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Feijoo S, Baluchová S, Kamali M, Buijnsters JG, Dewil R. Single-crystal vs polycrystalline boron-doped diamond anodes: Comparing degradation efficiencies of carbamazepine in electrochemical water treatment. Environ Pollut 2024; 347:123705. [PMID: 38442825 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The ongoing challenge of water pollution by contaminants of emerging concern calls for more effective wastewater treatment to prevent harmful side effects to the environment and human health. To this end, this study explored for the first time the implementation of single-crystal boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes in electrochemical wastewater treatment, which stand out from the conventional polycrystalline BDD morphologies widely reported in the literature. The single-crystal BDD presented a pure diamond (sp3) content, whereas the three other investigated polycrystalline BDD electrodes displayed various properties in terms of boron doping, sp3/sp2 content, microstructure, and roughness. The effects of other process conditions, such as applied current density and anolyte concentration, were simultaneously investigated using carbamazepine (CBZ) as a representative target pollutant. The Taguchi method was applied to elucidate the optimal operating conditions that maximised either (i) the CBZ degradation rate constant (enhanced through hydroxyl radicals (•OH)) or (ii) the proportion of sulfate radicals (SO4•-) with respect to •OH. The results showed that the single-crystal BDD significantly promoted •OH formation but also that the interactions between boron doping, current density and anolyte concentration determined the underlying degradation mechanisms. Therefore, this study demonstrated that characterising the BDD material and understanding its interactions with other process operating conditions prior to degradation experiments is a crucial step to attain the optimisation of any wastewater treatment application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Feijoo
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, Jan Pieter de Nayerlaan 5, 2860, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Simona Baluchová
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, the Netherlands; Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Albertov 6, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mohammadreza Kamali
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, Jan Pieter de Nayerlaan 5, 2860, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Josephus G Buijnsters
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Raf Dewil
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, Jan Pieter de Nayerlaan 5, 2860, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium; University of Oxford, Department of Engineering Science, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
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2
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Wang W, Zhou Y, Zhang B, Huang W, Cheng L, Wang J, He X, Yu L, Xiao Z, Wen J, Liu T, Amine K, Ou X. Optimized In Situ Doping Strategy Stabling Single-Crystal Ultrahigh-Nickel Layered Cathode Materials. ACS Nano 2024; 18:8002-8016. [PMID: 38451853 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Single-crystal Ni-rich cathodes offer promising prospects in mitigating intergranular microcracks and side reaction issues commonly encountered in conventional polycrystalline cathodes. However, the utilization of micrometer-sized single-crystal particles has raised concerns about sluggish Li+ diffusion kinetics and unfavorable structural degradation, particularly in high Ni content cathodes. Herein, we present an innovative in situ doping strategy to regulate the dominant growth of characteristic planes in the single-crystal precursor, leading to enhanced mechanical properties and effectively tackling the challenges posed by ultrahigh-nickel layered cathodes. Compared with the traditional dry-doping method, our in situ doping approach possesses a more homogeneous and consistent modifying effect from the inside out, ensuring the uniform distribution of doping ions with large radius (Nb, Zr, W, etc). This mitigates the generally unsatisfactory substitution effect, thereby minimizing undesirable coating layers induced by different solubilities during the calcination process. Additionally, the uniformly dispersed ions from this in situ doping are beneficial for alleviating the two-phase coexistence of H2/H3 and optimizing the Li+ concentration gradient during cycling, thus inhibiting the formation of intragranular cracks and interfacial deterioration. Consequently, the in situ doped cathodes demonstrate exceptional cycle retention and rate performance under various harsh testing conditions. Our optimized in situ doping strategy not only expands the application prospects of elemental doping but also offers a promising research direction for developing high-energy-density single-crystal cathodes with extended lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Zhou
- Zhejiang Power New Energy Co. Ltd., Zhuji 311899, P.R. China
| | - Bao Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Power New Energy Co. Ltd., Zhuji 311899, P.R. China
| | - Weiyuan Huang
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Lei Cheng
- Zhejiang Power New Energy Co. Ltd., Zhuji 311899, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Xinyou He
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Lei Yu
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Zhiming Xiao
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Wen
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tongchao Liu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Khalil Amine
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Xing Ou
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
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3
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Sun Y, Shi X, Yu Y, Zhang Z, Wu M, Rao L, Dong Y, Zhang J, Zou Y, You S, Liu J, Lei M, Liu C, Jiang L. Low Contact Resistance Organic Single-Crystal Transistors with Band-Like Transport Based on 2,6-Bis-Phenylethynyl-Anthracene. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024:e2400112. [PMID: 38500296 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Contact resistance has become one of the main bottlenecks that hinder further improvement of mobility and integration density of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Much progress has been made in reducing contact resistance by modifying the electrode/semiconductor interface and decreasing the crystal thickness, however, the development of new organic semiconductor materials with low contact resistance still faces many challenges. Here, 2,6-bis-phenylethynyl-anthracene (BPEA) is found, which is a material that combines high mobility with low contact resistance. Single-crystal BEPA OFETs with a thickness of ≈20 nm demonstrated high mobility of 4.52 cm2 V-1 s-1 , contact resistance as low as 335 Ω cm, and band-like charge transport behavior. The calculated compatibility of the EHOMO of BPEA with the work function of the Au electrode, and the decreased |EHOMO -ΦAu | with the increase of external electric field intensity from source to gate both contributed to the efficient charge injection and small contact resistance. More intriguingly, p-type BPEA as a buffer layer can effectively reduce the contact resistance, improve the mobility, and meanwhile inhibit the double-slope electrical behavior of p-channel 2,6-diphenyl anthracene (DPA) single-crystal OFETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaosong Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yamin Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications and School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Zhilei Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Miao Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Limei Rao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yicai Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ye Zou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Shengyong You
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications and School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Physics and Engineering, School of Microelectronics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Lang Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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4
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Kim J, Chu YH, Park J, Bang K, Yoon S, Park S, Park K, Kwon J, Kim N, Yoon KT, Kim Y, Lee YS, Shin B. Spectrally Stable Deep-Blue Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Layer-Transferred Single-Crystalline Ruddlesden-Popper Halide Perovskites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:6274-6283. [PMID: 38282293 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
A novel approach to producing high-color-purity blue-light-emitting diodes based on single-crystalline Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites (RPPs) is reported. The utilization of a pure bromide composition eliminates any possibility of halide segregation, which can otherwise lead to undesired shifts in the emission wavelength or irreversible degradation of the spectral line width. Phase-pure PEA2MAPb2Br7 single crystals with a lateral size exceeding 1 cm2 can be synthesized using the inverse temperature crystallization method. To prepare RPP layers with a thickness of less than 50 nm, we employ a thinning process of the initially thick bulk crystals, followed by a dry-transfer process to place them onto a hole transport layer and an indium-tin-oxide-coated glass substrate. By utilizing polydimethylsiloxane as a handling layer, deformations of the bulk RPP crystal and exfoliated RPP layer, as well as the formation of defects such as pinholes, can be effectively suppressed. Subsequent depositions of an electron transport layer and a metal contact complete the fabrication of electroluminescence (EL) devices. The EL devices utilizing the single-crystalline RPP demonstrate excellent spectral stability across a broad range of the applied bias voltage spanning from 4.5 to 10 V, exhibiting a significantly narrow line width of 14 nm at an emission wavelength of 440 nm that can potentially cover 99.3% of the Rec. 2020 color gamut. The sharp EL emission spectrum can be effectively preserved, avoiding any broadening of the line width, by suppressing Joule heating throughout the device operation, in addition to the intrinsic stability of single-crystalline RPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonyun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Chu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinu Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kijoon Bang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggun Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyeon Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Nakyung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Tak Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunna Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Seog Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungha Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Schwarz H, Apell J, Wong HK, Henning P, Wonneberger R, Rösch N, Uhlig T, Ospald F, Wagner G, Undisz A, Seyller T. Fabrication of Single-Crystalline CoCrFeNi Thin Films by DC Magnetron Sputtering: A Route to Surface Studies of High-Entropy Alloys. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2301526. [PMID: 37300308 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) with their almost limitless number of possible compositions have raised widespread attention in material science. Next to wear and corrosion resistive coatings, their application as tunable electrocatalysts has recently moved into the focus. On the other hand, fundamental properties of HEA surfaces like atomic and electronic structure, surface segregation and diffusion as well as adsorption on HEA surfaces are barely explored. The lack of research is caused by the limited availability of single-crystalline samples. In the present work, the epitaxial growth of face centered cubic (fcc) CoCrFeNi films on MgO(100) is reported. Their characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrates that the layers with a homogeneous and close to equimolar elemental composition are oriented in [100] direction and aligned with the substrate to which they form an abrupt interface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy are employed to study chemical composition and atomic and electronic structure of CoCrFeNi(100). It is demonstrated that epitaxially grown HEA films have the potential to fill the sample gap, allowing for fundamental studies of properties of and processes on well-defined HEA surfaces over the full compositional space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Schwarz
- Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Jonathan Apell
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemnitz University of Technology, Erfenschlager Str. 73, 09125, Chemnitz, Germany
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ha Kit Wong
- Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Peter Henning
- Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Robert Wonneberger
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemnitz University of Technology, Erfenschlager Str. 73, 09125, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Niels Rösch
- Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Thomas Uhlig
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemnitz University of Technology, Erfenschlager Str. 73, 09125, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Felix Ospald
- Faculty of Mathematics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Str. 41, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Guntram Wagner
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemnitz University of Technology, Erfenschlager Str. 73, 09125, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Andreas Undisz
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemnitz University of Technology, Erfenschlager Str. 73, 09125, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Thomas Seyller
- Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Rosenbergstraße 6, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
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Saleem A, Zhu H, Majeed MK, Iqbal R, Jabar B, Hussain A, Ashfaq MZ, Ahmad M, Rauf S, Mwizerwa JP, Shen J, Liu Q. Manganese and Cobalt-Free Ultrahigh-Ni-Rich Single-Crystal Cathode for High-Performance Lithium Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:20843-20853. [PMID: 37138461 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Current commercial nickel (Ni)-rich Mn, Co, and Al-containing cathodes are employed in high-energy-density lithium (Li) batteries all around the globe. The presence of Mn/Co in them brings out several problems, such as high toxicity, high cost, severe transition-metal dissolution, and quick surface degradation. Herein, a Mn/Co-free ultrahigh-Ni-rich single-crystal LiNi0.94Fe0.05Cu0.01O2 (SCNFCu) cathode with acceptable electrochemical performance is benchmarked against a Mn/Co-containing cathode. Despite having a slightly lower discharge capacity, the SCNFCu cathode retaining 77% of its capacity across 600 deep cycles in full-cell outperforms comparable to a high-Ni single-crystal LiNi0.9Mn0.05Co0.05O2 (SCNMC; 66%) cathode. It is shown that the stabilizing ions Fe/Cu in the SCNFCu cathode reduce structural disintegration, undesirable side reactions with the electrolyte, transition-metal dissolution, and active Li loss. This discovery provides a new extent for cathode material development for next-generation high-energy, Mn/Co-free Li batteries due to the compositional tuning flexibility and quick scalability of SCNFCu, which is comparable to the SCNMC cathode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Saleem
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - He Zhu
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Muhammad K Majeed
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington 76019-0019, Texas, United States
| | - Rashid Iqbal
- Institute for Advanced Study, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Bushra Jabar
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Arshad Hussain
- Institute for Advanced Study, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - M Zeeshan Ashfaq
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Institute for Advanced Study, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Sajid Rauf
- Institute for Advanced Study, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Jean Pierre Mwizerwa
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jun Shen
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Control and Intelligent Robots, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Kaya G, Noma SAA, Barut Celepci D, Bayıl İ, Taskin-Tok T, Gök Y, Ateş B, Aktaş A, Aygün M, Tezcan B. Design, synthesis, spectroscopic characterizations, single crystal X-ray analysis, in vitro xanthine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory evaluation as well as in silico evaluation of selenium-based N-heterocyclic carbene compounds. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:11728-11747. [PMID: 36622368 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2163696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, eight new NHC-based selenourea derivatives were synthesized and characterized by using spectroscopic method (1H, 19F, and 13C NMR, FT-IR), and elemental analysis techniques. These compounds were synthesized by mixing benzimidazolium salts, potassium carbonate, and selenium powder in ethyl alcohol. Additionally, the molecular and crystal structures of the three compounds (1c, 2b, and 2c) were determined using the single-crystal x-ray diffraction (XRD) method. Diffraction analysis demonstrated the partial carbon-selenium double-bond character of these compounds. All compounds were determined to be highly potent inhibitors for AChE and XO enzymes. The IC50 values for the compounds were found in the range of 0.361-0.754 μM for XO and from 0.995 to 1.746 μM for AChE. The DNA binding properties of the compounds were investigated. These compounds did not have a remarkable DNA binding property. Also, DPPH radical scavenging activities of the compounds were also investigated. Compounds (1c), (2a), (3a), and (3b) exhibited more pronounced DPPH radical scavenging activity when compared to other compounds. Docking studies were applied by using AutoDock 4 to determine interaction mechanism of the selected compounds (1a), (1b), and (3b). The compound (1b) has good binding affinity (-9.78 kcal/mol) against AChE, and (-6.86 kcal/mol) for XO target. Drug similarity properties of these compounds compared to positive controls were estimated and evaluated by ADMET analysis. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations have been applied to understand the accuracy of docking studies. These findings and the defined compounds could be potential candidates for the discovery and progress of effective medicine(s) for AChE and XO in the future.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülşen Kaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Samir Abbas Ali Noma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Türkiye
| | - Duygu Barut Celepci
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Dokuz Eylül University, Buca, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - İmren Bayıl
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
| | - Tugba Taskin-Tok
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
| | - Yetkin Gök
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Burhan Ateş
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Aydın Aktaş
- Vocational School of Health Service, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Muhittin Aygün
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Dokuz Eylül University, Buca, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Burcu Tezcan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Cukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
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8
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Darga J, Manthiram A. Facile Synthesis of O3-Type NaNi 0.5Mn 0.5O 2 Single Crystals with Improved Performance in Sodium-Ion Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:52729-52737. [PMID: 36394942 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sodium-ion batteries can be a practical alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to the relatively high abundance of sodium and the projected scarcity of lithium. Both of these factors are critical considerations for grid-scale energy storage, but the central challenge to implementing sodium layered oxides in sodium-ion batteries is their relatively poor cycle life. Single-crystal particles with micrometer size can mitigate several failure mechanisms related to sodium layered oxides and can improve performance when compared to the commonly used polycrystalline particles. This work demonstrates a novel two-step molten-salt synthesis method using sodium chloride and metal oxides to form "single crystals" of a mixed-phase, spinel/rock-salt intermediate that crystallizes as micron-sized truncated octahedra. The mixed-phase spinel/rock-salt material is effectively used as a precursor to form O3-type NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2 with large primary particles and substantially improved cycle life. This synthesis route offers the added benefit of using simple metal oxides instead of hydroxide precursors, eliminating the need for coprecipitation. Particle morphology is found to be a critical factor in mitigating the structural damages incurred during phase transformations and maintaining the electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Darga
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, AustinTexas78712, United States
| | - Arumugam Manthiram
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, AustinTexas78712, United States
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9
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Liu Q, Liu YT, Zhao C, Weng QS, Deng J, Hwang I, Jiang Y, Sun C, Li T, Xu W, Du K, Daali A, Xu GL, Amine K, Chen G. Conformal PEDOT Coating Enables Ultra-High-Voltage and High-Temperature Operation for Single-Crystal Ni-Rich Cathodes. ACS Nano 2022; 16:14527-14538. [PMID: 36098636 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Single-crystal Ni-rich Li[NixMnyCo1-x-y]O2 (SC-NMC) cathodes represent a promising approach to mitigate the cracking issue of conventional polycrystalline cathodes. However, many reported SC-NMC cathodes still suffer from unsatisfactory cycling stability, particularly under high charge cutoff voltage and/or elevated temperature. Herein, we report an ultraconformal and durable poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) coating for SC-NMC cathodes using an oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) technique, which significantly improves their high-voltage (4.6 V) and high-temperature operation resiliency. The PEDOT coated SC LiNi0.83Mn0.1Co0.07O2 (SC-NMC83) delivers an impressive capacity retention rate of 96.7% and 89.5% after 100 and 200 cycles, respectively. Significantly, even after calendar aging at 45 °C and 4.6 V, the coated cathode can still retain 85.3% (in comparison with 59.6% for the bare one) of the initial capacity after 100 cycles at a 0.5 C rate. Synchrotron X-ray experiments and interface characterization collectively reveal that the conformal PEDOT coating not only effectively stabilizes the crystallographic structure and maintains the integrity of the particles but also significantly suppresses the electrolyte's corrosion, resulting in improved electrochemical/thermal stability. Our findings highlight the promise of an oCVD PEDOT coating for single-crystal Ni-rich cathodes to meet the grand challenge of high-energy batteries under extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yu-Tong Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Qing-Song Weng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Junjing Deng
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Inhui Hwang
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yi Jiang
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Chengjun Sun
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tianyi Li
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Wenqian Xu
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ke Du
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, 932 Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, Hunan 410017, China
| | - Amine Daali
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Gui-Liang Xu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Khalil Amine
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Guohua Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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10
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Liu L, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Jiang G, Gong R, Li Y, Meng Q, Dong P. Surface Growth and Intergranular Separation of Polycrystalline Particles for Regeneration of Stable Single-Crystal Cathode Materials. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:29886-29895. [PMID: 35748665 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The direct regeneration technology has been developed because of its short-range, high efficiency, and green characteristics. However, the existing direct regeneration method is hardly applied in collaborative reconstruction of the damaged crystal and particle of spent polycrystalline layered materials. The single-crystal regeneration with restructuring the morphology and crystal structure was herein achieved for the first time by low-temperature lithium supplementation followed with high-temperature molten salt conversion, which could effectively solve the structural defects of spent polycrystalline layered materials. We found that the realization of single-crystal regeneration with the molten salt process is attributable to that the original crystal growth of primary particles in the polycrystal transfer to the subsequent division along the grain boundary. At the test conditions of 25 °C and 2.8-4.3 V, the capacity retention capacity of the regenerated single-crystal materials reach 83.3% after 200 cycles at 1 C, which is much higher than 20.0% for conventional direct lithiation regeneration and 61.6% for low-temperature molten salt regeneration. Interestingly, the regenerated single-crystal NCM622 in the graphite full-cell test displays a capacity retention rate of 85.24% after 800 cycles at a rate of 1 C at 2.5-4.35 V. This work opens up a new way for the direct regeneration of spent polycrystalline layered cathode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Guanghui Jiang
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Rui Gong
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Yong Li
- Sino-Platinum Metals Resources (Yimen) Co. Ltd., Yuxi 651100, Yunnan, China
| | - Qi Meng
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Peng Dong
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
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11
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Zhang G, Yi Z, Cheng G, Yang W, Yang H. Polynitro-Functionalized Azopyrazole with High Performance and Low Sensitivity as Novel Energetic Materials. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:10594-10604. [PMID: 35189684 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of energetic materials is still facing a huge challenge because the relationship between energy and sensitivity is usually contradictory: high energy is always accompanied with low sensitivity. Here, a high-energy, low-sensitivity energetic polynitro-functionalized azopyrazole (TNAP) and its energetic salts have been synthesized. The structural characterization of these compounds was analyzed by elemental analysis, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies, and infrared spectroscopy. The single-crystal structure of compounds K2TNAP, TNAP, 5, and 6 was obtained by X-ray diffraction, and K2TNAP is a novel energetic metal-organic framework. The calculated detonation properties of TNAP (9040 m s-1 and 36.0 GPa) are superior to that of RDX (8796 m s-1 and 33.6 GPa). In addition, TNAP also has lower mechanical sensitivity (IS > 40 J, FS = 244 N) and higher decomposition temperature (Td = 221 °C) than RDX (IS = 7.4 J, FS = 120 N, and Td = 204 °C). These experimental results suggest that TNAP may become a new candidate for secondary explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojie Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zhenxin Yi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang 621900, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, China
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12
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Ciampalini G, Fabbri F, Menichetti G, Buoni L, Pace S, Mišeikis V, Pitanti A, Pisignano D, Coletti C, Tredicucci A, Roddaro S. Unexpected Electron Transport Suppression in a Heterostructured Graphene-MoS 2 Multiple Field-Effect Transistor Architecture. ACS Nano 2022; 16:1291-1300. [PMID: 34939407 PMCID: PMC8793137 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a graphene-MoS2 architecture integrating multiple field-effect transistors (FETs), and we independently probe and correlate the conducting properties of van der Waals coupled graphene-MoS2 contacts with those of the MoS2 channels. Devices are fabricated starting from high-quality single-crystal monolayers grown by chemical vapor deposition. The heterojunction was investigated by scanning Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopies. Moreover, transconductance curves of MoS2 are compared with the current-voltage characteristics of graphene contact stripes, revealing a significant suppression of transport on the n-side of the transconductance curve. On the basis of ab initio modeling, the effect is understood in terms of trapping by sulfur vacancies, which counterintuitively depends on the field effect, even though the graphene contact layer is positioned between the backgate and the MoS2 channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Ciampalini
- Dipartimento
di Fisica “E. Fermi”, Università
di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16 163 Genova, Italy
- NEST,
CNR—Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56 127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Fabbri
- NEST,
CNR—Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56 127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Menichetti
- Dipartimento
di Fisica “E. Fermi”, Università
di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16 163 Genova, Italy
| | - Luca Buoni
- Dipartimento
di Fisica “E. Fermi”, Università
di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Pace
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16 163 Genova, Italy
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56 127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vaidotas Mišeikis
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16 163 Genova, Italy
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56 127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pitanti
- NEST,
CNR—Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56 127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Dario Pisignano
- Dipartimento
di Fisica “E. Fermi”, Università
di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- NEST,
CNR—Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56 127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Camilla Coletti
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16 163 Genova, Italy
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56 127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tredicucci
- Dipartimento
di Fisica “E. Fermi”, Università
di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- NEST,
CNR—Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56 127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Roddaro
- Dipartimento
di Fisica “E. Fermi”, Università
di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- NEST,
CNR—Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56 127 Pisa, Italy
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13
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Wu R, Hu Y, Li P, Peng J, Hu J, Yang M, Chen D, Guo Y, Zhang Q, Xie X, Dai J, Qiu W, Wang G, Pan M. Controlled Epitaxial Growth and Atomically Sharp Interface of Graphene/Ferromagnetic Heterostructure via Ambient Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:3112. [PMID: 34835878 PMCID: PMC8620976 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The strong spin filtering effect can be produced by C-Ni atomic orbital hybridization in lattice-matched graphene/Ni (111) heterostructures, which provides an ideal platform to improve the tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) of magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). However, large-area, high-quality graphene/ferromagnetic epitaxial interfaces are mainly limited by the single-crystal size of the Ni (111) substrate and well-oriented graphene domains. In this work, based on the preparation of a 2-inch single-crystal Ni (111) film on an Al2O3 (0001) wafer, we successfully achieve the production of a full-coverage, high-quality graphene monolayer on a Ni (111) substrate with an atomically sharp interface via ambient pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD). The high crystallinity and strong coupling of the well-oriented epitaxial graphene/Ni (111) interface are systematically investigated and carefully demonstrated. Through the analysis of the growth model, it is shown that the oriented growth induced by the Ni (111) crystal, the optimized graphene nucleation and the subsurface carbon density jointly contribute to the resulting high-quality graphene/Ni (111) heterostructure. Our work provides a convenient approach for the controllable fabrication of a large-area homogeneous graphene/ferromagnetic interface, which would benefit interface engineering of graphene-based MTJs and future chip-level 2D spintronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruinan Wu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (R.W.); (Y.H.); (P.L.); (J.P.); (J.H.); (D.C.); (Y.G.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Yueguo Hu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (R.W.); (Y.H.); (P.L.); (J.P.); (J.H.); (D.C.); (Y.G.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Peisen Li
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (R.W.); (Y.H.); (P.L.); (J.P.); (J.H.); (D.C.); (Y.G.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Junping Peng
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (R.W.); (Y.H.); (P.L.); (J.P.); (J.H.); (D.C.); (Y.G.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Jiafei Hu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (R.W.); (Y.H.); (P.L.); (J.P.); (J.H.); (D.C.); (Y.G.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (M.Y.); (J.D.)
| | - Dixiang Chen
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (R.W.); (Y.H.); (P.L.); (J.P.); (J.H.); (D.C.); (Y.G.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Yanrui Guo
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (R.W.); (Y.H.); (P.L.); (J.P.); (J.H.); (D.C.); (Y.G.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (R.W.); (Y.H.); (P.L.); (J.P.); (J.H.); (D.C.); (Y.G.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Xiangnan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing, College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China;
| | - Jiayu Dai
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (M.Y.); (J.D.)
| | - Weicheng Qiu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (R.W.); (Y.H.); (P.L.); (J.P.); (J.H.); (D.C.); (Y.G.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Guang Wang
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (M.Y.); (J.D.)
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mengchun Pan
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (R.W.); (Y.H.); (P.L.); (J.P.); (J.H.); (D.C.); (Y.G.); (Q.Z.)
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14
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Pietrzak A, Guschlbauer J, Kaszyński P. Structure of a Fe 4O 6-Heteraadamantane-Type Hexacation Stabilized by Chelating Organophosphine Oxide Ligands. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14226840. [PMID: 34832242 PMCID: PMC8617765 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metal-containing heteraadamantanes are compounds of interest due to their spectroscopic and magnetic properties, which make them promising materials for non-linear optics and semiconductors. Herein we report the comprehensive structural characterization of a new coordination compound of the formula [(µ-OH′)2(µ-OH″)4(O = P(Ph2)CH2CH2(Ph2)P = O)4{Fe(t-BuOH)}4](PF6)4(Cl)2 with the chelating ligand Ph2P(O)-CH2CH2-P(O)Ph2. The compound crystallizes as a polynuclear metal complex with the adamantane-like core [Fe4O6] in the space group I-43d of a cubic system. The single-crystal XRD analysis showed that the crystal contains one symmetrically independent octahedrally coordinated Fe atom in the oxidation state +3. The adamantine-like scaffold of the Fe complex is formed by hydroxy bridging oxygen atoms only. Hirshfeld surface analysis of the bridging oxygen atoms revealed two types of µ-OH groups, which differ in the degree of exposure and participation in long-range interactions. Additionally, the Hirshfeld surface analysis supported by the enrichment ratio calculations demonstrated the high propensity of the title complex to form C-H…Cl, C-H…F and C-H…O interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pietrzak
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Łódź University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Jannick Guschlbauer
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-001 Łódź, Poland; (J.G.); (P.K.)
| | - Piotr Kaszyński
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-001 Łódź, Poland; (J.G.); (P.K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
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15
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Choi SH, Kim HJ, Song B, Kim YI, Han G, Nguyen HTT, Ko H, Boandoh S, Choi JH, Oh CS, Cho HJ, Jin JW, Won YS, Lee BH, Yun SJ, Shin BG, Jeong HY, Kim YM, Han YK, Lee YH, Kim SM, Kim KK. Epitaxial Single-Crystal Growth of Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Monolayers via the Atomic Sawtooth Au Surface. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2006601. [PMID: 33694212 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Growth of 2D van der Waals layered single-crystal (SC) films is highly desired not only to manifest the intrinsic physical and chemical properties of materials, but also to enable the development of unprecedented devices for industrial applications. While wafer-scale SC hexagonal boron nitride film has been successfully grown, an ideal growth platform for diatomic transition metal dichalcogenide (TMdC) films has not been established to date. Here, the SC growth of TMdC monolayers on a centimeter scale via the atomic sawtooth gold surface as a universal growth template is reported. The atomic tooth-gullet surface is constructed by the one-step solidification of liquid gold, evidenced by transmission electron microscopy. The anisotropic adsorption energy of the TMdC cluster, confirmed by density-functional calculations, prevails at the periodic atomic-step edge to yield unidirectional epitaxial growth of triangular TMdC grains, eventually forming the SC film, regardless of the Miller indices. Growth using the atomic sawtooth gold surface as a universal growth template is demonstrated for several TMdC monolayer films, including WS2 , WSe2 , MoS2 , the MoSe2 /WSe2 heterostructure, and W1- x Mox S2 alloys. This strategy provides a general avenue for the SC growth of diatomic van der Waals heterostructures on a wafer scale, to further facilitate the applications of TMdCs in post-silicon technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Ho Choi
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jin Kim
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumsub Song
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong In Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongtak Han
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hayoung Ko
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen Boandoh
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Choi
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Seok Oh
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Je Cho
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Won Jin
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo Seob Won
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hoon Lee
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Joon Yun
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Gyu Shin
- Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hu Young Jeong
- UNIST Central Research Facilities, School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyu Han
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Min Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 14072, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Kang Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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16
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Bao W, Qian G, Zhao L, Yu Y, Su L, Cai X, Zhao H, Zuo Y, Zhang Y, Li H, Peng Z, Li L, Xie J. Simultaneous Enhancement of Interfacial Stability and Kinetics of Single-Crystal LiNi 0.6Mn 0.2Co 0.2O 2 through Optimized Surface Coating and Doping. Nano Lett 2020; 20:8832-8840. [PMID: 33237783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Balancing interfacial stability and Li+ transfer kinetics through surface engineering is a key challenge in developing high-performance battery materials. Although conformal coating enabled by atomic layer deposition (ALD) has shown great promise in controlling impedance increase upon cycling by minimizing side reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface, the coating layer itself usually exhibits poor Li+ conductivity and impedes surface charge transfer. In this work, we have shown that by carefully controlling postannealing temperature of an ultrathin ZrO2 film prepared by ALD, Zr4+ surface doping could be achieved for Ni-rich layered oxides to accelerate the charge transfer yet provide sufficient protection. Using single-crystal LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 as a model material, we have shown that surface Zr4+ doping combined with ZrO2 coating can enhance both the cycle performance and rate capability during high-voltage operation. Surface doping via controllable postannealing of ALD surface coating layer reveals an attractive path toward developing stable and Li+-conductive interfaces for single-crystal battery materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenda Bao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Guannan Qian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Device Research Center (SEED), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lianqi Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yi Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Longxing Su
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xincan Cai
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Haojie Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yuqing Zuo
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Haoyuan Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zijian Peng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Linsen Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Device Research Center (SEED), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jin Xie
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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17
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Wu X, Dai D, Ling Y, Chen S, Huang C, Feng S, Huang W. Organic Single-Crystal Transistor with Unique Photo Responses and Its Application as Light-Stimulated Synaptic Devices. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:30627-30634. [PMID: 32538621 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous progress has been achieved on organic transistor-based photodetectors; however, because of the nonpositive correlation relationship between the photo/dark current ratio (P) and the gate voltage, the claimed best P, R (photoresponsivity), and D* (detectivity) can hardly be obtained simultaneously at a given gate voltage, which severely compromises the device performance. Here, a light and voltage dually gated transistor based on an organic semiconducting single crystal of 2,6-dithienylanthracene (DTAnt) is developed. Attributing to its very low on/off ratio in the dark and the remarkable increment of mobilities under illumination, this phototransistor shows good performance with a P of 3.83 × 103, R of 1.32 A W-1, and D* of 1.94 × 1012 Jones achieved simultaneously at Vg = -100 V. Besides, the good reversibility and repeatability of its light-responsive behavior allows for the construction of an artificial photonic neuromorphic device with demonstrated synaptic functions, including excitatory postsynaptic current, short/long-term memory , and pair-pulse facilitation/depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Donghuan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Yao Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Chongyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Shiyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Weiguo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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18
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Jang HS, Lim JY, Kang SG, Hyun SH, Sandhu S, Son SK, Lee JH, Whang D. Methane-Mediated Vapor Transport Growth of Monolayer WSe 2 Crystals. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2019; 9:E1642. [PMID: 31752358 DOI: 10.3390/nano9111642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The electrical and optical properties of semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) can be tuned by controlling their composition and the number of layers they have. Among various TMDs, the monolayer WSe2 has a direct bandgap of 1.65 eV and exhibits p-type or bipolar behavior, depending on the type of contact metal. Despite these promising properties, a lack of efficient large-area production methods for high-quality, uniform WSe2 hinders its practical device applications. Various methods have been investigated for the synthesis of large-area monolayer WSe2, but the difficulty of precisely controlling solid-state TMD precursors (WO3, MoO3, Se, and S powders) is a major obstacle to the synthesis of uniform TMD layers. In this work, we outline our success in growing large-area, high-quality, monolayered WSe2 by utilizing methane (CH4) gas with precisely controlled pressure as a promoter. When compared to the catalytic growth of monolayered WSe2 without a gas-phase promoter, the catalytic growth of the monolayered WSe2 with a CH4 promoter reduced the nucleation density to 1/1000 and increased the grain size of monolayer WSe2 up to 100 μm. The significant improvement in the optical properties of the resulting WSe2 indicates that CH4 is a suitable candidate as a promoter for the synthesis of TMD materials, because it allows accurate gas control.
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19
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Hull CM, Switzer JA. Electrodeposited Epitaxial Cu(100) on Si(100) and Lift-Off of Single Crystal-like Cu(100) Foils. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:38596-38602. [PMID: 30335962 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A two-step potential electrodeposition technique is described which gives epitaxial films of Cu(100) on n-Si(100). Nucleation of epitaxial seeds occurs at -1.5 VAg/AgCl, whereas the film is grown at -0.5 VAg/AgCl. Cu deposition occurs with a Faradaic efficiency of 82.0% as determined spectrophotometrically. Epitaxy is achieved through a 45° in-plane rotation of Cu with respect to Si, which is shown by X-ray analysis. The 45° rotation reduces the lattice mismatch from -33.43% for an unrotated film to -5.86% for a 45° rotated film. Mosaicity, as determined via X-ray rocking curves, decreases with increasing thickness, going from a full width at half maximum of 3.99° for a 30 nm thick film to 1.67° for a 160 nm thick film. This translates to an increasing quality of epitaxy with increasing thickness. High resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging shows an amorphous SiO x interlayer between Cu and Si. Etching of SiO x with 5% HF allows epitaxial lift-off of the copper film, giving single crystal-like Cu(100) foils. Cu(100) films and single crystal-like foils have potential to be used as catalysts for CO2 reduction, substrates for technologically important materials like spintronic multilayer magnetic stacks and high temperature superconductors, and as active surfaces toward galvanic replacement by platinum group elements. Additionally, the foils could be used as single crystal-like substrates for flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb M Hull
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Center for Materials Research , Missouri University of Science and Technology , Rolla , Missouri 65409-1170 , United States
| | - Jay A Switzer
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Center for Materials Research , Missouri University of Science and Technology , Rolla , Missouri 65409-1170 , United States
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20
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Abstract
The application of nanocrystals as heterogeneous catalysts and plasmonic nanoparticles requires fine control of their shape and chemical composition. A promising idea to achieve synergistic effects is to combine two distinct chemical and/or physical functionalities in bimetallic core@shell nanocrystals. Although techniques for the synthesis of single-component nanocrystals with spherical or anisotropic shape are well-established, new methods are sought to tailor multicomponent nanocrystals. Here, we probe etching in a controlled redox environment as a synthesis technique for multicomponent nanocrystals. Our Monte Carlo computer simulations demonstrate the appearance of characteristic non-equilibrium intermediate microstructures that are further thermodynamically tested and analyzed with molecular dynamics. Convex platelet, concave polyhedron, pod, cage, and strutted-cage shapes are obtained at room temperature with fully coherent structure exposing crystallographic facets and chemical elements along distinct particle crystallographic directions. We observe that structural and dynamic properties are markedly modified compared to the untreated compact nanocrystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Leonardi
- Institute for Multiscale Simulation , Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Nägelsbachstraße 49b , 91052 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Michael Engel
- Institute for Multiscale Simulation , Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Nägelsbachstraße 49b , 91052 Erlangen , Germany
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21
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Yang F, Sun L, Han J, Li B, Yu X, Zhang X, Ren X, Hu W. Low-Voltage Organic Single-Crystal Field-Effect Transistor with Steep Subthreshold Slope. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:25871-25877. [PMID: 29508994 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b16658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Anodization is a promising technique to form high- k dielectrics for low-power organic field-effect transistor (OFET) applications. However, the surface quality of the dielectric, which is mainly inherited from the metal electrode, can be improved further than other fabrication techniques, such as sol-gel. In this study, we applied the template stripping method to fabricate a low-power single-crystalline OFET based on the anodized AlO x dielectric. We found that the template stripping method largely improves the surface roughness of the deposited Al and allows for the formation of a high-quality AlO x high- k dielectric by anodization. The ultraflat AlO x/SAM dielectric combined with a single-crystal 2,6-diphenylanthracene (DPA) semiconductor produced a nearly defect-free interface with a steep subthreshold swing (SS) of 66 mV/decade. The current device is a promising candidate for future ultralow-power applications. Other than metal deposition, template stripping could provide a general approach to improve thin-film quality for many other types of materials and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxu Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences , Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Lingjie Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences , Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Jiangli Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences , Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Baili Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences , Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Xi Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences , Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences , Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Xiaochen Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences , Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences , Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 300072 , China
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22
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Gao Z, Zhang Q, Naylor CH, Kim Y, Abidi IH, Ping J, Ducos P, Zauberman J, Zhao MQ, Rappe AM, Luo Z, Ren L, Johnson ATC. Crystalline Bilayer Graphene with Preferential Stacking from Ni-Cu Gradient Alloy. ACS Nano 2018; 12:2275-2282. [PMID: 29509401 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We developed a high-yield synthesis of highly crystalline bilayer graphene (BLG) with two preferential stacking modes using a Ni-Cu gradient alloy growth substrate. Previously reported approaches for BLG growth include flat growth substrates of Cu or Ni-Cu uniform alloys and "copper pocket" structures. Use of flat substrates has the advantage of being scalable, but the growth mechanism is either "surface limited" (for Cu) or carbon precipitation (for uniform Ni-Cu), which results in multicrystalline BLG grains. For copper pockets, growth proceeds through a carbon back-diffusion mechanism, which leads to the formation of highly crystalline BLG, but scaling of the copper pocket structure is expected to be difficult. Here we demonstrate a Ni-Cu gradient alloy that combines the advantages of these earlier methods: the substrate is flat, so easy to scale, while growth proceeds by a carbon back-diffusion mechanism leading to high-yield growth of BLG with high crystallinity. The BLG layer stacking was almost exclusively Bernal or twisted with an angle of 30°, consistent with first-principles calculations we conducted. Furthermore, we demonstrated scalable production of transistor arrays based crystalline Bernal-stacked BLG with a band gap that was tunable at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoli Gao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Qicheng Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Carl H Naylor
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Youngkuk Kim
- The Makineni Theoretical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-632 , United States
- Department of Physics , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Korea
| | - Irfan Haider Abidi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Jinglei Ping
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Pedro Ducos
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
- Departamento de Física , Universidad San Francisco de Quito , Quito 170901 , Ecuador
| | - Jonathan Zauberman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Meng-Qiang Zhao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Andrew M Rappe
- The Makineni Theoretical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-632 , United States
| | - Zhengtang Luo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Li Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , People's Republic of China
| | - Alan T Charlie Johnson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
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23
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Ge J, Chaker M. Oxygen Vacancies Control Transition of Resistive Switching Mode in Single-Crystal TiO 2 Memory Device. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:16327-16334. [PMID: 28452213 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Epitaxial TiO2 thin films were grown by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering on conductive Nb-SrTiO3 substrates. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that the oxygen vacancies inside the TiO2 films can be dramatically reduced by postannealing treatment under an oxygen atmosphere. The decreasing concentration of oxygen vacancies modifies the resistive switching (RS) mechanism from a valence change mode to a electrochemical metallization mode, resulting in a high switching ratio (≥105), a small electronic leakage current in the high-resistance (≥109 Ω) state, and a highly controlled quantized conductance (QC) in the low-resistance state. These results allow for understanding the relationship between different RS mechanisms as well as the QC for multilevel data storage application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ge
- Institut National de Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications , 1650, Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Mohamed Chaker
- Institut National de Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications , 1650, Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
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24
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Radi S, Attayibat A, El-Massaoudi M, Salhi A, Eddike D, Tillard M, Mabkhot YN. X-ray Single Crystal Structure, DFT Calculations and Biological Activity of 2-(3-Methyl-5-(pyridin-2'-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) Ethanol. Molecules 2016; 21:E1020. [PMID: 27527141 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A pyridylpyrazole bearing a hydroxyethyl substituent group has been synthesized by condensation of (Z)-4-hydroxy-4-(pyridin-2-yl)but-3-en-2-one with 2-hydroxyethylhydrazine. The compound was well characterized and its structure confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Density functional calculations have been performed using DFT method with 6-31G* basis set. The HOMO-LUMO energy gap, binding energies and electron deformation densities are calculated at the DFT (BLYP, PW91, PWC) level. The electrophilic f(-) and nucleophilic f(+) Fukui functions and also the electrophilic and nucleophilic Parr functions are well adapted to find the electrophile and nucleophile centers in the molecule. The title compound has been tested for its DPPH radical scavenging activity which is involved in aging processes, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and wound healing activity. Compound is also found with a significant antioxidant activity, probably due to the ability to donate a hydrogen atom to the DPPH radical.
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25
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Duan JL, Lei DY, Chen F, Lau SP, Milne WI, Toimil-Molares ME, Trautmann C, Liu J. Vertically-Aligned Single-Crystal Nanocone Arrays: Controlled Fabrication and Enhanced Field Emission. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:472-479. [PMID: 26666466 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b09374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanostructures with conical shape, vertical alignment, large ratio of cone height and curvature radius at the apex, controlled cone angle, and single-crystal structure are ideal candidates for enhancing field electron-emission efficiency with additional merits, such as good mechanical and thermal stability. However, fabrication of such nanostructures possessing all these features is challenging. Here, we report on the controlled fabrication of large scale, vertically aligned, and mechanically self-supported single-crystal Cu nanocones with controlled cone angle and enhanced field emission. The Cu nanocones were fabricated by ion-track templates in combination with electrochemical deposition. Their cone angle is controlled in the range from 0.3° to 6.2° by asymmetrically selective etching of the ion tracks and the minimum tip curvature diameter reaches down to 6 nm. The field emission measurements show that the turn-on electric field of the Cu nanocone field emitters can be as low as 1.9 V/μm at current density of 10 μA/cm(2) (a record low value for Cu nanostructures, to the best of our knowledge). The maximum field enhancement factor we measured was as large as 6068, indicating that the Cu nanocones are promising candidates for field emission applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lai Duan
- Materials Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong, China
| | - Dang Yuan Lei
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong, China
| | - Shu Ping Lau
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong, China
| | - William I Milne
- Department of Engineering, Electrical Engineering Division, University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, CB3 0FA, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - M E Toimil-Molares
- Materials Research Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research , 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christina Trautmann
- Materials Research Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research , 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt , 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jie Liu
- Materials Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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26
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Xu W, Huang JJ, Shao BH, Xu XJ, Jiang RW, Yuan M. X-ray Crystallography, DFT Calculations and Molecular Docking of Indole-Arylpiperazine Derivatives as α1A-Adrenoceptor Antagonists. Molecules 2015; 20:19674-89. [PMID: 26528963 PMCID: PMC6332402 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201119651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Indole-arylpiperazine derivatives have exhibited good selectivity for the α1A-adrenoceptor, but the structure-activity-binding mechanism relationship remains unclear. In the current study, three compounds (1, 2 and 3) were investigated through single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations and molecular docking using a homology model of the α1A receptor. Compounds 1 and 3 form H-bonds networks to stabilize their three-dimensional structures, while C–H···π interactions play a significant role in the packing of 2. Based on DFT-optimized conformations, the HOMO-LUMO energy gaps and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) were theoretically calculated at the B3LYP/6-311G (d, p) level of theory. Chemical reactivity increases in the order of 3 < 2 < 1, and the maximum positive region of the MEP maps is mainly localized over the NH group. The binding mechanisms of ligand-α1A-adrenoceptor complexes were illustrated by molecular docking. Binding to Gln177 of the second extracellular loop region via hydrogen bonds is likely to be essential for α1A-selective antagonists. The present work sheds light on the studies of structure-activity-binding mechanism and aids in the design of α1A antagonists with high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 195# Dongfengxi Road, Guangzhou 510182, China.
| | - Jun-Jun Huang
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 195# Dongfengxi Road, Guangzhou 510182, China.
| | - Bin-Hao Shao
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 195# Dongfengxi Road, Guangzhou 510182, China.
| | - Xing-Jie Xu
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 195# Dongfengxi Road, Guangzhou 510182, China.
| | - Ren-Wang Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Mu Yuan
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 195# Dongfengxi Road, Guangzhou 510182, China.
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27
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Francoual S, Strempfer J, Warren J, Liu Y, Skaugen A, Poli S, Blume J, Wolff-Fabris F, Canfield PC, Lograsso T. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction and resonant X-ray magnetic scattering at helium-3 temperatures in high magnetic fields at beamline P09 at PETRA III. J Synchrotron Radiat 2015; 22:1207-1214. [PMID: 26289272 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515014149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The resonant scattering and diffraction beamline P09 at PETRA III at DESY is equipped with a 14 T vertical field split-pair magnet. A helium-3 refrigerator is available that can be fitted inside the magnet's variable-temperature insert. Here the results of a series of experiments aimed at determining the beam conditions permitting operations with the He-3 insert are presented. By measuring the tetragonal-to-orthorhombic phase transition occurring at 2.1 K in the Jahn-Teller compound TmVO4, it is found that the photon flux at P09 must be attenuated down to 1.5 × 10(9) photons s(-1) for the sample to remain at temperatures below 800 mK. Despite such a reduction of the incident flux and the subsequent use of a Cu(111) analyzer, the resonant X-ray magnetic scattering signal at the Tm LIII absorption edge associated with the spin-density wave in TmNi2B2C below 1.5 K is intense enough to permit a complete study in magnetic field and at sub-Kelvin temperatures to be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Francoual
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Strempfer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Warren
- Cryogenic Ltd, London W3 7QE, UK
| | - Y Liu
- Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering (DMSE), Ames Laboratory, US DOE, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - A Skaugen
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Poli
- Cryogenic Ltd, London W3 7QE, UK
| | - J Blume
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - F Wolff-Fabris
- Hochfeld-Magnetlabor Dresden (HLD), Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, D-01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - P C Canfield
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - T Lograsso
- Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering (DMSE), Ames Laboratory, US DOE, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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28
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Schweicher G, Lemaur V, Niebel C, Ruzié C, Diao Y, Goto O, Lee WY, Kim Y, Arlin JB, Karpinska J, Kennedy AR, Parkin SR, Olivier Y, Mannsfeld SCB, Cornil J, Geerts YH, Bao Z. Bulky end-capped [1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophenes: reaching high-mobility organic semiconductors by fine tuning of the crystalline solid-state order. Adv Mater 2015; 27:3066-3072. [PMID: 25855909 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201500322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of bulky end-capped [1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophenes (BTBTs) are developed in order to tune the packing structure via terminal substitution. A coupled theoretical and experimental study allows us to identify 2,7-di-tert-butylBTBT as a new high-performance organic semiconductor with large and well-balanced transfer integrals, as evidenced by quantum-chemical calculations. Single-crystal field-effect transistors show a remarkable average saturation mobility of 7.1 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Schweicher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 381 North-South Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Claude Niebel
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP206/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Ruzié
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP206/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 381 North-South Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Osamu Goto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 381 North-South Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Wen-Ya Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 381 North-South Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yeongin Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 381 North-South Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jean-Baptiste Arlin
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP206/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jolanta Karpinska
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP206/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Sean R Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0055, USA
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Stefan C B Mannsfeld
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Yves H Geerts
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP206/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 381 North-South Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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29
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Geng D, Meng L, Chen B, Gao E, Yan W, Yan H, Luo B, Xu J, Wang H, Mao Z, Xu Z, He L, Zhang Z, Peng L, Yu G. Controlled growth of single-crystal twelve-pointed graphene grains on a liquid Cu surface. Adv Mater 2014; 26:6423-6429. [PMID: 25043403 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201401277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The controlled fabrication of single-crystal twelve-pointed graphene grains is demonstrated for the first time by ambient pressure chemical vapor deposition on a liquid Cu surface. An edge-diffusion limited mechanism is proposed. The highly controllable growth of twelve-pointed graphene grains presents an intriguing case for the fundamental study of graphene growth and should exhibit wide applications in graphene-based electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechao Geng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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30
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Himes VL, Mighell AD, Hubbard CR, Fatiadi AJ. New Bond-Delocalized Dianions: The Crystal Structure of 1,3-Bis(dicyanomethylene) Croconate Salt (C 11N 4O 3K 2 · 2H 2O). J Res Natl Bur Stand (1977) 1980; 85:87-97. [PMID: 34566014 DOI: 10.6028/jres.085.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
C11N4O3K2 · 2H2O crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 ¯ with a = 8.568(2), b = 9.105(4), c = 9.818(4)Å, α = 103.61(3), β = 107.63(3), γ = 101.58(3)°; Z = 2, ρ calc = 1.716, ρ obs = 1.72(2)g cm-3 (flotation). The structure was solved by direct methods and was refined by full-matrix least-squares procedures to a final R of 0.074 for 1989 observed reflections. The five-membered ring is planar and pentagonal. The two = C(CN)2 groups define separate planes which form angles of 3.36 and 6.30° with the plane of the five-membered ring. The dianions form stacks along the a-axis. In a given stack, there is an alternating sequence of perpendicular distances (3.32, 3.42Å) between the planes defined by the ring atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky L Himes
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C. 20064 and the National Bureau of Standards
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