topic under serious discussions worldwide in recent years. Indian scenario is not an exception as it is tremendously growing in its rate of production and consumption of compounds belongs to ECs categories. However, a comprehensive documentation on the occurrence of ECs and consequent ARGs as well as their toxic effects on vertebrates on Indian context is still lacking. In the present study, an extensive literature survey was carried out to get an idea on the geographical distribution of ECs in various environmental matrices (water, air, soil, sediment and sludge) and biological samples by dividing the entire subcontinent into six zones based on climatic, geographical and cultural features. A comprehensive assessment of the toxicological effects of ECs and the consequent antibiotic resistant genes has been included. It is found that studies on the screening of ECs are scarce and concentrated in certain geological locations. A total of 166 individual compounds belonging to 36 categories have been reported so far. Pharmaceuticals and drugs occupy the major share in these compounds followed by PFASs, EDCs, PCPs, ASWs and flame retardants. This review throws light on the alarming situation in India where the highest ever reported values of concentrations of some of these compounds are from India. This necessitates a national level monitoring system for ECs in order to assess the magnitude of environmental risks posed by these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeva M Philip
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Usha K Aravind
- Advanced Centre of Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Charuvila T Aravindakumar
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India; Inter University Instrumentation Centre, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India.
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17
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He BS, Wang J, Liu J, Hu XM. Eco-pharmacovigilance of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Necessity and opportunities. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 181:178-189. [PMID: 28437743 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Eco-pharmacovigilance (EPV) is a practical and powerful approach to minimize the potential risks posed by pharmaceutical residues in environment. However, it is impracticable to practise rigorous and unitary EPV process for all the existing and new pharmaceuticals. Here, we focused on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and discussed the necessity and potential opportunities of practising EPV of NSAIDs. We found that the consumption of NSAIDs is huge and ubiquitous across the globe. NSAIDs were worldwidely reported as one of the most dominant and frequently detected groups in environmental matrices including wastewater, surface water, suspended solids, sediments, groundwater, even drinking water. Besides, there is definitive evidence for the adverse impacts of NSAID residues on scavenging birds and aquatic species. These data suggested the necessity of implementing EPV of NSAIDs. From the perspective of drug administration, we identified some things that can be done as management practice options for EPV implementation on NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Shu He
- Hubei Woman and Child Hospital, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Xia-Min Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
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18
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Galligan TH, Taggart MA, Cuthbert RJ, Svobodova D, Chipangura J, Alderson D, Prakash VM, Naidoo V. Metabolism of aceclofenac in cattle to vulture-killing diclofenac. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2016; 30:1122-1127. [PMID: 26931376 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac is highly toxic to Gyps vultures, and its recent widespread use in South Asia caused catastrophic declines in at least 3 scavenging raptors. The manufacture of veterinary formulations of diclofenac has since been banned across the region with mixed success. However, at least 12 other NSAIDs are available for veterinary use in South Asia. Aceclofenac is one of these compounds, and it is known to metabolize into diclofenac in some mammal species. The metabolic pathway of aceclofenac in cattle, the primary food of vultures in South Asia, is unknown. We gave 6 cattle the recommended dose of aceclofenac (2 mg/kg), collected blood thereafter at intervals for up to 12 h, and used liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry in a pharmacokinetic analysis of aceclofenac and diclofenac in the plasma. Nearly all the aceclofenac administered to the cattle was very rapidly metabolized into diclofenac. At 2 h, half the aceclofenac had been converted into diclofenac, and at 12 h four-fifths of the aceclofenac had been converted into diclofenac. Therefore, administering aceclofenac to livestock poses the same risk to vultures as administering diclofenac to livestock. This, coupled with the risk that aceclofenac may replace diclofenac in the veterinary market, points to the need for an immediate ban on all aceclofenac formulations that can be used to treat livestock. Without such a ban, the recovery of vultures across South Asia will not be successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Galligan
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, SG19 2DL, U.K..
| | - M A Taggart
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso, Scotland, KW14 7JD, U.K
| | - R J Cuthbert
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, SG19 2DL, U.K
- Wildlife Conservation Society, P.O. Box 277, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province 441, Papua New Guinea
| | - D Svobodova
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso, Scotland, KW14 7JD, U.K
| | - J Chipangura
- Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Gauteng, 0110, South Africa
| | - D Alderson
- SAC Consulting Veterinary Services, Janetstown, Thurso, Scotland, KW14 7XF, U.K
| | - V M Prakash
- Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, Mumbai, 400023, India
| | - V Naidoo
- Wildlife Conservation Society, P.O. Box 277, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province 441, Papua New Guinea
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19
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Espín S, García-Fernández AJ, Herzke D, Shore RF, van Hattum B, Martínez-López E, Coeurdassier M, Eulaers I, Fritsch C, Gómez-Ramírez P, Jaspers VLB, Krone O, Duke G, Helander B, Mateo R, Movalli P, Sonne C, van den Brink NW. Tracking pan-continental trends in environmental contamination using sentinel raptors-what types of samples should we use? ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:777-801. [PMID: 26944290 PMCID: PMC4823350 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Biomonitoring using birds of prey as sentinel species has been mooted as a way to evaluate the success of European Union directives that are designed to protect people and the environment across Europe from industrial contaminants and pesticides. No such pan-European evaluation currently exists. Coordination of such large scale monitoring would require harmonisation across multiple countries of the types of samples collected and analysed-matrices vary in the ease with which they can be collected and the information they provide. We report the first ever pan-European assessment of which raptor samples are collected across Europe and review their suitability for biomonitoring. Currently, some 182 monitoring programmes across 33 European countries collect a variety of raptor samples, and we discuss the relative merits of each for monitoring current priority and emerging compounds. Of the matrices collected, blood and liver are used most extensively for quantifying trends in recent and longer-term contaminant exposure, respectively. These matrices are potentially the most effective for pan-European biomonitoring but are not so widely and frequently collected as others. We found that failed eggs and feathers are the most widely collected samples. Because of this ubiquity, they may provide the best opportunities for widescale biomonitoring, although neither is suitable for all compounds. We advocate piloting pan-European monitoring of selected priority compounds using these matrices and developing read-across approaches to accommodate any effects that trophic pathway and species differences in accumulation may have on our ability to track environmental trends in contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Espín
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.
| | - A J García-Fernández
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - D Herzke
- FRAM-High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - R F Shore
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - B van Hattum
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Deltares, Marine and Coastal Systems, P.O. Box 177, 2600 MH, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - E Martínez-López
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Coeurdassier
- Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249 University Bourgogne Franche-Comté/CNRS Usc INRA, 16 Route de Gray, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - I Eulaers
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Bioscience, Artic Research Centre (ARC), Århus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - C Fritsch
- Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249 University Bourgogne Franche-Comté/CNRS Usc INRA, 16 Route de Gray, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - P Gómez-Ramírez
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - V L B Jaspers
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, EU2-169, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - O Krone
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - G Duke
- Centre for the Environment, Oxford University Environmental Change Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - B Helander
- Environmental Research & Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos-IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Movalli
- Department of Collections, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Artic Research Centre (ARC), Århus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - N W van den Brink
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8000, NL-6700EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Mateo R, Sánchez-Barbudo IS, Camarero PR, Martínez JM. Risk assessment of bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) exposure to topical antiparasitics used in livestock within an ecotoxicovigilance framework. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 536:704-712. [PMID: 26254071 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Between 2004 and 2013, 486 suspected scavenger poisoning cases, including 24 bearded vultures (Gypaetus barbatus), were investigated in the Pyrenees and surrounding areas in Spain as part of a monitoring programme regarding accidental and intentional poisoning of wildlife. Poisoning was confirmed in 36% of all analysed cases where scavenger species were found dead within the distribution range of bearded vultures. Organophosphates and carbamates were the most frequently detected poisons. Four of the bearded vulture cases were positive for the presence of topical antiparasitics (3 with diazinon and 1 with permethrin). These likely represented accidental exposure due to the legal use of these veterinary pharmaceuticals. In order to confirm the risk of exposure to topical antiparasitics in bearded vultures, pig feet (n=24) and lamb feet (n=24) were analysed as these are one of the main food resources provided to bearded vultures at supplementary feeding stations. Pig feet had no detectable residues of topical antiparasitics. In contrast, 71.4% of lamb feet showed residues of antiparasitics including diazinon (64.3%), pirimiphos-methyl (25.4%), chlorpyrifos (7.1%), fenthion (1.6%), permethrin (0.8%) and cypermethrin (27.8%). Washing the feet with water significantly reduced levels of these topical antiparasitics, as such, this should be a recommended practice for lamb feet supplied at feeding stations for bearded vultures. Although the detected levels of antiparasitics were relatively low (≤1 μg/g), a risk assessment suggests that observed diazinon levels may affect brain acetylcholinesterase and thermoregulation in bearded vultures subject to chronic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Inés S Sánchez-Barbudo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pablo R Camarero
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José M Martínez
- Departamento de Agricultura, Ganadería y Medio Ambiente, Dirección General de Desarrollo Sostenible y Biodiversidad, Zaragoza, Spain
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Cuthbert RJ, Taggart MA, Prakash V, Chakraborty SS, Deori P, Galligan T, Kulkarni M, Ranade S, Saini M, Sharma AK, Shringarpure R, Green RE. Avian scavengers and the threat from veterinary pharmaceuticals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0574. [PMID: 25405963 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Veterinary use of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac on domesticated ungulates caused populations of resident Gyps vultures in the Indian sub-continent to collapse. The birds died when they fed on carrion from treated animals. Veterinary diclofenac was banned in 2006 and meloxicam was advocated as a 'vulture-safe' alternative. We examine the effectiveness of the 2006 ban, whether meloxicam has replaced diclofenac, and the impact of these changes on vultures. Drug residue data from liver samples collected from ungulate carcasses in India since 2004 demonstrate that the prevalence of diclofenac in carcasses in 2009 was half of that before the ban and meloxicam prevalence increased by 44%. The expected vulture death rate from diclofenac per meal in 2009 was one-third of that before the ban. Surveys at veterinary clinics show that diclofenac use in India began in 1994, coinciding with the onset of rapid Gyps declines ascertained from measured rates of declines. Our study shows that one pharmaceutical product has had a devastating impact on Asia's vultures. Large-scale research and survey were needed to detect, diagnose and quantify the problem and measure the response to remedial actions. Given these difficulties, other effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment may remain undetected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Cuthbert
- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK Wildlife Conservation Society, PO Box 277, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Mark A Taggart
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Thurso KW14 7JD, UK
| | - Vibhu Prakash
- Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, S.B. Singh Road, Mumbai 400 001, India
| | - Soumya S Chakraborty
- Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, S.B. Singh Road, Mumbai 400 001, India
| | - Parag Deori
- Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, S.B. Singh Road, Mumbai 400 001, India
| | - Toby Galligan
- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK
| | - Mandar Kulkarni
- Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, S.B. Singh Road, Mumbai 400 001, India
| | - Sachin Ranade
- Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, S.B. Singh Road, Mumbai 400 001, India
| | - Mohini Saini
- Centre for Wildlife Conservation, Management and Disease Surveillance, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Centre for Wildlife Conservation, Management and Disease Surveillance, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India
| | - Rohan Shringarpure
- Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, S.B. Singh Road, Mumbai 400 001, India
| | - Rhys E Green
- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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22
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Taggart MA, Richards N, Kinney CA. Impacts of Pharmaceuticals on Terrestrial Wildlife. PHARMACEUTICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782622345-00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Essentially ubiquitous in our environment, residues of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals somewhat paradoxically represent an emerging and increasing risk to wild biota. Whilst in recent years a great deal of analytical effort has been expended to quantify the presence of many pharmaceutical contaminants, especially in freshwater systems, our real understanding of the risks posed to most clades of wildlife, aquatic and terrestrial alike, still lags behind. In particular, relevant field-based studies regarding possible chronic impacts in higher terrestrial wildlife (birds, mammals, reptiles, etc.) remain all too scarce. Yet, for example, over the past two decades Old World Gyps vultures on the Indian subcontinent have been virtually extirpated due to non-target exposure to a single synthetic pharmaceutical compound, diclofenac (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug). Here, we highlight and discuss the myriad possible exposure routes to terrestrial wildlife, consider the analytical and monitoring approaches that are already in use or that could be used in future research, and reflect upon a selection of legislative approaches currently being applied to identified terrestrial impacts. Finally, with the ultimate aim of encouraging further applied ecotoxicology-based research in this emerging field, we highlight several priorities for future inquiry, with special emphasis on non-target effects in previously overlooked but potentially vulnerable or highly representative clades of wildlife exposed within environmentally relevant, real-world scenarios.
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Continuing mortality of vultures in India associated with illegal veterinary use of diclofenac and a potential threat from nimesulide. ORYX 2015. [DOI: 10.1017/s003060531500037x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe collapse of South Asia's Gyps vulture populations is attributable to the veterinary use of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac. Vultures died after feeding on carcasses of recently-medicated animals. The governments of India, Nepal and Pakistan banned the veterinary use of diclofenac in 2006. We analysed results of 62 necropsies and 48 NSAID assays of liver and/or kidney for vultures of five species found dead in India between 2000 and 2012. Visceral gout and diclofenac were detected in vultures from nine states and three species: Gyps bengalensis, Gyps indicus and Gyps himalayensis. Visceral gout was found in every vulture carcass in which a measurable level of diclofenac was detected. Meloxicam, an NSAID of low toxicity to vultures, was found in two vultures and nimesulide in five vultures. Nimesulide at elevated tissue concentrations was associated with visceral gout in four of these cases, always without diclofenac, suggesting that nimesulide may have similar toxic effects to those of diclofenac. Residues of meloxicam on its own were never associated with visceral gout. The proportion of Gyps vultures found dead in the wild in India with measurable levels of diclofenac in their tissues showed a modest and non-significant decline since the ban on the veterinary use of diclofenac. The prevalence of visceral gout declined less, probably because some cases of visceral gout from 2008 onwards were associated with nimesulide rather than diclofenac. Veterinary use of nimesulide is a potential threat to the recovery of vulture populations.
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Zorrilla I, Martinez R, Taggart MA, Richards N. Suspected flunixin poisoning of a wild Eurasian Griffon Vulture from Spain. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2015; 29:587-592. [PMID: 25303011 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to residues of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac present in livestock carcasses has caused extensive declines in 3 Gyps vulture species across Asia. The carcass of a wild Eurasian Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus) was found in 2012 on an Andalucian (Spain) game hunting reserve and examined forensically. The bird had severe visceral gout, a finding consistent with Gyps vultures from Asia that have been poisoned by diclofenac. Liver and kidney samples from this Eurasian Griffon Vulture contained elevated flunixin (an NSAID) levels (median = 2.70 and 6.50 mg/kg, respectively). This is the first reported case of a wild vulture being exposed to and apparently killed by an NSAID outside Asia. It is also the first reported instance of mortality in the wild resulting from environmental exposure to an NSAID other than diclofenac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Zorrilla
- Environmental and Water Agency of Andalusia, Division of Integrated Environmental Quality, Center for Analysis and Diagnosis of Wildlife - CAD, Avda. Lope de Vega, 9, Málaga, 29010, Spain
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Singh KP, Rai P, Singh AK, Verma P, Gupta S. Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in urban wastewater of north Indian cities and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:6663-6682. [PMID: 25004851 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3881-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Six pharmaceuticals of different categories, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, diclofenac), anti-epileptic (carbamazepine), and anti-microbial (trimethoprim), were investigated in wastewater of the urban areas of Ghaziabad and Lucknow, India. Samples were concentrated by solid phase extraction (SPE) and determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods. The SPE-HPLC method was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. All the six drugs were detected in wastewater of Ghaziabad, whereas naproxen was not detected in Lucknow wastewater. Results suggest that levels of these detected drugs were relatively higher in Ghaziabad as compared to those in Lucknow, and diclofenac was the most frequently detected drug in both the study areas. Detection of these drugs in wastewater reflects the importance of wastewater inputs as a source of pharmaceuticals. In terms of the regional distribution of compounds in wastewater of two cities, higher spatial variations (coefficient of variation 112.90-459.44%) were found in the Lucknow wastewater due to poor water exchange ability. In contrast, lower spatial variation (162.38-303.77%) was observed in Ghaziabad. Statistical analysis results suggest that both data were highly skewed, and populations in two study areas were significantly different (p < 0.05). A risk assessment based on the calculated risk quotient (RQ) in six different bioassays (bacteria, duckweed, algae, daphnia, rotifers, and fish) showed that the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) posed high (RQ >1) risk to all the test species. The present study would contribute to the formulation of guidelines for regulation of such emerging pharmaceutical contaminants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunwar P Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, Rafi Marg, New Delhi, 110 001, India,
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Tanoue R, Nomiyama K, Nakamura H, Hayashi T, Kim JW, Isobe T, Shinohara R, Tanabe S. Simultaneous determination of polar pharmaceuticals and personal care products in biological organs and tissues. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1355:193-205. [PMID: 24958034 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a sensitive and accurate isotope dilution method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 17 polar pharmaceutical and personal care product (PPCP) residues (logKow=1.40-5.74), including 14 pharmaceuticals and 3 personal care products, in biological organs and tissues. The proposed method involved enzymatic hydrolysis, followed by sequential clean-up using silica gel chromatography and gel permeation chromatography, and analysis via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. This method yielded acceptable absolute recoveries (48-88%) and internal standard-corrected recoveries (90-130%) for 17 PPCPs. Method detection limits were between 0.0092 and 3.2ngg(-1) wet weight, and the limits of quantification were between 0.020 and 8.7ngg(-1) wet weight. The method can be used to readily detect the target compounds at trace levels while minimizing the required sample volume. The developed method was applied to the determination of 17 PPCPs in the liver and kidney of 17 birds collected from Japan and also in the plasma, liver, and brain of 7 cyprinoid fish from an effluent-dominated stream in Japan. Triclosan was detected in 5 of 11 fish-eating birds but not in non-fish-eating birds, suggesting the contamination of prey fish by the chemical. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibacterial agents, and psychotropic agents were frequently detected in the fish tissues. In addition, 7 of the target compounds were found in fish brain. The median brain/plasma ratios of the psychotropic agents ranged from 1.6 (carbamazepine) to 12 (diphenhydramine), indicating high transportability to fish brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumi Tanoue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5, Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Kei Nomiyama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5, Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Haruna Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, 3-1-100, Tsukide, Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan
| | - Terutake Hayashi
- Tochigi Prefectural Museum, 2-2 Mutsumi-cho, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0865, Japan
| | - Joon-Woo Kim
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5, Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan; Monitoring and Analysis Division, Seamangeum Regional Environmental Office, 100 Seogok-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-870, South Korea
| | - Tomohiko Isobe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5, Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Ryota Shinohara
- Graduate School of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, 3-1-100, Tsukide, Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5, Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
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Mutiyar PK, Mittal AK. Risk assessment of antibiotic residues in different water matrices in India: key issues and challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:7723-36. [PMID: 24627199 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2702-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Global detection of antibiotic substances in water matrices has considerably increased in the recent past. However, in India research on this issue is limited or generalised in the literature. Risks associated with the presence of antibiotics in the environment can be quantified using a hazard quotient (HQ) approach. Here, HQs were developed using the measured environmental concentration (MEC) approach for antibiotic residues in Indian water matrices previously reported in the literature. In the present study, environmental risk assessment, using the HQ index [HQ = measured environmental concentration (MEC)/predicted no effect concentration (PNEC)] for different antibiotics, was performed according to the guidelines of European Medicine Evaluation Agency (EMEA). MEC and PNEC levels were obtained from the literature. PNEC values were also calculated from EC50 using a safety factor when no PNECs were reported in the literature. HQs were obtained for industrial effluents (HQ = 10(4)) that were greater than any previously reported values. Ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, seemed to present the greatest risk in India. The HQ indices for Indian water matrices were in the following order: industrial effluents > lake water > river water > hospital effluents > treated sewage ≃ groundwater. A very high HQ represents a potential environmental concern for aquatic environments in India and demands that immediate attention be devoted to regulating these compounds, especially in pharmaceutical industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin K Mutiyar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas New Delhi, 110016, India,
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Saini M, Taggart MA, Knopp D, Upreti S, Swarup D, Das A, Gupta PK, Niessner R, Prakash V, Mateo R, Cuthbert RJ. Detecting diclofenac in livestock carcasses in India with an ELISA: a tool to prevent widespread vulture poisoning. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 160:11-16. [PMID: 22035919 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), has caused catastrophic vulture declines across the Indian sub-continent. Here, an indirect ELISA is used to detect and quantify diclofenac in 1251 liver samples from livestock carcasses collected across India between August 2007 and June 2008, one to two years after a ban on diclofenac manufacture and distribution for veterinary use was implemented. The ELISAs applicability was authenticated with independent data obtained using LC-ESI/MS. Of 1251 samples, 1150 (91.9%) were negative for diclofenac using both methods, and 60 (4.8%) were positive at 10-4348 and 10-4441 μg kg(-1) when analysed by ELISA and LC-ESI/MS, respectively. The residue level relationship in the 60 positive samples was highly significant (p < 0.001, r(2) = 0.644). Data suggest that this immunological assay could be used not only for cost effective sample screening, but also for residue level semi-quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini Saini
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122 Uttar Pradesh, India
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Assessing the ongoing threat from veterinary non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to Critically Endangered Gyps vultures in India. ORYX 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605311000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractUse of the veterinary drug diclofenac is responsible for bringing three species of Gyps vultures endemic to South Asia to the brink of extinction, and the Government of India banned veterinary use of the drug in May 2006. To evaluate the effectiveness of the ban we undertook surveys of > 250 veterinary and general pharmacies in 11 Indian states from November 2007 to June 2010. Twelve different classes of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were purchased from 176 pharmacies. Other than meloxicam (of negligible toxicity to vultures at likely concentrations in their food), diclofenac and ketoprofen (both toxic to vultures), little is known of the safety or toxicity of the remaining nine NSAIDs on sale. Meloxicam was the most commonly encountered drug, sold in 70% of pharmacies, but 50% of the meloxicam brands sold had paracetamol (acetaminophen) as a second ingredient. Diclofenac and ketoprofen were recorded in 36 and 29% of pharmacies, respectively, with states in western and central India having the highest prevalence of diclofenac (44–45%). Although the large number of manufacturers and availability of meloxicam is encouraging, the wide range of untested NSAIDs and continued availability of diclofenac is a major source of concern. Circumvention of the 2006 diclofenac ban is being achieved by illegally selling forms of diclofenac manufactured for human use for veterinary purposes. To provide a safer environment for vultures in South Asia we recommend reducing the size of vials of diclofenac meant for human use, to increase the costs of illegal veterinary use, and taking action against pharmaceutical manufacturers and pharmacies flouting the diclofenac ban.
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Effectiveness of action in India to reduce exposure of Gyps vultures to the toxic veterinary drug diclofenac. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19069. [PMID: 21589920 PMCID: PMC3092754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of their carrion food supply with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac has caused rapid population declines across the Indian subcontinent of three species of Gyps vultures endemic to South Asia. The governments of India, Pakistan and Nepal took action in 2006 to prevent the veterinary use of diclofenac on domesticated livestock, the route by which contamination occurs. We analyse data from three surveys of the prevalence and concentration of diclofenac residues in carcasses of domesticated ungulates in India, carried out before and after the implementation of a ban on veterinary use. There was little change in the prevalence and concentration of diclofenac between a survey before the ban and one conducted soon after its implementation, with the percentage of carcasses containing diclofenac in these surveys estimated at 10.8 and 10.7%, respectively. However, both the prevalence and concentration of diclofenac had fallen markedly 7–31 months after the implementation of the ban, with the true prevalence in this third survey estimated at 6.5%. Modelling of the impact of this reduction in diclofenac on the expected rate of decline of the oriental white-backed vulture (Gyps bengalensis) in India indicates that the decline rate has decreased to 40% of the rate before the ban, but is still likely to be rapid (about 18% year−1). Hence, further efforts to remove diclofenac from vulture food are still needed if the future recovery or successful reintroduction of vultures is to be feasible.
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Richards N, Hall S, Scott K, Harrison N. First detection of an NSAID, flunixin, in sheep's wool using GC-MS. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:1446-1450. [PMID: 21356572 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac resulted in the near extinction of three species of Gyps vultures on the Indian subcontinent. Other NSAIDs present in the environment, including flunixin, may pose a similar risk. In the course of a study to determine the feasibility of detecting NSAIDs in keratinous matrices (i.e., hair, nails and feathers) using GC-MS, wool opportunistically collected from a sheep treated with flunixin was analysed for residues. Flunixin was detected qualitatively in external wool wash and extract samples. While residues of veterinary agents and pesticides have previously been found in sheep's wool, our preliminary investigation provides the first instance of an NSAID being detected in this matrix. Here we provide the sample preparation methods and GC-MS parameters used to enable further refinement as part of ongoing conservation and consumer quality control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngaio Richards
- Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, United Kingdom.
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The toxicokinetics of ketoprofen in Gyps coprotheres: toxicity due to zero-order metabolism. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:761-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Naidoo V, Wolter K, Cromarty D, Diekmann M, Duncan N, Meharg AA, Taggart MA, Venter L, Cuthbert R. Toxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to Gyps vultures: a new threat from ketoprofen. Biol Lett 2009; 6:339-41. [PMID: 20007163 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2009.0818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three Gyps vulture species are on the brink of extinction in South Asia owing to the veterinary non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac. Carcasses of domesticated ungulates are the main food source for Asia's vultures and birds die from kidney failure after consuming diclofenac-contaminated tissues. Here, we report on the safety testing of the NSAID ketoprofen, which was not reported to cause mortality in clinical treatment of scavenging birds and is rapidly eliminated from livestock tissues. Safety testing was undertaken using captive non-releasable Cape griffon vultures (Gyps coprotheres) and wild-caught African white-backed vultures (G. africanus), both previously identified as susceptible to diclofenac and suitable surrogates. Ketoprofen doses ranged from 0.5 to 5 mg kg(-1) vulture body weight, based upon recommended veterinary guidelines and maximum levels of exposure for wild vultures (estimated as 1.54 mg kg(-1)). Doses were administered by oral gavage or through feeding tissues from cattle dosed with ketoprofen at 6 mg kg(-1) cattle body weight, before slaughter. Mortalities occurred at dose levels of 1.5 and 5 mg kg(-1) vulture body weight (within the range recommended for clinical treatment) with the same clinical signs as observed for diclofenac. Surveys of livestock carcasses in India indicate that toxic levels of residual ketoprofen are already present in vulture food supplies. Consequently, we strongly recommend that ketoprofen is not used for veterinary treatment of livestock in Asia and in other regions of the world where vultures access livestock carcasses. The only alternative to diclofenac that should be promoted as safe for vultures is the NSAID meloxicam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinny Naidoo
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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