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Afifa, Arshad K, Hussain N, Ashraf MH, Saleem MZ. Air pollution and climate change as grand challenges to sustainability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172370. [PMID: 38604367 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
There is a cross-disciplinary link between air pollution, climate crisis, and sustainable lifestyle as they are the most complex struggles of the present century. This review takes an in-depth look at this relationship, considering carbon dioxide emissions primarily from the burning of fossil fuels as the main contributor to global warming and focusing on primary SLCPs such as methane and ground-level ozone. Such pollutants severely alter the climate through the generation of greenhouse gases. The discussion is extensive and includes best practices from conventional pollution control technologies to hi-tech alternatives, including electric vehicles, the use of renewables, and green decentralized solutions. It also addresses policy matters, such as imposing stricter emissions standards, setting stronger environmental regulations, and rethinking some economic measures. Besides that, new developments such as congestion charges, air ionization, solar-assisted cleaning systems, and photocatalytic materials are among the products discussed. These strategies differ in relation to the local conditions and therefore exhibit a varying effectiveness level, but they remain evident as a tool of pollution deterrence. This stresses the importance of holistic and inclusive approach in terms of engineering, policies, stakeholders, and ecological spheres to tackle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afifa
- Centre for Applied molecular biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kashaf Arshad
- Department of Zoology (Wildlife and Fisheries), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazim Hussain
- Centre for Applied molecular biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Hamza Ashraf
- Centre for Applied molecular biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar Saleem
- Centre for Applied molecular biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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2
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Bole A, Bernstein A, White MJ. The Built Environment and Pediatric Health. Pediatrics 2024; 153:e2023064773. [PMID: 38105697 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2023-064773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Buildings, parks, and roads are all elements of the "built environment," which can be described as the human-made structures that comprise the neighborhoods and communities where people live, work, learn, and recreate (https://www.epa.gov/smm/basic-information-about-built-environment). The design of communities where children and adolescents live, learn, and play has a profound impact on their health. Moreover, the policies and practices that determine community design and the built environment are a root cause of disparities in the social determinants of health that contribute to health inequity. An understanding of the links between the built environment and pediatric health will help to inform pediatricians' and other pediatric health professionals' care for patients and advocacy on their behalf. This technical report describes the range of pediatric physical and mental health conditions influenced by the built environment, as well as historical and persistent effects of the built environment on health disparities. The accompanying policy statement outlines community design solutions that can improve pediatric health and health equity, including opportunities for pediatricians and the health care sector to incorporate this knowledge in patient care, as well as to play a role in advancing a health-promoting built environment for all children and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Bole
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Aaron Bernstein
- Department of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, and Center for Climate, Health and the Global Environment, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle J White
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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3
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Advances in Simple and Chiral-HPLC Methods for Antiallergic Drugs and Chiral Recognition Mechanism. ANALYTICA 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/analytica4010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Among many diseases, allergy appears to be a serious problem for human beings. Various forms of allergic disorders make people tense, leading to some other health issues. Many medications, including nonracemic and racemic ones, are used to treat this problem. It is important to have exact analysis strategies just to see any medication side effects, plasma profiles, and working efficiency. Therefore, efforts are made to review simple and chiral HPLC methods for antiallergic drugs; HPLC is the best analytical technique. The highlights in this article include the world scenario, causes of allergy, the effect of allergy on the economy, the mechanism of allergy in humans, classes of antiallergic drugs, simple drugs, chiral drugs, analysis by HPLC, and the chiral recognition mechanism. Moreover, attempts are also made to highlight the management of allergies and future perspectives.
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Bayram A, Arkan E, Sutcu M. Toxic gas removal with kaolinite, metakaolinite, radiolarite, and diatomite. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 314:137707. [PMID: 36592829 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, some clays and dead microorganisms were compared in terms of their adsorption ability against special toxic gases. To this end, an experimental investigation was conducted to explore the adsorption kinetics of kaolinite, metakaolinite, radiolarite, and diatomite to ammonia (NH3), ethylene (C2H4), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Numerous analyses, such as x-ray fluorescence (XRF), x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and particle size distribution, have been performed for mineralogical and structural characterization of studied materials. Also, adsorption characteristics were investigated with the help of an ultra-precision scale and computer-controlled multi-gas control system. Since ammonia has the highest dipole moment among all studied gases, its removal efficiency was found as the highest in all materials. Regarding clay substances, metakaolinite indicated a lower response than kaolinite due to phase transformation. But, considering the microorganisms, diatomite toxic gas uptake is at least five times better than examined clays while the gas uptake behavior of radiolarite is analog to metakaolinite. Moreover, the adsorption behaviors of proposed materials are clarified with Langmuir isotherms, The results could facilitate improvements in applying microorganisms to the toxic gas environment as a natural adsorbent material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Bayram
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, Indiana, USA
| | - Emre Arkan
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, Szkolna 9, Katowice 40-006, Poland
| | - Mucahit Sutcu
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Izmir Katip Celebi University, 35620 İzmir, Turkiye.
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Wang W, He J, Feng H, Jin Z. High-Coverage Reconstruction of XCO 2 Using Multisource Satellite Remote Sensing Data in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10853. [PMID: 36078571 PMCID: PMC9517897 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The extreme climate caused by global warming has had a great impact on the earth's ecology. As the main greenhouse gas, atmospheric CO2 concentration change and its spatial distribution are among the main uncertain factors in climate change assessment. Remote sensing satellites can obtain changes in CO2 concentration in the global atmosphere. However, some problems (e.g., low time resolution and incomplete coverage) caused by the satellite observation mode and clouds/aerosols still exist. By analyzing sources of atmospheric CO2 and various factors affecting the spatial distribution of CO2, this study used multisource satellite-based data and a random forest model to reconstruct the daily CO2 column concentration (XCO2) with full spatial coverage in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Based on a matched data set from 1 January 2015, to 31 December 2019, the performance of the model is demonstrated by the determination coefficient (R2) = 0.96, root mean square error (RMSE) = 1.09 ppm, and mean absolute error (MAE) = 0.56 ppm. Meanwhile, the tenfold cross-validation (10-CV) results based on samples show R2 = 0.91, RMSE = 1.68 ppm, and MAE = 0.88 ppm, and the 10-CV results based on spatial location show R2 = 0.91, RMSE = 1.68 ppm, and MAE = 0.88 ppm. Finally, the spatially seamless mapping of daily XCO2 concentrations from 2015 to 2019 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region was conducted using the established model. The study of the spatial distribution of XCO2 concentration in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region shows its spatial differentiation and seasonal variation characteristics. Moreover, daily XCO2 map has the potential to monitor regional carbon emissions and evaluate emission reduction.
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Body Size Variation in a Social Sweat Bee, Halictus ligatus ( Halictidae, Apoidea), across Urban Environments. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12121086. [PMID: 34940174 PMCID: PMC8709183 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Many animal species that dwell in cities have altered aspects of their behavior, morphology, and physiology in order to survive in human-dominated environments. One way in which animals can adapt to survive in novel habitats is by shifting their body size. Body size is an important and flexible trait for insects because the ability to vary body size is linked to better survival and reproduction. In this study, we quantified body size variation in a species of sweat bee and compared the variation between bees residing in three different urban cities. Though studies have assessed urban bee body size previously, this is the first to compare bees from different cities. Similar to the human experience, no two cities are alike for bees. Therefore, we predicted that bees would show differences in the spread of body size in order to adapt to each unique city. We found that bees in three different environments all showed high variation in body size, but that the variation differed depending on location. This study is one of the first multi-city studies, and this is a trend we hope continues as urban research advances. Abstract High morphological variation is often associated with species longevity, and it is hypothesized that urban-dwelling species may require more plasticity in functional traits such as body size in order to maximize fitness in heterogeneous environments. There has been published research regarding the functional trait diversity of urban bee pollinators. However, no two cities are identical, so the implementation of multi-city studies is vital. Therefore, we compared body size variation in female Halicus ligatus sweat bees from May–October 2016 from three distinct Midwestern United States cities: Chicago, Detroit, and Saint Louis. Additionally, to elucidate potentially influential environmental factors, we assessed the relationship between temperature and measured body size. We collected bees in community gardens and urban farms and measured their head width and intertegular distance as a proxy for overall body size. We utilized an ANCOVA to determine whether body size variation differed significantly across the three surveyed cities. Results indicated that H. ligatus females in Chicago, Detroit, and Saint Louis had significantly different body size ranges. These findings highlight the importance of intraspecific body size variation and support our prediction that bees from different urban environments will have distinct ranges in body size due to local ecological factors affecting their populations. Additionally, we found a significant influence of temperature, though this is probably not the only important ecological characteristic impacting bee body size. Therefore, we also provided a list of predictions for the future study of specific variables that are likely to impact functional trait diversity in urban bees.
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Roten D, Wu D, Fasoli B, Oda T, Lin JC. An Interpolation Method to Reduce the Computational Time in the Stochastic Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Modeling of Spatially Dense XCO 2 Retrievals. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2021; 8:e2020EA001343. [PMID: 33869670 PMCID: PMC8047910 DOI: 10.1029/2020ea001343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A growing constellation of satellites is providing near-global coverage of column-averaged CO2 observations. Launched in 2019, NASA's OCO-3 instrument is set to provide XCO2 observations at a high spatial and temporal resolution for regional domains (100 × 100 km). The atmospheric column version of the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport (X-STILT) model is an established method of determining the influence of upwind sources on column measurements of the atmosphere, providing a means of analysis for current OCO-3 observations and future space-based column-observing missions. However, OCO-3 is expected to provide hundreds of soundings per targeted observation, straining this already computationally intensive technique. This work proposes a novel scheme to be used with the X-STILT model to generate upwind influence footprints with less computational expense. The method uses X-STILT generated influence footprints from a key subset of OCO-3 soundings. A nonlinear weighted averaging is applied to these footprints to construct additional footprints for the remaining soundings. The effects of subset selection, meteorological data, and topography are investigated for two test sites: Los Angeles, California, and Salt Lake City, Utah. The computational time required to model the source sensitivities for OCO-3 interpretation was reduced by 62% and 78% with errors smaller than other previously acknowledged uncertainties in the modeling system (OCO-3 retrieval error, atmospheric transport error, prior emissions error, etc.). Limitations and future applications for future CO2 missions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Roten
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Dien Wu
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Benjamin Fasoli
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Tomohiro Oda
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and ResearchUniversities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGlobal Modeling and Assimilation OfficeGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - John C. Lin
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
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8
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Zhang Y, Yang P, Gao Y, Leung RL, Bell ML. Health and economic impacts of air pollution induced by weather extremes over the continental U.S. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 143:105921. [PMID: 32623223 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Extreme weather events may enhance ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution, causing additional adverse health effects. This work aims to evaluate the health and associated economic impacts of changes in air quality induced by heat wave, stagnation, and compound extremes under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 climate scenarios. The Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program-Community Edition is applied to estimate health and related economic impacts of changes in surface O3 and PM2.5 levels due to heat wave, stagnation, and compound extremes over the continental U.S. during past (i.e., 2001-2010) and future (i.e., 2046-2055) decades under the two RCP scenarios. Under the past and future decades, the weather extremes-induced concentration increases may lead to several tens to hundreds O3-related deaths and several hundreds to over ten thousands PM2.5-related deaths annually. High mortalities and morbidities are estimated for populated urban areas with strong spatial heterogeneities. The estimated annual costs for these O3 and PM2.5 related health outcomes are $5.5-12.5 and $48.6-140.7 billion U.S. dollar for mortalities, and $8.9-97.8 and $19.5-112.5 million for morbidities, respectively. Of the extreme events, the estimated O3- and PM2.5-related mortality and morbidity attributed to stagnation are the highest, followed by heat wave or compound extremes. Large increases in heat wave and compound extreme events in the future decade dominate changes in mortality during these two extreme events, whereas population growth dominates changes in mortality during stagnation that is projected to occur less frequently. Projected reductions of anthropogenic emissions under bothRCP scenarios compensate for the increased mortality due to increasedoccurrence for heat wave and compound extremes in the future. These results suggest a need to further reduce air pollutant emissions during weather extremes to minimize the adverse impacts of weather extremes on air quality and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Peilin Yang
- Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Ruby L Leung
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Michelle L Bell
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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9
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Investigation of CO2 Variation and Mapping Through Wearable Sensing Techniques for Measuring Pedestrians’ Exposure in Urban Areas. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12093936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Citizens’ wellbeing is mainly threatened by poor air quality and local overheating due to human-activity concentration and land-cover/surface modification in urban areas. Peculiar morphology and metabolism of urban areas lead to the well-known urban-heat-island effect, characterized by higher air temperature in cities than in their surroundings. The environmental mapping of the urban outdoors at the pedestrian height could be a key tool to identify risky areas for humans in terms of both poor-air-quality exposure and thermal comfort. This study proposes urban environment investigation through a wearable miniaturized weather station to get the spatial distribution of key parameters according to the citizens’ perspective. The innovative system monitors and traces the field values of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, such as air temperature and wind-speed values, which have been demonstrated to be related to outdoor wellbeing. The presented monitoring campaign focused on a two-way, two-lane road in Rome (Italy) during traffic rush hours on both working days and weekends. Collected data were analyzed with respect to timing and position, and possible correlations among different variables were examined. Results demonstrated the wearable system capability to catch pedestrian-exposure variability in terms of CO2 concentration and local overheating due to urban structure, highlighting potentials in the citizens’ involvement as observation vectors to extensively monitor urban environmental quality.
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10
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Karnauskas KB, Miller SL, Schapiro AC. Fossil Fuel Combustion Is Driving Indoor CO 2 Toward Levels Harmful to Human Cognition. GEOHEALTH 2020; 4:e2019GH000237. [PMID: 32426622 PMCID: PMC7229519 DOI: 10.1029/2019gh000237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human activities are elevating atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations to levels unprecedented in human history. The majority of anticipated impacts of anthropogenic CO2 emissions are mediated by climate warming. Recent experimental studies in the fields of indoor air quality and cognitive psychology and neuroscience, however, have revealed significant direct effects of indoor CO2 levels on cognitive function. Here, we shed light on this connection and estimate the impact of continued fossil fuel emissions on human cognition. We conclude that indoor CO2 levels may indeed reach levels harmful to cognition by the end of this century, and the best way to prevent this hidden consequence of climate change is to reduce fossil fuel emissions. Finally, we offer recommendations for a broad, interdisciplinary approach to improving such understanding and prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher B. Karnauskas
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- Department of Environmental & Occupational HealthColorado School of Public HealthAuroraCOUSA
| | - Shelly L. Miller
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Anna C. Schapiro
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
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Rivkin LR, Nhan VJ, Weis AE, Johnson MTJ. Variation in pollinator-mediated plant reproduction across an urbanization gradient. Oecologia 2020; 192:1073-1083. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04621-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Jacobson MZ. Short-Term Impacts of the Aliso Canyon Natural Gas Blowout on Weather, Climate, Air Quality, and Health in California and Los Angeles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6081-6093. [PMID: 31034217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Aliso Canyon (Porter Ranch), California, natural gas blowout lasted 112 days, from October 23, 2015 to February 11, 2016, releasing 97 100 metric tonnes of methane, 7300 tonnes of ethane, and a host of other hydrocarbons into the Southern California air. This study estimates the impacts of the leak on transient weather, climate, air quality, and health in California and the Los Angeles Basin using a nested global-through-local weather-climate-air quality computer model. Results suggest that the Aliso Canyon leak may have increased the mixing ratios of multiple emitted hydrocarbon gases throughout California. Subsequent gas-phase photochemistry increased the mixing ratios of additional byproducts, including carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and ozone. Increases in air temperatures aloft and lesser increases at the surface due to thermal-infrared radiation absorption by methane stabilized the air over much of California, slightly reducing clouds, precipitation, and near-surface wind speed with greater reductions in Los Angeles than in California. The reduction in precipitation, in particular, increased PM2.5 concentration, with a greater increase in Los Angeles than in California. The higher PM2.5 increased estimated premature mortality in California by +32 (9-54) to +43 (15-66), depending on the set of relative risks used. Despite higher PM2.5 in Los Angeles due to the leak, premature mortalities there were more ambiguous, ranging from a mean decrease of -7 to a mean increase of +15, for 2 simulations with different resolution and boundary conditions. The remaining mortalities occurred in the Central Valley and San Francisco Bay Area. Ozone premature mortalities away from the leak increased by <1. The study did not evaluate potential health impacts, including cancers, immediately near the leak. As such, the Aliso Canyon leak affected temperatures, pollution, and health throughout California. Future leaks will also likely have impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Z Jacobson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
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13
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Northcott D, Sevadjian J, Sancho-Gallegos DA, Wahl C, Friederich J, Chavez FP. Impacts of urban carbon dioxide emissions on sea-air flux and ocean acidification in nearshore waters. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214403. [PMID: 30917190 PMCID: PMC6436797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Greatly enhanced atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels relative to well-mixed marine air are observed during periods of offshore winds at coastal sensor platforms in Monterey Bay, California, USA. The highest concentrations originate from urban and agricultural areas, are driven by diurnal winds, and peak in the early morning. These enhanced atmospheric levels can be detected across a ~100km wide nearshore area and represent a significant addition to total oceanic CO2 uptake. A global estimate puts the added sea-air flux of CO2 from these greatly enhanced atmospheric CO2 levels at 25 million tonnes, roughly 1% of the ocean’s annual CO2 uptake. The increased uptake over the 100 km coastal swath is of order 20%, indicating a potentially large impact on ocean acidification in productive coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Northcott
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FPC); (DN)
| | - Jeff Sevadjian
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, United States of America
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Diego A. Sancho-Gallegos
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, United States of America
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Chris Wahl
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, United States of America
| | - Jules Friederich
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, United States of America
| | - Francisco P. Chavez
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FPC); (DN)
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14
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Agra H, Klein T, Vasl A, Shalom H, Kadas G, Blaustein L. Sedum-dominated green-roofs in a semi-arid region increase CO 2 concentrations during the dry season. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:1147-1151. [PMID: 28162763 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Green roofs are expected to absorb and store carbon in plants and soils and thereby reduce the high CO2 concentration levels in big cities. Sedum species, which are succulent perennials, are commonly used in extensive green roofs due to their shallow root system and ability to withstand long water deficiencies. Here we examined CO2 fixation and emission rates for Mediterranean Sedum sediforme on green-roof experimental plots. During late winter to early spring, we monitored CO2 concentrations inside transparent tents placed over 1m2 plots and followed gas exchange at the leaf level using a portable gas-exchange system. We found high rates of CO2 emission at daytime, which is when CO2 concentration in the city is the highest. Both plot- and leaf-scale measurements showed that these CO2 emissions were not fully compensated by the nighttime uptake. We conclude that although carbon sequestration may only be a secondary benefit of green roofs, for improving this ecosystem service, other plant species than Sedum should also be considered for use in green roofs, especially in Mediterranean and other semi-arid climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Har'el Agra
- The Kadas Green Roofs Ecology Center, Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt Carmel, 3498838, Israel.
| | - Tamir Klein
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Amiel Vasl
- The Kadas Green Roofs Ecology Center, Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt Carmel, 3498838, Israel
| | - Hadar Shalom
- The Kadas Green Roofs Ecology Center, Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt Carmel, 3498838, Israel
| | - Gyongyver Kadas
- The Kadas Green Roofs Ecology Center, Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt Carmel, 3498838, Israel; Environmental Research Group, Sustainability Research Institute, University of East London, London E16 2RD, UK
| | - Leon Blaustein
- The Kadas Green Roofs Ecology Center, Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt Carmel, 3498838, Israel
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Esquivel-Hernández G, Villalobos-Forbes M, Sánchez-Murillo R, Birkel C, Valdés-González J, Boll J. Near Surface Carbon Dioxide and Methane in Urban Areas of Costa Rica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ojap.2015.44018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Liu Z, Bambha RP, Pinto JP, Zeng T, Boylan J, Huang M, Lei H, Zhao C, Liu S, Mao J, Schwalm CR, Shi X, Wei Y, Michelsen HA. Toward verifying fossil fuel CO2 emissions with the CMAQ model: motivation, model description and initial simulation. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2014; 64:419-435. [PMID: 24843913 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2013.816642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Motivated by the question of whether and how a state-of-the-art regional chemical transport model (CTM) can facilitate characterization of CO2 spatiotemporal variability and verify CO2 fossil-fuel emissions, we for the first time applied the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to simulate CO2. This paper presents methods, input data, and initial results for CO2 simulation using CMAQ over the contiguous United States in October 2007. Modeling experiments have been performed to understand the roles of fossil-fuel emissions, biosphere-atmosphere exchange, and meteorology in regulating the spatial distribution of CO2 near the surface over the contiguous United States. Three sets of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) fluxes were used as input to assess the impact of uncertainty of NEE on CO2 concentrations simulated by CMAQ. Observational data from six tall tower sites across the country were used to evaluate model performance. In particular, at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO), a tall tower site that receives urban emissions from Denver CO, the CMAQ model using hourly varying, high-resolution CO2 fossil-fuel emissions from the Vulcan inventory and Carbon Tracker optimized NEE reproduced the observed diurnal profile of CO2 reasonably well but with a low bias in the early morning. The spatial distribution of CO2 was found to correlate with NO(x), SO2, and CO, because of their similar fossil-fuel emission sources and common transport processes. These initial results from CMAQ demonstrate the potential of using a regional CTM to help interpret CO2 observations and understand CO2 variability in space and time. The ability to simulate a full suite of air pollutants in CMAQ will also facilitate investigations of their use as tracers for CO2 source attribution. This work serves as a proof of concept and the foundation for more comprehensive examinations of CO2 spatiotemporal variability and various uncertainties in the future. IMPLICATIONS Atmospheric CO2 has long been modeled and studied on continental to global scales to understand the global carbon cycle. This work demonstrates the potential of modeling and studying CO2 variability at fine spatiotemporal scales with CMAQ, which has been applied extensively, to study traditionally regulated air pollutants. The abundant observational records of these air pollutants and successful experience in studying and reducing their emissions may be useful for verifying CO2 emissions. Although there remains much more to further investigate, this work opens up a discussion on whether and how to study CO2 as an air pollutant.
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Jacobson MZ, Wilkerson JT, Naiman AD, Lele SK. The effects of aircraft on climate and pollution. Part II: 20-year impacts of exhaust from all commercial aircraft worldwide treated individually at the subgrid scale. Faraday Discuss 2014; 165:369-82. [PMID: 24601012 DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00034f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the 20-year impacts of emissions from all commercial aircraft flights worldwide on climate, cloudiness, and atmospheric composition. Aircraft emissions from each individual flight worldwide were modeled to evolve from the subgrid to grid scale with the global model described and evaluated in Part I of this study. Simulations with and without aircraft emissions were run for 20 years. Aircraft emissions were found to be responsible for -6% of Arctic surface global warming to date, -1.3% of total surface global warming, and -4% of global upper tropospheric warming. Arctic warming due to aircraft slightly decreased Arctic sea ice area. Longer simulations should result in more warming due to the further increase in CO2. Aircraft increased atmospheric stability below cruise altitude and decreased it above cruise altitude. The increase in stability decreased cumulus convection in favor of increased stratiform cloudiness. Aircraft increased total cloud fraction on average. Aircraft increased surface and upper tropospheric ozone by -0.4% and -2.5%, respectively and surface and upper-tropospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) by -0.1% and -5%, respectively. Aircraft emissions increased tropospheric OH, decreasing column CO and CH4 by -1.7% and -0.9%, respectively. Aircraft emissions increased human mortality worldwide by -620 (-240 to 4770) deaths per year, with half due to ozone and the rest to particulate matter less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM2.5).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Jacobson
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - J T Wilkerson
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - A D Naiman
- Exponent Engineering and Scientific Consulting, CA, USA
| | - S K Lele
- Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Nazaroff WW. Between Scylla and Charybdis: energy, carbon dioxide, and indoor environmental quality. INDOOR AIR 2013; 23:265-267. [PMID: 23841593 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Georgescu M, Moustaoui M, Mahalov A, Dudhia J. An alternative explanation of the semiarid urban area “oasis effect”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ramaswami A, Chavez A, Ewing-Thiel J, Reeve KE. Two approaches to greenhouse gas emissions foot-printing at the city scale. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:4205-4206. [PMID: 21520902 DOI: 10.1021/es201166n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Havey DK, Bueno PA, Gillis KA, Hodges JT, Mulholland GW, van Zee RD, Zachariah MR. Photoacoustic Spectrometer with a Calculable Cell Constant for Measurements of Gases and Aerosols. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7935-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101366e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Havey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Pedro A. Bueno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Keith A. Gillis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Joseph T. Hodges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - George W. Mulholland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Roger D. van Zee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Michael R. Zachariah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
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