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Cuéllar E, Diez-Varga A, Torroba T, Domingo-Legarda P, Alemán J, Cabrera S, Martín-Alvarez JM, Miguel D, Villafañe F. Luminescent cis-Bis(bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) Complexes with 1,2-Azolylamidino Ligands: Photophysical, Electrochemical Studies, and Photocatalytic Oxidation of Thioethers. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:7008-7022. [PMID: 33905238 PMCID: PMC8812113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New 1,2-azolylamidino complexes cis-[Ru(bipy)2(NH═C(R)az*-κ2N,N)](OTf)2 (R = Me, Ph; az* = pz, indz, dmpz) are synthesized via chloride abstraction after a subsequent base-catalyzed coupling of a nitrile with the previously coordinated 1,2-azole. The synthetic procedure allows the easy obtainment of complexes having different electronic and steric 1,2-azoylamidino ligands. All of the compounds have been characterized by 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR and IR spectroscopy and by monocrystal X-ray diffraction. Photophysical studies support their phosphorescence, whereas their electrochemistry reveals reversible RuII/RuIII oxidations between +1.13 and +1.25 V (vs SCE). The complexes have been successfully used as catalysts in the photooxidation of different thioethers, the complex cis-[Ru(bipy)2(NH═C(Me)dmpz-κ2N,N)]2+ showing better catalytic performance in comparison to that of [Ru(bipy)3]2+. Moreover, the significant catalytic performance of the dimethylpyrazolylamidino complex is applied to the preparation of the drug modafinil, which is obtained using ambient oxygen as an oxidant. Finally, mechanistic assays suggest that the oxidation reaction follows a photoredox route via oxygen radical anion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cuéllar
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Miguel Delibes, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alberto Diez-Varga
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Tomás Torroba
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Pablo Domingo-Legarda
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alemán
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Cabrera
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Martín-Alvarez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Miguel Delibes, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Daniel Miguel
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Miguel Delibes, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Fernando Villafañe
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Miguel Delibes, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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Kim HT, Kang E, Kim M, Joo JM. Synthesis of Bidentate Nitrogen Ligands by Rh-Catalyzed C–H Annulation and Their Application to Pd-Catalyzed Aerobic C–H Alkenylation. Org Lett 2021; 23:3657-3662. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Tae Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsu Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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3
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Whole microwave syntheses of pyridylpyrazole and of Re and Ru luminescent pyridylpyrazole complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Caron E, Brown CM, Hean D, Wolf MO. Variable oxidation state sulfur-bridged bithiazole ligands tune the electronic properties of ruthenium(ii) and copper(i) complexes. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:1263-1274. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04588g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of homoleptic and heteroleptic ruthenium(ii) and copper(i) complexes containing sulfur-bridged bithiazole ligands of varying oxidation states are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Caron
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | | | - Duane Hean
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Michael O. Wolf
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
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Application of Heteronuclear NMR Spectroscopy to Bioinorganic and Medicinal Chemistry ☆. REFERENCE MODULE IN CHEMISTRY, MOLECULAR SCIENCES AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2018. [PMCID: PMC7157447 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409547-2.10947-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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X-ray Single Crystal Structure, DFT Calculations and Biological Activity of 2-(3-Methyl-5-(pyridin-2'-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) Ethanol. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21081020. [PMID: 27527141 PMCID: PMC6273099 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A pyridylpyrazole bearing a hydroxyethyl substituent group has been synthesized by condensation of (Z)-4-hydroxy-4-(pyridin-2-yl)but-3-en-2-one with 2-hydroxyethylhydrazine. The compound was well characterized and its structure confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Density functional calculations have been performed using DFT method with 6-31G* basis set. The HOMO-LUMO energy gap, binding energies and electron deformation densities are calculated at the DFT (BLYP, PW91, PWC) level. The electrophilic f(-) and nucleophilic f(+) Fukui functions and also the electrophilic and nucleophilic Parr functions are well adapted to find the electrophile and nucleophile centers in the molecule. The title compound has been tested for its DPPH radical scavenging activity which is involved in aging processes, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and wound healing activity. Compound is also found with a significant antioxidant activity, probably due to the ability to donate a hydrogen atom to the DPPH radical.
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Dabb SL, Fletcher NC. mer and fac isomerism in tris chelate diimine metal complexes. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:4406-22. [PMID: 25600485 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03535f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this perspective, we highlight the issue of meridional (mer) and facial (fac) orientation of asymmetrical diimines in tris-chelate transition metal complexes. Diimine ligands have long been the workhorse of coordination chemistry, and whilst there are now good strategies to isolate materials where the inherent metal centered chirality is under almost complete control, and systematic methodologies to isolate heteroleptic complexes, the conceptually simple geometrical isomerism has not been widely investigated. In systems where the two donor atoms are significantly different in terms of the σ-donor and π-accepting ability, the fac isomer is likely to be the thermodynamic product. For the diimine complexes with two trigonal planar nitrogen atoms there is much more subtlety to the system, and external factors such as the solvent, lattice packing and the various steric considerations play a delicate role in determining the observed and isolable product. In this article we discuss the possibilities to control the isomeric ratio in labile systems, consider the opportunities to separate inert complexes and discuss the observed differences in their spectroscopic properties. Finally we report on the ligand orientation in supramolecular systems where facial coordination leads to simple regular structures such as helicates and tetrahedra, but the ability of the ligand system to adopt a mer orientation enables self-assembled structures of considerable beauty and complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serin L Dabb
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University of Belfast, David Keir Building, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 5AG, UK.
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Jarenmark M, Fredin LA, Hedberg JHJ, Doverbratt I, Persson P, Abrahamsson M. A Homoleptic Trisbidentate Ru(II) Complex of a Novel Bidentate Biheteroaromatic Ligand Based on Quinoline and Pyrazole Groups: Structural, Electrochemical, Photophysical, and Computational Characterization. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:12778-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ic502432c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joachim H. J. Hedberg
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Maria Abrahamsson
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Welby CE, Armitage GK, Bartley H, Wilkinson A, Sinopoli A, Uppal BS, Rice CR, Elliott PIP. Photochemistry of RuII 4,4'-bi-1,2,3-triazolyl (btz) complexes: crystallographic characterization of the photoreactive ligand-loss intermediate trans-[Ru(bpy)(κ2-btz)(κ1-btz)(NCMe)]2+. Chemistry 2014; 20:8467-76. [PMID: 24889966 PMCID: PMC4506527 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
We report the unprecedented observation and unequivocal crystallographic characterization of the meta-stable ligand loss intermediate solvento complex trans-[Ru(bpy)(κ2-btz)(κ1-btz)(NCMe)]2+ (1 a) that contains a monodentate chelate ligand. This and analogous complexes can be observed during the photolysis reactions of a family of complexes of the form [Ru()(btz)2]2+ (1 a–d: btz=1,1′-dibenzyl-4,4′-bi-1,2,3-triazolyl; =a) 2,2′-bipyridyl (bpy), b) 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridyl (dmbpy), c) 4,4′-dimethoxy-2,2′-bipyridyl (dmeobpy), d) 1,10-phenanthroline (phen)). In acetonitrile solutions, 1 a–d eventually convert to the bis-solvento complexes trans-[Ru()(btz)(NCMe)2]2+ (3 a–d) along with one equivalent of free btz, in a process in which the remaining coordinated bidentate ligands undergo a new rearrangement such that they become coplanar. X-ray crystal structure of 3 a and 3 d confirmed the co-planar arrangement of the and btz ligands and the trans coordination of two solvent molecules. These conversions proceed via the observed intermediate complexes 2 a–d, which are formed quantitatively from 1 a–d in a matter of minutes and to which they slowly revert back on being left to stand in the dark over several days. The remarkably long lifetime of the intermediate complexes (>12 h at 40 °C) allowed the isolation of 2 a in the solid state, and the complex to be crystallographically characterized. Similarly to the structures adopted by complexes 3 a and d, the bpy and κ2-btz ligands in 2 a coordinate in a square-planar fashion with the second monodentate btz ligand coordinated trans to an acetonitrile ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Welby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH (UK)
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Welby CE, Armitage GK, Bartley H, Sinopoli A, Uppal BS, Elliott PIP. Photochemical ligand ejection from non-sterically promoted Ru(ii)bis(diimine) 4,4′-bi-1,2,3-triazolyl complexes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:735-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50437a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Complexes of the form [Ru(diimine)2(btz)]2+ (btz = 1,1′-dibenzyl-4,4′-bi-1,2,3-triazolyl) are observed to undergo photochemical ejection of the btz ligand in the absence of any promotion through steric congestion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Harry Bartley
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Huddersfield
- Huddersfield, UK
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Shavaleev NM, Kessler F, Grätzel M, Nazeeruddin MK. Redox properties of cobalt(II) complexes with azole-pyridines. Inorganica Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2013.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Welby CE, Rice CR, Elliott PIP. Unambiguous Characterization of a Photoreactive Ligand-Loss Intermediate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201304219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Welby CE, Rice CR, Elliott PIP. Unambiguous Characterization of a Photoreactive Ligand-Loss Intermediate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10826-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Shavaleev NM, Scopelliti R, Grätzel M, Nazeeruddin MK. Steric hindrance at metal centre quenches green phosphorescence of cationic iridium(III) complexes with 1-(2-pyridyl)-pyrazoles. Inorganica Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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New [Ru(5,6-dmp/3,4,7,8-tmp)2(diimine)]2+ complexes: Non-covalent DNA and protein binding, anticancer activity and fluorescent probes for nuclear and protein components. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 116:151-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Garner RN, Gallucci JC, Dunbar KR, Turro C. [Ru(bpy)2(5-cyanouracil)2]2+ as a potential light-activated dual-action therapeutic agent. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:9213-5. [PMID: 21879748 PMCID: PMC4556276 DOI: 10.1021/ic201615u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The cation cis-[Ru(bpy)(2)(5CNU)(2)](2+) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; 5CNU = 5-cyanouracil) was synthesized and investigated for use as a potential light-activated dual-action therapeutic agent. The complex undergoes efficient photoinduced 5CNU ligand exchange for solvent water molecules, thus simultaneously releasing biologically active 5CNU and generating [Ru(bpy)(2)(H(2)O)(2)](2+). The latter binds covalently to ds-DNA, such that photolysis results in the generation of 3 equiv of potential therapeutic agents from a single molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N. Garner
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Judith C. Gallucci
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kim R. Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842, USA
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Cheung AWY, Lo LTL, Ko CC, Yiu SM. Synthesis, Functionalization, Characterization, and Photophysical Study of Carbonyl-Containing Isocyano Rhenium(I) Diimine Complexes. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:4798-810. [DOI: 10.1021/ic102429t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Apple Wai-Yi Cheung
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Larry Tso-Lun Lo
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Chiu Ko
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shek-Man Yiu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Orellana G, Alvarez-Ibarra C, Quiroga ML. New binuclear heterocyclic ligands sharing an α-diimine moiety and their ruthenium(II) tris-chelates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19880971002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Pazderski L, Pawlak T, Sitkowski J, Kozerski L, Szłyk E. (1)H NMR assignment corrections and (1)H, (13)C, (15)N NMR coordination shifts structural correlations in Fe(II), Ru(II) and Os(II) cationic complexes with 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2010; 48:450-457. [PMID: 20474023 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
(1)H, (13)C and (15)N NMR studies of iron(II), ruthenium(II) and osmium(II) tris-chelated cationic complexes with 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline of the general formula [M(LL)(3)](2+) (M = Fe, Ru, Os; LL = bpy, phen) were performed. Inconsistent literature (1)H signal assignments were corrected. Significant shielding of nitrogen-adjacent protons [H(6) in bpy, H(2) in phen] and metal-bonded nitrogens was observed, being enhanced in the series Ru(II) --> Os(II) --> Fe(II) for (1)H, Fe(II) --> Ru(II) --> Os(II) for (15)N and bpy --> phen for both nuclei. The carbons are deshielded, the effect increasing in the order Ru(II) --> Os(II) --> Fe(II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Pazderski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicholas Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, PL-87100 Toruń, Poland.
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Radi S, Attayibat A, Ramdani A, Bacquet M. New Functionalised C,C-pyridylpyrazoles: Synthesis and Cation Binding Properties. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2009. [DOI: 10.3184/030823409x402546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of two new C,C-pyridylpyrazole isomers with a functionalised arm is described. The complexation capabilities of these ligands compared to their homologues towards bivalent metals (Hg2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+) and alkali metal ions (K+, Na+, Li+) were investigated using a liquid–liquid extraction process. The percentage limits of extraction were determined by atomic absorption measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smaail Radi
- Chemistry Department, Med I University, 60 000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Attayibat
- Chemistry Department, Med I University, 60 000 Oujda, Morocco
| | | | - Maryse Bacquet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Macromoléculaire, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Schramm F, Chandrasekar R, Zevaco TA, Rudolph M, Görls H, Poppitz W, Ruben M. (Polypyridyl)ruthenium(II) Complexes Based on aBack-to-BackBis(pyrazolylpyridine) Bridging Ligand. Eur J Inorg Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200800628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ronconi L, Sadler PJ. Applications of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy in biological and medicinal inorganic chemistry. Coord Chem Rev 2008; 252:2239-2277. [PMID: 32226090 PMCID: PMC7094630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a wide range of potential applications of inorganic compounds, and metal coordination complexes in particular, in medicine but progress is hampered by a lack of methods to study their speciation. The biological activity of metal complexes is determined by the metal itself, its oxidation state, the types and number of coordinated ligands and their strength of binding, the geometry of the complex, redox potential and ligand exchange rates. For organic drugs a variety of readily observed spin I = 1/2 nuclei can be used (1H, 13C, 15N, 19F, 31P), but only a few metals fall into this category. Most are quadrupolar nuclei giving rise to broad lines with low detection sensitivity (for biological systems). However we show that, in some cases, heteronuclear NMR studies can provide new insights into the biological and medicinal chemistry of a range of elements and these data will stimulate further advances in this area.
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Key Words
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- AES, atomic emission spectroscopy
- AMP, adenosine monophosphate
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- BNCT, boron neutron capture therapy
- BPG, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- BSH, sodium borocaptate
- Bioinorganic chemistry
- Biological systems
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- EDTA-N4, ethylenediaminetetraacetamide
- EFG, electric field gradient
- GMP, guanosine monophosphate
- HMQC, heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation
- Heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy
- Im, imidazole
- In, indazole
- MQF, multiple quantum filtered
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- Medicinal inorganic chemistry
- Metallopharmaceuticals
- NOE, nuclear Overhauser effect
- PET, positron emission tomography
- Quadrupolar nuclei
- RBC, red blood cell
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- rRNA, ribosomal ribonucleic acid
- tRNA, transfer ribonucleic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ronconi
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Synthesis, X-ray crystal structures, spectroscopy and electrochemistry of ruthenium(II) complexes of two chelating ligands containing [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine subunits. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2008.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Liu YJ, Wei XY, Wu FH, Mei WJ, He LX. Interaction studies of DNA binding of ruthenium(II) mixed-ligand complexes: [Ru(phen)2(dtmi)]2+ and [Ru(phen)2(dtni)]2+. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 70:171-6. [PMID: 17825604 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2007.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Revised: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Two new ligands, 3-(pyrazin-2-yl)-as-triazino[5,6-f]-5-methoxylisatin (dtmi), 3-(pyrazin-2-yl)-as-triazino[5,6-f]-5-nitroisatin (dtni) and their ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(phen)2(dtmi)](ClO4)2 (1) and [Ru(phen)2(dtni)](ClO4)2 (2) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, FAB-MS, ES-MS and 1H NMR. The DNA-binding behaviors of complexes have been studied by spectroscopic titration, viscosity measurements, thermal denaturation and circular dichromism (CD). The results indicate that the complexes 1 and 2 interact with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) by intercalative mode. The DNA-binding affinity of the complexes 2 is larger than that complex 1 does.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Rajendiran V, Murali M, Suresh E, Palaniandavar M, Periasamy VS, Akbarsha MA. Non-covalent DNA binding and cytotoxicity of certain mixed-ligand ruthenium(ii) complexes of 2,2′-dipyridylamine and diimines. Dalton Trans 2008:2157-70. [DOI: 10.1039/b715077f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Richardson C, Keene FR, Steel PJ. Ruthenium(II) Complexes of Chelating Ligands Containing Benzoxazole and Benzothiazole Subunits: Synthesis, X-Ray Crystallography, Spectroscopy, and Electrochemistry. Aust J Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1071/ch08021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bis(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(ii) complexes of four chelating ligands that contain benzoxazole or benzothiazole rings have been prepared and characterized by NMR spectroscopy, visible absorption spectroscopy, electrochemical measurements and, in two cases, by X-ray crystallography. The incorporation of these ring systems has a marked effect on the electronic properties of the resulting complexes.
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Rajendiran V, Murali M, Suresh E, Sinha S, Somasundaram K, Palaniandavar M. Mixed ligand ruthenium(ii) complexes of bis(pyrid-2-yl)-/bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)-dithioether and diimines: Study of non-covalent DNA binding and cytotoxicity. Dalton Trans 2008:148-63. [DOI: 10.1039/b710578a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Radi S, Attayibat A, Ramdani A, Lekchiri Y, Hacht B, Bacquet M, Morcellet M. C,N‐Pyridylpyrazole‐Based Ligands: Synthesis and Preliminary Use in Metal Ion Extraction. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/01496390701626701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sato S, Morimoto T, Ishitani O. Photochemical Synthesis of mer-[Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl]. Inorg Chem 2007; 46:9051-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ic701458h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Sato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, SORST/JST, O-okayama 2-12-1, E1-9, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, SORST/JST, O-okayama 2-12-1, E1-9, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Osamu Ishitani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, SORST/JST, O-okayama 2-12-1, E1-9, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
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Murali M, Palaniandavar M. Synthesis, spectral and electrochemical properties of mixed-ligand ruthenium(II) complexes of bis(pyrid-2-yl)- and bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)-dithioether ligands: Effect of an asymmetric diimine co-ligand. Polyhedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2007.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Trofimenko S. The Coordination Chemistry of Pyrazole-Derived Ligands. PROGRESS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470166352.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Autschbach J, Zheng S. Density functional computations of 99Ru chemical shifts: relativistic effects, influence of the density functional, and study of solvent effects on fac-[Ru(CO)3I3]-. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2006; 44:989-1007. [PMID: 16972308 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Solvent effects on the 99Ru NMR chemical shift of the complex fac-[Ru(CO)3I3]- are investigated computationally using density functional theory. Further, benchmark calculations of the 99Ru shift for a set of ten Ru complexes have been performed in order to calibrate the computational model and to determine the importance of relativistic effects on the 99Ru nuclear magnetic shielding and on the chemical shift. A computational model for fac-[Ru(CO)3I3]- that includes both explicit solvent molecules and a continuum model is shown to yield the best agreement with experiment. Relativistic corrections are shown to be of minor importance for determining 99Ru chemical shifts. On the other hand, the nature of the density functional is of importance. In agreement with literature data for ligand trends of 99Ru chemical shifts, the chemical shift range for different solvents is also best reproduced by a hybrid functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Autschbach
- Department of Chemistry, 312 NSC, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000, USA.
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Luo Y, Potvin PG. STRUCTURAL STUDIES ON PYRAZOLYLPYRIDINE LIGANDS AND COMPLEXES. COMPARISONS BETWEEN LINKAGE ISOMERS AND WITH 2,2′-BIPYRIDINE. J COORD CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00958979908048477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Luo
- a Department of Chemistry , York University , 4700 Keele Street, North York, Ontario, Canada , M3J 1P3
| | - Pierre G. Potvin
- a Department of Chemistry , York University , 4700 Keele Street, North York, Ontario, Canada , M3J 1P3
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Hotze ACG, Faiz JA, Mourtzis N, Pascu GI, Webber PRA, Clarkson GJ, Yannakopoulou K, Pikramenou Z, Hannon MJ. Far-red luminescent ruthenium pyridylimine complexes; building blocks for multinuclear arrays. Dalton Trans 2006:3025-34. [PMID: 16770463 DOI: 10.1039/b518027a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) pyridylimine complexes are explored for their potential as units that might be incorporated into electronic or photonic arrays. The complexes [Ru(bipy)2(L)][PF6]2 (1) and [Ru(tpy)(L)Cl][BF4] (2) with L = phenylpyridin-2-ylmethylene-amine are synthesized and fully characterised using X-ray diffraction analysis and (2D) NMR spectroscopy. 1 displays emission in the far-red area of the spectrum at room temperature. The emission is significantly shifted to longer wavelength with respect to [Ru(bpy)3]2+ indicating that the lowest MLCT state is localised on the pyridylimine ligand. 2 is non-emissive at room temperature and at 77 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C G Hotze
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK B15 2TT
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36
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Murali M, Palaniandavar M. Synthesis, structure and spectral and redox properties of new mixed ligand monomeric and dimeric Ru(II) complexes: predominant formation of the "cis-alpha" diastereoisomer and unusual 3MC emission by dimeric complexes. Dalton Trans 2005:730-43. [PMID: 16429178 DOI: 10.1039/b512382h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The tetradentate ligands 1,8-bis(pyrid-2-yl)-3,6-dithiaoctane (pdto) and 1,8-bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)-3,6-dithiaoctane (bbdo) form the complexes [Ru(pdto)(mu-Cl)](2)(ClO(4))(2) 1 and [Ru(bbdo)(mu-Cl)](2)(ClO(4))(2) 2 respectively. The new di-mu-chloro dimers 1 and 2 undergo facile symmetrical bridge cleavage reactions with the diimine ligands 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) and dipyridylamine (dpa) to form the six-coordinate complexes [Ru(pdto)(bpy)](ClO(4))(2) 3, [Ru(bbdo)(bpy)](ClO(4))(2) 4, [Ru(pdto)(dpa)](ClO(4))(2) 5 and [Ru(bbdo)(dpa)](ClO(4))(2) 6 and with the triimine ligand 2,2':6,2''-terpyridine (terpy) to form the unusual seven-coordinate complexes [Ru(pdto)(terpy)](ClO(4))(2) 7 and [Ru(bbdo)(terpy)](ClO(4))(2) 8. In 1 the dimeric cation [Ru(pdto)(mu-Cl)](2)(2+) is made up of two approximately octahedrally coordinated Ru(II) centers bridged by two chloride ions, which constitute a common edge between the two Ru(II) octahedra. Each ruthenium is coordinated also to two pyridine nitrogen and two thioether sulfur atoms of the tetradentate ligand. The ligand pdto is folded around Ru(II) as a result of the cis-dichloro coordination, which corresponds to a "cis-alpha" configuration [DeltaDelta/LambdaLambda(rac) diastereoisomer] supporting the possibility of some attractive pi-stacking interactions between the parallel py rings at each ruthenium atom. The ruthenium atom in the complex cations 3a and 4 exhibit a distorted octahedral coordination geometry composed of two nitrogen atoms of the bpy and the two thioether sulfur and two py/bzim nitrogen atoms of the pdto/bbdo ligand, which is actually folded around Ru(II) to give a "cis-alpha" isomer. The molecule of complex 5 contains a six-coordinated ruthenium atom chelated by pdto and dpa ligands in the expected distorted octahedral fashion. The (1)H and (13)C NMR spectral data of the complexes throw light on the nature of metal-ligand bonding and the conformations of the chelate rings, which indicates that the dithioether ligands maintain their tendency to fold themselves even in solution. The bis-mu-chloro dimers 1 and 2 show a spin-allowed but Laporte-forbidden t(2g)(6)((1)A(1g))--> t(2g)(5) e(g)(1)((1)T(1g), (1)T(2g)) d-d transition. They also display an intense Ru(II) dpi--> py/bzim (pi*) metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition. The mononuclear complexes 3-8 exhibit dpi-->pi* MLCT transitions in the range 340-450 nm. The binuclear complexes 1 and 2 exhibit a ligand field ((3)MC) luminescence even at room temperature, whereas the mononuclear complexes 3 and 4 show a ligand based radical anion ((3)MLCT) luminescence. The binuclear complexes 1 and 2 undergo two successive oxidation processes corresponding to successive Ru(II)/Ru(III) couples, affording a stable mixed-valence Ru(II)Ru(III) state (K(c): 1, 3.97 x 10(6); 2, 1.10 x 10(6)). The mononuclear complexes 3-7 exhibit only one while 8 shows two quasi-reversible metal-based oxidative processes. The coordinated 'soft' thioether raises the redox potentials significantly by stabilising the 'soft' Ru(II) oxidation state. One or two ligand-based reduction processes were also observed for the mononuclear complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariappan Murali
- School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024 Tamil Nadu, India
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37
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Synthesis of ruthenium(II) complexes of aromatic chelating heterocycles: Towards the design of luminescent compounds. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-17881-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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38
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Brown RT, Fletcher NC, Nieuwenhuyzen M, Keyes TE. The isolation and secondary functionalisation of the mer- and fac-isomers of tris(5-hydroxymethyl-2,2′-bipyridine) complexes of ruthenium (II). Inorganica Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2004.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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39
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Kwon TH, Cho HS, Kim MK, Kim JW, Kim JJ, Lee KH, Park SJ, Shin IS, Kim H, Shin DM, Chung YK, Hong JI. Color Tuning of Cyclometalated Iridium Complexes through Modification of Phenylpyrazole Derivatives and Ancillary Ligand Based on ab Initio Calculations. Organometallics 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/om049419e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyuk Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, School of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea, and Corporate R&D Center, Samsung SDI, Suwon 449-902, Korea
| | - Hyo Soon Cho
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, School of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea, and Corporate R&D Center, Samsung SDI, Suwon 449-902, Korea
| | - Myoung Ki Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, School of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea, and Corporate R&D Center, Samsung SDI, Suwon 449-902, Korea
| | - Ji-Whan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, School of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea, and Corporate R&D Center, Samsung SDI, Suwon 449-902, Korea
| | - Jang-Joo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, School of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea, and Corporate R&D Center, Samsung SDI, Suwon 449-902, Korea
| | - Kwan Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, School of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea, and Corporate R&D Center, Samsung SDI, Suwon 449-902, Korea
| | - Su Jin Park
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, School of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea, and Corporate R&D Center, Samsung SDI, Suwon 449-902, Korea
| | - Ik-Soo Shin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, School of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea, and Corporate R&D Center, Samsung SDI, Suwon 449-902, Korea
| | - Hasuck Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, School of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea, and Corporate R&D Center, Samsung SDI, Suwon 449-902, Korea
| | - Dong Mok Shin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, School of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea, and Corporate R&D Center, Samsung SDI, Suwon 449-902, Korea
| | - Young Keun Chung
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, School of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea, and Corporate R&D Center, Samsung SDI, Suwon 449-902, Korea
| | - Jong-In Hong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, School of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea, and Corporate R&D Center, Samsung SDI, Suwon 449-902, Korea
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Ooms KJ, Wasylishen RE. Solid-State Ru-99 NMR Spectroscopy: A Useful Tool for Characterizing Prototypal Diamagnetic Ruthenium Compounds. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:10972-80. [PMID: 15339183 DOI: 10.1021/ja0400887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of (99)Ru NMR spectroscopy as a tool to characterize solid compounds is demonstrated. Results of the first solid-state (99)Ru NMR investigation of diamagnetic compounds are presented for Ru(NH(3))(6)Cl(2), K(4)Ru(CN)(6). xH(2)O (x = 0, 3), LaKRu(CN)(6), and Ru(3)(CO)(12). The sensitivity of the ruthenium magnetic shielding tensor to subtle changes in the local structure about the ruthenium nucleus is highlighted by comparing the (99)Ru isotropic chemical shift of Ru(NH(3))(6)Cl(2) in aqueous solutions and in the solid state. The narrow isotropic (99)Ru NMR peak observed for solid Ru(NH(3))(6)Cl(2) indicates that this compound is an ideal secondary reference sample for solid-state (99)Ru NMR studies. The isotropic (99)Ru chemical shift, (99)Ru nuclear quadrupolar coupling constant, C(Q), and quadrupolar asymmetry parameter of K(4)Ru(CN)(6). xH(2)O (x = 0, 3) are shown to be sensitive to x. For Ru(3)(CO)(12), the magnetic shielding tensors of each of the three nonequivalent Ru nuclei have spans of 1300-1400 ppm, and the (99)Ru C(Q) values are also similar, 1.36-1.85 MHz, and are surprisingly small given that (99)Ru has a moderate nuclear quadrupole moment. Information about the relative orientation of the Ru magnetic shielding and electric field gradient tensors has been determined for Ru(3)(CO)(12) from experimental (99)Ru NMR spectra as well as quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher J Ooms
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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41
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Gobetto R, Nervi C, Romanin B, Salassa L, Milanesio M, Croce G. X-ray Structures and Complete NMR Assignment by DFT Calculations of [Os(bpy)2(CO)Cl]PF6and [Os(bpy)2(CO)H]PF6Complexes. Organometallics 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/om0303202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tamayo AB, Alleyne BD, Djurovich PI, Lamansky S, Tsyba I, Ho NN, Bau R, Thompson ME. Synthesis and characterization of facial and meridional tris-cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:7377-87. [PMID: 12797812 DOI: 10.1021/ja034537z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 829] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, structures, electrochemistry, and photophysics of a series of facial (fac) and meridional (mer) tris-cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes are reported. The complexes have the general formula Ir(C'N)(3) [where C'N is a monoanionic cyclometalating ligand; 2-phenylpyridyl (ppy), 2-(p-tolyl)pyridyl (tpy), 2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridyl (46dfppy), 1-phenylpyrazolyl (ppz), 1-(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyrazolyl (46dfppz), or 1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)pyrazolyl (tfmppz)]. Reaction of the dichloro-bridged dimers [(C'N(2)Ir(mu-Cl)(2)Ir(C'N)(2)] with 2 equiv of HC( wedge )N at 140-150 degrees C forms the corresponding meridional isomer, while higher reaction temperatures give predominantly the facial isomer. Both facial and meridional isomers can be obtained in good yield (>70%). The meridional isomer of Ir(tpy)(3) and facial and meridional isomers of Ir(ppz)(3) and Ir(tfmppz)(3) have been structurally characterized using X-ray crystallography. The facial isomers have near identical bond lengths (av Ir-C = 2.018 A, av Ir-N = 2.123 A) and angles. The three meridional isomers have the expected bond length alternations for the differing trans influences of phenyl and pyridyl/pyrazolyl ligands. Bonds that are trans to phenyl groups are longer (Ir-C av = 2.071 A, Ir-N av = 2.031 A) than when they are trans to heterocyclic groups. The Ir-C and Ir-N bonds with trans N and C, respectively, have bond lengths very similar to those observed for the corresponding facial isomers. DFT calculations of both the singlet (ground) and the triplet states of the compounds suggest that the HOMO levels are a mixture of Ir and ligand orbitals, while the LUMO is predominantly ligand-based. All of the complexes show reversible oxidation between 0.3 and 0.8 V, versus Fc/Fc(+). The meridional isomers are easier to oxidize by ca. 50-100 mV. The phenylpyridyl-based complexes have reduction potentials between -2.5 and -2.8 V, whereas the phenylpyrazolyl-based complexes exhibit no reduction up to the solvent limit of -3.0 V. All of the compounds have intense absorption bands in the UV region assigned into (1)(pi --> pi) transitions and weaker MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) transitions that extend to the visible region. The MLCT transitions of the pyrazolyl-based complexes are hypsochromically shifted relative to those of the pyridyl-based compounds. The phenylpyridyl-based Ir(III) tris-cyclometalates exhibit intense emission both at room temperature and at 77 K, whereas the phenylpyrazolyl-based derivatives emit strongly only at 77 K. The emission energies and lifetimes of the phenylpyridyl-based complexes (450-550 nm, 2-6 micros) and phenylpyrazolyl-based compounds (390-440 nm, 14-33 micros) are characteristic for a mixed ligand-centered/MLCT excited state. The meridional isomers for both pyridyl and pyrazolyl-based cyclometalates show markedly different spectroscopic properties than do the facial forms. Isolated samples of mer-Ir(C( wedge )N)(3) complexes can be thermally and photochemically converted to facial forms, indicating that the meridional isomers are kinetically favored products. The lower thermodynamic stabilities of the meridional isomers are likely related to structural features of these complexes; that is, the meridional configuration places strongly trans influencing phenyl groups opposite each other, whereas all three phenyl groups are opposite pyridyl or pyrazolyl groups in the facial complexes. The strong trans influence of the phenyl groups in the meridional isomers leads to the observation that they are easier to oxidize, exhibit broad, red-shifted emission, and have lower quantum efficiencies than their facial counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold B Tamayo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0744, USA
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Fung AKM, Chiu BKW, Lam MHW. Surface modification of TiO2 by a ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complex via silyl-linkage for the sensitized photocatalytic degradation of carbon tetrachloride by visible irradiation. WATER RESEARCH 2003; 37:1939-1947. [PMID: 12697237 DOI: 10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00567-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A new ruthenium(II) photosensitizer, [Ru(II)(py-pzH)(3)](2+) (where py-pzH=3-(2'-pyridyl)pyrazole), has been synthesized. The complex displayed outstanding excited state redox properties (estimated Ru(III)/Ru(II)* approximately -1.24 V vs. NHE) and was expected to sensitize the injection of electrons into the conduction band of anatase TiO(2) upon visible irradiation. The photosensitizer was anchored onto the surface of anatase TiO(2) particles via in situ silylation. The silyl-linkage displayed excellent stability in both aqueous media, over a wide pH range, and in common organic solvents. The resultant material, TiO(2)-[Ru(II)(py-pz-Si identical with )(3)], was found to be able to mediate degradation of CCl(4) in neutral aqueous medium under broad band visible irradiation (lambda>450 nm). The relation between the rate of degradation and concentration of substrate was explored and the mechanism of the photodegradation of the perhalogenated organic was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie K M Fung
- Department of Biology & Chemistry, Centre for Coastal Pollution and Conservation, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
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Garoufis A, Liu JG, Ji LN, Hadjiliadis N. Enantioselective binding of lambda- and delta-[Ru(bpy)(2)(HPIP)]Cl2 (HPIP=2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) to the hexanucleotide [d(5'-GTCGAC-3')2]. J Inorg Biochem 2003; 93:221-34. [PMID: 12576285 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(02)00575-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Multidimensional NMR techniques (1D (1)HNMR, 2D DQF (1)H(1)H COSY and 2D (1)H(1)H NOESY), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and electronic spectroscopy, were performed to study the interactions of the enantiomers lambda- and delta-[Ru(bpy)(2)(HPIP)]Cl(2), (HPIP=2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthro-line) with the self complementary hexanucleotide duplex d(5'-GTCGAC-3')(2). The results show that the delta-[Ru(bpy)(2)(HPIP)]Cl(2) binds tightly to the oligonucleotide, by intercalation of the ligand HPIP, between the A5 and C6 base sequence of the same strand, probably through the minor groove. Lambda-enantiomer binds weakly, suggesting groove interactions with the hexanucleotide duplex. ESI-MS spectrometry and UV-vis spectroscopy also confirmed these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas Garoufis
- Laboratory of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannnina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
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Baitalik S, Bag P, Nag K. Synthesis, spectroscopic properties and proton-coupled redox activities of mononuclear osmium(II) mixed-chelates derived from pyrazole-3,5-bis(benzimidazole) and 2,2′-bipyridine. Polyhedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0277-5387(02)01209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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46
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Baitalik S, Flörke U, Nag K. Homo- and heterobimetallic complexes of ruthenium(II) and osmium(II) with pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxylic acid and 2,2′-bipyridine as co-ligands. Synthesis, structure, stereochemistry, spectroscopy and redox activities. Inorganica Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(02)01113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Baranoff E, Collin JP, Furusho J, Furusho Y, Laemmel AC, Sauvage JP. Photochemical or thermal chelate exchange in the ruthenium coordination sphere of complexes of the Ru(phen)(2)L family (L = diimine or dinitrile ligands). Inorg Chem 2002; 41:1215-22. [PMID: 11874358 DOI: 10.1021/ic011014o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Complexes of the type Ru(phen)(2)L(2+), where L is a substituted bipyridine family member, have been prepared, and their photochemical substitution reactions have been investigated. In the presence of a bis-benzonitrile derivative, acting as a bidentate chelate, photoexpulsion of L is performed under the action of visible light, with quantitative formation of new complexes of the type Ru(phen)(2)L'(2+) (L' = bis-nitrile ligand). Several complexes have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. In particular, the bis-benzonitrile complexes could be crystallized, and the structure of these compounds, containing a 13-, 14-, or 15-membered metal incorporating ring, was obtained. By heating Ru(phen)(2)L'(2+) with a bipy derivative in refluxing ethylene glycol, quantitative formation of the starting complex [Ru(phen)(2)L(2+)] was carried out. The present series of compounds presents properties that could be profitably used in the design and construction of multicomponent systems acting as photochemically driven molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Baranoff
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organo-Minérale, UMR 7513 du CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, Faculté de Chimie, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Heteroleptic 5,5′-disubstituted-2,2′-bipyridine complexes of ruthenium(II): spectral, electrochemical, and structural investigations. Inorganica Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(01)00414-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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