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Yu D, Zhu W, Shen AG. Raman encoding for security labels: a review. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:6365-6381. [PMID: 38024325 PMCID: PMC10662010 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00707c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Owing to its excellent multiplexing ability, high stability, and molecular fingerprint characteristics, Raman encoding has been widely used in security labels for medical safety, jewelry identification and food supervision. Various growing demands have promoted the anti-counterfeiting mode of security labels based on Raman encoding from the classic one that relies on specific patterns to the more secure one that depends on random patterns. As impressive progress has been made in Raman encoding for security labels in recent years, this review attempts to comprehensively cover security labels based on Raman encoding, from label preparation to image verification. For the labels with different anti-counterfeiting modes, the different basic elements they need are summarized, and the role of Raman encoding in different modes is introduced. In addition, security labels based on Raman encoding still have some drawbacks. Therefore, suggestions on how to improve its anti-counterfeiting performance are also discussed, as well as future challenges and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yu
- School of Bioengineering and Health, Wuhan Textile University Wuhan 430220 China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Wei Zhu
- School of Bioengineering and Health, Wuhan Textile University Wuhan 430220 China
| | - Ai-Guo Shen
- School of Bioengineering and Health, Wuhan Textile University Wuhan 430220 China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
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2
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Singh J, White RL. Discrimination of commercial ibuprofen tablets by using a button sample holder and mid-infrared spectroscopy. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:1214-1220. [PMID: 35234219 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay02174e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Infrared spectra obtained from commercial ibuprofen tablets are categorized by using principal component analysis. A stainless steel abrasive button is used to sample the coatings and interiors of ibuprofen tablets with three different formulations. Rubbing the button wire mesh surface across tablet surfaces removes material for analysis. Small fragments are retained within mesh void spaces and larger fragments are swept away prior to analyses. Infrared spectra for tablet coatings exhibit significant differences and can be used for identification. Tablet interior compositions consisting primarily of ibuprofen from different manufacturers are more distinguishable from pre-processed spectra than from spectrum second derivatives. The speed and sensitivity afforded by this methodology suggests that rapid detection of counterfeit pharmaceuticals based on mid-infrared spectroscopy measurements of microgram quantities of material removed with a button sample holder is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA.
| | - Robert L White
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA.
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3
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Ravindra MK, Darshan GP, Lavanya DR, Mahadevan KM, Premkumar HB, Sharma SC, Adarsha H, Nagabhushana H. Aggregation induced emission based active conjugated imidazole luminogens for visualization of latent fingerprints and multiple anticounterfeiting applications. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16748. [PMID: 34408179 PMCID: PMC8373972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation-induced emission based organic heterocyclic luminogens bearing conjugated electronic structures showed much attention due to its excellent fluorescence in aggregation state. In this communication, a novel conjugated blue light emitting imidazole molecule is synthesized by one pot multicomponent reaction route is reported for the first time. The prepared molecule exhibits a strong fluorescence in aggregation state with exceptional properties, such as high purity, inexpensive, eco-friendly, large scale production, high photostability, etc. By considering these advantages, a new fluorescence based platform has been setup for in-situ visualization of latent fingerprints and its preservation by spray method followed by Poly(vinyl alcohol) masking. A clear and well defined fluorescence fingerprint images are noticed on variety of surfaces by revealing level 1-3 ridge features upon ultraviolet 365 nm light exposure. The dual nature of binding specificity as well as excellent fluorescence properties permits the visualization of latent fingerprints for longer durations (up to 365 days) with superior contrast, high sensitivity, efficiency, selectivity and minimal background hindrance. We further fabricated unclonable invisible security ink for various printing modes on valuable goods for protection against forging. The developed labels are displaying uniform distribution of ink and exceptional stability under various atmospheric environments. The development of long preservative information using aggregation-induced emission based luminogen opens up a new avenue in advanced forensic and data security applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Ravindra
- Department of Chemistry, P. G. Centre, Kuvempu University, Kadur, 577 548, India
| | - G P Darshan
- Department of Physics, FMPS, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, 560 054, India
| | - D R Lavanya
- Prof. C.N.R. Rao Centre for Advanced Materials, Tumkur University, Tumkur, 572 103, India
| | - K M Mahadevan
- Department of Chemistry, P. G. Centre, Kuvempu University, Kadur, 577 548, India
| | - H B Premkumar
- Department of Physics, FMPS, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, 560 054, India
| | - S C Sharma
- National Assessment and Accreditation Council, Bengaluru, 560 072, India.,Jain University, Bengaluru, 562 112, India.,Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, 781 039, India
| | - H Adarsha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Jain Global Campus, Bengaluru, 562 112, India
| | - H Nagabhushana
- Prof. C.N.R. Rao Centre for Advanced Materials, Tumkur University, Tumkur, 572 103, India.
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4
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Traore O, Ouedraogo A, Compaore M, Nikiema K, Zombre A, Kiendrebeogo M, Blankert B, Duez P. Social perceptions of malaria and diagnostic-driven malaria treatment in Burkina Faso. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05553. [PMID: 33458436 PMCID: PMC7797373 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a parasitic disease, endemic in many tropical and sub-tropical countries. Malaria is a well-known disease, familiar to almost all people in endemic regions, as they or their family are regularly confronted with it; everyone in these regions has probably experienced the disease, at least once in their life. To investigate the social perceptions of malaria in Burkina Faso, including its diagnosis-driven treatment, we have conducted a survey in both urban (Saint Camille Hospital, Ouagadougou HOSCO) and rural (Boussé Hospital) areas. Fifty-six individuals, mostly representatives of the society variability, were surveyed by questionnaires and 2 focus groups were organized with traditional healers. In general, populations seem to have grasped the causes, symptoms and means of preventing the disease. However, the majority of interviewees make a marked confusion between malaria and dengue; dengue fever is considered like a severe form of malaria. The care modalities (modern and/or traditional medicine) are plural and the choice of therapeutic practice depends on both the socio-economic conditions and education level of the patient. Whereas some patients mark preferences for one type of medicine, others simultaneously recourse to both; for these, a medicine does not outperform the other and their combination multiplies the chances of a quick recovery. Whether for modern or traditional medicine, the diagnosis is considered very important for effective disease management. Modern medicine uses diagnostic tools based on light microscopy and immunochromatography (rapid diagnostic tests; RDT); traditional medicine has its own diagnostic logic but nevertheless recognizes modern medicine diagnosis to guide its therapy. 90 % of those interviewed first use modern medicine to seek an accurate diagnosis of their disease and thus to receive adequate treatment. Presumptive treatments are still widely prescribed and accepted by most patients who trust the judgment of their caregiver, not perceiving any benefit to an objective diagnosis. In front of a negative diagnosis, patient reactions are diverse, some accepting investigations for other diseases (45 %), others opting for self-medication (15 %), others resorting to traditional medicine (20 %). All are unanimous in the importance of diagnosis and are in favor of in-development diagnostic technologies, provided these obviously meet the features of reliability, ease of use, availability and, of course, economical accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orokia Traore
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium.,Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Biochimie et Chimie Appliquées (Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso), Boulevard Charles de Gaule, 03 BP 7021 03, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Awa Ouedraogo
- Département d'Anthropologie, Université Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, Village de Nasso, 01 BP 1091, Bobo-dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Moussa Compaore
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Kader Nikiema
- Département d'Anthropologie, Université Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, Village de Nasso, 01 BP 1091, Bobo-dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoulaye Zombre
- Département d'Anthropologie, Université Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, Village de Nasso, 01 BP 1091, Bobo-dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Martin Kiendrebeogo
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Chimie Appliquées (Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso), Boulevard Charles de Gaule, 03 BP 7021 03, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Bertrand Blankert
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pierre Duez
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
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Opuni KFM, Nettey H, Larbi MA, Amartey SNA, Nti G, Dzidonu A, Owusu-Danso P, Owusu NA, Nyarko AK. Usefulness of combined screening methods for rapid detection of falsified and/or substandard medicines in the absence of a confirmatory method. Malar J 2019; 18:403. [PMID: 31805937 PMCID: PMC6896689 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The influx of substandard and falsified medicines is a global public health challenge and its rapid detection is a key solution to the menace. This study used three screening methods and one confirmatory method for the quality assessment of 25 batches of artemether/lumefantrine dosage forms from the Ghanaian market to test that combined screening methods only can rapidly detect substandard and/or falsified medicines in areas where confirmatory methods may not be available. Methods The quality of artemether/lumefantrine tablet products obtained from pharmacies and licensed chemical seller shops within the Accra metropolis in Ghana were analysed using three screening methods (GPHF Minilab, Colorimetry and Counterfeit Drug Indicator) and one confirmatory method (high-performance liquid chromatography). Results The results showed that 18/25 batches of the artemether/lumefantrine samples passed using the combined screening and confirmatory methods and 5/25 batches of the artemether/lumefantrine samples failed using the combined screening and confirmatory methods. However, 1/25 batch of the artemether/lumefantrine samples failed using the combined screening methods but passed using the confirmatory method. Also, 1/25 batch of the artemether/lumefantrine samples passed using the combined screening methods but failed using the confirmatory method. This notwithstanding, the combined screening methods and the confirmatory method provided equivalent quality assessment profiles for 23/25 (92%) batches of the artemether/lumefantrine tablet products. Out of the 6 samples that failed the confirmatory test, 1/6, 2/6, and 3/6 failed on the high (> 110%), low (< 90%), and no active ingredient (0%), respectively. The sensitivity of Minilab, colorimetric, CoDI, and the combined screening methods at 95% confidence level were 0.5 ± 0.57, 0.83 ± 0.33, 0.75 ± 0.49, and 0.83 ± 0.33, respectively. Also, the specificity of Minilab, colorimetric, CoDI, and the combined screening methods at 95% confidence level were 1.00, 0.95 ± 0.10, 1.00, and 0.95 ± 0.10, respectively. Conclusion The combined screening methods may be used for rapid detection of falsified and/or substandard medicines without using a confirmatory method. However, additional research on the best combinations of screening devices/methods to rapidly detect the quality of medicines is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry Nettey
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Marvin Adjei Larbi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Gifty Nti
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abraham Dzidonu
- Apotheke Doc Morris, Avantisalle 152, 6422 RA, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Alexander Kwadwo Nyarko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Chen H, Lin Z, Tan C. Application of near-infrared spectroscopy and class-modeling to antibiotic authentication. Anal Biochem 2019; 590:113514. [PMID: 31785231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, counterfeit medicines have become very popular due to the extension of the Internet. Broad-spectrum antibiotics with similar effect, but different prices, provide a gold opportunity for illegal traders to counterfeit. It is found that some genuine packaging of expensive brand drugs are recycled and then used to refill other kinds of cheap antibiotic tablets. It is of great importance to establish an effective antibiotic authentication method to check whether a product with a specific claim on its label is compatible with that declaration. In the present work, the feasibility of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled with class-modeling for antibiotics authentication, i.e., counterfeiting between different antibiotics, is investigated. A total of 591 antibiotics samples of nine classes of different dosage forms were collected. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used for exploratory analysis. An effective model-independent filter method, i.e., relief, was used for feature selection and a novel class-modeling algorithm was used to construct authentication models. Three kinds of antibiotics were used as the target classes for experiments. The results confirmed that such a scheme is feasible and can be used in the screening of fake drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Key Lab of Process Analysis and Control of Sichuan Universities, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, 644000, China; Hospital, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, 644000, China
| | - Zan Lin
- Key Lab of Process Analysis and Control of Sichuan Universities, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, 644000, China; Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Chao Tan
- Key Lab of Process Analysis and Control of Sichuan Universities, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, 644000, China.
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7
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Chen H, Tan C, Lin Z. Express detection of expired drugs based on near-infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics: A feasibility study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 220:117153. [PMID: 31141774 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Levofloxacin is a third-generation fluoroquinolone antimicrobials drug that inhibits bacterial DNA replication. Driven by huge profit, one kind of particular counterfeit, e.g., repackaged expired tablets, becomes very common especially in developing countries. The feasibility of identifying expired levofloxacin tablets by combining NIR spectroscopy with chemometrics was investigated. Five kinds of levofloxacin samples from different manufacturers were collected for experiment. Two types of expired mode were considered and a simple model-independent algorithm was used for feature selection. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used for exploratory analysis and simple discriminant analysis. Taking seventy samples as the target class, a final one-class model based on Data Driven Soft Independent Modeling by Class Analogy with abbreviation DD-SIMCA was constructed, which achieved 97% sensitivity and 100% specificity on the independent set composed of 34 unexpired and 128 expired tablets. These results confirm that the combination of NIR spectroscopy, feature selection and class-modeling is feasible for identifying the expired levofloxacin tablets. Such a method can be extended to the analysis of similar drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Key Lab of Process Analysis and Control of Sichuan Universities, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan 644000, China; Hospital, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan 644000, China
| | - Chao Tan
- Key Lab of Process Analysis and Control of Sichuan Universities, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan 644000, China.
| | - Zan Lin
- Key Lab of Process Analysis and Control of Sichuan Universities, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan 644000, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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de Freitas SC, dos Santos MA, Berneira LM, Ortiz RS, de Pereira CM. Microwave-assisted extraction and differential scanning calorimetry in the chemical identification of sliming agents apprehended in the south region of Brazil. Sci Justice 2019; 59:190-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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9
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Lawson G, Ogwu J, Tanna S. Quantitative screening of the pharmaceutical ingredient for the rapid identification of substandard and falsified medicines using reflectance infrared spectroscopy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202059. [PMID: 30096202 PMCID: PMC6086453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization suggests that approximately 10% of medicines worldwide are either falsified or substandard with higher figures in low and middle income countries. Such poor quality medicines can seriously harm patients and pose a threat to the economy worldwide. This study investigates attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy as a simple and rapid method for determination of drug content in tablet dosage forms. Paracetamol was used as the model pharmaceutical ingredient. Spectra of standard mixtures of paracetamol with different excipients formed the basis for multivariate PLS based quantitative analysis of simulated tablet content using different selected infrared absorbance bands. Calibration methods using ATR-FTIR were compared with the ATR-FTIR and conventional ultraviolet spectroscopic analyses of real tablet samples and showed that the paracetamol/microcrystalline cellulose mixtures gave optimum results for all spectral bands tested. The quantitative data for band 1524-1493cm-1 was linear (R2 ˃ 0.98; LOQ ≥ 10%w/w tablet). Global examples of paracetamol tablets were tested using this protocol and 12% of the tablet samples examined was identified as substandard. Each sample analysis was completed in just a few minutes. ATR-FTIR can therefore be used in the rapid screening of tablet formulations. The simplicity of the proposed method makes it appropriate for use in low and middle income countries where analytical facilities are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Lawson
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - John Ogwu
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Sangeeta Tanna
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Pavlovich MJ, Musselman B, Hall AB. Direct analysis in real time-Mass spectrometry (DART-MS) in forensic and security applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:171-187. [PMID: 27271453 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, direct analysis in real time (DART) has emerged as a viable method for fast, easy, and reliable "ambient ionization" for forensic analysis. The ability of DART to generate ions from chemicals that might be present at the scene of a criminal activity, whether they are in the gas, liquid, or solid phase, with limited sample preparation has made the technology a useful analytical tool in numerous forensic applications. This review paper summarizes many of those applications, ranging from the analysis of trace evidence to security applications, with a focus on providing the forensic scientist with a resource for developing their own applications. The most common uses for DART in forensics are in studying seized drugs, drugs of abuse and their metabolites, bulk and detonated explosives, toxic chemicals, chemical warfare agents, inks and dyes, and commercial plant and animal products that have been adulterated for economic gain. This review is meant to complement recent reviews that have described the fundamentals of the ionization mechanism and the general use of DART. We describe a wide range of forensic applications beyond the field of analyzing drugs of abuse, which dominates the literature, including common experimental and data analysis methods. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:171-187, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Pavlovich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute for Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, Massachusetts
| | | | - Adam B Hall
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute for Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, Massachusetts
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Rebiere H, Guinot P, Chauvey D, Brenier C. Fighting falsified medicines: The analytical approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 142:286-306. [PMID: 28531832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Given the harm to human health, the fight against falsified medicines has become a priority issue that involves numerous actors. Analytical laboratories contribute by performing analyses to chemically characterise falsified samples and assess their hazards for patients. A wide range of techniques can be used to obtain individual information on the organic and inorganic composition, the presence of an active substance or impurities, or the crystalline arrangement of the formulation's compound. After a presentation of these individual techniques, this review puts forward a methodology to combine them. In order to illustrate this approach, examples from the scientific literature (products used for erectile dysfunction treatment, weight loss and malaria) are placed in the centre of the proposed methodology. Combining analytical techniques allows the analyst to conclude on the falsification of a sample, on its compliance in terms of pharmaceutical quality and finally on the safety for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Rebiere
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France.
| | - Pauline Guinot
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Denis Chauvey
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Charlotte Brenier
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
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13
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Guillemain A, Dégardin K, Roggo Y. Performance of NIR handheld spectrometers for the detection of counterfeit tablets. Talanta 2017; 165:632-640. [PMID: 28153309 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is an attractive tool for pharmaceutical analyses. While lab spectrometers are very performant, they are expensive and due to their size, not adapted for field analyses. In this study, two handheld NIR spectrometers have been evaluated for the fast detection of counterfeits of pharmaceutical tablets: one low cost sensor providing a short wavelength NIR range (swNIR) and one handheld spectrometer providing a classical NIR range (cNIR). A large database containing almost all the tablets produced by the firm was created on each spectrometer. A screening for supervised classifications was performed in order to determine the most accurate model for product authentication. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) model was finally chosen for the swNIR, providing 100% of correct identification in calibration and 96.0% in validation, and a Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) model was chosen for the cNIR delivering 99.9% of correct identification in calibration and 91.1% in validation. Challenging samples (counterfeits and generics) could be 100% identified by the chosen classifiers combined with a class name check and a correlation distance. Statistical tests were used to compare the performance of selected swNIR and cNIR models. These results demonstrate that both devices can be used for tablet identification and the detection of counterfeits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Guillemain
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Bldg 250 Room 3.504.01, Wurmisweg, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Klara Dégardin
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Bldg 250 Room 3.504.01, Wurmisweg, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Yves Roggo
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Bldg 250 Room 3.504.01, Wurmisweg, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Eukaryotic microbial pathogens are major contributors to illness and death globally. Although much of their impact can be controlled by drug therapy as with prokaryotic microorganisms, the emergence of drug resistance has threatened these treatment efforts. Here, we discuss the challenges posed by eukaryotic microbial pathogens and how these are similar to, or differ from, the challenges of prokaryotic antibiotic resistance. The therapies used for several major eukaryotic microorganisms are then detailed, and the mechanisms that they have evolved to overcome these therapies are described. The rapid emergence of resistance and the restricted pipeline of new drug therapies pose considerable risks to global health and are particularly acute in the developing world. Nonetheless, we detail how the integration of new technology, biological understanding, epidemiology and evolutionary analysis can help sustain existing therapies, anticipate the emergence of resistance or optimize the deployment of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan H. Fairlamb
- Dundee Drug Discovery Unit, Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Neil A. R. Gow
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Wellcome Trust Strategic Award in Medical Mycology and Fungal Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Keith R. Matthews
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Andrew P. Waters
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical and Veterinary Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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15
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Dégardin K, Guillemain A, Guerreiro NV, Roggo Y. Near infrared spectroscopy for counterfeit detection using a large database of pharmaceutical tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 128:89-97. [PMID: 27236101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Medicine counterfeiting is one of the current burdens of the pharmaceutical world. Reliable technologies have become available for the chemical analysis of suspect medicines. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) allows for instance fast, specific and non-destructive authentication of pharmaceutical products. In this paper, a NIRS method is presented for the identification of 29 different pharmaceutical product families of tablets, one family containing one or more formulation (s), e.g. different dosages. This selection represents the whole tablet portfolio of our firm. The high number of product families constituted a challenge, given that the measurement of the samples, made on two similar instruments, generated a dataset of 7120 spectra. Several chemometric tools proved efficient for the identification of these medicines. The dataset was first investigated with a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in order to provide an overview of the distribution of the samples. The K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), the Support Vector Machines (SVM) and the Discriminant Analysis (DA) supervised classification tools were successfully applied and generated an outstanding classification rate of 100% of correct answer. The methods were then fully validated with an independent set of spectra. The DA was selected as the method for the routine analysis of suspect tablets with the Mahalanobis distance as acceptance criterion for identification. Counterfeits, generics and placebos samples, constituting a second validation set, were tested and rejected by the method. NIRS has thus been demonstrated as an efficient tool for the quick identification of a large dataset of pharmaceutical tablets and the detection of counterfeit medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Dégardin
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Bldg 250 Room 3.504.01, Wurmisweg, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland.
| | - Aurélie Guillemain
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Bldg 250 Room 3.504.01, Wurmisweg, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | | | - Yves Roggo
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Bldg 250 Room 3.504.01, Wurmisweg, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
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Tshilumba PM, Kagoha ER, Chiribagula VB, Kalubandika GM, Ntabaza Ndage V, Nzuzi TS, Wa Ilunga EN, Duez P, Kalonji Ndoumba JB. Preliminary Study on Counterfeiting of Artemether and Artesunate Marketed in Lubumbashi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/pp.2016.75024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Wilczyński S. The use of dynamic thermal analysis to distinguish between genuine and counterfeit drugs. Int J Pharm 2015; 490:16-21. [PMID: 25975231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
WHO estimates that 10% of drugs are falsified. Economic and health factors arising from the use of counterfeit drugs lead to the development of new methods for distinguishing genuine medicines from falsified ones. The purpose of this study was to develop a new, fast, and inexpensive method to distinguish between original and fake drugs. 10 counterfeit Viagra(®) tablets were compared to 4 original pills (Pfizer). The drugs - both original and fake - were heated to 60°C and then the dynamics of their temperature changes at ambient conditions was tested using a thermal imaging camera. The time constants τ showing the dynamics of temperature changes for Viagra(®) and the falsified drug were determined. The thermokinetic parameters of drugs were determined in the temperature range of 60-22.2°C. Both original and counterfeit tablets had different time constants: 171.44 ± 4.62s and 182.71 ± 4.05 s, respectively. Differences in the dynamics of temperature changes as a function of time are particularly pronounced in the range of t+2 to t+7 min. The comparison of the time constants τ enables to distinguish between genuine and counterfeit drugs. The proposed new method which uses dynamic thermal analysis is an effective, cheap and fast technique to distinguish genuine drugs from counterfeit ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Wilczyński
- School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Kasztanowa Street 3, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland.
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18
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Neuberger S, Neusüß C. Determination of counterfeit medicines by Raman spectroscopy: Systematic study based on a large set of model tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 112:70-8. [PMID: 25956227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, counterfeit pharmaceutical products have become a widespread issue for public health. Raman spectroscopy which is easy, non-destructive and information-rich is particularly suitable as screening method for fast characterization of chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Combined with chemometric techniques, it provides a powerful tool for the analysis and determination of counterfeit medicines. Here, for the first time, a systematic study of the benefits and limitations of Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of pharmaceutical samples on a large set of model tablets, varying with respect to chemical and physical properties, was performed. To discriminate between the different mixtures, a combination of dispersive Raman spectroscopy performing in backscattering mode and principal component analysis was used. The discrimination between samples with different coatings, a varying amount of active pharmaceutical ingredients and a diversity of excipients were possible. However, it was not possible to distinguish between variations of the press power, mixing quality and granulation. As a showcase, the change in Raman signals of commercial acetylsalicylic acid effervescent tablets due to five different storage conditions was monitored. It was possible to detect early small chemical changes caused by inappropriate storage conditions. These results demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis provides a powerful methodology for the fast and easy characterization of genuine and counterfeit medicines.
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Kyriakidou G, Jakobsson A, Althoefer K, Barras J. Batch-specific discrimination using nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3806-11. [PMID: 25719361 DOI: 10.1021/ac5044658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report on the identification of batches of analgesic paracetamol (acetaminophen) tablets using nitrogen-14 nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy ((14)N NQR). The high sensitivity of NQR to the electron charge distribution surrounding the quadrupolar nucleus enables the unique characterization of the crystal structure of the material. Two hypothesis were tested on batches of the same brand: the within the same batch variability and the difference between batches that varied in terms of their batch number and expiry date. The multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) did not provide any within-batches variations, indicating the natural deviation of a medicine manufactured under the same conditions. Alternatively, the statistical analysis revealed a significant discrimination between the different batches of paracetamol tablets. Therefore, the NQR signal is an indicator of factors that influence the physical and chemical integrity of the material. Those factors might be the aging of the medicine, the manufacturing, or storage conditions. The results of this study illustrate the potential of NQR as promising technique in applications such as detection and authentication of counterfeit medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Kyriakidou
- †Department of Informatics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Jakobsson
- ‡Department of Mathematical Statistics, Lund University, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Kaspar Althoefer
- †Department of Informatics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Barras
- †Department of Informatics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
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20
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Forensic intelligence for medicine anti-counterfeiting. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 248:15-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Karunamoorthi K. The counterfeit anti-malarial is a crime against humanity: a systematic review of the scientific evidence. Malar J 2014; 13:209. [PMID: 24888370 PMCID: PMC4064812 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The counterfeiting of anti-malarials represents a form of attack on global public health in which fake and substandard anti-malarials serve as de facto weapons of mass destruction, particularly in resource-constrained endemic settings, where malaria causes nearly 660,000 preventable deaths and threatens millions of lives annually. It has been estimated that fake anti-malarials contribute to nearly 450,000 preventable deaths every year. This crime against humanity is often underestimated or ignored. This study attempts to describe and characterize the direct and indirect effects of counterfeit anti-malarials on public health, clinical care and socio-economic conditions. METHODS A search was performed using key databases, WHO documents, and English language search engines. Of 262 potential articles that were identified using a fixed set of criteria, a convenience sample of 105 appropriate articles was selected for this review. RESULTS Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is an important tool in the fight against malaria, but a sizable number of patients are unable to afford to this first-line treatment. Consequently, patients tend to procure cheaper anti-malarials, which may be fake or substandard. Forensic palynology reveals that counterfeits originate in Asia. Fragile drug regulations, ineffective law-enforcement agencies and corruption further burden ailing healthcare facilities. Substandard/fake anti-malarials can cause (a) economic sabotage; (b) therapeutic failure; (c) increased risk of the emergence and spread of resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax; (d) an undermining of trust/confidence in healthcare stakeholders/systems; and, (e) serious side effects or death. CONCLUSION Combating counterfeit anti-malarials is a complex task due to limited resources and poor techniques for the detection and identification of fake anti-malarials. This situation calls for sustainable, global, scientific research and policy change. Further, responsible stakeholders in combination with the synthesis and supply of next generation malaria control tools, such as low-cost anti-malarials, must promote the development of a counterfeit-free and malaria-free future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaliyaperumal Karunamoorthi
- Unit of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, College of Public Health & Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
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Culzoni MJ, Dwivedi P, Green MD, Newton PN, Fernández FM. Ambient mass spectrometry technologies for the detection of falsified drugs. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00235g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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23
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Barras J, Murnane D, Althoefer K, Assi S, Rowe MD, Poplett IJF, Kyriakidou G, Smith JAS. Nitrogen-14 nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy: a promising analytical methodology for medicines authentication and counterfeit antimalarial analysis. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2746-53. [PMID: 23384229 DOI: 10.1021/ac303267v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the detection and analysis of a suspected counterfeit sample of the antimalarial medicine Metakelfin through developing nitrogen-14 nuclear quadrupole resonance ((14)N NQR) spectroscopy at a quantitative level. The sensitivity of quadrupolar parameters to the solid-state chemical environment of the molecule enables development of a technique capable of discrimination between the same pharmaceutical preparations made by different manufacturers. The (14)N NQR signal returned by a tablet (or tablets) from a Metakelfin batch suspected to be counterfeit was compared with that acquired from a tablet(s) from a known-to-be-genuine batch from the same named manufacturer. Metakelfin contains two active pharmaceutical ingredients, sulfalene and pyrimethamine, and NQR analysis revealed spectral differences for the sulfalene component indicative of differences in the processing history of the two batches. Furthermore, the NQR analysis provided quantitative information that the suspected counterfeit tablets contained only 43 ± 3%, as much sulfalene as the genuine Metakelfin tablets. Conversely, conventional nondestructive analysis by Fourier transform (FT)-Raman and FT-near infrared (NIR) spectroscopies only achieved differentiation between batches but no ascription. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-UV analysis of the suspect tablets revealed a sulfalene content of 42 ± 2% of the labeled claim. The degree of agreement shows the promise of NQR as a means of the nondestructive identification and content-indicating first-stage analysis of counterfeit pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Barras
- Department of Informatics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom.
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24
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Remaud GS, Bussy U, Lees M, Thomas F, Desmurs JR, Jamin E, Silvestre V, Akoka S. NMR spectrometry isotopic fingerprinting: A tool for the manufacturer for tracking Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients from starting materials to final medicines. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 48:464-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Dégardin K, Roggo Y, Margot P. Understanding and fighting the medicine counterfeit market. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 87:167-75. [PMID: 23384475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Medicine counterfeiting is a serious worldwide issue, involving networks of manufacture and distribution that are an integral part of industrialized organized crime. Despite the potentially devastating health repercussions involved, legal sanctions are often inappropriate or simply not applied. The difficulty in agreeing on a definition of counterfeiting, the huge profits made by the counterfeiters and the complexity of the market are the other main reasons for the extent of the phenomenon. Above all, international cooperation is needed to thwart the spread of counterfeiting. Moreover effort is urgently required on the legal, enforcement and scientific levels. Pharmaceutical companies and agencies have developed measures to protect the medicines and allow fast and reliable analysis of the suspect products. Several means, essentially based on chromatography and spectroscopy, are now at the disposal of the analysts to enable the distinction between genuine and counterfeit products. However the determination of the components and the use of analytical data for forensic purposes still constitute a challenge. The aim of this review article is therefore to point out the intricacy of medicine counterfeiting so that a better understanding can provide solutions to fight more efficiently against it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Dégardin
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Forensic Science, School of Criminal Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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26
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Klein EY, Lewis IA, Jung C, Llinás M, Levin SA. Relationship between treatment-seeking behaviour and artemisinin drug quality in Ghana. Malar J 2012; 11:110. [PMID: 22482747 PMCID: PMC3339389 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is currently the recommended first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria infections. However, a significant proportion of ACT is assumed to be of poor quality, particularly in Africa. In addition, little is known about how treatment-seeking behaviour of individuals or drug price is associated with drug quality. Methods Caregivers of children less than 5 years of age were interviewed on their knowledge of malaria and their choices for treatment. Artemisinin drugs were then purchased from sellers that caregivers preferred or had previously patronized. The active ingredients were quantified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results A negative relationship was anticipated between the education level of caregivers and the quality of anti-malarial drugs purchased. However, of the 33 drugs collected from 16 different shops, only one contained less than 80% of its purported active ingredient, and most drugs were within 90% of their listed amounts. No link was found between drug quality and price. Nonetheless, while ACT is the recommended first-line treatment in Ghana, 21% of the drugs collected were artemisinin monotherapy, and 27% of the ACT was not co-formulated. Among caregivers, higher education was found to be associated with both an increased likelihood of seeking treatment in a clinic first, as opposed to visiting drug shops or using herbal remedies, and with purchasing drugs from licensed sellers. Conclusion Surprisingly, drug quality was found to be uniformly high and thus no significant relationship between price, treatment-seeking behaviour and the content of the active ingredients was observed. However, artemisinin monotherapy, which the WHO considers inappropriate therapy, was still widely available in Ghana in 2010. Monotherapy was more likely to be available in unlicensed vendors where less-educated caregivers generally shopped. This linkage between education, treatment-seeking behaviour and drug availability suggests that the global subsidy to reduce the cost of co-formulated ACT can play a significant role in increasing its availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eili Y Klein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Creran B, Yan B, Moyano DF, Gilbert MM, Vachet RW, Rotello VM. Laser desorption ionization mass spectrometric imaging of mass barcoded gold nanoparticles for security applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:4543-5. [PMID: 22466433 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc30499f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Patterns created by the inkjet printing of functionalized gold nanoparticles (NPs) can be selectively detected by laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (LDI-IMS). These patterns can only be visualized by mass, providing a robust yet tunable system for potential anti-counterfeiting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Creran
- 710 North Pleasant St, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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28
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Bowles DJ, Olson AS, Hodges NH, Heglund DL, Vargas RL, Williams SA. Chemiluminescent identification and quantification of artemisinin and relevant sesquiterpene lactone derivatives. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 66:175-179. [PMID: 22449281 DOI: 10.1366/11-06462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive, and rapid chemiluminescence method was developed for the detection and quantification of selected derivatives of artemisinin. It was found that the chemiluminescence (CL) signal resulting from the alkaline luminol reaction of the artemisinin derivatives in the presence of hematin was linear over a wide concentration range. We report results that suggest that a visual test or a test involving digital image capture may be used in addition to a field-ready instrumental approach to combat drug counterfeiting of malarial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bowles
- Department of Chemistry, 501 East Saint Joseph Street, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
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Teh Cheng Guan B. Human Health Threats and Implications for Regional Security in Southeast Asia. HUMAN SECURITY 2012. [PMCID: PMC7121934 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1799-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Health security issues like infectious diseases, natural and man-made disasters and environmental degradation represent daunting, non-traditional regional and global security challenges. This chapter examines these major threats to human health, individually and as elements of a complex health security system, and relates them to human security in Southeast Asia and to the global security situation. Loss of confidence in government’s ability to protect its citizens makes people vulnerable to extremists who promise near-term solutions, leading to civil unrest and political violence, refugee migrations into neighboring states, insurgencies and disruption of regional security. Case studies are included to show how governmental failure to respond effectively to health challenges can compromise national and regional security. Additional case studies demonstrate best practices in preventing and mitigating negative health effects on human security and regional stability. Finally, this chapter posits that multilateral collaboration and cross-sectoral interagency cooperation are essential for sustainable regional health security solutions.
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Mess A, Vietzke JP, Rapp C, Francke W. Qualitative Analysis of Tackifier Resins in Pressure Sensitive Adhesives Using Direct Analysis in Real Time Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7323-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2011608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Mess
- Beiersdorf AG, Unnastrasse 48, D-20245 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Claudius Rapp
- Beiersdorf AG, Unnastrasse 48, D-20245 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wittko Francke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
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31
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Bussy U, Thibaudeau C, Thomas F, Desmurs JR, Jamin E, Remaud GS, Silvestre V, Akoka S. Isotopic finger-printing of active pharmaceutical ingredients by 13C NMR and polarization transfer techniques as a tool to fight against counterfeiting. Talanta 2011; 85:1909-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chernetsova ES, Morlock GE. Determination of drugs and drug-like compounds in different samples with direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:875-83. [PMID: 24737631 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real time (DART), a relatively new ionization source for mass spectrometry, ionizes small-molecule components from different kinds of samples without any sample preparation and chromatographic separation. The current paper reviews the published data available on the determination of drugs and drug-like compounds in different matrices with DART-MS, including identification and quantitation issues. Parameters that affect ionization efficiency and mass spectra composition are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena S Chernetsova
- Research and Educational Center of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Miklucho-Maklay st., Bldg. 8/2, 117198 Moscow, Russia.
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Howlett SE, Steiner RR. Validation of Thin Layer Chromatography with AccuTOF-DART™ Detection for Forensic Drug Analysis*. J Forensic Sci 2011; 56:1261-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dégardin K, Roggo Y, Been F, Margot P. Detection and chemical profiling of medicine counterfeits by Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 705:334-41. [PMID: 21962376 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometrics has recently become a widespread technique for the analysis of pharmaceutical solid forms. The application presented in this paper is the investigation of counterfeit medicines. This increasingly serious issue involves networks that are an integral part of industrialized organized crime. Efficient analytical tools are consequently required to fight against it. Quick and reliable authentication means are needed to allow the deployment of measures from the company and the authorities. For this purpose a method in two steps has been implemented here. The first step enables the identification of pharmaceutical tablets and capsules and the detection of their counterfeits. A nonlinear classification method, the Support Vector Machines (SVM), is computed together with a correlation with the database and the detection of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) peaks in the suspect product. If a counterfeit is detected, the second step allows its chemical profiling among former counterfeits in a forensic intelligence perspective. For this second step a classification based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and correlation distance measurements is applied to the Raman spectra of the counterfeits.
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Wood JL, Steiner RR. Purification of pharmaceutical preparations using thin-layer chromatography to obtain mass spectra with Direct Analysis in Real Time and accurate mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:345-51. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Twohig M, Skilton SJ, Fujimoto G, Ellor N, Plumb RS. Rapid detection and identification of counterfeit and [corrected] adulterated products of synthetic phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors with an atmospheric solids analysis probe. Drug Test Anal 2011; 2:45-50. [PMID: 20878886 DOI: 10.1002/dta.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The market success of the three approved synthetic phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors for the treatment of erectile dysfunction has led to an explosion in counterfeit versions of these drugs. In parallel a large market has developed for herbal products claimed to be natural alternatives to these synthetic drugs. The herbal products are heavily advertised on the internet and are freely available to purchase without prescription. Furthermore, adulteration of these supposed natural medicines is a very common and serious phenomenon. Recent reports have shown that the adulteration has extended to the analogues of the three approved synthetic PDE-5 inhibitors. An Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe (ASAP) was used for the direct analysis of the counterfeit pharmaceuticals and herbal products. Using the ASAP combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS) it was possible to detect fraudulent counterfeit tablets. The physical appearance of the pills resembled the pills from the original manufacturer but contained the wrong active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Detecting adulteration for five herbal supplements marketed as natural alternatives to PDE-5 inhibitors was also possible using the ASAP. Three types of adulteration were found in the five samples: adulteration with tadalafil or sildenafil, mixed adulteration (tadalafil and sildenafil), and adulteration with analogues of these drugs.
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Alsberg BK, Løke T, Baarstad I. PryJector: A Device for In Situ Visualization of Chemical and Physical Property Distributions on Surfaces Using Projection and Hyperspectral Imaging*,†. J Forensic Sci 2011; 56:976-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Galhena AS, Harris GA, Kwasnik M, Fernández FM. Enhanced Direct Ambient Analysis by Differential Mobility-Filtered Desorption Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 82:9159-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102340h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asiri S. Galhena
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Glenn A. Harris
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Mark Kwasnik
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Facundo M. Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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39
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Seear M, Gandhi D, Carr R, Dayal A, Raghavan D, Sharma N. The need for better data about counterfeit drugs in developing countries: a proposed standard research methodology tested in Chennai, India. J Clin Pharm Ther 2010; 36:488-95. [PMID: 21729113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2010.01198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE There is still surprisingly little basic research data to support widely repeated claims about the prevalence of drug counterfeiting. To meet the need for more reliable drug quality data, we designed a study framework that includes clear definitions of measured end points, sampling methods and assay technique. Our objective was to test this research design in Chennai (formerly Madras), India, using a joint Indian and Canadian team. METHODS The city was divided into ten areas along municipal lines. From each area, ten stores and pharmacies selling drugs were selected. At each of these 100 outlets, three study drugs (artesunate, ciprofloxacin and rifampicin) were purchased. The 300 samples were tested by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Assay content was expressed as a percentage of stated tablet content. Based on assay results and their distribution, we developed drug quality definitions for normal manufacturing standards, counterfeiting, decomposition, poor quality control and adulteration. RESULTS The group mean for ciprofloxacin was close to normal manufacturing limits (99·2 ± 7·1%) but rifampicin (91·6 ± 5·7%), and artesunate (80·1 ± 9·1%), were both below normal pharmaceutical standards. Overall, 43% of all samples fell below the widely accepted manufacturing range of 90-110% of stated content. No tablet from any sample contained less than 50% of the stated dose. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION The quality of at least some anti-infective drugs in Chennai is below commonly accepted standards but we found no evidence of criminal counterfeiting. Poor drug quality was most likely due to decomposition during storage or poor manufacturing standards. Our research methodology worked well under practical conditions and should hopefully be of value to others working in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seear
- Centre for International Child Health Department of Pharmacy, Children's and Women's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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40
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Nilles JM, Connell TR, Stokes ST, Dupont Durst H. Explosives Detection Using Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) Mass Spectrometry. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.200900084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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Nilles JM, Connell TR, Durst HD. Quantitation of chemical warfare agents using the direct analysis in real time (DART) technique. Anal Chem 2010; 81:6744-9. [PMID: 19624116 DOI: 10.1021/ac900682f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real time (DART) is an ion source that permits rapid mass spectrometric detection of gases, liquids, and solids in open air under ambient conditions. It is a unique technology in the field of chemical weapons detectors in that it does not require a vapor pressure, does not require sample preparation, and is nondestructive to the original sample. While the DART technique has had success as a first line instrument of detection, there have been lingering doubts over the technique's quantitative reliability and reproducibility. Here, we demonstrate its capability to produce linear calibration curves (R(2) = 0.99 or better) for the nerve agents GA, GB, and VX as well as the blister agent HD. Independently prepared check standards measured against these curves typically have recovery errors less than 3%. We show the DART instrument response to be linear over roughly 3 orders of magnitude. Furthermore, this study shows that averaging as few as three measurements for each data point is sufficient to produce high quality calibration curves, thus reducing data collection time and providing quicker results.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Nilles
- Excet, Inc., 8001 Braddock Road, Suite 105, Springfield, Virginia 22151, USA.
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42
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Chernetsova ES, Bochkov PO, Ovcharov MV, Zhokhov SS, Abramovich RA. DART mass spectrometry: a fast screening of solid pharmaceuticals for the presence of an active ingredient, as an alternative for IR spectroscopy. Drug Test Anal 2010; 2:292-4. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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43
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Helmy R, Schafer W, Buhler L, Marcinko S, Musselman B, Guidry E, Jenkins H, Fleitz F, Welch CJ. Ambient Pressure Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry in Support of Preclinical Pharmaceutical Development. Org Process Res Dev 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/op9002938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Helmy
- Merck and Company, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and IonSense, Saugus, Massachusetts 01906, U.S.A
| | - Wes Schafer
- Merck and Company, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and IonSense, Saugus, Massachusetts 01906, U.S.A
| | - Leah Buhler
- Merck and Company, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and IonSense, Saugus, Massachusetts 01906, U.S.A
| | - Stephen Marcinko
- Merck and Company, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and IonSense, Saugus, Massachusetts 01906, U.S.A
| | - Brian Musselman
- Merck and Company, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and IonSense, Saugus, Massachusetts 01906, U.S.A
| | - Erin Guidry
- Merck and Company, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and IonSense, Saugus, Massachusetts 01906, U.S.A
| | - Herb Jenkins
- Merck and Company, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and IonSense, Saugus, Massachusetts 01906, U.S.A
| | - Fred Fleitz
- Merck and Company, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and IonSense, Saugus, Massachusetts 01906, U.S.A
| | - Christopher J. Welch
- Merck and Company, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, U.S.A., and IonSense, Saugus, Massachusetts 01906, U.S.A
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44
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Detection of counterfeit antiviral drug Heptodin and classification of counterfeits using isotope amount ratio measurements by multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Sci Justice 2010; 49:102-6. [PMID: 19606588 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) and multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) are highly important techniques that can provide forensic evidence that otherwise would not be available. MC-ICP-MS has proved to be a very powerful tool for measuring high precision and accuracy isotope amount ratios. In this work, the potential of combining isotope amount ratio measurements performed by MC-ICP-MS and IRMS for the detection of counterfeit pharmaceutical tablets has been investigated. An extensive study for the antiviral drug Heptodin has been performed for several isotopic ratios combining MC-ICP-MS and an elemental analyser EA-IRMS for stable isotope amount ratio measurements. The study has been carried out for 139 batches of the antiviral drug and analyses have been performed for C, S, N and Mg isotope ratios. Authenticity ranges have been obtained for each isotopic system and combined to generate a unique multi-isotopic pattern only present in the genuine tablets. Counterfeit tablets have then been identified as those tablets with an isotopic fingerprint outside the genuine isotopic range. The combination of those two techniques has therefore great potential for pharmaceutical counterfeit detection. A much greater power of discrimination is obtained when at least three isotopic systems are combined. The data from these studies could be presented as evidence in court and therefore methods need to be validated to support their credibility. It is also crucial to be able to produce uncertainty values associated to the isotope amount ratio measurements so that significant differences can be identified and the genuineness of a sample can be assessed.
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45
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Domin MA, Steinberg BD, Quimby JM, Smith NJ, Greene AK, Scott LT. Routine analysis and characterization of highly insoluble polycyclic aromatic compounds by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART). Analyst 2010; 135:700-4. [DOI: 10.1039/b923300h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Silvestre V, Mboula VM, Jouitteau C, Akoka S, Robins RJ, Remaud GS. Isotopic 13C NMR spectrometry to assess counterfeiting of active pharmaceutical ingredients: Site-specific 13C content of aspirin and paracetamol. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:336-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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47
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Nyadong L, Harris GA, Balayssac S, Galhena AS, Malet-Martino M, Martino R, Parry RM, Wang MD, Fernández FM, Gilard V. Combining two-dimensional diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, imaging desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry for the integral investigation of counterfeit pharmaceuticals. Anal Chem 2009; 81:4803-12. [PMID: 19453162 PMCID: PMC4983440 DOI: 10.1021/ac900384j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, there has been a marked increase in the number of reported cases involving counterfeit medicines in developing and developed countries. Particularly, artesunate-based antimalarial drugs have been targeted, because of their high demand and cost. Counterfeit antimalarials can cause death and can contribute to the growing problem of drug resistance, particularly in southeast Asia. In this study, the complementarity of two-dimensional diffusion-ordered (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D DOSY (1)H NMR) with direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART MS) and desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI MS) was assessed for pharmaceutical forensic purposes. Fourteen different artesunate tablets, representative of what can be purchased from informal sources in southeast Asia, were investigated with these techniques. The expected active pharmaceutical ingredient was detected in only five formulations via both nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) methods. Common organic excipients such as sucrose, lactose, stearate, dextrin, and starch were also detected. The graphical representation of DOSY (1)H NMR results proved very useful for establishing similarities among groups of samples, enabling counterfeit drug "chemotyping". In addition to bulk- and surface-average analyses, spatially resolved information on the surface composition of counterfeit and genuine antimalarial formulations was obtained using DESI MS that was performed in the imaging mode, which enabled one to visualize the homogeneity of both genuine and counterfeit drug samples. Overall, this study suggests that 2D DOSY (1)H NMR, combined with ambient MS, comprises a powerful suite of instrumental analysis methodologies for the integral characterization of counterfeit antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Nyadong
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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48
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Ifa DR, Jackson AU, Paglia G, Cooks RG. Forensic applications of ambient ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:1995-2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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49
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Dénes J, Katona M, Hosszú Á, Czuczy N, Takáts Z. Analysis of Biological Fluids by Direct Combination of Solid Phase Extraction and Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:1669-75. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8024812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Dénes
- Cell Screen Applied Research Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institut für Analytische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mária Katona
- Cell Screen Applied Research Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institut für Analytische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ádám Hosszú
- Cell Screen Applied Research Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institut für Analytische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany
| | - Noémi Czuczy
- Cell Screen Applied Research Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institut für Analytische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany
| | - Zoltán Takáts
- Cell Screen Applied Research Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institut für Analytische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany
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