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Nickel O, Ahrens-Iwers LJV, Meißner RH, Janssen M. Water, Not Salt, Causes Most of the Seebeck Effect of Nonisothermal Aqueous Electrolytes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:186201. [PMID: 38759182 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.186201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
A temperature difference between two electrolyte-immersed electrodes often yields a voltage Δψ between them. This electrolyte Seebeck effect is usually explained by cations and anions flowing differently in thermal gradients. However, using molecular simulations, we found almost the same Δψ for cells filled with pure water as with aqueous alkali halides. Water layering and orientation near polarizable electrodes cause a large temperature-dependent potential drop χ there. The difference in χ of hot and cold electrodes captures most of the thermovoltage, Δψ≈χ_{hot}-χ_{cold}.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Nickel
- Institute of Polymers and Composites, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Robert H Meißner
- Institute of Polymers and Composites, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Mathijs Janssen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ås, Norway
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2
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Fiuza T, Sarkar M, Riedl JC, Beaughon M, Torres Bautista BE, Bhattacharya K, Cousin F, Barruet E, Demouchy G, Depeyrot J, Dubois E, Gélébart F, Geertsen V, Mériguet G, Michot L, Nakamae S, Perzynski R, Peyre V. Ion specific tuning of nanoparticle dispersion in an ionic liquid: a structural, thermoelectric and thermo-diffusive investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:28911-28924. [PMID: 37855156 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02399k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Dispersions of charged maghemite nanoparticles (NPs) in EAN (ethylammonium nitrate) a reference Ionic Liquid (IL) are studied here using a number of static and dynamical experimental techniques; small angle scattering (SAS) of X-rays and of neutrons, dynamical light scattering and forced Rayleigh scattering. Particular insight is provided regarding the importance of tuning the ionic species present at the NP/IL interface. In this work we compare the effect of Li+, Na+ or Rb+ ions. Here, the nature of these species has a clear influence on the short-range spatial organisation of the ions at the interface and thus on the colloidal stability of the dispersions, governing both the NP/NP and NP/IL interactions, which are both evaluated here. The overall NP/NP interaction is either attractive or repulsive. It is characterised by determining, thanks to the SAS techniques, the second virial coefficient A2, which is found to be independent of temperature. The NP/IL interaction is featured by the dynamical effective charge ξeff0 of the NPs and by their entropy of transfer ŜNP (or equivalently their heat of transport ) determined here thanks to thermoelectric and thermodiffusive measurements. For repulsive systems, an activated process rules the temperature dependence of these two latter quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fiuza
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Lab. PHENIX, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
- Grupo de Fluidos Complexos, Inst. de Fisíca, Univ. de Brasília, Brasília (DF), Brazil
| | - M Sarkar
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Lab. PHENIX, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - J C Riedl
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Lab. PHENIX, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - M Beaughon
- Service de Physique de l'état condensé, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, CEDEX, France
| | - B E Torres Bautista
- Service de Physique de l'état condensé, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, CEDEX, France
| | - K Bhattacharya
- Service de Physique de l'état condensé, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, CEDEX, France
| | - F Cousin
- Lab. Léon Brillouin-UMR 12 CNRS-CEA CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - E Barruet
- Univ. Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE-LIONS, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, CEDEX, France
| | - G Demouchy
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Lab. PHENIX, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
- Univ. de Cergy Pontoise-Dpt de physique, 33 Bd du Port, 95011 Cergy-Pontoise, France
| | - J Depeyrot
- Grupo de Fluidos Complexos, Inst. de Fisíca, Univ. de Brasília, Brasília (DF), Brazil
| | - E Dubois
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Lab. PHENIX, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - F Gélébart
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Lab. PHENIX, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - V Geertsen
- Univ. Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE-LIONS, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, CEDEX, France
| | - G Mériguet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Lab. PHENIX, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - L Michot
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Lab. PHENIX, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - S Nakamae
- Service de Physique de l'état condensé, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, CEDEX, France
| | - R Perzynski
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Lab. PHENIX, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - V Peyre
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Lab. PHENIX, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
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3
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Kollipara PS, Chen Z, Zheng Y. Optical Manipulation Heats up: Present and Future of Optothermal Manipulation. ACS NANO 2023; 17:7051-7063. [PMID: 37022087 PMCID: PMC10197158 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Optothermal manipulation is a versatile technique that combines optical and thermal forces to control synthetic micro-/nanoparticles and biological entities. This emerging technique overcomes the limitations of traditional optical tweezers, including high laser power, photon and thermal damage to fragile objects, and the requirement of refractive-index contrast between target objects and the surrounding solvents. In this perspective, we discuss how the rich opto-thermo-fluidic multiphysics leads to a variety of working mechanisms and modes of optothermal manipulation in both liquid and solid media, underpinning a broad range of applications in biology, nanotechnology, and robotics. Moreover, we highlight current experimental and modeling challenges in the pursuit of optothermal manipulation and propose future directions and solutions to the challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavana Siddhartha Kollipara
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, United States
| | - Zhihan Chen
- Materials Science and Engineering program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Materials Science and Engineering program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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4
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Mayer DB, Franosch T, Mast C, Braun D. Thermophoresis beyond Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:168202. [PMID: 37154655 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.168202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We measure the thermophoresis of polysterene beads over a wide range of temperature gradients and find a pronounced nonlinear phoretic characteristic. The transition to the nonlinear behavior is marked by a drastic slowing down of thermophoretic motion and is characterized by a Péclet number of order unity as corroborated for different particle sizes and salt concentrations. The data follow a single master curve covering the entire nonlinear regime for all system parameters upon proper rescaling of the temperature gradients with the Péclet number. For low thermal gradients, the thermal drift velocity follows a theoretical linear model relying on the local-equilibrium assumption, while linear theoretical approaches based on hydrodynamic stresses, ignoring fluctuations, predict significantly slower thermophoretic motion for steeper thermal gradients. Our findings suggest that thermophoresis is fluctuation dominated for small gradients and crosses over to a drift-dominated regime for larger Péclet numbers in striking contrast to electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Mayer
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 21A, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Franosch
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 21A, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christof Mast
- Systems Biophysics, Physics Department, Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstrasse 54, D-80799 München, Germany
| | - Dieter Braun
- Systems Biophysics, Physics Department, Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstrasse 54, D-80799 München, Germany
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5
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Mayer DB, Braun D, Franosch T. Thermophoretic motion of a charged single colloidal particle. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:044602. [PMID: 37198806 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.044602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We calculate the thermophoretic drift of a charged single colloidal particle with hydrodynamically slipping surface immersed in an electrolyte solution in response to a small temperature gradient. Here we rely on a linearized hydrodynamic approach for the fluid flow and the motion of the electrolyte ions while keeping the full nonlinearity of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation of the unperturbed system to account for possible large surface charging. The partial differential equations are transformed into a coupled set of ordinary differential equations in linear response. Numerical solutions are elaborated for parameter regimes of small and large Debye shielding and different hydrodynamic boundary conditions encoded in a varying slip length. Our results are in good agreement with predictions from recent theoretical work and successfully describe experimental observations on thermophoresis of DNA. We also compare our numerical results with experimental data on polystyrene beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Mayer
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 21A, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dieter Braun
- Systems Biophysics, Physics Department, Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstrasse 54, D-80799 München, Germany
| | - Thomas Franosch
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 21A, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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6
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Gittus OR, Bresme F. On the microscopic origin of Soret coefficient minima in liquid mixtures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:1606-1611. [PMID: 36541658 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04256h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Temperature gradients induce mass separation in mixtures in a process called thermodiffusion and quantified by the Soret coefficient. The existence of minima in the Soret coefficient of aqueous solutions at specific salt concentrations was controversial until fairly recently, where a combination of experiments and simulations provided evidence for the existence of this physical phenomenon. However, the physical origin of the minima and more importantly its generality, e.g. in non-aqueous liquid mixtures, is still an outstanding question. Here, we report the existence of a minimum in liquid mixtures of non-polar liquids modelled as Lennard-Jones mixtures, demonstrating the generality of minima in the Soret coefficient. The minimum originates from a coincident minimum in the thermodynamic factor, and hence denotes a maximization of non-ideality mixing conditions. We rationalize the microscopic origin of this effect in terms of the atomic coordination structure of the mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R Gittus
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Fernando Bresme
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK.
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7
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Zhao W, Sun T, Zheng Y, Zhang Q, Huang A, Wang L, Jiang W. Tailoring Intermolecular Interactions Towards High-Performance Thermoelectric Ionogels at Low Humidity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201075. [PMID: 35478492 PMCID: PMC9284173 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Development of ionic thermoelectric (iTE) materials is of immense interest for efficient heat-to-electricity conversion due to their giant ionic Seebeck coefficient (Si ), but challenges remain in terms of relatively small Si at low humidity, poor stretchability, and ambiguous interaction mechanism in ionogels. Herein, a novel ionogel is reported consisting of polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide-polyethylene oxide (P123), and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (Emim:OAC). By delicately designing the interactions between ions and polymers, the migration of anions is restricted due to their strong binding with the hydroxyl groups of polymers, while the transport of cations is facilitated through segmental motions due to the increased amorphous regions, thereby leading to enlarged diffusion difference between the cations and anions. Moreover, the plasticizing effect of P123 and Emim:OAC can increase the elongation at break. As a consequence, the ionogel exhibits excellent properties including high Si (18 mV K-1 at relative humidity of 60%), good ionic conductivity (1.1 mS cm-1 ), superior stretchability (787%), and high stability (over 80% retention after 600 h). These findings show a promising strategy to obtain multifunctional iTE materials by engineering the intermolecular interactions and demonstrate the great potential of ionogels for harvesting low-grade heat in human-comfortable humidity environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Tingting Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Yiwei Zheng
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationsCollege of EnergyKey Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu ProvinceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
| | - Qihao Zhang
- Institute for Metallic MaterialsLeibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden)Dresden01069Germany
| | - Aibin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine MicrostructureShanghai Institute of CeramicsChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200050China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Lianjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Wan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
- Institute of Functional MaterialsDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
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8
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Sints V, Sarkar M, Riedl J, Demouchy G, Dubois E, Perzynski R, Zablotsky D, Kronkalns G, Blums E. Effect of an excess of surfactant on thermophoresis, mass diffusion and viscosity in an oily surfactant-stabilized ferrofluid. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2022; 45:43. [PMID: 35511376 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-022-00200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The effect of an excess of surfactant on the thermophoresis of a sterically stabilized ferrofluid is investigated experimentally by forced Rayleigh scattering (FRS). The experiments are performed with a stable magnetic fluid sample to which controlled amounts of surfactant are added. A decrease in the thermally induced transport of magnetic nanoparticles is observed while increasing the temperature T. The positive Soret coefficient [Formula: see text] decreases by adding 2 vol% of surfactant at room temperature. As shown by FRS relaxation, this decreasing is mainly associated with a reduction of the interaction between the carrier fluid and individual nanoparticles. No significant effect of extra surfactant on the sign of [Formula: see text] is observed at higher T's (up to [Formula: see text]C). Dynamic light scattering at room temperature reveals the presence of a small amount of clusters/aggregates in the samples, which are hardly detectable by FRS relaxation. The presence of these small clusters/aggregates is confirmed by a rheological probing of the fluid properties. Whatever T, a small amount of added surfactant first causes a decrease of the ferrofluid viscosity, associated with a 10% decreasing of the flow activation energy. Further on, viscosity and activation energy both recover at higher excess surfactant concentrations. These results are analyzed in terms of saturation of the surfactant layer, concentration of free surfactant chains and heat of transport of the nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viesturs Sints
- Institute of Physics, University of Latvia, Miera 32, Salaspils, LV-2169, Latvia.
| | - Mitradeep Sarkar
- CNRS - Lab. PHysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), Sorbonne Université, Case 51-4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jesse Riedl
- CNRS - Lab. PHysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), Sorbonne Université, Case 51-4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Demouchy
- CNRS - Lab. PHysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), Sorbonne Université, Case 51-4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
- Dpt de Physique, Univ. Cergy-Pontoise, 33 Bd du port, 95011, Cergy-Pontoise, France
| | - Emmanuelle Dubois
- CNRS - Lab. PHysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), Sorbonne Université, Case 51-4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Régine Perzynski
- CNRS - Lab. PHysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), Sorbonne Université, Case 51-4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Dmitry Zablotsky
- Institute of Physics, University of Latvia, Miera 32, Salaspils, LV-2169, Latvia
| | - Gunars Kronkalns
- Institute of Physics, University of Latvia, Miera 32, Salaspils, LV-2169, Latvia
| | - Elmars Blums
- Institute of Physics, University of Latvia, Miera 32, Salaspils, LV-2169, Latvia
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Zhang W, Farhan M, Jiao K, Qian F, Guo P, Wang Q, Yang CC, Zhao C. Simultaneous thermoosmotic and thermoelectric responses in nanoconfined electrolyte solutions: Effects of nanopore structures and membrane properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 618:333-351. [PMID: 35344885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Nanofluidic systems provide an emerging and efficient platform for thermoelectric conversion and fluid pumping with low-grade heat energy. As a basis of their performance enhancement, the effects of the structures and properties of the nanofluidic systems on the thermoelectric response (TER) and the thermoosmotic response (TOR) are yet to be explored. METHODS The simultaneous TER and TOR of electrolyte solutions in nanofluidic membrane pores on which an axial temperature gradient is exerted are investigated numerically and semi-analytically. A semi-analytical model is developed with the consideration of finite membrane thermal conductivity and the reservoir/entrance effect. FINDINGS The increase in the access resistance due to the nanopore-reservoir interfaces accounts for the decrease of short circuit current at the low concentration regime. The decrease in the thermal conductivity ratio can enhance the TER and TOR. The maximum power density occurring at the nanopore radius twice the Debye length ranges from several to dozens of mW K-2 m-2 and is an order of magnitude higher than typical thermo-supercapacitors. The surface charge polarity can heavily affect the sign and magnitude of the short-circuit current, the Seebeck coefficient and the open-circuit thermoosmotic coefficient, but has less effect on the short-circuit thermoosmotic coefficient. Furthermore, the membrane thickness makes different impacts on TER and TOR for zero and finite membrane thermal conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Farhan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Kai Jiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Fang Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Panpan Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qiuwang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Charles Chun Yang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Cunlu Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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10
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Zhang W, Yan H, Wang Q, Zhao C. An extended Teorell-Meyer-Sievers theory for membrane potential under non-isothermal conditions. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Liu S, Yang Y, Huang H, Zheng J, Liu G, To TH, Huang B. Giant and bidirectionally tunable thermopower in nonaqueous ionogels enabled by selective ion doping. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj3019. [PMID: 34985956 PMCID: PMC8730620 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj3019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ionic thermoelectrics show great potential in thermal sensing owing to their ultrahigh thermopower, low cost, and ease in production. However, the lack of effective n-type ionic thermoelectric materials seriously hinders their applications. Here, we report giant and bidirectionally tunable thermopowers within an ultrawide range from −15 to +17 mV K−1 in solid ionic liquid–based ionogels. Particularly, a record high negative thermopower of −15 mV K−1 is achieved in the ternary ionogel, rendering it among the best n-type ionic thermoelectric materials under the same condition. A thermopower regulation strategy through ion doping to selectively induce ion aggregates to enhance ion-ion interactions is proposed. These selective ion interactions are found to be decisive in modulating the sign and magnitude of the thermopower in the ionogels. A prototype wearable device integrated with 12 p-n pairs is demonstrated with a total thermopower of 0.358 V K−1, showing promise for ultrasensitive thermal detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijing Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuewang Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiongzhi Zheng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gongze Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tsz Ho To
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Baoling Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Foshan Research Institute for Smart Manufacturing, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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12
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Massetti M, Jiao F, Ferguson AJ, Zhao D, Wijeratne K, Würger A, Blackburn JL, Crispin X, Fabiano S. Unconventional Thermoelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting and Sensing Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12465-12547. [PMID: 34702037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Heat is an abundant but often wasted source of energy. Thus, harvesting just a portion of this tremendous amount of energy holds significant promise for a more sustainable society. While traditional solid-state inorganic semiconductors have dominated the research stage on thermal-to-electrical energy conversion, carbon-based semiconductors have recently attracted a great deal of attention as potential thermoelectric materials for low-temperature energy harvesting, primarily driven by the high abundance of their atomic elements, ease of processing/manufacturing, and intrinsically low thermal conductivity. This quest for new materials has resulted in the discovery of several new kinds of thermoelectric materials and concepts capable of converting a heat flux into an electrical current by means of various types of particles transporting the electric charge: (i) electrons, (ii) ions, and (iii) redox molecules. This has contributed to expanding the applications envisaged for thermoelectric materials far beyond simple conversion of heat into electricity. This is the motivation behind this review. This work is divided in three sections. In the first section, we present the basic principle of the thermoelectric effects when the particles transporting the electric charge are electrons, ions, and redox molecules and describe the conceptual differences between the three thermodiffusion phenomena. In the second section, we review the efforts made on developing devices exploiting these three effects and give a thorough understanding of what limits their performance. In the third section, we review the state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials investigated so far and provide a comprehensive understanding of what limits charge and energy transport in each of these classes of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Massetti
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Fei Jiao
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Andrew J Ferguson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, 80401 United States
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Kosala Wijeratne
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Alois Würger
- Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | | | - Xavier Crispin
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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13
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Liu J, Huang J, Peng Z, Dong S. Nonisothermal model for the electric double layer under constant-charge condition. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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14
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Rezende Franco L, Sehnem AL, Figueiredo Neto AM, Coutinho K. Molecular Dynamics Approach to Calculate the Thermodiffusion (Soret and Seebeck) Coefficients of Salts in Aqueous Solutions. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:3539-3553. [PMID: 33942620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An approach to investigate the physical parameters related to ion thermodiffusion in aqueous solutions is proposed herein by calculating the equilibrium hydration free energy and the self-diffusion coefficient as a function of temperature, ranging from 293 to 353 K, using molecular dynamics simulations of infinitely diluted ions in aqueous solutions. Several ion force field parameters are used in the simulations, and new parameters are proposed for some ions to better describe their hydration free energy. Such a theoretical framework enables the calculation of some single-ion properties, such as heat of transport, Soret coefficient, and mass current density, as well as properties of salts, such as effective mass and thermal diffusion, Soret and Seebeck, coefficients. These calculated properties are compared with experimental data available from optical measurements and showed good agreement revealing an excellent theoretical predictability of salt thermodiffusion properties. Differences in single-ion Soret and self-diffusion coefficients of anions and cations give rise to a thermoelectric field, which affects the system response that is quantified by the Seebeck coefficient. The fast and slow Seebeck coefficients are calculated and discussed, resulting in values with mV/K order of magnitude, as observed in experiments involving several salts, such as K+Cl-, Na+Cl-, H+Cl-, Na+OH-, TMA+OH-, and TBA+OH-. The present approach can be adopted for any ion or charged particle dispersed in water with the aim of predicting the thermoelectric field induced through the fluid. It has potential applications in designing electrolytes for ionic thermoelectric devices in order to harvest energy and thermoelectricity in biological nanofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Rezende Franco
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Fisica, Cidade Universitaria, Sao Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Sehnem
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Fisica, Cidade Universitaria, Sao Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Kaline Coutinho
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Fisica, Cidade Universitaria, Sao Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil
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15
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Abstract
Single-ion Soret coefficients αi characterize the tendency of ions in an electrolyte solution to move in a thermal gradient. When these coefficients differ between cations and anions, an electric field can be generated. For this so-called electrolyte Seebeck effect to occur, different thermodiffusive fluxes need to be blocked by boundaries-electrodes, for example. Local charge neutrality is then broken in the Debye-length vicinity of the electrodes. Confusingly, many authors point to these regions as the source of the thermoelectric field yet ignore them in derivations of the time-dependent Seebeck coefficient S(t), giving a false impression that the electrolyte Seebeck effect is purely a bulk phenomenon. Without enforcing local electroneutrality, we derive S(t) generated by a binary electrolyte with arbitrary ionic valencies subject to a time-dependent thermal gradient. Next, we experimentally measure S(t) for five acids, bases, and salts near titanium electrodes. For the steady state, we find S ≈ 2 mV K-1 for many electrolytes, roughly one order of magnitude larger than the predictions based on literature αi. We fit our expression for S(t) to the experimental data, treating the αi as fit parameters, and also find larger-than-literature values, accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luiz Sehnem
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, CEP 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mathijs Janssen
- Department of Mathematics, Mechanics Division, University of Oslo, N-0851 Oslo, Norway
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16
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Würger A. Thermoelectric Ratchet Effect for Charge Carriers with Hopping Dynamics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:068001. [PMID: 33635717 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.068001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We show that the huge Seebeck coefficients observed recently for ionic conductors arise from a ratchet effect where activated jumps between neighbor sites are rectified by a temperature gradient, thus driving mobile ions toward the cold. For complex systems with mobile molecules like water or polyethylene glycol, there is an even more efficient diffusiophoretic transport mechanism, proportional to the thermally induced concentration gradient of the molecular component. Without free parameters, our model describes experiments on the ionic liquid EMIM-TFSI and hydrated NaPSS, and it qualitatively accounts for polymer electrolyte membranes with Seebeck coefficients of hundreds of k_{B}/e.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois Würger
- Université de Bordeaux & CNRS, LOMA (UMR 5798), 33405 Talence, France
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17
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Chen Z, Kollipara PS, Ding H, Pughazhendi A, Zheng Y. Liquid Optothermoelectrics: Fundamentals and Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:1315-1336. [PMID: 33410698 PMCID: PMC7856676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Liquid thermoelectricity describes the redistribution of ions in an electrolytic solution under the influence of temperature gradients, which leads to the formation of electric fields. The thermoelectric field is effective in driving the thermophoretic migration of charged colloidal particles for versatile manipulation. However, traditional macroscopic thermoelectric fields are not suitable for particle manipulations at high spatial resolution. Inspired by optical tweezers and relevant optical manipulation techniques, we employ laser interaction with light-absorbing nanostructures to achieve subtle heat management on the micro- and nanoscales. The resulting thermoelectric fields are exploited to develop new optical technologies, leading to a research field known as liquid optothermoelectrics. This Invited Feature Article highlights our recent works on advancing fundamentals, technologies, and applications of optothermoelectrics in colloidal solutions. The effects of light irradiation, substrates, electrolytes, and particles on the optothermoelectric manipulations of colloidal particles along with their theoretical limitations are discussed in detail. Our optothermoelectric technologies with the versatile capabilities of trapping, manipulating, and pulling colloidal particles at low optical power are finding applications in microswimmers and nanoscience. With its intricate interfacial processes and tremendous technological promise, optothermoelectrics in colloidal solutions will remain relevant for the foreseeable future.
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18
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Yang R, Liu S, Zhou L, Lin X, Su B. Thermoelectric Response of Ion‐Selective Membranes: Modelling and Experimental Studies. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongjie Yang
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Analytical Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Analytical Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Analytical Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Xingyu Lin
- Department of Biosystem and Food Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Bin Su
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Analytical Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
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19
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Chikina I, Nakamae S, Shikin V, Varlamov A. Two-Stage Seebeck Effect in Charged Colloidal Suspensions. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 23:150. [PMID: 33530527 PMCID: PMC7911821 DOI: 10.3390/e23020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We discuss the peculiarities of the Seebeck effect in stabilized electrolytes containing the colloidal particles. Its unusual feature is the two stage character, with the linear increase of differential thermopower as the function of colloidal particles concentration n⊙ during the first stage ("initial state") and dramatic drop of it at small n⊙ during the second one ("steady state"). We show that the properties of the initial state are governed by the thermo-diffusion flows of the mobile ions of the stabilizing electrolyte medium itself and how the colloidal particles participate in the formation of the electric field in the bulk of the suspension. In its turn, we attribute the specifics of the steady state thermoelectric effect the massive colloidal particles undergoing slow thermal diffusion and the break down of their electro-neutrality in the vicinity of electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioulia Chikina
- LIONS, NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Sawako Nakamae
- Service de Physique de l’etat Condensé, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | | | - Andrey Varlamov
- CNR-SPIN, c/o DICII-Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
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20
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Wu X, Gao N, Jia H, Wang Y. Thermoelectric Converters Based on Ionic Conductors. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:129-141. [PMID: 33289291 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thermoelectric materials represent a new paradigm for harvesting low-grade heat, which would otherwise be dissipated to the environment uselessly. Relative to conventional thermoelectric materials generally composed of semiconductors or semi-metals, ionic thermoelectric materials are rising as an alternative choice which exhibit higher Seebeck coefficient and lower thermal conductivity. The ionic thermoelectric materials own a completely different thermoelectric conversion mechanism, in which the ions do not enter the electrode but rearrange on the electrode surface to generate a voltage difference between the hot and cold electrodes. This unique character has inspired worldwide interests on the design of ionic-type thermoelectric converters with attractive advantages of high flexibility, low cost, limited environmental pollution, and self-healing capability. Referring to the categories of ionic thermoelectric conversion, some representative ionic thermoelectric materials with their respective characteristics are summarized in this minireview. In addition, examples of applying ionic thermoelectric materials in supercapacitors, wearable devices, and fire warning system are also discussed. Insight into the challenges for the further development of ionic thermoelectric materials is finally provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Naiwei Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Hanyu Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yapei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
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21
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Jiang Q, Sun H, Zhao D, Zhang F, Hu D, Jiao F, Qin L, Linseis V, Fabiano S, Crispin X, Ma Y, Cao Y. High Thermoelectric Performance in n-Type Perylene Bisimide Induced by the Soret Effect. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002752. [PMID: 32924214 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Low-cost, non-toxic, abundant organic thermoelectric materials are currently under investigation for use as potential alternatives for the production of electricity from waste heat. While organic conductors reach electrical conductivities as high as their inorganic counterparts, they suffer from an overall low thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) due to their small Seebeck coefficient. Moreover, the lack of efficient n-type organic materials still represents a major challenge when trying to fabricate efficient organic thermoelectric modules. Here, a novel strategy is proposed both to increase the Seebeck coefficient and achieve the highest thermoelectric efficiency for n-type organic thermoelectrics to date. An organic mixed ion-electron n-type conductor based on highly crystalline and reduced perylene bisimide is developed. Quasi-frozen ionic carriers yield a large ionic Seebeck coefficient of -3021 μV K-1 , while the electronic carriers dominate the electrical conductivity which is as high as 0.18 S cm-1 at 60% relative humidity. The overall power factor is remarkably high (165 μW m-1 K-2 ), with a ZT = 0.23 at room temperature. The resulting single leg thermoelectric generators display a high quasi-constant power output. This work paves the way for the design and development of efficient organic thermoelectrics by the rational control of the mobility of the electronic and ionic carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Jiang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hengda Sun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Duokai Zhao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Fengling Zhang
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
| | - Dehua Hu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Fei Jiao
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Leiqiang Qin
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
| | - Vincent Linseis
- Institute of Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, University Hamburg, Hamburg, 20355, Germany
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Yuguang Ma
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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22
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Han CG, Qian X, Li Q, Deng B, Zhu Y, Han Z, Zhang W, Wang W, Feng SP, Chen G, Liu W. Giant thermopower of ionic gelatin near room temperature. Science 2020; 368:1091-1098. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz5045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Gong Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Novel Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xin Qian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Qikai Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Biao Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yongbin Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zhijia Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Department of Physics and Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Weichao Wang
- Department of Electronics and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Photo-Electronic Thin Film Device and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shien-Ping Feng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Weishu Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Novel Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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23
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Zhong J, Huang C. Thermal-Driven Ion Transport in Porous Materials for Thermoelectricity Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:1418-1422. [PMID: 31948237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transport of thermal-driven ions in porous materials has not been clearly explained yet, while this transport has great application potential in co-generation of vapor and electricity for a bi-layer seawater desalination system. In this work, by taking into account the actually structure of a porous material, we theoretically modeled the thermal-driven ion transport in a porous material and also the resultant current and potential produced by such a transport. With models solved by the finite element method, it turns out that a porous material with a cross section of 30 × 10 mm2 could give a thermal current of about 27.2 mA, a thermal potential of about 63.7 mV, and a thermal power of about 433.2 μW, which are large enough to drive commercial electronic devices. This work provides a possibility of a vapor electricity co-generation in a bi-layer desalination system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Zhong
- Center for Phononics and Thermal Energy Science, China-EU Joint Lab for Nanophononics, School of Physics Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , China
- School of Electrical and Power Engineering , China University of Mining and Technology , Xuzhou 221116 , P. R. China
| | - Congliang Huang
- School of Electrical and Power Engineering , China University of Mining and Technology , Xuzhou 221116 , P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309-0427 , United States
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24
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Structural, Thermodiffusive and Thermoelectric Properties of Maghemite Nanoparticles Dispersed in Ethylammonium Nitrate. CHEMENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/chemengineering4010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ethylammonium nitrate (ionic liquid) based ferrofluids with citrate-coated nanoparticles and Na + counterions were synthesized for a wide range of nanoparticle (NP) volume fractions ( Φ ) of up to 16%. Detailed structural analyses on these fluids were performed using magneto-optical birefringence and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) methods. Furthermore, the thermophoretic and thermodiffusive properties (Soret coefficient S T and diffusion coefficient D m ) were explored by forced Rayleigh scattering experiments as a function of T and Φ . They were compared to the thermoelectric potential (Seebeck coefficient, Se) properties induced in these fluids. The results were analyzed using a modified theoretical model on S T and Se adapted from an existing model developed for dispersions in more standard polar media which allows the determination of the Eastman entropy of transfer ( S ^ NP ) and the effective charge ( Z 0 e f f ) of the nanoparticles.
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25
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Gunnarshaug AF, Kjelstrup S, Bedeaux D. The heat of transfer and the Peltier coefficient of electrolytes. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpletx.2019.100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Niether D, Wiegand S. Thermophoresis of biological and biocompatible compounds in aqueous solution. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:503003. [PMID: 31491783 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab421c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
With rising popularity of microscale thermophoresis for the characterisation of protein-ligand binding reactions and possible applications in microfluidic devices, there is a growing interest in considering thermodiffusion in the context of life sciences. But although the understanding of thermodiffusion in non-polar mixtures has grown rapidly in recent years, predictions for associated mixtures like aqueous solutions remain challenging. This review aims to give an overview of the literature on thermodiffusion in aqueous systems, show the difficulties in theoretical description that arise from the non-ideal behaviour of water-mixtures, and highlight the relevance of thermodiffusion in a biological context. We find that the thermodiffusion in aqueous systems is dominated by contributions from heat of transfer, hydrogen bond interactions and charge effects. However, the separation of these effects is often difficult, especially in case of biological systems where a systematic exclusion of contributions may not be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Niether
- ICS-3 Soft Condensed Matter, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
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27
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Janssen M. Curvature affects electrolyte relaxation: Studies of spherical and cylindrical electrodes. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:042602. [PMID: 31771008 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.042602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With two minimal models, I study how electrode curvature affects the response of electrolytes to applied electrostatic potentials. For flat electrodes, Bazant et al. [Phys. Rev. E 70, 021506 (2004)PLEEE81539-375510.1103/PhysRevE.70.021506] popularized the RC timescale λ_{D}L/D, with λ_{D} being the Debye length, 2L the electrode separation, and D the ionic diffusivity. For thin electric double layers near concentric spherical and coaxial cylindrical electrodes, I show here that equivalent circuit models again predict the correct ionic relaxation timescales. Importantly, these timescales explicitly depend on both electrode radii, not simply on their difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs Janssen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany and Institut für Theoretische Physik IV, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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28
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de Graaf J, Samin S. Self-thermoelectrophoresis at low salinity. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:7219-7236. [PMID: 31478044 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00886a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A locally heated Janus colloid can achieve motion in an electrolyte by an effect known as self-thermo(di)electrophoresis. We numerically study the self-propulsion of such a "hot swimmer" in a monovalent electrolyte using the finite-element method and analytic theory. The effect of electrostatic screening for intermediate and large Debye lengths is charted and we report on the fluid flow generated by self-thermoelectrophoresis. We obtain excellent agreement between our analytic theory and numerical calculations in the limit of high salinity, validating our approach. At low salt concentrations, we employ Teubner's integral formalism to arrive at expressions for the speed, which agree semi-quantitatively with our numerical results for conducting swimmers. This lends credibility to the remarkably high swim speed at very low ionic strength, which we numerically obtain for a fully insulating swimmer. We also report on hot swimmers with a mixed electrostatic boundary conditions. Our results should benefit the realization and analysis of further experiments on thermo(di)electrophoretic swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost de Graaf
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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29
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Kollipara PS, Lin L, Zheng Y. Thermo-Electro-Mechanics at Individual Particles in Complex Colloidal Systems. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2019; 123:21639-21644. [PMID: 32913480 PMCID: PMC7480882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b06425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been well established that thermoelectric (TE) field can arise from different Soret coefficients of salt ions in the aqueous solution under constant temperature gradient. Despite their high relevance to cellular biology and particle manipulations, understanding and controlling of TE field in complex colloidal systems that involve micro/nanoparticles, salt ions and molecules have remained challenging. In such colloidal systems, the challenge arises from the thermal interactions with charged micro/nanoparticles that distort the TE field around the particles. Herein, we provide a framework for TE field in colloidal suspensions with various ions and surfactants at the single-nanoparticle level. In particular, we reveal the spatial variation of TE field around a dielectric particle under temperature gradient to determine the thermoelectric trapping force on the particle. Our theoretical results on the trapping force predicted from the TE force profile match well with the experimental opto-thermoelectric trapping stiffness of particles in the solutions where the temperature gradient was well-controlled by a laser beam. With their insight into TE field and force in complex systems, our framework and methodology can be extended to engineer the TE field for versatile opto-thermoelectric manipulations of arbitrarily shaped particles with non-uniform surface morphology and to advance the scientific research in cellular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linhan Lin
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
- Corresponding authors: ,
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Corresponding authors: ,
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30
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Sarkar M, Riedl JC, Demouchy G, Gélébart F, Mériguet G, Peyre V, Dubois E, Perzynski R. Inversion of thermodiffusive properties of ionic colloidal dispersions in water-DMSO mixtures probed by forced Rayleigh scattering. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2019; 42:72. [PMID: 31177408 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2019-11835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thermodiffusion properties at room temperature of colloidal dispersions of hydroxyl-coated nanoparticles (NPs) are probed in water, in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and in mixtures of water and DMSO at various proportions of water, [Formula: see text]. In these polar solvents, the positive NPs superficial charge imparts the systems with a strong electrostatic interparticle repulsion, slightly decreasing from water to DMSO, which is here probed by Small Angle Neutron Scattering and Dynamic Light Scattering. However if submitted to a gradient of temperature, the NPs dispersed in water with ClO4- counterions present a thermophilic behavior, the same NPs dispersed in DMSO with the same counterions present a thermophobic behavior. Mass diffusion coefficient [Formula: see text] and Ludwig-Soret coefficient [Formula: see text] are measured as a function of NP volume fraction [Formula: see text] at various [Formula: see text]. The [Formula: see text]-dependence of [Formula: see text] is analyzed in terms of thermoelectric and thermophoretic contributions as a function of [Formula: see text]. Using two different models for evaluating the Eastman entropy of transfer of the co- and counterions in the mixtures, the single-particle thermophoretic contribution (the NP's Eastman entropy of transfer) is deduced. It is found to evolve from negative in water to positive in DMSO. It is close to zero on a large range of [Formula: see text] values, meaning that in this [Formula: see text]-range [Formula: see text] largely depends on the thermoelectric effect of free co- and counterions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sarkar
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, PHysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - J C Riedl
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, PHysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - G Demouchy
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, PHysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX, F-75005, Paris, France
- Département de Physique, Univ. Cergy-Pontoise, 33 bd du port, 95011, Cergy-Pontoise, France
| | - F Gélébart
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, PHysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - G Mériguet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, PHysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - V Peyre
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, PHysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - E Dubois
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, PHysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - R Perzynski
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, PHysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX, F-75005, Paris, France.
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31
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Facile tuning of the mechanical properties of a biocompatible soft material. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7125. [PMID: 31073158 PMCID: PMC6509115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we introduce a method to locally modify the mechanical properties of a soft, biocompatible material through the exploitation of the effects induced by the presence of a local temperature gradient. In our hypotheses, this induces a concentration gradient in an aqueous sodium alginate solution containing calcium carbonate particles confined within a microfluidic channel. The concentration gradient is then fixed by forming a stable calcium alginate hydrogel. The process responsible for the hydrogel formation is initiated by diffusing an acidic oil solution through a permeable membrane in a 2-layer microfluidic device, thus reducing the pH and freeing calcium ions. We characterize the gradient of mechanical properties using atomic force microscopy nanoindentation measurements for a variety of material compositions and thermal conditions. Significantly, our novel approach enables the creation of steep gradients in mechanical properties (typically between 10–100 kPa/mm) on small scales, which will be of significant use in a range of tissue engineering and cell mechanosensing studies.
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32
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Abstract
We present a complete reciprocal description of particle motion inside multi-component fluids that extends the conventional Onsager formulation of non-equilibrium transport to systems where the thermodynamic forces are non-uniform on the colloidal scale. Based on the dynamic length and time scale separation in suspensions, the particle flux is shown to be related to the volume-averaged coupling between the Stokes flow tensor and the thermodynamic force density acting on the fluid. The flux is then expressed in terms of thermodynamic quantities that can be computed from the interfacial properties and equation of state of the colloids. Our results correctly describe diffusion and sedimentation and suggest that force-free phoretic motion can occur even in the absence of interfacial interactions, provided that the thermodynamic gradients are non-uniform at the colloidal surface. In particular, we derive an explicit hydrodynamic form for the phoretic force resulting from these non-uniform gradients. The form is validated by the recovery of the Henry function for electrophoresis and the Ruckenstein term for thermophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Burelbach
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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33
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Janssen M, Bier M. Transient response of an electrolyte to a thermal quench. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:042136. [PMID: 31108728 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.042136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We study the transient response of an electrolytic cell subject to a small, suddenly applied temperature increase at one of its two bounding electrode surfaces. An inhomogeneous temperature profile then develops, causing, via the Soret effect, ionic rearrangements towards a state of polarized ionic charge density q and local salt density c. For the case of equal cationic and anionic diffusivities, we derive analytical approximations to q,c, and the thermovoltage V_{T} for early (t≪τ_{T}) and late (t≫τ_{T}) times as compared to the relaxation time τ_{T} of the temperature. We challenge the conventional wisdom that the typically large Lewis number, the ratio a/D of thermal to ionic diffusivities, of most liquids implies a quickly reached steady-state temperature profile onto which ions relax slowly. Though true for the evolution of c, it turns out that q (and V_{T}) can respond much faster. Particularly when the cell is much bigger than the Debye length, a significant portion of the transient response of the cell falls in the t≪τ_{T} regime, for which our approximated q (corroborated by numerics) exhibits a density wave that has not been discussed before in this context. For electrolytes with unequal ionic diffusivities, V_{T} exhibits a two-step relaxation process, in agreement with experimental data of Bonetti et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 142, 244708 (2015)JCPSA60021-960610.1063/1.4923199].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs Janssen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institut für Theoretische Physik IV, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Bier
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institut für Theoretische Physik IV, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Fakultät Angewandte Natur- und Geisteswissenschaften, Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Würzburg-Schweinfurt, Ignaz-Schön-Str. 11, 97421 Schweinfurt, Germany
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34
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Zhao D, Martinelli A, Willfahrt A, Fischer T, Bernin D, Khan ZU, Shahi M, Brill J, Jonsson MP, Fabiano S, Crispin X. Polymer gels with tunable ionic Seebeck coefficient for ultra-sensitive printed thermopiles. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1093. [PMID: 30842422 PMCID: PMC6403253 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08930-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring temperature and heat flux is important for regulating any physical, chemical, and biological processes. Traditional thermopiles can provide accurate and stable temperature reading but they are based on brittle inorganic materials with low Seebeck coefficient, and are difficult to manufacture over large areas. Recently, polymer electrolytes have been proposed for thermoelectric applications because of their giant ionic Seebeck coefficient, high flexibility and ease of manufacturing. However, the materials reported to date have positive Seebeck coefficients, hampering the design of ultra-sensitive ionic thermopiles. Here we report an "ambipolar" ionic polymer gel with giant negative ionic Seebeck coefficient. The latter can be tuned from negative to positive by adjusting the gel composition. We show that the ion-polymer matrix interaction is crucial to control the sign and magnitude of the ionic Seebeck coefficient. The ambipolar gel can be easily screen printed, enabling large-area device manufacturing at low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Anna Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE-41296, Sweden
| | - Andreas Willfahrt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Innovative Applications of The Printing Technologies, Stuttgart Media University, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Thomas Fischer
- Innovative Applications of The Printing Technologies, Stuttgart Media University, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Diana Bernin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE-41296, Sweden
| | - Zia Ullah Khan
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Maryam Shahi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY40506-0055, USA
| | - Joseph Brill
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY40506-0055, USA
| | - Magnus P Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden.
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden.
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35
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Kouyaté M, Filomeno CL, Demouchy G, Mériguet G, Nakamae S, Peyre V, Roger M, Cēbers A, Depeyrot J, Dubois E, Perzynski R. Thermodiffusion of citrate-coated γ-Fe 2O 3 nanoparticles in aqueous dispersions with tuned counter-ions - anisotropy of the Soret coefficient under a magnetic field. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:1895-1903. [PMID: 30632574 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06858e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Under a temperature gradient, the direction of thermodiffusion of charged γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) depends on the nature of the counter-ions present in the dispersion, resulting in either a positive or negative Soret coefficient. Various counter-ions are probed in finely tuned and well characterized dispersions of citrate-coated NPs at comparable concentrations of free ionic species. The Soret coefficient ST is measured in stationary conditions together with the mass-diffusion coefficient Dm using a forced Rayleigh scattering method. The strong interparticle repulsion, determined by SAXS, is also attested by the increase of Dm with NP volume fraction Φ. The Φ-dependence of ST is analyzed in terms of thermophoretic and thermoelectric contributions of the various ionic species. The obtained single-particle thermophoretic contribution of the NPs (the Eastman entropy of transfer ŝNP) varies linearly with the entropy of transfer of the counter-ions. This is understood in terms of electrostatic contribution and of hydration of the ionic shell surrounding the NPs. Two aqueous dispersions, respectively, with ST > 0 and with ST < 0 are then probed under an applied field H[combining right harpoon above], and an anisotropy of Dm and of ST is induced while the in-field system remains monophasic. Whatever the H[combining right harpoon above]-direction (parallel or perpendicular to the gradients and ), the Soret coefficient is modulated keeping the same sign as in zero applied field. In-field experimental determinations are well described using a mean field model of the interparticle magnetic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kouyaté
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, PHysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX, F-75005, Paris, France.
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36
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Burelbach J, Stark H. Determining phoretic mobilities with Onsager's reciprocal relations: Electro- and thermophoresis revisited. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2019; 42:4. [PMID: 30643995 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2019-11769-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We use a hydrodynamic reciprocal approach to phoretic motion to derive general expressions for the electrophoretic and thermophoretic mobility of weakly charged colloids in aqueous electrolyte solutions. Our approach shows that phoretic motion can be understood in terms of the interfacial transport of thermodynamic excess quantities that arises when a colloid is kept stationary inside a bulk fluid flow. The obtained expressions for the mobilities are extensions of previously known results as they can account for different hydrodynamic boundary conditions at the colloidal surface, irrespective of how the colloid-fluid interaction range compares to the colloidal radius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Burelbach
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Holger Stark
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany
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37
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Cabreira Gomes R, Ferreira da Silva A, Kouyaté M, Demouchy G, Mériguet G, Aquino R, Dubois E, Nakamae S, Roger M, Depeyrot J, Perzynski R. Thermodiffusion of repulsive charged nanoparticles - the interplay between single-particle and thermoelectric contributions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:16402-16413. [PMID: 29873364 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02558d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermodiffusion of different ferrite nanoparticles (NPs), ∼10 nm in diameter, is explored in tailor-made aqueous dispersions stabilized by electrostatic interparticle interactions. In the dispersions, electrosteric repulsion is the dominant force, which is tuned by an osmotic-stress technique, i.e. controlling of osmotic pressure Π, pH and ionic strength. It is then possible to map Π and the NPs' osmotic compressibility χ in the dispersion with a Carnahan-Starling formalism of effective hard spheres (larger than the NPs' core). The NPs are here dispersed with two different surface ionic species, either at pH ∼ 2 or 7, leading to a surface charge, either positive or negative. Their Ludwig-Soret ST coefficient together with their mass diffusion Dm coefficient are determined experimentally by forced Rayleigh scattering. All probed NPs display a thermophilic behavior (ST < 0) regardless of the ionic species used to cover the surface. We determine the NPs' Eastman entropy of transfer and the Seebeck (thermoelectric) contribution to the measured Ludwig-Soret coefficient in these ionic dispersions. The NPs' Eastman entropy of transfer ŝNP is interpreted through the electrostatic and hydration contributions of the ionic shell surrounding the NPs.
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38
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Thermoelectricity and Thermodiffusion in Magnetic Nanofluids: Entropic Analysis. ENTROPY 2018; 20:e20060405. [PMID: 33265495 PMCID: PMC7512924 DOI: 10.3390/e20060405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An analytical model describing the thermoelectric potential production in magnetic nanofluids (dispersions of magnetic and charged colloidal particles in liquid media) is presented. The two major entropy sources, the thermogalvanic and thermodiffusion processes are considered. The thermodiffusion term is described in terms of three physical parameters; the diffusion coefficient, the Eastman entropy of transfer and the electrophoretic charge number of colloidal particles, which all depend on the particle concentration and the applied magnetic field strength and direction. The results are combined with well-known formulation of thermoelectric potential in thermogalvanic cells and compared to the recent observation of Seebeck coefficient enhancement/diminution in magnetic nanofluids in polar media.
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39
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Li L, Wang Q. Thermoelectricity in Heterogeneous Nanofluidic Channels. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1800369. [PMID: 29673112 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201800369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ionic fluids are essential to energy conversion, water desalination, drug delivery, and lab-on-a-chip devices. Ionic transport in nanoscale confinements and complex physical fields still remain elusive. Here, a nanofluidic system is developed using nanochannels of heterogeneous surface properties to investigate transport properties of ions under different temperatures. Steady ionic currents are observed under symmetric temperature gradients, which is equivalent to generating electricity using waste heat (e.g., electronic chips and solar panels). The currents increase linearly with temperature gradient and nonlinearly with channel size. Contributions to ion motion from temperatures and channel properties are evaluated for this phenomenon. The findings provide insights into the study of confined ionic fluids in multiphysical fields, and suggest applications in thermal energy conversion, temperature sensors, and chip-level thermal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- Q. Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, NO. 104 Youyi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Qinggong Wang
- Q. Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, NO. 104 Youyi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China
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40
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Sehnem AL, Niether D, Wiegand S, Figueiredo Neto AM. Thermodiffusion of Monovalent Organic Salts in Water. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:4093-4100. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Doreen Niether
- ICS-3 Soft Condensed Matter, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Simone Wiegand
- ICS-3 Soft Condensed Matter, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
- Department für Chemie - Physikalische Chemie, Universität zu Köln, 50939 Cologne, Germany
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41
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Di Lecce S, Bresme F. Thermal Polarization of Water Influences the Thermoelectric Response of Aqueous Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:1662-1668. [PMID: 29293343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b10960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous solutions under thermal gradients feature thermodiffusion (Ludwig-Soret) and thermoelectric (Seebeck) effects, whereby the thermal fields build concentration and charge density gradients. Recently, it has been shown that thermal gradients induce polarization fields in water. We use non-equilibrium molecular simulations to quantify the thermoelectric Seebeck coefficient of alkali halide aqueous solutions. We examine the dependence of the coefficient on temperature and salt concentration and show that the thermal polarization of water plays a key role in determining the magnitude of the thermoelectric behavior of the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Di Lecce
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Fernando Bresme
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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42
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Burelbach J, Frenkel D, Pagonabarraga I, Eiser E. A unified description of colloidal thermophoresis. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2018; 41:7. [PMID: 29340794 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2018-11610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We use the dynamic length and time scale separation in suspensions to formulate a general description of colloidal thermophoresis. Our approach allows an unambiguous definition of separate contributions to the colloidal flux and clarifies the physical mechanisms behind non-equilibrium motion of colloids. In particular, we derive an expression for the interfacial force density that drives single-particle thermophoresis in non-ideal fluids. The issuing relations for the transport coefficients explicitly show that interfacial thermophoresis has a hydrodynamic character that cannot be explained by a purely thermodynamic consideration. Our treatment generalises the results from other existing approaches, giving them a clear interpretation within the framework of non-equilibrium thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Burelbach
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB3 0HE, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daan Frenkel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Ignacio Pagonabarraga
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, C. Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CECAM Centre Européen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Erika Eiser
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB3 0HE, Cambridge, UK
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43
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Continuous Isotropic-Nematic Transition in Amyloid Fibril Suspensions Driven by Thermophoresis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1211. [PMID: 28450728 PMCID: PMC5430637 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01287-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The isotropic and nematic (I + N) coexistence for rod-like colloids is a signature of the first-order thermodynamics nature of this phase transition. However, in the case of amyloid fibrils, the biphasic region is too small to be experimentally detected, due to their extremely high aspect ratio. Herein, we study the thermophoretic behaviour of fluorescently labelled β-lactoglobulin amyloid fibrils by inducing a temperature gradient across a microfluidic channel. We discover that fibrils accumulate towards the hot side of the channel at the temperature range studied, thus presenting a negative Soret coefficient. By exploiting this thermophoretic behaviour, we show that it becomes possible to induce a continuous I-N transition with the I and N phases at the extremities of the channel, starting from an initially single N phase, by generating an appropriate concentration gradient along the width of the microchannel. Accordingly, we introduce a new methodology to control liquid crystal phase transitions in anisotropic colloidal suspensions. Because the induced order-order transitions are achieved under stationary conditions, this may have important implications in both applied colloidal science, such as in separation and fractionation of colloids, as well as in fundamental soft condensed matter, by widening the accessibility of target regions in the phase diagrams.
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44
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Di Lecce S, Albrecht T, Bresme F. A computational approach to calculate the heat of transport of aqueous solutions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44833. [PMID: 28322266 PMCID: PMC5359663 DOI: 10.1038/srep44833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal gradients induce concentration gradients in alkali halide solutions, and the salt migrates towards hot or cold regions depending on the average temperature of the solution. This effect has been interpreted using the heat of transport, which provides a route to rationalize thermophoretic phenomena. Early theories provide estimates of the heat of transport at infinite dilution. These values are used to interpret thermodiffusion (Soret) and thermoelectric (Seebeck) effects. However, accessing heats of transport of individual ions at finite concentration remains an outstanding question both theoretically and experimentally. Here we discuss a computational approach to calculate heats of transport of aqueous solutions at finite concentrations, and apply our method to study lithium chloride solutions at concentrations >0.5 M. The heats of transport are significantly different for Li+ and Cl− ions, unlike what is expected at infinite dilution. We find theoretical evidence for the existence of minima in the Soret coefficient of LiCl, where the magnitude of the heat of transport is maximized. The Seebeck coefficient obtained from the ionic heats of transport varies significantly with temperature and concentration. We identify thermodynamic conditions leading to a maximization of the thermoelectric response of aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Di Lecce
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Bresme
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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45
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Simoncelli S, Summer J, Nedev S, Kühler P, Feldmann J. Combined Optical and Chemical Control of a Microsized Photofueled Janus Particle. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:2854-2858. [PMID: 27028413 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201503712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A Au-silica Janus particle is elevated along the laser beam axis in an optical trap. The propulsion mechanism is based on the local temperature gradient created around the particle due to the photothermal conversion of the gold-coated hemisphere. The height of the particle and its motion-direction are tuned by the nature and the concentration of the electrolytes in the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Simoncelli
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Department of Physics and Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Amalienstr. 54, 80799, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Summer
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Department of Physics and Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Amalienstr. 54, 80799, Munich, Germany
| | - Spas Nedev
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Department of Physics and Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Amalienstr. 54, 80799, Munich, Germany
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Schellingstraße 4, 80799, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Kühler
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Department of Physics and Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Amalienstr. 54, 80799, Munich, Germany
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Schellingstraße 4, 80799, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Feldmann
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Department of Physics and Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Amalienstr. 54, 80799, Munich, Germany
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Schellingstraße 4, 80799, Munich, Germany
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Jokinen M, Manzanares JA, Kontturi K, Murtomäki L. Thermal potential of ion-exchange membranes and its application to thermoelectric power generation. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Armstrong J, Bresme F. Temperature inversion of the thermal polarization of water. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:060103. [PMID: 26764610 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.060103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Temperature gradients polarize water, a nonequilibrium effect that may result in significant electrostatic fields for strong thermal gradients. Using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, we show that the thermal polarization features a significant dependence with temperature that ultimately leads to an inversion phenomenon, whereby the polarization field reverses its sign at a specific temperature. Temperature inversion effects have been reported before in the Soret coefficient of aqueous solutions, where the solution changes from thermophobic to thermophilic at specific temperatures. We show that a similar inversion behavior is observed in pure water. Microscopically, the inversion is the result of a balance of dipolar and quadrupolar contributions and the strong temperature dependence of the quadrupolar contribution, which is determined by the thermal expansion of the liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Bresme
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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48
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Würger A. Self-Diffusiophoresis of Janus Particles in Near-Critical Mixtures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:188304. [PMID: 26565507 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.188304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically study the self-propulsion of a laser-heated Janus particle in a near-critical water-lutidine mixture, and we relate its velocity v_{p} and squirmer parameter β to the wetting properties of its two hemispheres. For nonionic surface forces, the particle moves the active cap at the front, whereas a charged hydrophilic cap leads to backward motion, in agreement with the experiment. Both v_{p} and β show nonmonotonic dependencies on the heating power, and they may even change sign. The variation of β is expected to strongly affect the collective behavior of dense squirmer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois Würger
- Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux and CNRS, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
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Sehnem AL, Figueiredo Neto AM, Aquino R, Campos AFC, Tourinho FA, Depeyrot J. Temperature dependence of the Soret coefficient of ionic colloids. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:042311. [PMID: 26565244 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.042311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The temperature dependence of the Soret coefficient S(T)(T) in electrostatically charged magnetic colloids is investigated. Two different ferrofluids, with different particles' mean dimensions, are studied. In both cases we obtain a thermophilic behavior of the Soret effect. The temperature dependence of the Soret coefficient is described assuming that the nanoparticles migrate along the ionic thermoelectric field created by the thermal gradient. A model based on the contributions from the thermoelectrophoresis and variation of the double-layer energy, without fitting parameters, is used to describe the experimental results of the colloid with the bigger particles. To do so, independent measurements of the ζ potential, mass diffusion coefficient, and Seebeck coefficient are performed. The agreement of the theory and the experimental results is rather good. In the case of the ferrofluid with smaller particles, it is not possible to get experimentally reliable values of the ζ potential and the model described is used to evaluate this parameter and its temperature dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Sehnem
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - R Aquino
- Faculdade UnB-Planaltina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - A F C Campos
- Faculdade UnB-Planaltina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - F A Tourinho
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - J Depeyrot
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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50
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Crick CR, Albella P, Ng B, Ivanov AP, Roschuk T, Cecchini MP, Bresme F, Maier SA, Edel JB. Precise attoliter temperature control of nanopore sensors using a nanoplasmonic bullseye. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:553-9. [PMID: 25467211 DOI: 10.1021/nl504536j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Targeted temperature control in nanopores is greatly important in further understanding biological molecules. Such control would extend the range of examinable molecules and facilitate advanced analysis, including the characterization of temperature-dependent molecule conformations. The work presented within details well-defined plasmonic gold bullseye and silicon nitride nanopore membranes. The bullseye nanoantennae are designed and optimized using simulations and theoretical calculations for interaction with 632.8 nm laser light. Laser heating was monitored experimentally through nanopore conductance measurements. The precise heating of nanopores is demonstrated while minimizing the accumulation of heat in the surrounding membrane material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin R Crick
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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