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De A, Jee JP, Park YJ. Why Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles encounter bottlenecks in clinical translation despite promising oxygen carriers? Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 199:114292. [PMID: 38636883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Artificial Oxygen Carriers (AOCs) have emerged as ground-breaking biomedical solutions, showcasing tremendous potential for enhancing human health and saving lives. Perfluorocarbon (PFC)-based AOCs, in particular, have garnered significant interest among researchers, leading to numerous clinical trials since the 1980 s. However, despite decades of exploration, the success rate has remained notably limited. This comprehensive review article delves into the landscape of clinical trials involving PFC compounds, shedding light on the challenges and factors contributing to the lack of clinical success with PFC nanoparticles till date. By scrutinizing the existing trials, the article aims to uncover the underlying issues like pharmacological side effects of the PFC and the nanomaterials used for the designing, complex formulation strategy and poor clinical trial designs of the formulation. More over each generation of the PFC formulation were discussed with details for their failure in the clinical trials limitations that block the path of PFC-based AOCs' full potential. Furthermore, the review emphasizes a forward-looking approach by outlining the future pathways and strategies essential for achieving success in clinical trials. AOCs require advanced yet biocompatible single-componentformulations. The new trend might be a novel drug delivery technique, like gel emulsion or reverse PFC emulsion with fluoro surfactants. Most importantly, well-planned clinical trials may end in a success story.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita De
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro , Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun-Pil Jee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro , Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16499, Republic of Korea; Research Center, IMDpharm Inc., 17 Daehak 4-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16226, Korea.
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2
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Simpson ARH, Hughes EH, Mullen L, Dowell NG. In vivo measurement of T 1 in the vitreous humor of patients with ischemic retinal disease. Magn Reson Med 2024; 91:381-387. [PMID: 37800364 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate MR T1 mapping in vivo as a method to non-invasively estimate vitreous oxygen concentration in ischemic eye disease. METHODS Patients with ischemic eye disease (central retinal vein occlusion, ocular ischemic syndrome, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy) were prospectively recruited. MRI was performed on each patient before any treatment, with T1 mapping acquired using an inversion recovery TrueFISP sequence at several inversion times, from a single slice positioned through the center of both eyes in the axial oblique plane. A phantom study measuring seven different concentrations of vitronectin, a protein released in ischemic eye disease, was undertaken to determine its potential confounding effect on T1 . RESULTS Ten participants were recruited (eight central retinal vein occlusion, one ocular ischemic syndrome, and one proliferative diabetic retinopathy). Of the eight central retinal vein occlusion cases, there was a statistically different vitreous T1 in the diseased eye compared to the healthy control eye (4.306 vs. 4.518 s, p = 0.008). T1 times did not significantly alter across the range of vitronectin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Ischemic eye disease decreases vitreous T1 , potentially implying an increase in vitreous partial pressure of oxygen (pO2 ) concentration given what is known from the relationship between 1/T1 and pO2 . Potential theories for this unexpected result are discussed. This study provides further data on this technique, with potential clinical application in eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa Mullen
- Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Nicholas G Dowell
- Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Devices, School of Pharmacy, and Bimolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
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3
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Torres E, Wang P, Kantesaria S, Jenkins P, DelaBarre L, Cosmo Pizetta D, Froelich T, Steyn L, Tannús A, Papas KK, Sakellariou D, Garwood M. Development of a compact NMR system to measure pO 2 in a tissue-engineered graft. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 357:107578. [PMID: 37952431 PMCID: PMC10787953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Cellular macroencapsulation devices, known as tissue engineered grafts (TEGs), enable the transplantation of allogeneic cells without the need for life-long systemic immunosuppression. Islet containing TEGs offer promise as a potential functional cure for type 1 diabetes. Previous research has indicated sustained functionality of implanted islets at high density in a TEG requires external supplementary oxygen delivery and an effective tool to monitor TEG oxygen levels. A proven oxygen-measurement approach employs a 19F oxygen probe molecule (a perfluorocarbon) implanted alongside therapeutic cells to enable oxygen- and temperature- dependent NMR relaxometry. Although the approach has proved effective, the clinical translation of 19F oxygen relaxometry for TEG monitoring will be limited by the current inaccessibility and high cost of MRI. Here, we report the development of an affordable, compact, and tabletop 19F NMR relaxometry system for monitoring TEG oxygenation. The system uses a 0.5 T Halbach magnet with a bore diameter (19 cm) capable of accommodating the human arm, a potential site of future TEG implantation. 19F NMR relaxometry was performed while controlling the temperature and oxygenation levels of a TEG using a custom-built perfusion setup. Despite the magnet's nonuniform field, a pulse sequence of broadband adiabatic full-passage pulses enabled accurate 19F longitudinal relaxation rate (R1) measurements in times as short as ∼2 min (R1 vs oxygen partial pressure and temperature (R2 > 0.98)). The estimated sensitivity of R1 to oxygen changes at 0.5 T was 1.62-fold larger than the sensitivity previously reported for 16.4 T. We conclude that TEG oxygenation monitoring with a compact, tabletop 19F NMR relaxometry system appears feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efraín Torres
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Paul Wang
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Saurin Kantesaria
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Parker Jenkins
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Lance DelaBarre
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Daniel Cosmo Pizetta
- Centro de Imagens e Espectroscopia por Ressonância Magnética - CIERMag - São Carlos Physics Institute, University of São Paulo - IFSC-USP, São Carlos, Brazil.
| | - Taylor Froelich
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Leah Steyn
- Department of Surgery, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Alberto Tannús
- Centro de Imagens e Espectroscopia por Ressonância Magnética - CIERMag - São Carlos Physics Institute, University of São Paulo - IFSC-USP, São Carlos, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Michael Garwood
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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4
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Theillet FX, Luchinat E. In-cell NMR: Why and how? PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 132-133:1-112. [PMID: 36496255 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy has been applied to cells and tissues analysis since its beginnings, as early as 1950. We have attempted to gather here in a didactic fashion the broad diversity of data and ideas that emerged from NMR investigations on living cells. Covering a large proportion of the periodic table, NMR spectroscopy permits scrutiny of a great variety of atomic nuclei in all living organisms non-invasively. It has thus provided quantitative information on cellular atoms and their chemical environment, dynamics, or interactions. We will show that NMR studies have generated valuable knowledge on a vast array of cellular molecules and events, from water, salts, metabolites, cell walls, proteins, nucleic acids, drugs and drug targets, to pH, redox equilibria and chemical reactions. The characterization of such a multitude of objects at the atomic scale has thus shaped our mental representation of cellular life at multiple levels, together with major techniques like mass-spectrometry or microscopies. NMR studies on cells has accompanied the developments of MRI and metabolomics, and various subfields have flourished, coined with appealing names: fluxomics, foodomics, MRI and MRS (i.e. imaging and localized spectroscopy of living tissues, respectively), whole-cell NMR, on-cell ligand-based NMR, systems NMR, cellular structural biology, in-cell NMR… All these have not grown separately, but rather by reinforcing each other like a braided trunk. Hence, we try here to provide an analytical account of a large ensemble of intricately linked approaches, whose integration has been and will be key to their success. We present extensive overviews, firstly on the various types of information provided by NMR in a cellular environment (the "why", oriented towards a broad readership), and secondly on the employed NMR techniques and setups (the "how", where we discuss the past, current and future methods). Each subsection is constructed as a historical anthology, showing how the intrinsic properties of NMR spectroscopy and its developments structured the accessible knowledge on cellular phenomena. Using this systematic approach, we sought i) to make this review accessible to the broadest audience and ii) to highlight some early techniques that may find renewed interest. Finally, we present a brief discussion on what may be potential and desirable developments in the context of integrative studies in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois-Xavier Theillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Enrico Luchinat
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy; CERM - Magnetic Resonance Center, and Neurofarba Department, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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5
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Chapelin F, Gedaly R, Sweeney Z, Gossett LJ. Prognostic Value of Fluorine-19 MRI Oximetry Monitoring in cancer. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 24:208-219. [PMID: 34708396 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01648-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a key prognostic indicator in most solid tumors, as it is correlated to tumor angiogenesis, metastasis, recurrence, and response to therapy. Accurate measurement and mapping of tumor oxygenation profile and changes upon intervention could facilitate disease progression assessment and assist in treatment planning. Currently, no gold standard exists for non-invasive spatiotemporal measurement of hypoxia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represents an attractive option as it is a clinically available and non-ionizing imaging modality. Specifically, perfluorocarbon (PFC) beacons can be externally introduced into the tumor tissue and the linear dependence of their spin-lattice relaxation rate (R1) on the local partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) exploited for real-time tissue oxygenation monitoring in vivo. In this review, we will focus on early studies and recent developments of fluorine-19 MRI and spectroscopy (MRS) for evaluation of tumor oximetry and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chapelin
- F. Joseph Halcomb III, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 514F RMB, 143 Graham Avenue, Lexington, KY, USA. .,Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Roberto Gedaly
- Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Surgery, Transplant Division, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Zachary Sweeney
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Liza J Gossett
- F. Joseph Halcomb III, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 514F RMB, 143 Graham Avenue, Lexington, KY, USA
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6
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Waiczies S, Prinz C, Starke L, Millward JM, Delgado PR, Rosenberg J, Nazaré M, Waiczies H, Pohlmann A, Niendorf T. Functional Imaging Using Fluorine ( 19F) MR Methods: Basic Concepts. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2216:279-299. [PMID: 33476007 PMCID: PMC9703275 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0978-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Kidney-associated pathologies would greatly benefit from noninvasive and robust methods that can objectively quantify changes in renal function. In the past years there has been a growing incentive to develop new applications for fluorine (19F) MRI in biomedical research to study functional changes during disease states. 19F MRI represents an instrumental tool for the quantification of exogenous 19F substances in vivo. One of the major benefits of 19F MRI is that fluorine in its organic form is absent in eukaryotic cells. Therefore, the introduction of exogenous 19F signals in vivo will yield background-free images, thus providing highly selective detection with absolute specificity in vivo. Here we introduce the concept of 19F MRI, describe existing challenges, especially those pertaining to signal sensitivity, and give an overview of preclinical applications to illustrate the utility and applicability of this technique for measuring renal function in animal models.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Waiczies
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian Prinz
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ludger Starke
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason M Millward
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paula Ramos Delgado
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Rosenberg
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Marc Nazaré
- Medicinal Chemistry, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Pohlmann
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Siemens Healthcare, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thoralf Niendorf
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Wu T, Li A, Chen K, Peng X, Zhang J, Jiang M, Chen S, Zheng X, Zhou X, Jiang ZX. Perfluoro- tert-butanol: a cornerstone for high performance fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7743-7757. [PMID: 34286714 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02133h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As a versatile quantification and tracking technology, 19F magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI) provides quantitative "hot-spot" images without ionizing radiation, tissue depth limit, and background interference. However, the lack of suitable imaging agents severely hampers its clinical application. First, because the 19F signals are solely originated from imaging agents, the relatively low sensitivity of MRI technology requires high local 19F concentrations to generate images, which are often beyond the reach of many 19F MRI agents. Second, the peculiar physicochemical properties of many fluorinated compounds usually lead to low 19F signal intensity, tedious formulation, severe organ retention, etc. Therefore, the development of 19F MRI agents with high sensitivity and with suitable physicochemical and biological properties is of great importance. To this end, perfluoro-tert-butanol (PFTB), containing nine equivalent 19F and a modifiable hydroxyl group, has outperformed most perfluorocarbons as a valuable building block for high performance 19F MRI agents. Herein, we summarize the development and application of PFTB-based 19F MRI agents and analyze the strategies to improve their sensitivity and physicochemical and biological properties. In the context of PFC-based 19F MRI agents, we also discuss the challenges and prospects of PFTB-based 19F MRI agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjuan Wu
- Group of Lead Compound, Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Anfeng Li
- Group of Lead Compound, Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Kexin Chen
- Group of Lead Compound, Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Xingxing Peng
- Group of Lead Compound, Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Mou Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovative Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Shizhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovative Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Xing Zheng
- Group of Lead Compound, Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovative Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Zhong-Xing Jiang
- Group of Lead Compound, Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China. and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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8
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Wu L, Liu F, Liu S, Xu X, Liu Z, Sun X. Perfluorocarbons-Based 19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Biomedicine. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:7377-7395. [PMID: 33061385 PMCID: PMC7537992 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s255084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorine-19 (19F) magnetic resonance (MR) molecular imaging is a promising noninvasive and quantitative molecular imaging approach with intensive research due to the high sensitivity and low endogenous background signal of the 19F atom in vivo. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have been used as blood substitutes since 1970s. More recently, a variety of PFC nanoparticles have been designed for the detection and imaging of physiological and pathological changes. These molecular imaging probes have been developed to label cells, target specific epitopes in tumors, monitor the prognosis and therapy efficacy and quantitate characterization of tumors and changes in tumor microenvironment noninvasively, therefore, significantly improving the prognosis and therapy efficacy. Herein, we discuss the recent development and applications of 19F MR techniques with PFC nanoparticles in biomedicine, with particular emphasis on ligand-targeted and quantitative 19F MR imaging approaches for tumor detection, oxygenation measurement, smart stimulus response and therapy efficacy monitoring, et al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China.,TOF-PET/CT/MR Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Imaging, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Liu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China.,TOF-PET/CT/MR Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuan Xu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Imaging, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxi Liu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China.,TOF-PET/CT/MR Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China
| | - Xilin Sun
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China.,TOF-PET/CT/MR Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China
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9
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Taylor NG, Chung SH, Kwansa AL, Johnson RR, Teator AJ, Milliken NJB, Koshlap KM, Yingling YG, Lee YZ, Leibfarth FA. Partially Fluorinated Copolymers as Oxygen Sensitive
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F MRI Agents. Chemistry 2020; 26:9982-9990. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 125 South Rd Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Sang Hun Chung
- Department of Radiology The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 101 Manning Dr Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Albert L. Kwansa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering North Carolina State University 911 Partners Way Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Rob R. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 125 South Rd Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Aaron J. Teator
- Department of Chemistry The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 125 South Rd Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Nina J. B. Milliken
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering North Carolina State University 911 Partners Way Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Karl M. Koshlap
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 301 Pharmacy Ln Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Yaroslava G. Yingling
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering North Carolina State University 911 Partners Way Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Yueh Z. Lee
- Department of Radiology The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 101 Manning Dr Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Frank A. Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 125 South Rd Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
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10
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Niendorf T, Seeliger E, Cantow K, Flemming B, Waiczies S, Pohlmann A. Probing renal blood volume with magnetic resonance imaging. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13435. [PMID: 31876349 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Damage to the kidney substantially reduces life expectancy. Renal tissue hypoperfusion and hypoxia are key elements in the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury and its progression to chronic kidney disease. In vivo assessment of renal haemodynamics and tissue oxygenation remains a challenge. Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is sensitive to changes in the effective transversal relaxation time (T2 *) in vivo, and is non-invasive and indicative of renal tissue oxygenation. However, the renal T2 * to tissue pO2 relationship is not governed exclusively by renal blood oxygenation, but is affected by physiological confounders with alterations in renal blood volume fraction (BVf) being of particular relevance. To decipher this interference probing renal BVf is essential for the pursuit of renal MR oximetry. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (USPIO) preparations can be used as MRI visible blood pool markers for detailing alterations in BVf. This review promotes the opportunities of MRI-based assessment of renal BVf. Following an outline on the specifics of renal oxygenation and perfusion, changes in renal BVf upon interventions and their potential impact on renal T2 * are discussed. We also describe the basic principles of renal BVf assessment using ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI in the equilibrium concentration regimen. We demonstrate that ferumoxytol does not alter control of renal haemodynamics and oxygenation. Preclinical applications of ferumoxytol enhanced renal MRI as well as considerations for its clinical implementation for examining renal BVf changes are provided alongside practical considerations. Finally, we explore the future directions of MRI-based assessment of renal BVf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoralf Niendorf
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.) Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association Berlin Germany
| | - Erdmann Seeliger
- Institute of Physiology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Mitte, and Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR) Berlin Germany
| | - Kathleen Cantow
- Institute of Physiology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Mitte, and Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR) Berlin Germany
| | - Bert Flemming
- Institute of Physiology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Mitte, and Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR) Berlin Germany
| | - Sonia Waiczies
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.) Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association Berlin Germany
| | - Andreas Pohlmann
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.) Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association Berlin Germany
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11
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Nel J, Franconi F, Joudiou N, Saulnier P, Gallez B, Lemaire L. Lipid nanocapsules as in vivo oxygen sensors using magnetic resonance imaging. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 101:396-403. [PMID: 31029333 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is common occurrence of the tumour microenvironment, wherein heterogeneous gradients of O2 give rise to tumoural cells which are highly malignant, metastatic, and resistant to therapeutic efforts. Thus, the assessment and imaging of hypoxia is essential for tumour diagnosis and treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging and, more specifically, the quantitative assessment of longitudinal relaxation time enhancement, was shown to enable the mapping of oxygen in tumours with increased sensitivity for lipids as compared to water signal. Unfortunately, this can only be applied to tumours with high lipid content. To overcome this issue, we propose the use of lipid nanocapsules (LNCs). LNCs have been demonstrated as excellent core-shell nanocarriers, wherein the lipidic-core is used for lipophilic drug encapsulation, enabling treatment of highly malignant tumours. Herein, however, we exploited the lipidic-core of the LNCs to develop a simple but effective technique to increase the lipidic content within tissues to enable the assessment and mapping of pO2. LNCs were prepared using the phase-inversion technique to produce 60 nm sized nanoparticles, and in vitro studies demonstrated the permeability and responsiveness of LNCs to O2. To evaluate the ability of LNCs to respond to changes in pO2in vivo, after a hyperoxic challenge, three animal models, namely a normal tissue model (gastrocnemius muscle tissue) and two tumour tissue models (subcutaneous fibrosarcoma and intracerebral glioblastoma) were explored. LNCs were found to be responsive to variation of O2in vivo. Moreover, the use of MRI enabled the mapping of oxygen gradients and heterogeneity within tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janske Nel
- Micro et Nanomedecines translationnelles, MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, 4 rue Larrey, Angers, France; Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Unit (REMA), Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 73 bte B1.73.08, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florence Franconi
- Micro et Nanomedecines translationnelles, MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, 4 rue Larrey, Angers, France; PRISM, UNIV d'Angers, 4 rue Larrey, Angers F-49933, France
| | - Nicolas Joudiou
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Unit (REMA), Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 73 bte B1.73.08, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Nuclear and Electron Spin Technologies Platform (NEST), Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 73 bte B1.73.08, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Saulnier
- Micro et Nanomedecines translationnelles, MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, 4 rue Larrey, Angers, France
| | - Bernard Gallez
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Unit (REMA), Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 73 bte B1.73.08, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Lemaire
- Micro et Nanomedecines translationnelles, MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, 4 rue Larrey, Angers, France; PRISM, UNIV d'Angers, 4 rue Larrey, Angers F-49933, France.
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12
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Gulyaev MV, Kuznetsova AV, Silachev DN, Danilina TI, Gervits LL, Pirogov YA. Realization of 19F MRI oximetry method using perfluorodecalin. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 32:307-315. [PMID: 30730024 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-019-00739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the technical aspects of the potential use of clinically approved perfluorodecalin (PFD, C10F18) for 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) oximetry method at high magnetic field 7.05 T. MATERIALS AND METHODS 19F T1 measurements were made on a set of PFD samples with different oxygen contents (0%, 21%, and 100%) at room (21 °C) and body temperature (37 °C). In vivo MRI studies were carried out on one healthy rat and two rats with C6 brain glioma. RESULTS The selective excitation of the magnetically equivalent 19F nuclei of CF2 groups of trans-isomer of PFD, which give a doublet at a frequency of about - 140 ppm (in relation the chemical shift of trifluoroacetic acid, which is - 76.55 ppm) should be done for correct implementation of 19F MRI oximetry method. The amount of PFD equal to 30 μl is the optimal for obtaining reliable data on the measured T1 values. In this case, the standard deviation of T1 does not exceed 5%. In vivo MRI studies showed that the values of the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) decrease from normal values of about 38 mmHg (healthy brain) to almost 0 mmHg at the last stage of tumor growth. CONCLUSION The study showed the feasibility of the successful application of PFD for 19F MRI oximetry method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lev L Gervits
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Yury A Pirogov
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, 115409, Russia
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13
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Serša I, Bajd F, Savarin M, Jesenko T, Čemažar M, Serša G. Multiparametric High-Resolution MRI as a Tool for Mapping of Hypoxic Level in Tumors. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2019; 17:1533033818797066. [PMID: 30176769 PMCID: PMC6122235 DOI: 10.1177/1533033818797066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a condition, common to most malignant tumors, where oxygen tension in the tissue is below the physiological level. Among consequences of tumor hypoxia is also altered cancer cell metabolism that contributes to cancer therapy resistance. Therefore, precise assessment of tumor hypoxia is important for monitoring the tumor treatment progression. In this study, we propose a simple model for prediction of hypoxic level in tumors based on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. The study was performed on B16F1 murine melanoma tumors ex vivo that were first magnetic resonance scanned and then analyzed for hypoxic level using hypoxia-inducable factor 1-alpha antibody staining. Each tumor was analyzed in identical sections and in identical regions of interest for pairs of hypoxic level and magnetic resonance values (apparent diffusion coefficient and T2). This was followed by correlation analysis between hypoxic level and respective magnetic resonance values. A moderate correlation was found between hypoxic level and apparent diffusion coefficient (ρ = 0.56, P < .00001) and lower between hypoxic level and T2 (ρ = 0.38, P < .00001). The data were analyzed further to obtain simple predictive models based on the multiple linear regression analysis of the measured hypoxic level (dependent variable) and apparent diffusion coefficient and T2 (independent variables). Among the hypoxic level models, the most efficient was the 3-parameter model given by relation (HL = kADCADC + kT2T2 + b), where kADC = 26%/µm2/ms, kT2 = 0.8%/ms, and b = −32%. The model can be used for calculation of the predicted hypoxic level map based on magnetic resonance–measured apparent diffusion coefficient and T2 maps. Similar prediction models, based on tumor apparent diffusion coefficient and T2 maps, can be done also for other tumor types in vivo and can therefore help in assessment of tumor treatment as well as to better understand the role of hypoxia in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Serša
- 1 Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,2 Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Franci Bajd
- 3 Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Tanja Jesenko
- 4 Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Čemažar
- 4 Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Serša
- 4 Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,5 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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14
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Khalil AA, Mueller S, Foddis M, Mosch L, Lips J, Przesdzing I, Temme S, Flögel U, Dirnagl U, Boehm-Sturm P. Longitudinal 19F magnetic resonance imaging of brain oxygenation in a mouse model of vascular cognitive impairment using a cryogenic radiofrequency coil. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 32:105-114. [DOI: 10.1007/s10334-018-0712-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Kishimoto S, Krishna MC, Khramtsov VV, Utsumi H, Lurie DJ. In Vivo Application of Proton-Electron Double-Resonance Imaging. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:1345-1364. [PMID: 28990406 PMCID: PMC5910041 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Proton-electron double-resonance imaging (PEDRI) employs electron paramagnetic resonance irradiation with low-field magnetic resonance imaging so that the electron spin polarization is transferred to nearby protons, resulting in higher signals. PEDRI provides information about free radical distribution and, indirectly, about the local microenvironment such as partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), tissue permeability, redox status, and acid-base balance. Recent Advances: Local acid-base balance can be imaged by exploiting the different resonance frequency of radical probes between R and RH+ forms. Redox status can also be imaged by using the loss of radical-related signal after reduction. These methods require optimized radical probes and pulse sequences. CRITICAL ISSUES High-power radio frequency irradiation is needed for optimum signal enhancement, which may be harmful to living tissue by unwanted heat deposition. Free radical probes differ depending on the purpose of PEDRI. Some probes are less effective for enhancing signal than others, which can reduce image quality. It is so far not possible to image endogenous radicals by PEDRI because low concentrations and broad line widths of the radicals lead to negligible signal enhancement. FUTURE DIRECTIONS PEDRI has similarities with electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) because both techniques observe the EPR signal, directly in the case of EPRI and indirectly with PEDRI. PEDRI provides information that is vital to research on homeostasis, development of diseases, or treatment responses in vivo. It is expected that the development of new EPR techniques will give insights into novel PEDRI applications and vice versa. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1345-1364.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kishimoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Murali C. Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Valery V. Khramtsov
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Department of Biochemistry, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Hideo Utsumi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - David J. Lurie
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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16
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Lee AL, Gee CT, Weegman BP, Einstein SA, Juelfs A, Ring HL, Hurley KR, Egger SM, Swindlehurst G, Garwood M, Pomerantz WCK, Haynes CL. Oxygen Sensing with Perfluorocarbon-Loaded Ultraporous Mesostructured Silica Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2017; 11:5623-5632. [PMID: 28505422 PMCID: PMC5515277 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen homeostasis is important in the regulation of biological function. Disease progression can be monitored by measuring oxygen levels, thus producing information for the design of therapeutic treatments. Noninvasive measurements of tissue oxygenation require the development of tools with minimal adverse effects and facile detection of features of interest. Fluorine magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI) exploits the intrinsic properties of perfluorocarbon (PFC) liquids for anatomical imaging, cell tracking, and oxygen sensing. However, the highly hydrophobic and lipophobic properties of perfluorocarbons require the formation of emulsions for biological studies, though stabilizing these emulsions has been challenging. To enhance the stability and biological loading of perfluorocarbons, one option is to incorporate perfluorocarbon liquids into the internal space of biocompatible mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Here, we developed perfluorocarbon-loaded ultraporous mesostructured silica nanoparticles (PERFUMNs) as 19F MRI detectable oxygen-sensing probes. Ultraporous mesostructured silica nanoparticles (UMNs) have large internal cavities (average = 1.8 cm3 g-1), facilitating an average 17% loading efficiency of PFCs, meeting the threshold fluorine concentrations needed for imaging studies. Perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether PERFUMNs have the highest equivalent nuclei per PFC molecule and a spin-lattice (T1) relaxation-based oxygen sensitivity of 0.0032 mmHg-1 s-1 at 16.4 T. The option of loading PFCs after synthesizing UMNs, rather than traditional in situ core-shell syntheses, allows for use of a broad range of PFC liquids from a single material. The biocompatible and tunable chemistry of UMNs combined with the intrinsic properties of PFCs makes PERFUMNs a MRI sensor with potential for anatomical imaging, cell tracking, and metabolic spectroscopy with improved stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani L. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Clifford T. Gee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Bradley P. Weegman
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Samuel A. Einstein
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Adam Juelfs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Hattie L. Ring
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Katie R. Hurley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Sam M. Egger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Garrett Swindlehurst
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Material Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Michael Garwood
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | | | - Christy L. Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
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17
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Einstein SA, Weegman BP, Firpo MT, Papas KK, Garwood M. Development and Validation of Noninvasive Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry for the In Vivo Assessment of Tissue-Engineered Graft Oxygenation. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 22:1009-1017. [PMID: 27758135 PMCID: PMC5116663 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Techniques to monitor the oxygen partial pressure (pO2) within implanted tissue-engineered grafts (TEGs) are critically necessary for TEG development, but current methods are invasive and inaccurate. In this study, we developed an accurate and noninvasive technique to monitor TEG pO2 utilizing proton (1H) or fluorine (19F) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) relaxometry. The value of the spin-lattice relaxation rate constant (R1) of some biocompatible compounds is sensitive to dissolved oxygen (and temperature), while insensitive to other external factors. Through this physical mechanism, MRS can measure the pO2 of implanted TEGs. We evaluated six potential MRS pO2 probes and measured their oxygen and temperature sensitivities and their intrinsic R1 values at 16.4 T. Acellular TEGs were constructed by emulsifying porcine plasma with perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether, injecting the emulsion into a macroencapsulation device, and cross-linking the plasma with a thrombin solution. A multiparametric calibration equation containing R1, pO2, and temperature was empirically generated from MRS data and validated with fiber optic (FO) probes in vitro. TEGs were then implanted in a dorsal subcutaneous pocket in a murine model and evaluated with MRS up to 29 days postimplantation. R1 measurements from the TEGs were converted to pO2 values using the established calibration equation and these in vivo pO2 measurements were simultaneously validated with FO probes. Additionally, MRS was used to detect increased pO2 within implanted TEGs that received supplemental oxygen delivery. Finally, based on a comparison of our MRS data with previously reported data, ultra-high-field (16.4 T) is shown to have an advantage for measuring hypoxia with 19F MRS. Results from this study show MRS relaxometry to be a precise, accurate, and noninvasive technique to monitor TEG pO2 in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A. Einstein
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bradley P. Weegman
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Meri T. Firpo
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Michael Garwood
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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18
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Kegel S, Chacon-Caldera J, Tsagogiorgas C, Theisinger B, Glatting G, Schad LR. 19F Oximetry with semifluorinated alkanes. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 44:1861-1866. [PMID: 26631543 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1111228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This work examines the variation of longitudinal relaxation rate R1(= 1/T1) of the 19F-CF3-resonance of semifluorinated alkanes (SFAs) with oxygen tension (pO2), temperature (T) and pH in vitro. Contrary to their related perfluorocarbons (PFCs), SFA are amphiphilic and facilitate stable emulsions, a prerequisite for clinical use. A linear relationship between R1 and pO2 was confirmed for the observed SFAs at different temperatures. Using a standard saturation recovery sequence, T1 has been successfully measured using fluorine 19F-MRI with a self-constructed birdcage resonator at 9.4 T. A calibration curve to calculate pO2 depending on T and R1 was found for each SFA used. In contrast to the commonly used PFC, SFAs are less sensitive to changes in pO2, but more sensitive to changes in temperature. The influence of pH to R1 was found to be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kegel
- a Medical Radiation Physics/Radiation Protection, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Jorge Chacon-Caldera
- b Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Charalambos Tsagogiorgas
- c Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine , Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Glatting
- a Medical Radiation Physics/Radiation Protection, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Lothar R Schad
- b Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
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19
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Characterizing cerebral oxygen metabolism employing oxygen-17 MRI/MRS at high fields. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 27:81-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10334-013-0413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Zhong J, Sakaki M, Okada H, Ahrens ET. In vivo intracellular oxygen dynamics in murine brain glioma and immunotherapeutic response of cytotoxic T cells observed by fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59479. [PMID: 23667419 PMCID: PMC3648573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive biomarkers of anti-tumoral efficacy are of great importance to the development of therapeutic agents. Tumor oxygenation has been shown to be an important indicator of therapeutic response. We report the use of intracellular labeling of tumor cells with perfluorocarbon (PFC) molecules, combined with quantitative ¹⁹F spin-lattice relaxation rate (R₁) measurements, to assay tumor cell oxygen dynamics in situ. In a murine central nervous system (CNS) GL261 glioma model, we visualized the impact of Pmel-1 cytotoxic T cell immunotherapy, delivered intravenously, on intracellular tumor oxygen levels. GL261 glioma cells were labeled ex vivo with PFC and inoculated into the mouse striatum. The R₁ of ¹⁹F labeled cells was measured using localized single-voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and the absolute intracellular partial pressure of oxygen (pO₂) was ascertained. Three days after tumor implantation, mice were treated with 2×10⁷ cytotoxic T cells intravenously. At day five, a transient spike in pO₂ was observed indicating an influx of T cells into the CNS and putative tumor cell apoptosis. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative flow cytometry analysis confirmed that the pO₂ was causally related to the T cells infiltration. Surprisingly, the pO₂ spike was detected even though few (∼4×10⁴) T cells actually ingress into the CNS and with minimal tumor shrinkage. These results indicate the high sensitivity of this approach and its utility as a non-invasive surrogate biomarker of anti-cancer immunotherapeutic response in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhong
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Masashi Sakaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eric T. Ahrens
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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21
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Yu JX, Hallac RR, Chiguru S, Mason RP. New frontiers and developing applications in 19F NMR. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 70:25-49. [PMID: 23540575 PMCID: PMC3613763 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Yu
- Laboratory of Prognostic Radiology, Division of Advanced Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Rami R. Hallac
- Laboratory of Prognostic Radiology, Division of Advanced Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Srinivas Chiguru
- Laboratory of Prognostic Radiology, Division of Advanced Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ralph P. Mason
- Laboratory of Prognostic Radiology, Division of Advanced Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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22
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Diou O, Tsapis N, Fattal E. Targeted nanotheranostics for personalized cancer therapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:1475-87. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.736486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Peng H, Thurecht KJ, Blakey I, Taran E, Whittaker AK. Effect of Solvent Quality on the Solution Properties of Assemblies of Partially Fluorinated Amphiphilic Diblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3019188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ‡Centre for Advanced Imaging, and §Australian National
Fabrication Facility Queensland Node, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Kristofer J. Thurecht
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ‡Centre for Advanced Imaging, and §Australian National
Fabrication Facility Queensland Node, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Idriss Blakey
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ‡Centre for Advanced Imaging, and §Australian National
Fabrication Facility Queensland Node, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Elena Taran
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ‡Centre for Advanced Imaging, and §Australian National
Fabrication Facility Queensland Node, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew K. Whittaker
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ‡Centre for Advanced Imaging, and §Australian National
Fabrication Facility Queensland Node, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
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24
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Gulaka PK, Rastogi U, McKay MA, Wang X, Mason RP, Kodibagkar VD. Hexamethyldisiloxane-based nanoprobes for (1) H MRI oximetry. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2011; 24:1226-1234. [PMID: 21412864 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative in vivo oximetry has been reported using (19) F MRI in conjunction with reporter molecules, such as perfluorocarbons, for tissue oxygenation (pO(2) ). Recently, hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) has been proposed as a promising alternative reporter molecule for (1) H MRI-based measurement of pO(2) . To aid biocompatibility for potential systemic administration, we prepared various nanoemulsion formulations using a wide range of HMDSO volume fractions and HMDSO to surfactant ratios. Calibration curves (R(1) versus pO(2) ) for all emulsion formulations were found to be linear and similar to neat HMDSO for low surfactant concentrations (<10% v/v). A small temperature dependence in the calibration curves was observed, similar to previous reports on neat HMDSO, and was characterized to be approximately 1 Torr/ °C under hypoxic conditions. To demonstrate application in vivo, 100 µL of this nanoemulsion was administered to healthy rat thigh muscle (Fisher 344, n=6). Dynamic changes in mean thigh tissue pO(2) were measured using the PISTOL (proton imaging of siloxanes to map tissue oxygenation levels) technique in response to oxygen challenge. Changing the inhaled gas to oxygen for 30 min increased the mean pO(2) significantly (p<0.001) from 39 ± 7 to 275 ± 27 Torr. When the breathing gas was switched back to air, the tissue pO(2) decreased to a mean value of 45 ± 6 Torr, not significantly different from baseline (p>0.05), in 25 min. A first-order exponential fit to this part of the pO(2) data (i.e. after oxygen challenge) yielded an oxygen consumption-related kinetic parameter k=0.21 ± 0.04 min(-1) . These results demonstrate the feasibility of using HMDSO nanoemulsions as nanoprobes of pO(2) and their utility to assess oxygen dynamics in vivo, further developing quantitative (1) H MRI oximetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen K Gulaka
- Joint Program in Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas & University of Texas at Arlington, TX, USA
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Hu L, Zhang L, Chen J, Lanza GM, Wickline SA. Diffusional mechanisms augment the fluorine MR relaxation in paramagnetic perfluorocarbon nanoparticles that provides a "relaxation switch" for detecting cellular endosomal activation. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 34:653-61. [PMID: 21761488 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a physical model for the (19)F relaxation enhancement in paramagnetic perfluorocarbon nanoparticles (PFC NP) and demonstrate its application in monitoring cellular endosomal functionality through a "(19)F relaxation switch" phenomenon. MATERIALS AND METHODS An explicit expression for (19)F longitudinal relaxation enhancement was derived analytically. Monte-Carlo simulation was performed to confirm the gadolinium-induced magnetic field inhomogeneity inside the PFC NP. Field-dependent T(1) measurements for three types of paramagnetic PFC NPs were carried out to validate the theoretical prediction. Based on the physical model, (19)F and (1)H relaxation properties of macrophage internalized paramagnetic PFC NPs were measured to evaluate the intracellular process of NPs by macrophages in vitro. RESULTS The theoretical description was confirmed experimentally by field-dependent T(1) measurements. The shortening of (19)F T(1) was found to be attributed to the Brownian motion of PFC molecules inside the NP in conjunction with their ability to permeate into the lipid surfactant coating. A dramatic change of (19)F T(1) was observed upon endocytosis, revealing the transition from intact bound PFC NP to processed constituents. CONCLUSION The proposed first-principle analysis of (19)F spins in paramagnetic PFC NP relates their structural parameters to the special MR relaxation features. The demonstrated "(19)F relaxation switch" phenomenon is potentially useful for monitoring cellular endosomal functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Hu
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Jiang ZX, Feng Y, Yu YB. Fluorinated paramagnetic chelates as potential multi-chromic 19F tracer agents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:7233-5. [PMID: 21617807 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11150g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A class of potential multi-chromic (19)F imaging tracers is made by pairing metal ions with a fluorinated chelator. All fluorinated metal chelates emit a single (19)F signal. Paramagnetic metal ions shifted the (19)F signal frequency and made the (19)F relaxation rates insensitive toward local chemical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Xing Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Goh F, Sambanis A. In vivo noninvasive monitoring of dissolved oxygen concentration within an implanted tissue-engineered pancreatic construct. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 17:887-94. [PMID: 21486202 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of an implanted tissue-engineered pancreatic construct is influenced by many in vivo factors; however, assessing its function is based primarily on end physiologic effects. As oxygen significantly affects cell function, we established a dual perfluorocarbon method that utilizes (19)F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, with perfluorocarbons as oxygen concentration markers, to noninvasively monitor dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) in βTC-tet cell-containing alginate beads and at the implantation milieu. Beads were implanted in the peritoneal cavity of normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Using this method, the feasibility of acquiring real-time in vivo DO measurements was demonstrated. Results showed that the mouse peritoneal environment is hypoxic and the DO is further reduced when βTC-tet cell constructs were implanted. The DO within cell-containing beads decreased considerably over time and could be correlated with the relative changes in the number of viable encapsulated cells. The reduction of construct DO due to the metabolic activity of the βTC-tet cells was also compatible with the implant therapeutic function, as observed in the reversal of hyperglycemia in diabetic mice. The importance of these findings in assessing implant functionality and host animal physiology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernie Goh
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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Goh F, Long R, Simpson N, Sambanis A. Dual perfluorocarbon method to noninvasively monitor dissolved oxygen concentration in tissue engineered constructs in vitro and in vivo. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:1115-25. [PMID: 21608139 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive in vivo monitoring of tissue implants provides important correlations between construct function and the observed physiologic effects. As oxygen is a key parameter affecting cell and tissue function, we established a monitoring method that utilizes (19) F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, with perfluorocarbons (PFCs) as oxygen concentration markers, to noninvasively monitor dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) in tissue engineered implants. Specifically, we developed a dual PFC method capable of simultaneously measuring DO within a tissue construct and its surrounding environment, as the latter varies among animals and with physiologic conditions. In vitro studies using an NMR-compatible bioreactor demonstrated the feasibility of this method to monitor the DO within alginate beads containing metabolically active murine insulinoma βTC-tet cells, relative to the DO in the culture medium, under perfusion and static conditions. The DO profiles obtained under static conditions were supported by mathematical simulations of the system. In vivo, the dual PFC method was successful in tracking the oxygenation state of entrapped βTC-tet cells and the surrounding peritoneal DO over 16 days in normal mice. DO measurements correlated well with the extent of cell growth and host cell attachment examined postexplantation. The peritoneal oxygen environment was found to be variable and hypoxic, and significantly lower in the presence of metabolically active cells. The significance of the dual PFC system in providing critical DO measurements for entrapped cells and other tissue constructs, in vitro and in vivo, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernie Goh
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Baete SH, Vandecasteele J, De Deene Y. 19F MRI oximetry: simulation of perfluorocarbon distribution impact. Phys Med Biol 2011; 56:2535-57. [PMID: 21444970 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/56/8/013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In (19)F MRI oximetry, a method used to image tumour hypoxia, perfluorocarbons serve as oxygenation markers. The goal of this study is to evaluate the impact of perfluorocarbon distribution and concentration in (19)F MRI oximetry through a computer simulation. The simulation studies the correspondence between (19)F measured (pO(FNMR)(2)) and actual tissue oxygen tension (pO(2)) for several tissue perfluorocarbon distributions. For this, a Krogh tissue model is implemented which incorporates the presence of perfluorocarbons in blood and tissue. That is, in tissue the perfluorocarbons are distributed homogeneously according to Gaussian diffusion profiles, or the perfluorocarbons are concentrated in the capillary wall. Using these distributions, the oxygen tension in the simulation volume is calculated. The simulated mean oxygen tension is then compared with pO(FNMR)(2), the (19)F MRI-based measure of pO(2) and with pO(0)(2), pO(2) in the absence of perfluorocarbons. The agreement between pO(FNMR)(2) and actual pO(2) is influenced by vascular density and perfluorocarbon distribution. The presence of perfluorocarbons generally gives rise to a pO(2) increase in tissue. This effect is enhanced when perfluorocarbons are also present in blood. Only the homogeneous perfluorocarbon distribution in tissue with no perfluorocarbons in blood guarantees small deviations of pO(FNMR)(2) from pO(2). Hence, perfluorocarbon distribution in tissue and blood has a serious impact on the reliability of (19)F MRI-based measures of oxygen tension. In addition, the presence of perfluorocarbons influences the actual oxygen tension. This finding may be of great importance for further development of (19)F MRI oximetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Baete
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
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Pacheco-Torres J, López-Larrubia P, Ballesteros P, Cerdán S. Imaging tumor hypoxia by magnetic resonance methods. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2011; 24:1-16. [PMID: 21259366 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 03/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia results from the negative balance between the oxygen demands of the tissue and the capacity of the neovasculature to deliver sufficient oxygen. The resulting oxygen deficit has important consequences with regard to the aggressiveness and malignancy of tumors, as well as their resistance to therapy, endowing the imaging of hypoxia with vital repercussions in tumor prognosis and therapy design. The molecular and cellular events underlying hypoxia are mediated mainly through hypoxia-inducible factor, a transcription factor with pleiotropic effects over a variety of cellular processes, including oncologic transformation, invasion and metastasis. However, few methodologies have been able to monitor noninvasively the oxygen tensions in vivo. MRI and MRS are often used for this purpose. Most MRI approaches are based on the effects of the local oxygen tension on: (i) the relaxation times of (19)F or (1)H indicators, such as perfluorocarbons or their (1)H analogs; (ii) the hemodynamics and magnetic susceptibility effects of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin; and (iii) the effects of paramagnetic oxygen on the relaxation times of tissue water. (19)F MRS approaches monitor tumor hypoxia through the selective accumulation of reduced nitroimidazole derivatives in hypoxic zones, whereas electron spin resonance methods determine the oxygen level through its influence on the linewidths of appropriate paramagnetic probes in vivo. Finally, Overhauser-enhanced MRI combines the sensitivity of EPR methodology with the resolution of MRI, providing a window into the future use of hyperpolarized oxygen probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Pacheco-Torres
- Laboratory for Imaging and Spectroscopy by Magnetic Resonance LISMAR, Institute of Biomedical Research Alberto Sols, CSIC/UAM, c/Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid, Spain
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Chen J, Lanza GM, Wickline SA. Quantitative magnetic resonance fluorine imaging: today and tomorrow. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 2:431-40. [PMID: 20564465 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine (19F) is a promising moiety for quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It possesses comparable magnetic resonance (MR) sensitivity to proton (1H) but exhibits no tissue background signal, allowing specific and selective assessment of the administrated 19F-containing compounds in vivo. Additionally, the MR spectra of 19F-containing compounds exhibited a wide range of chemical shifts (>200 ppm). Therefore, both MR parameters (e.g., spin-lattice relaxation rate R1) and the absolute quantity of molecule can be determined with 19F MRI for unbiased assessment of tissue physiology and pathology. This article reviews quantitative 19F MRI applications for mapping tumor oxygenation, assessing molecular expression in vascular diseases, and tracking labeled stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Chen
- Consortium for Translational Research in Advanced Imaging and Nanomedicine, St Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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Glunde K, Artemov D, Penet MF, Jacobs MA, Bhujwalla ZM. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in metabolic and molecular imaging and diagnosis of cancer. Chem Rev 2010; 110:3043-59. [PMID: 20384323 DOI: 10.1021/cr9004007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Glunde
- JHU ICMIC Program, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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Baete SHU, Vandecasteele J, Colman L, De Neve W, De Deene Y. An oxygen-consuming phantom simulating perfused tissue to explore oxygen dynamics and (19)F MRI oximetry. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2010; 23:217-26. [PMID: 20577778 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-010-0219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study presents a reproducible phantom which mimics oxygen-consuming tissue and can be used for the validation of (19)F MRI oximetry. MATERIALS AND METHODS The phantom consists of a haemodialysis filter of which the outer compartment is filled with a gelatin matrix containing viable yeast cells. Perfluorocarbon emulsions can be added to the gelatin matrix to simulate sequestered perfluorocarbons. A blood-substituting perfluorocarbon fluid is pumped through the lumen of the fibres in the filter. (19)F relaxometry MRI is performed with a fast 2D Look-Locker imaging sequence on a clinical 3T scanner. RESULTS Acute and perfusion-related hypoxia were simulated and imaged spatially and temporally using the phantom. CONCLUSIONS The presented experimental setup can be used to simulate oxygen consumption by somatic cells in vivo and for validating computational biophysical models of hypoxia, as measured with (19)F MRI oximetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Ubert Baete
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
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Peng H, Blakey I, Dargaville B, Rasoul F, Rose S, Whittaker AK. Synthesis and evaluation of partly fluorinated block copolymers as MRI imaging agents. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:374-81. [PMID: 19128056 DOI: 10.1021/bm801136m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A series of well-defined diblock copolymers of acrylic acid with partially fluorinated acrylate and methacrylate monomers were synthesized using ATRP as potential 19F MRI imaging agents. The diblock copolymers could undergo spontaneous self-assembly in mixed and aqueous solvents to form stable micelles with a diameter from approximately 20-45 nm, having a fluorine-rich core that provides a strong signal for MRI examinations. The observed MRI image intensities were related to the NMR longitudinal and transverse relaxation times, and were found to depend on polymer structure and method of micellization. Two distinct T2 relaxation times were measured; on comparison of expected MRI image intensities with those observed experimentally, it was found that methacrylate polymers show systematically lower signal intensity than acrylate polymers. This is related to the presence of a population of nuclear spins having very short T2 relaxation times that cannot be detected under high-resolution NMR and MRI conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Centre for Magnetic Resonance, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
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Abstract
The history and current status of fluorocarbon nanoparticles in biomedicine is briefly reviewed. The deficiencies of current fluorocarbon nanoparticle formulations are highlighted. Strategies to remedy such deficiencies and to functionalize fluorocarbon nanoparticles are presented. Potential applications of fluorocarbon nanoparticles as multifunctional drug delivery vehicles are discussed. The strength of fluorocarbon nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles is that they integrate drug delivery with non-invasive MR imaging so that the biodistribution of the pharmaceutical entity (drug + delivery vehicle) can be monitored in real time. This, in turn, permits the physician to adjust treatment plan for each patient based on his/her actual response to the ongoing treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bruce Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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Kodibagkar VD, Cui W, Merritt ME, Mason RP. Novel1H NMR approach to quantitative tissue oximetry using hexamethyldisiloxane. Magn Reson Med 2006; 55:743-8. [PMID: 16506157 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
19F NMR spin-lattice relaxometry of hexafluorobenzene (HFB) has been shown to be a highly sensitive indicator of tumor oxygenation. In this study hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) was identified as a proton NMR analog, and its potential as a probe for investigating dynamic changes in tissue oxygen tension (pO2) was evaluated. HMDSO has a single proton resonance (delta= -0.3 ppm) and the spin-lattice relaxation rate, Rl (= 1/T1) exhibits a linear dependence on pO2: R1 (s(-1)) = 0.1126 + 0.0013* pO2 (torr) at 37 degrees C. To demonstrate application in vivo, HMDSO was administered into healthy rat thigh muscle (100 microl) and tumors (50 microl). Local pO2 was determined by using pulse-burst saturation recovery (PBSR) 1H NMR spectroscopy to assess R1. Water and fat signals were effectively suppressed by frequency-selective excitation of the HMDSO resonance. Rat thigh muscle had a mean baseline pO2 of 35 +/- 11 torr, with a typical stability of +/-3 torr over 20 min, when the rats breathed air. Altering the inhaled gas to oxygen produced a significant increase in pO2 to 100-200 torr. In tumors, altering the inspired gas also produced significant (albeit generally smaller) changes. This new pO2 reporter molecule offers a potentially valuable new tool for investigating pO2 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram D Kodibagkar
- Cancer Imaging Program, Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-9058, USA
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Fan X, River JN, Muresan AS, Popescu C, Zamora M, Culp RM, Karczmar GS. MRI of perfluorocarbon emulsion kinetics in rodent mammary tumours. Phys Med Biol 2005; 51:211-20. [PMID: 16394334 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/51/2/002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsions can be imaged directly by fluorine-19 MRI. We developed an optimized protocol for preparing PFC droplets of uniform size, evaluated use of the resulting droplets as blood pool contrast agents, studied their uptake by tumours and determined the spatial resolution with which they can be imaged at 4.7 T. Perfluorocarbon droplets of three different average sizes (324, 293 and 225 nm) were prepared using a microemulsifier. Images of PFC droplets with good signal-to-noise ratio were acquired with 625 microm in-plane resolution, 3 mm slice thickness and acquisition time of approximately 4.5 min per image. Kinetics of washout were determined using a simple mathematical model. The maximum uptake of the PFC droplets was three times greater at the tumour rim than in muscle, but the washout rate was two to three times slower in the tumour. The results are consistent with leakage of the droplets into the tumour extravascular space due to the hyper-permeability of tumour capillaries. PFC droplets may allow practical and quantitative measurements of blood volume and capillary permeability in tumours with reasonable spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Fan
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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McNab JA, Yung AC, Kozlowski P. Tissue oxygen tension measurements in the Shionogi model of prostate cancer using 19F MRS and MRI. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2004; 17:288-95. [PMID: 15605277 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-004-0083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2004] [Revised: 10/28/2004] [Accepted: 10/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate changes in tumour tissue oxygenation throughout the tumour growth-regression-relapse cycle in an androgen-dependent animal tumour model. MATERIALS AND METHODS 19F T1 relaxometry of Perfluoro-15-Crown-5-Ether was used to measure in vivo partial oxygen pressure (pO2) of Shionogi tumours on a 2.35-T MR scanner. Perfluoro-15-Crown-5-Ether was administered as an emulsion injected intravenously or as a neat compound injected directly into the tumour. Non-localized, tumour 19F T1 measurements, made at multiple time points throughout the tumour cycle, were translated into pO2 levels. RESULTS No correlation between tumour size and pO2 values was found. Values of pO2 for growing tumours (50 +/- 30 torr) were significantly lower than for regressing and relapsing tumours after 9 days post-castration (70 +/- 10 torr, p<0.05). Maximum pO2 values (90 +/- 30 torr) were reached between fifth and eighth day post-castration, when tumour pO2 was significantly higher than both pre-castration (p<0.001) and after 9 days post-castration (p<0.05). CONCLUSION We demonstrate that longitudinal pO2 measurements in vivo are feasible. Values of pO2 for growing androgen-dependent tumours were significantly lower than for regressing and relapsing androgen-independent tumours. These results have potential clinical importance in optimizing the timing of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy of hormone dependent tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A McNab
- The Prostate Centre at VGH, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6H 3Z6
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Nöth U, Rodrigues LM, Robinson SP, Jork A, Zimmermann U, Newell B, Griffiths JR. In vivo determination of tumor oxygenation during growth and in response to carbogen breathing using 15C5-loaded alginate capsules as fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging oxygen sensors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 60:909-19. [PMID: 15465209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.07.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2003] [Revised: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 07/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective was to present a method for the repeated noninvasive measurement of tumor oxygenation (Po(2)) over the whole period of tumor growth. METHODS AND MATERIALS A mixture of tumor homogenate (GH3 prolactinoma) and alginate capsules loaded with perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether (15C5) was injected into the flanks of Wistar Furth rats. The temporal behavior of tumor Po(2) was monitored between Day 1 and 26 after injection using fluorine-19 ((19)F) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition, the response of tumor Po(2) to modifiers of the tumor microenvironment (carbogen [95% O(2)/5% CO(2)], nicotinamide, and hydralazine) was investigated. RESULTS An initial increase of tumor Po(2), probably reflecting neovascularization, followed by a decrease after Week 2, probably indicating tumor hypoxia or necrosis, were observed. The minimum and maximum average Po(2) +/- SEM observed were 3.3 +/- 2.0 mm Hg on Day 2 and 25.7 +/- 3.8 mm Hg on Day 13, respectively. Carbogen increased the tumor Po(2), whereas nicotinamide caused no significant change and hydralazine induced a significant decrease in tumor oxygenation. CONCLUSIONS A preclinical method for the repeated noninvasive determination of tumor Po(2) was presented. It might help to investigate tumor physiology and the mechanisms of modifiers of the tumor microenvironment and their role in different therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Nöth
- Cancer Research UK Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
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Robinson SP, Griffiths JR. Current issues in the utility of 19F nuclear magnetic resonance methodologies for the assessment of tumour hypoxia. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2004; 359:987-96. [PMID: 15306411 PMCID: PMC1693379 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2003.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that uncontrolled proliferation of tumour cells together with the chaotic and poorly regulated blood supply of solid tumours result in tissue hypoxia, and that hypoxic regions of tumours are resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The development and application of non-invasive methods to rapidly determine the degree and extent of tumour hypoxia in an individual tumour would clearly enhance cancer treatment strategies. This review describes the current status of two (19)F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methodologies that have been exploited to investigate tumour hypoxia, namely: (i) (19)F NMR oximetry following administration of perfluorocarbons, from which tumour p(O)(2) measurements can be made; and (ii) (19)F NMR measurements of the tumour retention of fluorinated 2-nitroimidazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Robinson
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, St George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawen Zhao
- Department of The University of Texas Southwestern Medicial Center at Dallas, 75390, USA
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Gillies RJ, Raghunand N, Karczmar GS, Bhujwalla ZM. MRI of the tumor microenvironment. J Magn Reson Imaging 2002; 16:430-50. [PMID: 12353258 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.10181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment within tumors is significantly different from that in normal tissues. A major difference is seen in the chaotic vasculature of tumors, which results in unbalanced blood supply and significant perfusion heterogeneities. As a consequence, many regions within tumors are transiently or chronically hypoxic. This exacerbates tumor cells' natural tendency to overproduce acids, resulting in very acidic pH values. The hypoxia and acidity of tumors have important consequences for antitumor therapy and can contribute to the progression of tumors to a more aggressive metastatic phenotype. Over the past decade, techniques have emerged that allow the interrogation of the tumor microenvironment with high resolution and molecularly specific probes. Techniques are available to interrogate perfusion, vascular distribution, pH, and pO(2) nondestructively in living tissues with relatively high precision. Studies employing these methods have provided new insights into the causes and consequences of the hostile tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, it is quite exciting that there are emerging techniques that generate tumor image contrast via ill-defined mechanisms. Elucidation of these mechanisms will yield further insights into the tumor microenvironment. This review attempts to identify techniques and their application to tumor biology, with an emphasis on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) approaches. Examples are also discussed using electron MR, optical, and radionuclear imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Gillies
- Department of Biochemistry, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona HSC, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5024, USA.
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Wang Z, Su MY, Nalcioglu O. Applications of dynamic contrast enhanced MRI in oncology: measurement of tumor oxygen tension. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2002; 1:29-38. [PMID: 12614174 DOI: 10.1177/153303460200100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new model based on an extension of the Krog's cylindrical model was developed to calculate tumor oxygen tension (pO(2)) from the H-1 dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) measurements. The model enables one to calculate the tumor pO(2) using the vascular volume fraction (f(b)) obtained by the DCE-MRI. The proposed model has three parameters. For small values of f(b) one assumes that there exists a linear relationship between and f(b). The constant of proportionality in this case is given by C(1) - the oxygen tension per vascular volume fraction. For larger values of f(b) a modified version of Krogh model using two parameters is developed and here C(2) - is the integrated blood oxygen tension, and C(3) - given by the combination of the oxygen diffusion coefficient, solubility of oxygen in the tissue, capillary radius, and tissue metabolic consumption rate. The parameters of the model can be determined by performing simultaneous in-vivo F-19 MRI oxygen tension measurement and dynamic Gd-DTPA enhanced MRI on the same tumor. Dynamic MRI data can be used with a compartmental model to calculate tumor vascular volume fraction on a pixel by pixel basis. Then tumor oxygen tension map can be calculated from the vascular volume fraction by the extended Krogh model as described above. In the present work, the model parameters were determined using three rats bearing Walker-256 tumors and performing simultaneous F-19 and DCE MRI on the same tumor. The parameters obtained by fitting the model equation to the experimental data were: C(1) = 983.2 +/- 133.2torr, C(2) = 58.20 +/- 2.4 torr, and C(3) = 1.7 +/- 0.1 torr. The performance of the extended Krogh model was then tested on two additional rats by performing both F-19 and DCE-MRI studies and calculating the pO(2) (H-1) using the model and comparing it with the pO(2) (F-19) obtained from the F-19 MRI. It was found that the measurements obtained by both techniques had a high degree of correlation [pO(2) (H-1) = (1.01 +/- 0.07) pO(2) (F-19) + (0.91 +/- 0.05) and r=0.96], indicating the applicability of the proposed model in determining pO(2) from the DCE-MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- John Tu and Thomas Yuen, Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine CA 92697-5020, USA
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45
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Kato N, Endo K, Tada T. Structural analysis for intermolecular interaction of C6F6 with O2 using ab initio MO calculations. J Mol Struct 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(01)00696-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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46
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Abstract
In this paper, we summarize the development and application of two novel magnetic resonance based measurements of retinal oxygenation in experimental models of retinopathy, including diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity. We use 19F-NMR and a small (microl) perfluorocarbon drop positioned in the preretinal vitreous space to make PO2 measurement of the inner retina. In addition, we use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to accurately and non-invasively measure the change in the preretinal PO2 (DeltaPO2) following the shift from breathing room air to a hyperoxic inhalation challenge. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed. New applications of these techniques in the newborn rat and adult mouse are presented. We expect such studies to motivate future MRI oxygenation studies of human retinopathy, including diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ito
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 77204-6052, USA
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47
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Golman K, Petersson JS, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Leunbach I, Wistrand LG, Ehnholm G, Liu K. Dynamic in vivo oxymetry using overhauser enhanced MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2000; 12:929-38. [PMID: 11105032 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2586(200012)12:6<929::aid-jmri17>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A noninvasive method for in vivo measurement of the oxygen concentration has been developed. By introducing a novel contrast medium (CM) based on a single electron substance, it is possible to enhance the proton signal through the Overhauser effect. A low-field magnetic resonance scanner is used to image the proton nuclei of the object. The electron spin transition of the CM is saturated using rf irradiation. As a consequence, the nuclear polarization becomes enhanced through dipole-dipole interaction. The signal enhancement is a function of rf power and of the EPR line width of the substance, which is influenced by the oxygen concentration. The maximum in vivo enhancement has been measured to 60. Image data, generated with different scanning parameters, is used in a postprocessing method to generate images showing pO(2) and the contrast medium concentration, respectively. The mathematical foundation of the postprocessing algorithm is outlined. The results from phantom experiments and animal experiments, in which the oxygen content of the inspired gas was varied, are presented. The potential for human imaging is discussed. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2000;12:929-938.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Golman
- Nycomed Innovation AB, MEDEON, SE-205 12 Malmö, Sweden.
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48
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Velan SS, Spencer RG, Zweier JL, Kuppusamy P. Electron paramagnetic resonance oxygen mapping (EPROM): direct visualization of oxygen concentration in tissue. Magn Reson Med 2000; 43:804-9. [PMID: 10861874 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2594(200006)43:6<804::aid-mrm5>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue oxygen content is a central parameter in physiology but is difficult to measure. We report a novel procedure for spatial mapping of oxygen by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) utilizing a spectral-spatial imaging data set, in which an EPR spectrum is obtained from each image volume element. From this data set, spatial maps corresponding to local spin density and maximum EPR spectral line amplitude are generated. A map of local EPR spectral linewidth is then computed. Because linewidth directly correlates with oxygen concentration, the linewidth image provides a map of oxygenation. This method avoids a difficulty inherent in other oxygen content mapping techniques using EPR, that is, the unwanted influence of local spin probe density on the image. We provide simulation results and data from phantom studies demonstrating the validity of this method. We then apply the method to map oxygen content in rat tail tissue and vasculature. This method provides a new, widely applicable, approach to direct visualization of oxygen concentration in living tissue. Magn Reson Med 43:804-809, 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Velan
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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49
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Zimmermann U, Nöth U, Gröhn P, Jork A, Ulrichs K, Lutz J, Haase A. Non-invasive evaluation of the location, the functional integrity and the oxygen supply of implants: 19F nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of perfluorocarbon-loaded Ba2+-alginate beads. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, BLOOD SUBSTITUTES, AND IMMOBILIZATION BIOTECHNOLOGY 2000; 28:129-46. [PMID: 10728581 DOI: 10.3109/10731190009118576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
19F nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used as a non-invasive tool to simultaneously determine the location, the integrity and the oxygen supply of Ba2+-alginate implants. This requires that the beads (implants) are pre-loaded with the perfluorocarbon compound F-44E. Implantation of solid 19F-labelled beads into the peritoneum, below the kidney capsule or into the muscle of Wistar WU rats demonstrated that these beads could be detected by 19F-MRI for up to 18 months after implantation. This indicated that F-44E is not considerably released from the beads during implantation. The signal to noise ratio of liquid-core beads was higher by a factor of 4 than the signal to noise ratio of solid beads, but liquid-core beads were more fragile and also too large for implantation under the kidney capsule and into the intramuscular tissue. Quantitative 2-dimensional 19F-T1 maps (resolution 0.5 x 0.5 mm) could be deduced from 19F-MRI measurements. These T1-maps correlated to the local pO2-values. The partial oxygen pressure estimated in F-44E-loaded Ba2+-alginate beads showed that the oxygen supply inside the beads was very poor when they were implanted below the kidney capsule or into the peritoneal cavity. These low pO2-values obtained for the renal subcapsular site and the peritoneum may explain the failure of previous immunoisolated islet transplantation studies using these locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Zimmermann
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
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50
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Nöth U, Gröhn P, Jork A, Zimmermann U, Haase A, Lutz J. 19F-MRI in vivo determination of the partial oxygen pressure in perfluorocarbon-loaded alginate capsules implanted into the peritoneal cavity and different tissues. Magn Reson Med 1999; 42:1039-47. [PMID: 10571925 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2594(199912)42:6<1039::aid-mrm8>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Semipermeable hydrogels formed with a biocompatible alginate solution and Ba(2+) ions protect encapsulated cells and tissues from a foreign immune system. For the viability and metabolic activity of the encapsulated materials, a sufficient oxygen supply inside the capsules is necessary. Quantitative (19)F-MRI was performed on perfluorocarbon-loaded alginate capsules implanted into the peritoneal cavity, the musculus quadriceps femoris, and beneath the kidney capsule of rats, in order to determine in vivo the partial oxygen pressure (pO(2)) inside the capsules at these implantation sites. The temporal behavior of the pO(2) values was observed for at least 3 months. The most stable values over time were observed in the kidney, where inter-rat pO(2) differences were considerable. In the muscle, the values were very high directly after implantation and decreased to nearly zero after 2 weeks. In the peritoneal cavity, values changed randomly over a wide range between different rats and over time. Magn Reson Med 42:1039-1047, 1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Nöth
- Physikalisches Institut, Lehrstuhl für Biophysik, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
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