1
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Louka S, Barry SM, Heyes DJ, Mubarak MQE, Ali HS, Alkhalaf LM, Munro AW, Scrutton NS, Challis GL, de Visser SP. Catalytic Mechanism of Aromatic Nitration by Cytochrome P450 TxtE: Involvement of a Ferric-Peroxynitrite Intermediate. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15764-15779. [PMID: 32811149 PMCID: PMC7586343 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
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The
cytochromes P450 are heme-dependent enzymes that catalyze many
vital reaction processes in the human body related to biodegradation
and biosynthesis. They typically act as mono-oxygenases; however,
the recently discovered P450 subfamily TxtE utilizes O2 and NO to nitrate aromatic substrates such as L-tryptophan.
A direct and selective aromatic nitration reaction may be useful in
biotechnology for the synthesis of drugs or small molecules. Details
of the catalytic mechanism are unknown, and it has been suggested
that the reaction should proceed through either an iron(III)-superoxo
or an iron(II)-nitrosyl intermediate. To resolve this controversy,
we used stopped-flow kinetics to provide evidence for a catalytic
cycle where dioxygen binds prior to NO to generate an active iron(III)-peroxynitrite
species that is able to nitrate l-Trp efficiently. We show
that the rate of binding of O2 is faster than that of NO
and also leads to l-Trp nitration, while little evidence
of product formation is observed from the iron(II)-nitrosyl complex.
To support the experimental studies, we performed density functional
theory studies on large active site cluster models. The studies suggest
a mechanism involving an iron(III)-peroxynitrite that splits homolytically
to form an iron(IV)-oxo heme (Compound II) and a free NO2 radical via a small free energy of activation. The latter activates
the substrate on the aromatic ring, while compound II picks up the ipso-hydrogen to form the product. The calculations give
small reaction barriers for most steps in the catalytic cycle and,
therefore, predict fast product formation from the iron(III)-peroxynitrite
complex. These findings provide the first detailed insight into the
mechanism of nitration by a member of the TxtE subfamily and highlight
how the enzyme facilitates this novel reaction chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savvas Louka
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Mancheste M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah M Barry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Derren J Heyes
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - M Qadri E Mubarak
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Mancheste M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Hafiz Saqib Ali
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Lona M Alkhalaf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W Munro
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory L Challis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia.,ARC Centre for Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Sam P de Visser
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Mancheste M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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2
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De Simone G, di Masi A, Polticelli F, Ascenzi P. Human nitrobindin: the first example of an all-β-barrel ferric heme-protein that catalyzes peroxynitrite detoxification. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:2002-2010. [PMID: 30524950 PMCID: PMC6275384 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrobindins (Nbs), constituting a heme‐protein family spanning from bacteria to Homo sapiens, display an all‐β‐barrel structural organization. Human Nb has been described as a domain of the nuclear protein named THAP4, whose physiological function is still unknown. We report the first evidence of the heme‐Fe(III)‐based detoxification of peroxynitrite by the all‐β‐barrel C‐terminal Nb‐like domain of THAP4. Ferric human Nb (Nb(III)) catalyzes the conversion of peroxynitrite to NO3− and impairs the nitration of free l‐tyrosine. The rate of human Nb(III)‐mediated scavenging of peroxynitrite is similar to those of all‐α‐helical horse heart and sperm whale myoglobin and human hemoglobin, generally taken as the prototypes of all‐α‐helical heme‐proteins. The heme‐Fe(III) reactivity of all‐β‐barrel human Nb(III) and all‐α‐helical prototypical heme‐proteins possibly reflects the out‐to‐in‐plane transition of the heme‐Fe(III)‐atom preceding peroxynitrite binding. Human Nb(III) not only catalyzes the detoxification of peroxynitrite but also binds NO, possibly representing a target of reactive nitrogen species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabio Polticelli
- Department of Sciences Roma Tre University Italy.,National Institute of Nuclear Physics Roma Tre Section Italy
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy Roma Tre University Italy
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3
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Ascenzi P, Coletta M. Peroxynitrite Detoxification by Human Haptoglobin:Hemoglobin Complexes: A Comparative Study. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:11100-11107. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b05340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 79, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, I-70126 Bari, Italy
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4
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Sharma SK, Schaefer AW, Lim H, Matsumura H, Moënne-Loccoz P, Hedman B, Hodgson KO, Solomon EI, Karlin KD. A Six-Coordinate Peroxynitrite Low-Spin Iron(III) Porphyrinate Complex-The Product of the Reaction of Nitrogen Monoxide (·NO (g)) with a Ferric-Superoxide Species. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17421-17430. [PMID: 29091732 PMCID: PMC5783694 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (-OON═O, PN) is a reactive nitrogen species (RNS) which can effect deleterious nitrative or oxidative (bio)chemistry. It may derive from reaction of superoxide anion (O2•-) with nitric oxide (·NO) and has been suggested to form an as-yet unobserved bound heme-iron-PN intermediate in the catalytic cycle of nitric oxide dioxygenase (NOD) enzymes, which facilitate a ·NO homeostatic process, i.e., its oxidation to the nitrate anion. Here, a discrete six-coordinate low-spin porphyrinate-FeIII complex [(PIm)FeIII(-OON═O)] (3) (PIm; a porphyrin moiety with a covalently tethered imidazole axial "base" donor ligand) has been identified and characterized by various spectroscopies (UV-vis, NMR, EPR, XAS, resonance Raman) and DFT calculations, following its formation at -80 °C by addition of ·NO(g) to the heme-superoxo species, [(PIm)FeIII(O2•-)] (2). DFT calculations confirm that 3 is a six-coordinate low-spin species with the PN ligand coordinated to iron via its terminal peroxidic anionic O atom with the overall geometry being in a cis-configuration. Complex 3 thermally transforms to its isomeric low-spin nitrato form [(PIm)FeIII(NO3-)] (4a). While previous (bio)chemical studies show that phenolic substrates undergo nitration in the presence of PN or PN-metal complexes, in the present system, addition of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4DTBP) to complex 3 does not lead to nitrated phenol; the nitrate complex 4a still forms. DFT calculations reveal that the phenolic H atom approaches the terminal PN O atom (farthest from the metal center and ring core), effecting O-O cleavage, giving nitrogen dioxide (·NO2) plus a ferryl compound [(PIm)FeIV═O] (7); this rebounds to give [(PIm)FeIII(NO3-)] (4a).The generation and characterization of the long sought after ferriheme peroxynitrite complex has been accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita K. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Andrew W. Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hyeongtaek Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hirotoshi Matsumura
- Division of Environmental & Biomolecular Systems, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, United States
| | - Pierre Moënne-Loccoz
- Division of Environmental & Biomolecular Systems, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, United States
| | - Britt Hedman
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Keith O. Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Edward I. Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Kenneth D. Karlin
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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5
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Carabet LA, Guertin M, Lagüe P, Lamoureux G. Mechanism of the Nitric Oxide Dioxygenase Reaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Hemoglobin N. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:8706-8718. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b06494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia A. Carabet
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry and Centre for Research in Molecular
Modeling (CERMM), Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4B 1R6
| | | | | | - Guillaume Lamoureux
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry and Centre for Research in Molecular
Modeling (CERMM), Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4B 1R6
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6
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Ascenzi P, Pesce A. Peroxynitrite scavenging by Campylobacter jejuni truncated hemoglobin P. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017; 22:1141-1150. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1490-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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7
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Chreifi G, Dejam D, Poulos TL. Crystal structure and functional analysis of Leishmania major pseudoperoxidase. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017; 22:919-927. [PMID: 28584975 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1469-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania major pseudoperoxidase (LmPP) is a recently discovered heme protein expressed by the human pathogen. Previous in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that LmPP is a crucial element of the pathogen's defense mechanism against the reactive nitrogen species peroxynitrite produced during the host immune response. To shed light on the potential mechanism of peroxynitrite detoxification, we have determined the 1.76-Å X-ray crystal structure of LmPP, revealing a striking degree of homology with heme peroxidases. The most outstanding structural feature is a Cys/His heme coordination, which corroborates previous spectroscopic and mutagenesis studies. We also used a combination of stopped-flow and electron paramagnetic spectroscopies that together suggest that peroxynitrite is not a substrate for LmPP catalysis, leaving the function of LmPP an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Chreifi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-3900, USA
| | - Dillon Dejam
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-3900, USA
| | - Thomas L Poulos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-3900, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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8
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The reaction of oxyhemoglobin with nitric oxide: EPR evidence for an iron(III)-nitrate intermediate. Inorganica Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2015.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Ascenzi P, Leboffe L, Santucci R, Coletta M. Ferric microperoxidase-11 catalyzes peroxynitrite isomerization. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 144:56-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Ascenzi P, Leboffe L, Pesce A, Ciaccio C, Sbardella D, Bolognesi M, Coletta M. Nitrite-reductase and peroxynitrite isomerization activities of Methanosarcina acetivorans protoglobin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95391. [PMID: 24827820 PMCID: PMC4020757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the globin superfamily, protoglobins (Pgb) belong phylogenetically to the same cluster of two-domain globin-coupled sensors and single-domain sensor globins. Multiple functional roles have been postulated for Methanosarcina acetivorans Pgb (Ma-Pgb), since the detoxification of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species might co-exist with enzymatic activity(ies) to facilitate the conversion of CO to methane. Here, the nitrite-reductase and peroxynitrite isomerization activities of the CysE20Ser mutant of Ma-Pgb (Ma-Pgb*) are reported and analyzed in parallel with those of related heme-proteins. Kinetics of nitrite-reductase activity of ferrous Ma-Pgb* (Ma-Pgb*-Fe(II)) is biphasic and values of the second-order rate constant for the reduction of NO2– to NO and the concomitant formation of nitrosylated Ma-Pgb*-Fe(II) (Ma-Pgb*-Fe(II)-NO) are kapp1 = 9.6±0.2 M–1 s–1 and kapp2 = 1.2±0.1 M–1 s–1 (at pH 7.4 and 20°C). The kapp1 and kapp2 values increase by about one order of magnitude for each pH unit decrease, between pH 8.3 and 6.2, indicating that the reaction requires one proton. On the other hand, kinetics of peroxynitrite isomerization catalyzed by ferric Ma-Pgb* (Ma-Pgb*-Fe(III)) is monophasic and values of the second order rate constant for peroxynitrite isomerization by Ma-Pgb*-Fe(III) and of the first order rate constant for the spontaneous conversion of peroxynitrite to nitrate are happ = 3.8×104 M–1 s–1 and h0 = 2.8×10–1 s–1 (at pH 7.4 and 20°C). The pH-dependence of hon and h0 values reflects the acid-base equilibrium of peroxynitrite (pKa = 6.7 and 6.9, respectively; at 20°C), indicating that HOONO is the species that reacts preferentially with the heme-Fe(III) atom. These results highlight the potential role of Pgbs in the biosynthesis and scavenging of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, University Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Roma, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Loris Leboffe
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, University Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Ciaccio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma “Tor Vergata”, Roma, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Bari, Italy
| | - Diego Sbardella
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma “Tor Vergata”, Roma, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma “Tor Vergata”, Roma, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Bari, Italy
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11
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Gardner PR. Hemoglobin: a nitric-oxide dioxygenase. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:683729. [PMID: 24278729 PMCID: PMC3820574 DOI: 10.6064/2012/683729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Members of the hemoglobin superfamily efficiently catalyze nitric-oxide dioxygenation, and when paired with native electron donors, function as NO dioxygenases (NODs). Indeed, the NOD function has emerged as a more common and ancient function than the well-known role in O2 transport-storage. Novel hemoglobins possessing a NOD function continue to be discovered in diverse life forms. Unique hemoglobin structures evolved, in part, for catalysis with different electron donors. The mechanism of NOD catalysis by representative single domain hemoglobins and multidomain flavohemoglobin occurs through a multistep mechanism involving O2 migration to the heme pocket, O2 binding-reduction, NO migration, radical-radical coupling, O-atom rearrangement, nitrate release, and heme iron re-reduction. Unraveling the physiological functions of multiple NODs with varying expression in organisms and the complexity of NO as both a poison and signaling molecule remain grand challenges for the NO field. NOD knockout organisms and cells expressing recombinant NODs are helping to advance our understanding of NO actions in microbial infection, plant senescence, cancer, mitochondrial function, iron metabolism, and tissue O2 homeostasis. NOD inhibitors are being pursued for therapeutic applications as antibiotics and antitumor agents. Transgenic NOD-expressing plants, fish, algae, and microbes are being developed for agriculture, aquaculture, and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Gardner
- Miami Valley Biotech, 1001 E. 2nd Street, Suite 2445, Dayton, OH 45402, USA
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12
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di Masi A, Gullotta F, Bolli A, Fanali G, Fasano M, Ascenzi P. Ibuprofen binding to secondary sites allosterically modulates the spectroscopic and catalytic properties of human serum heme-albumin. FEBS J 2011; 278:654-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Isoniazid and rifampicin inhibit allosterically heme binding to albumin and peroxynitrite isomerization by heme–albumin. J Biol Inorg Chem 2010; 16:97-108. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0706-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Munk MB, Huvaere K, Van Bocxlaer J, Skibsted LH. Mechanism of light-induced oxidation of nitrosylmyoglobin. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Mishra S, Meuwly M. Atomistic Simulation of NO Dioxygenation in Group I Truncated Hemoglobin. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:2968-82. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9078144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Su J, Groves JT. Direct detection of the oxygen rebound intermediates, ferryl Mb and NO2, in the reaction of metmyoglobin with peroxynitrite. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:12979-88. [PMID: 19705829 DOI: 10.1021/ja902473r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxygenated hemoproteins are known to react rapidly with nitric oxide (NO) to produce peroxynitrite (PN) at the heme site. This process could lead either to attenuation of the effects of NO or to nitrosative protein damage. Peroxynitrite is a powerful nitrating and oxidizing agent that has been implicated in a variety of cell injuries. Accordingly, it is important to delineate the nature and variety of reaction mechanisms of PN reactions with heme proteins. Here, we present direct evidence that ferrylMb and NO(2) are both produced during the reaction of PN and metmyoglobin (metMb). Kinetic evidence indicates that these products evolve from initial formation of a caged radical intermediate [Fe(IV)=O *NO(2)]. This caged pair reacts mainly via internal return with a rate constant k(r) to form metMb and nitrate in an oxygen rebound scenario. Detectable amounts of ferrylMb are observed by stopped-flow spectrophotometry, appearing at a rate consistent with the rate, k(obs), of heme-mediated PN decomposition. Freely diffusing NO(2), which is liberated concomitantly from the radical pair (k(e)), preferentially nitrates Tyr103 in horse heart myoglobin. The ratio of the rates of in-cage rebound and cage escape, k(r)/k(e), was found to be approximately 10 by examining the nitration yields of fluorescein, an external NO(2) trap. This rebound/escape model for the metMb/PN interaction is analogous to the behavior of alkyl hyponitrites and the well-studied geminate recombination processes of deoxymyoglobin with O(2), CO, and NO. The scenario is also similar to the stepwise events of substrate hydroxylation by cytochrome P450 and other oxygenases. It is likely, therefore, that the reaction of metMb with ONOO(-) and that of oxyMb with NO proceed through the same [Fe(IV)=O *NO(2)] caged radical intermediate and lead to similar outcomes. The results indicate that while oxyMb may reduce the concentration of intracellular NO, it would not eliminate the formation of NO(2) as a decomposition product of peroxynitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Su
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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17
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Peroxynitrite scavenging by ferryl sperm whale myoglobin and human hemoglobin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 390:27-31. [PMID: 19766099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Globins protect from the oxidative and nitrosative cell damage. Here, kinetics of peroxynitrite scavenging by ferryl sperm whale myoglobin (MbFe(IV)O) and human hemoglobin (HbFe(IV)O), between pH 5.8 and 8.3 at 20.0 degrees C, are reported. In the absence of CO(2), values of the second-order rate constant for peroxynitrite scavenging by MbFe(IV)O and HbFe(IV)O (i.e., for MbFe(III) and HbFe(III) formation; k(on)) are 4.6 x 10(4)M(-1)s(-1) and 3.3 x 10(4)M(-1)s(-1), respectively, at pH 7.1. Values of k(on) increase on decreasing pH with pK(a) values of 6.9 and 6.7, this suggests that the ONOOH species reacts preferentially with MbFe(IV)O and HbFe(IV)O. In the presence of CO(2) (=1.2 x 10(-3)M), values of k(on) for peroxynitrite scavenging by MbFe(IV)O and HbFe(IV)O are essentially pH-independent, the average k(on) values are 7.1 x 10(4)M(-1)s(-1) and 1.2 x 10(5)M(-1)s(-1), respectively. As a whole, MbFe(IV)O and HbFe(IV)O, obtained by treatment with H(2)O(2), undertake within the same cycle H(2)O(2) and peroxynitrite detoxification.
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18
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Ascenzi P, di Masi A, Coletta M, Ciaccio C, Fanali G, Nicoletti FP, Smulevich G, Fasano M. Ibuprofen impairs allosterically peroxynitrite isomerization by ferric human serum heme-albumin. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:31006-17. [PMID: 19734142 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.010736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) participates in heme scavenging; in turn, heme endows HSA with myoglobin-like reactivity and spectroscopic properties. Here, the allosteric effect of ibuprofen on peroxynitrite isomerization to NO(3)(-) catalyzed by ferric human serum heme-albumin (HSA-heme-Fe(III)) is reported. Data were obtained at 22.0 degrees C. HSA-heme-Fe(III) catalyzes peroxynitrite isomerization in the absence and presence of CO(2); the values of the second order catalytic rate constant (k(on)) are 4.1 x 10(5) and 4.5 x 10(5) m(-1) s(-1), respectively. Moreover, HSA-heme-Fe(III) prevents peroxynitrite-mediated nitration of free added l-tyrosine. The pH dependence of k(on) (pK(a) = 6.9) suggests that peroxynitrous acid reacts preferentially with the heme-Fe(III) atom, in the absence and presence of CO(2). The HSA-heme-Fe(III)-catalyzed isomerization of peroxynitrite has been ascribed to the reactive pentacoordinated heme-Fe(III) atom. In the absence and presence of CO(2), ibuprofen impairs dose-dependently peroxynitrite isomerization by HSA-heme-Fe(III) and facilitates the nitration of free added l-tyrosine; the value of the dissociation equilibrium constant for ibuprofen binding to HSA-heme-Fe(III) (L) ranges between 7.7 x 10(-4) and 9.7 x 10(-4) m. Under conditions where [ibuprofen] is >>L, the kinetics of HSA-heme-Fe(III)-catalyzed isomerization of peroxynitrite is superimposable to that obtained in the absence of HSA-heme-Fe(III) or in the presence of non-catalytic HSA-heme-Fe(III)-cyanide complex and HSA. Ibuprofen binding impairs allosterically peroxynitrite isomerization by HSA-heme-Fe(III), inducing the hexacoordination of the heme-Fe(III) atom. These results represent the first evidence for peroxynitrite isomerization by HSA-heme-Fe(III), highlighting the allosteric modulation of HSA-heme-Fe(III) reactivity by heterotropic interaction(s), and outlining the role of drugs in modulating HSA functions. The present results could be relevant for the drug-dependent protective role of HSA-heme-Fe(III) in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ascenzi
- Department of Biology and Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, University Roma Tre, I-00146 Roma, Italy.
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Roncaroli F, Videla M, Slep LD, Olabe JA. New features in the redox coordination chemistry of metal nitrosyls {M–NO+; M–NO; M–NO−(HNO)}. Coord Chem Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2007.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Maréchal A, Mattioli TA, Stuehr DJ, Santolini J. Activation of Peroxynitrite by Inducible Nitric-oxide Synthase. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:14101-12. [PMID: 17369257 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609237200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, nitric oxide (NO) is an essential biological mediator that is exclusively synthesized by nitric-oxide synthases (NOSs). However, NOSs are also directly or indirectly responsible for the production of peroxynitrite, a well known cytotoxic agent involved in numerous pathophysiological processes. Peroxynitrite reactivity is extremely intricate and highly depends on activators such as hemoproteins. NOSs present, therefore, the unique ability to both produce and activate peroxynitrite, which confers upon them a major role in the control of peroxynitrite bioactivity. We report here the first kinetic analysis of the interaction between peroxynitrite and the oxygenase domain of inducible NOS (iNOSoxy). iNOSoxy binds peroxynitrite and accelerates its decomposition with a second order rate constant of 22 x 10(4) m(-1)s(-1) at pH 7.4. This reaction is pH-dependent and is abolished by the binding of substrate or product. Peroxynitrite activation is correlated with the observation of a new iNOS heme intermediate with specific absorption at 445 nm. iNOSoxy modifies peroxynitrite reactivity and directs it toward one-electron processes such as nitration or one-electron oxidation. Taken together our results suggest that, upon binding to iNOSoxy, peroxynitrite undergoes homolytic cleavage with build-up of an oxo-ferryl intermediate and concomitant release of a NO(2)(.) radical. Successive cycles of peroxynitrite activation were shown to lead to iNOSoxy autocatalytic nitration and inhibition. The balance between peroxynitrite activation and self-inhibition of iNOSoxy may determine the contribution of NOSs to cellular oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Maréchal
- Laboratoire de Stress Oxydant et Détoxication, iBiTec-S, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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Herold S, Boccini F. NO•Release from MbFe(II)NO and HbFe(II)NO after Oxidation by Peroxynitrite. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:6933-43. [PMID: 16903752 DOI: 10.1021/ic060469g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we showed that the reaction of peroxynitrite with MbFe(II)NO, in analogy to the corresponding reaction with HbFe(II)NO (Herold, S. Inorg. Chem. 2004, 43, 3783-3785), proceeds in two steps via the formation of MbFe(III)NO, from which NO* dissociates to produce iron(III)myoglobin (Mb = myoglobin; Hb = hemoglobin). The second-order rate constants for the first steps are on the order of 10(4) and 10(3) M(-1) s(-1), for the reaction of peroxynitrite with MbFe(II)NO and HbFe(II)NO, respectively. For both proteins, we found that the values of the second-order rate constants increase with decreasing pH, an observation that suggests that HOONO is the species responsible for oxidation of the iron center. Nevertheless, it cannot be excluded that the pH-dependence arises from different conformations taken up by the proteins at different pH values. In the presence of 1.2 mM CO2, the values of the second-order rate constants are larger, on the order of 10(5) and 10(4) M(-1) s(-1), for the reaction of peroxynitrite with MbFe(II)NO and HbFe(II)NO, respectively. The pH-dependence of the values for the reaction with MbFe(II)NO suggests that ONOOCO2- or the radicals produced from its decay (CO3*-/NO2*) are responsible for the oxidation of MbFe(II)NO to MbFe(III)NO. In the presence of large amounts of nitrite (in the tens and hundreds of millimoles range), we observed a slight acceleration of the rate of oxidation of HbFe(II)NO by peroxynitrite. A catalytic rate constant of 40 +/- 2 M(-1) s(-1) was determined at pH 7.0. Preliminary studies of the reaction between nitrite and HbFe(II)NO showed that this compound also can oxidize the iron center, albeit at a significantly slower rate. At pH 7.0, we obtained an approximate second-order rate constant of 3 x 10(-3) M(-1) s(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Herold
- Laboratorium für Anorganische Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Gardner PR, Gardner AM, Brashear WT, Suzuki T, Hvitved AN, Setchell KDR, Olson JS. Hemoglobins dioxygenate nitric oxide with high fidelity. J Inorg Biochem 2006; 100:542-50. [PMID: 16439024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2005.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 11/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Distantly related members of the hemoglobin (Hb) superfamily including red blood cell Hb, muscle myoglobin (Mb) and the microbial flavohemoglobin (flavoHb) dioxygenate nitric oxide (.NO). The reaction serves important roles in .NO metabolism and detoxification throughout the aerobic biosphere. Analysis of the stoichiometric product nitrate shows greater than 99% double O-atom incorporation from Hb(18)O(2), Mb(18)O(2) and flavoHb(18)O(2) demonstrating a conserved high fidelity .NO dioxygenation mechanism. Whereas, reactions of .NO with the structurally unrelated Turbo cornutus MbO(2) or free superoxide radical (-O.(2)) yield sub-stoichiometric nitrate showing low fidelity O-atom incorporation. These and other results support a .NO dioxygenation mechanism involving (1) rapid reaction of .NO with a Fe(III-)O.(2) intermediate to form Fe(III-)OONO and (2) rapid isomerization of the Fe(III-)OONO intermediate to form nitrate. A sub-microsecond isomerization event is hypothesized in which the O-O bond homolyzes to form a protein caged [Fe(IV)O .NO(2)] intermediate and ferryl oxygen attacks .NO(2) to form nitrate. Hb functions as a .NO dioxygenase by controlling O(2) binding and electrochemistry, guiding .NO diffusion and reaction, and shielding highly reactive intermediates from solvent water and biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Gardner
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC7006, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Kumar S, Singh HB, Wolmershäuser G. Protection against Peroxynitrite-Mediated Nitration Reaction by Intramolecularly Coordinated Diorganoselenides. Organometallics 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/om050353c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India, and Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Kaiserslautern, Postfach 3049, Kaiserslautern 67653, Germany
| | - Harkesh B. Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India, and Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Kaiserslautern, Postfach 3049, Kaiserslautern 67653, Germany
| | - Gotthelf Wolmershäuser
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India, and Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Kaiserslautern, Postfach 3049, Kaiserslautern 67653, Germany
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Herold S, Puppo A. Oxyleghemoglobin scavenges nitrogen monoxide and peroxynitrite: a possible role in functioning nodules? J Biol Inorg Chem 2005; 10:935-45. [PMID: 16267661 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-005-0046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the NO* produced by nitric oxide synthase or by the reduction of nitrite by nitrate reductase plays an important role in plants' defense against microbial pathogens. The detection of nitrosyl Lb in nodules strongly suggests that NO* is also formed in functional nodules. Moreover, NO* may react with superoxide (which has been shown to be produced in nodules by various processes), leading to the formation of peroxynitrite. We have determined the second-order rate constants of the reactions of soybean oxyleghemoglobin with nitrogen monoxide and peroxynitrite. At pH 7.3 and 20 degrees C, the values are on the order of 10(8) and 10(4) M-1 s-1, respectively. In the presence of physiological amounts of CO2 (1.2 mM), the second-order rate constant of the reaction of oxyleghemoglobin peroxynitrite is even larger (10(5) M-1 s-1). The results presented here clearly show that oxyleghemoglobin is able to scavenge any NO* and peroxynitrite formed in functional nodules. This may help to stop NO* triggering a plant defense reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Herold
- Laboratorium für Anorganische Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH Hönggerberg, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
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25
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Denisov IG, Makris TM, Sligar SG, Schlichting I. Structure and Chemistry of Cytochrome P450. Chem Rev 2005; 105:2253-77. [PMID: 15941214 DOI: 10.1021/cr0307143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1512] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilia G Denisov
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA
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27
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Blomberg LM, Blomberg MRA, Siegbahn PEM. A theoretical study of myoglobin working as a nitric oxide scavenger. J Biol Inorg Chem 2004; 9:923-35. [PMID: 15452775 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-004-0585-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2004] [Accepted: 07/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism for the reaction between nitric oxide (NO) and O(2) bound to the heme iron of myoglobin (Mb), including the following isomerization to nitrate, has been investigated using hybrid density functional theory (B3LYP). Myoglobin working as a NO scavenger could be of importance, since NO reversibly inhibits the terminal enzyme in the respiration chain, cytochrome c oxidase. The concentration of NO in the cell will thus affect the respiration and thereby the synthesis of ATP. The calculations show that the reaction between NO and the heme-bound O(2) gives a peroxynitrite intermediate whose O-O bond undergoes a homolytic cleavage, forming a NO(2) radical and myoglobin in the oxo-ferryl state. The NO(2) radical then recombines with the oxo-ferryl, forming heme-bound nitrate. Nine different models have been used in the present study to examine the effect on the reaction both by the presence and the protonation state of the distal His64, and by the surroundings of the proximal His93. The barriers going from the oxy-Mb and nitric oxide reactant to the peroxynitrite intermediate and further to the oxo-ferryl and NO(2) radical are around 10 and 7 kcal/mol, respectively. Forming the product, nitrate bound to the heme iron has a barrier of less than approximately 7 kcal/mol. The overall reaction going from a free nitric oxide and oxy-Mb to the heme bound nitrate is exergonic by more than 30 kcal/mol.
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28
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Herold S, Kalinga S, Matsui T, Watanabe Y. Mechanistic Studies of the Isomerization of Peroxynitrite to Nitrate Catalyzed by Distal Histidine Metmyoglobin Mutants. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:6945-55. [PMID: 15174864 DOI: 10.1021/ja0493300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hemoproteins are known to react with the strong nitrating and oxidizing agent peroxynitrite according to different mechanisms. In this article, we show that the iron(iii) forms of the sperm whale myoglobin (sw Mb) mutants H64A, H64D, H64L, F43W/H64L, and H64Y/H93G catalyze the isomerization of peroxynitrite to nitrate. The two most efficient catalysts are H64A (k(cat) = (5.8 +/- 0.1) x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1), at pH 7.5 and 20 degrees C) and H64D metMb (k(cat) = (4.8 +/- 0.1) x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1), at pH 7.5 and 20 degrees C). The pH dependence of the values of k(cat) shows that HOONO is the species which reacts with the heme. In the presence of physiologically relevant concentrations of CO(2) (1.2 mM), the decay of peroxynitrite is accelerated by these metMb mutants via the concurring reaction of HOONO with their iron(iii) centers. Studies in the presence of free added tyrosine show that the metMb mutants prevent peroxynitrite-mediated nitration. The efficiency of the different sw metMb mutants correlates with the value of k(cat). Finally, we show that sw WT-metMb is nitrated to a larger extent than horse heart metMb, a result that suggests that the additional Tyr151 is a site of preferential nitration. Again, the extent of nitration of the tyrosine residues of the metMb mutants correlates with the values of k(cat).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Herold
- Laboratorium für Anorganische Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Herold S, Fago A, Weber RE, Dewilde S, Moens L. Reactivity Studies of the Fe(III) and Fe(II)NO Forms of Human Neuroglobin Reveal a Potential Role against Oxidative Stress. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:22841-7. [PMID: 15020597 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313732200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroglobin, recently discovered in the brain and in the retina of vertebrates, belongs to the class of hexacoordinate globins, in which the distal histidine coordinates the iron center in both the Fe(II) and Fe(III) forms. As for most other hexacoordinate globins, the physiological function of neuroglobin is still unclear, but seems to be related to neuronal survival following acute hypoxia. In this study, we have addressed the question whether human neuroglobin could act as a scavenger of toxic species, such as nitrogen monoxide, peroxynitrite, and hydrogen peroxide, which are generated at high levels in the brain during hypoxia; we have also investigated the kinetics of the reactions of its Fe(III) (metNGB) and Fe(II)NO forms with several reagents. Binding of cyanide or NO* to metNGB follows bi-exponential kinetics, showing the existence of two different protein conformations. In the presence of excess NO*, metNGB is converted into NGBFe(II)NO by reductive nitrosylation, in analogy to the reactions of NO* with metmyoglobin and methemoglobin. The Fe(II)NO form of neuroglobin is oxidized to metNGB by peroxynitrite and dioxygen, two reactions that also take place in hemoglobin, albeit at lower rates. In contrast to myoglobin and hemoglobin, metNGB unexpectedly does not generate the cytotoxic ferryl form of the protein upon addition of either peroxynitrite or hydrogen peroxide. Taken together, our data indicate that human neuroglobin may be an efficient scavenger of reactive oxidizing species and thus may play a role in the cellular defense against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Herold
- Laboratorium für Anorganische Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Olson JS, Foley EW, Rogge C, Tsai AL, Doyle MP, Lemon DD. No scavenging and the hypertensive effect of hemoglobin-based blood substitutes. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 36:685-97. [PMID: 14990349 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2003] [Revised: 11/20/2003] [Accepted: 11/26/2003] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The major pathway for nitric oxide scavenging in red cells involves the direct reaction of the gas with HbO2 to form nitrate and the ferric form of the protein, metHb. Because both atoms of O2 are incorporated into nitrate, this process is called NO dioxygenation (NOD). The NOD reaction involves an initial, very rapid bimolecular addition of NO to bound O2 to form a transient Fe(III)-peroxynitrite complex, which can be observed spectrally at alkaline pH. This intermediate rapidly isomerizes at pH 7 (t1/2 <== 1 ms) to metHb and NO3-, which is nontoxic and readily transported out of red cells and excreted. The rate of NO consumption by intracellular HbO2 during normal blood flow is limited by diffusion up to and into the red cells and is too slow to interfere significantly with vasoregulation. In contrast, extracellular HbO2 is highly vasoconstrictive, and the resultant hypertension is a significant side effect of most hemoglobin-based blood substitutes. The major cause of this blood pressure effect seems to be the high rate of NO dioxygenation by cell-free HbO2, which can extravasate into the vessel walls and interfere directly with NO signaling between endothelial and smooth muscle cells. This interpretation is supported by a strong linear correlation between the magnitude of the blood pressure effect caused by infusion of cross-linked recombinant hemoglobin tetramers in vivo and the rate of NO dioxygenation by these proteins measured in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Olson
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, W. M. Keck Center for Computational Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
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DIOXYGEN ACTIVATION BY TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES. ATOM TRANSFER AND FREE RADICAL CHEMISTRY IN AQUEOUS MEDIA. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0898-8838(03)55001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Herold S, Shivashankar K. Metmyoglobin and Methemoglobin Catalyze the Isomerization of Peroxynitrite to Nitrate. Biochemistry 2003; 42:14036-46. [PMID: 14636072 DOI: 10.1021/bi0350349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hemoproteins, in particular, myoglobin and hemoglobin, are among the major targets of peroxynitrite in vivo. The oxygenated forms of these proteins are oxidized by peroxynitrite to their corresponding iron(iii) forms (metMb and metHb). This reaction has previously been shown to proceed via the corresponding oxoiron(iv) forms of the proteins. In this paper, we have conclusively shown that metMb and metHb catalyze the isomerization of peroxynitrite to nitrate. The catalytic rate constants were determined by stopped-flow spectroscopy in the presence and absence of 1.2 mM CO(2) at 20 and 37 degrees C. The values obtained for metMb and metHb, with no added CO(2) at pH 7.0 and 20 degrees C, are (7.7 +/- 0.1) x 10(4) and (3.9 +/- 0.2) x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1), respectively. The pH-dependence of the catalytic rate constants indicates that HOONO is the species that reacts with the iron(iii) center of the proteins. In the presence of 1.2 mM CO(2), metMb and metHb also accelerate the decay of peroxynitrite in a concentration-dependent way. However, experiments carried out at pH 8.3 in the presence of 10 mM CO(2) suggest that ONOOCO(2)(-), the species generated from the reaction of ONOO(-) with CO(2), does not react with the iron(iii) center of Mb and Hb. Finally, we showed that different forms of Mb and Hb protect free tyrosine from peroxynitrite-mediated nitration. The order of efficiency is metMbCN < apoMb < metHb < metMb < ferrylMb < oxyHb < deoxyHb < oxyMb. Taken together, our data show that myoglobin is always a better scavenger than hemoglobin. Moreover, the globin offers very little protection, as the heme-free (apoMb) and heme-blocked (metMbCN) forms only partly prevent nitration of free tyrosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Herold
- Laboratorium für Anorganische Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Pietraforte D, Salzano AM, Marino G, Minetti M. Peroxynitrite-dependent modifications of tyrosine residues in hemoglobin. Formation of tyrosyl radical(s) and 3-nitrotyrosine. Amino Acids 2003; 25:341-50. [PMID: 14661095 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-003-0021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2002] [Revised: 01/01/2003] [Accepted: 05/08/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Although peroxynitrite is believed to be one of the most efficient tyrosine-nitrating species of biological relevance so far identified, its nitration efficiency is nevertheless limited. In fact, the nitrating species formed through peroxynitrite decay are caged radicals ((*)OH/(*)NO(2) or, in the presence of carbon dioxide, CO(3)(*-)/(*)NO(2)) and the fraction that escapes from the solvent cage does not exceed 30-35%. One exception may be represented by metal-containing compounds that can enhance the formation of nitrotyrosine through a bimolecular reaction with peroxynitrite. Moreover, if the metal is also regenerated in the reaction, the compound is considered a nitration catalysts and the yield of tyrosine nitration enhanced several fold. Examples of peroxynitrite-dependent nitration catalysts are the Mn-superoxide dismutase, some cytochromes and several metalloporphyrins. On the contrary, it has been claimed that some hemoproteins are scavengers of peroxynitrite and play a role in limiting its biodamaging and bioregulatory activity. In this review, we discuss the case of hemoglobin, which is probably the major target of peroxynitrite in blood. This protein has been reported to protect intracellular and extracellular targets from peroxynitrite-mediated tyrosine nitration. This property is shared with myoglobin and cytochrome c. The possible mechanisms conferring to these proteins a peroxynitrite scavenging role are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pietraforte
- Laboratorio di Biologia Cellulare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Musaev DG, Geletii YV, Hill CL. Theoretical Studies of the Reaction Mechanisms of Dimethylsulfide and Dimethylselenide with Peroxynitrite. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp035144p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Djamaladdin G. Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, 1515 Pierce Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Yurii V. Geletii
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Pierce Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Craig L. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Pierce Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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35
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Musaev DG, Geletii YV, Hill CL, Hirao K. Can the ebselen derivatives catalyze the isomerization of peroxynitrite to nitrate? J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:3877-88. [PMID: 12656622 DOI: 10.1021/ja0286324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of ebselen and its derivatives (1-7) with peroxynitrite anion (ONOO(-); PN) has been studied in gas phase and in aqueous, dichloromethane, benzene, and cyclohexane solutions using B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) and PCM-B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) approaches, respectively. It was shown that the reaction of 2 (R=H) with PN proceeds via 2 + PN --> 2-PN --> 2-TS1 (O-O activation) --> 2-O(NO(2)(-)()) --> 2-SeO + NO(2)(-) pathway with a rate-determining barrier of 25.3 (14.8) kcal/mol at the NO(2)(-) dissociation step (numbers presented without parentheses are enthalpies, and those in parentheses are Gibbs free energies). The NO(3)(-) formation process, starting from the complex 2-O(NO(2)(-)()), requires by (7.9) kcal/mol more energy than the NO(2)(-) dissociation process and is unlikely to compete with the latter. Thus, in the gas phase, the peroxynitrite --> nitrate isomerization catalyzed by complex 2 is unlikely to occur. It is shown that the NO(3)(-) formation process is slightly more favorably than the NO(2)(-) dissociation process for complex 4, with a strongest electron-withdrawing ligand R=CF(3). Therefore, complex 4 (as well as complex 6 with R=OH) is predicted to be a good catalyst for peroxynitrite <--> nitrite isomerization in the gas phase. Solvent effects (a) change the rate-determining step of the reaction 2 + PN from NO(2)(-) dissociation in the gas phase to O-O activation, which occurs with barriers of (13.9), (8.4), (8.4), and (8.2) kcal/mol in water, dichloromethane, benzene, and cyclohexane, respectively, and (b) significantly reduce the NO(2)(-) dissociation energy, while only slightly destabilizing the NO(3)(-) formation barrier, and make the peroxynitrite <--> nitrate isomerization process practically impossible, even for complex 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamaladdin G Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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36
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Pestovsky O, Bakac A. Generation of a peroxynitrato metal complex from nitrogen dioxide and coordinated superoxide. Inorg Chem 2003; 42:1744-50. [PMID: 12611548 DOI: 10.1021/ic026315s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reaction between photogenerated NO(2) radicals and a superoxochromium(III) complex, Cr(aq)OO(2+), occurs with rate constants k(Cr)(20) = (2.8 +/- 0.2) x 10(8) M(-)(1) s(-)(1) (20 vol % acetonitrile in water) and k(Cr)(40) = (2.6 +/- 0.5) x 10(8) M(-)(1) s(-)(1) (40 vol % acetonitrile) in aerated acidic solutions and ambient temperature. The product was deduced to be a peroxynitrato complex, Cr(aq)OONO(2)(2+), which undergoes homolytic cleavage of an N-O bond to return to the starting materials, the rate constants in the two solvent mixtures being k(H)(20) = 172 +/- 4 s(-)(1) and k(H)(40) = 197 +/- 7 s(-)(1). NO(2) reacts rapidly with 10-methyl-9,10-dihydroacridine, k(A)(20) = 2.2 x 10(7) M(-)(1) s(-)(1), k(A)(40) = (9.4 +/- 0.2) x 10(6) M(-)(1) s(-)(1), and with N,N,N',N'-tetramethylphenylenediamine, k(T)(40) = (1.84 +/- 0.03) x 10(8) M(-)(1) s(-)(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Pestovsky
- Ames Laboratory and Chemistry Department, Iowa State University, Iowa 50011, USA
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37
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Thyagarajan S, Incarvito CD, Rheingold AL, Theopold KH. In pursuit of a stable peroxynitrite complex—NOx (x=1–3) derivatives of Tpt-Bu,MeCo. Inorganica Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(02)01275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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38
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Musaev DG, Hirao K. Differences and Similarities in the Reactivity of Peroxynitrite Anion and Peroxynitrous Acid with Ebselen. A Theoretical Study†. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp027324p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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REACTION MECHANISMS OF NITRIC OXIDE WITH BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT METAL CENTERS. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0898-8838(03)54004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Herold S, Shivashankar K, Mehl M. Myoglobin scavenges peroxynitrite without being significantly nitrated. Biochemistry 2002; 41:13460-72. [PMID: 12416992 DOI: 10.1021/bi026046h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed in detail hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin (Mb) after treatment of different forms of these proteins with variable amounts of peroxynitrite. HPLC analyses of the peroxynitrite-treated proteins subjected either to acid hydrolysis or Pronase digestion showed that only very low quantities of 3-nitrotyrosine are formed when equivalent amounts of peroxynitrite are allowed to react with the oxy form of these proteins. Comparable amounts of nitrated amino acids are formed when metMb and metHb are treated with peroxynitrite under analogous conditions, but significantly larger yields are observed with apoMb and metMbCN. Interestingly, in addition we found that also the tryptophan residues of Mb and Hb are nitrated to a low but detectable extent. Taken together, our data suggest that the heme center of Mb may act as an efficient scavenger of peroxynitrite, protecting the globin from nitration. As peroxynitrite can irreversibly inhibit cytochrome c oxidase, oxyMb may utilize an additional important pathway to maintain mitochondrial respiration, that is, rapidly react with peroxynitrite and thus prevent nitration of other cellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Herold
- Laboratorium für Anorganische Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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41
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Jensen MP, Riley DP. Peroxynitrite decomposition activity of iron porphyrin complexes. Inorg Chem 2002; 41:4788-97. [PMID: 12206706 DOI: 10.1021/ic011089s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)/ONOOH), a putative cytotoxin formed by combination of nitric oxide (NO.) and superoxide (HO(2)(.)) radicals, is decomposed catalytically by micromolar concentrations of water-soluble Fe(III) porphyrin complexes, including 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2',4',6'-trimethyl-3,5-disulfonatophenyl)porphyrinatoferrate(7-), Fe(TMPS); 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4'-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrinatoiron(3-), Fe(TPPS); and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methyl-4'-pyridyl) porphyrinatoiron(5+), Fe(TMPyP). Spectroscopic (UV-visible), kinetic (stopped-flow), and product (ion chromatography) studies reveal that the catalyzed reaction is a net isomerization of peroxynitrite to nitrate (NO(3)(-)). One-electron catalyst oxidation forms an oxoFe(IV) intermediate and nitrogen dioxide, and recombination of these species is proposed to regenerate peroxynitrite or to yield nitrate. Michaelis-Menten kinetics are maintained accordingly over an initial peroxynitrite concentration range of 40-610 microM at 5.0 microM catalyst concentrations, with K(m) in the range 370-620 microM and limiting turnover rates in the range of 200-600 s(-1). Control experiments indicate that nitrite is not a kinetically competent reductant toward the oxidized intermediates, thus ruling out a significant role for NO(2)(.) hydrolysis in catalyst turnover. However, ascorbic acid can intercept the catalytic intermediates, thus directing product distributions toward nitrite and accelerating catalysis to the oxidation limit. Additional mechanistic details are proposed on the basis of these and various other kinetic observations, specifically including rate effects of catalyst and peroxynitrite concentrations, solution pH, and isotopic composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Jensen
- Monsanto Corporate Research, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63167, USA.
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42
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Babich OA, Gould ES. Electron transfer, 151. Decomposition of peroxynitrite as catalyzed by copper(II). RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2002. [DOI: 10.1163/15685670260373335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dou Y, Maillett DH, Eich RF, Olson JS. Myoglobin as a model system for designing heme protein based blood substitutes. Biophys Chem 2002; 98:127-48. [PMID: 12128195 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4622(02)00090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ligand binding properties and resistances to denaturation of >300 different site-directed mutants of sperm whale, pig, and human myoglobin have been examined over the past 15 years. This library of recombinant proteins has been used to derive chemical mechanisms for ligand binding and to examine the factors governing holo- and apoglobin stability. We have also examined the effects of mutagenesis on the dioxygenation of NO by MbO(2) to form NO(3)(-) and metMb. This reaction rapidly detoxifies NO and is a key physiological function of both myoglobins and hemoglobins. The mechanisms derived for O(2) binding and NO dioxygenation have been used to design safer, more efficient, and more stable heme protein-prototypes for use as O(2) delivery pharmaceuticals in transfusion therapy (i.e. blood substitutes). An interactive database is being developed (http://olsonnt1.bioc.rice.edu/web/myoglobinhome.asp) to allow rapid access to the ligand binding parameters, stability properties, and crystal structures of the entire set of recombinant myoglobins. The long-range goal is to use this library for developing general protein engineering principles and for designing individual heme proteins for specific pharmacological and industrial uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dou
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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44
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Ford PC, Lorkovic IM. Mechanistic aspects of the reactions of nitric oxide with transition-metal complexes. Chem Rev 2002; 102:993-1018. [PMID: 11942785 DOI: 10.1021/cr0000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Ford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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45
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Pestovsky O, Bakac A. Reaction of nitrogen monoxide with a macrocyclic superoxorhodium(III) complex produces an observable nitratorhodium intermediate. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:1698-703. [PMID: 11853446 DOI: 10.1021/ja016747m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The rapid (k > or = 10(6) M(-1) s(-1)) reaction between NO and L(2)(H(2)O)RhOO(2+) (L(2) = meso-Me(6)-[14]ane-N(4)) generates two strongly oxidizing, scavengeable intermediates, believed to be NO(2) and L(2)(H(2)O)RhO(2+). A mechanism is proposed whereby a peroxynitrito complex L(2)(H(2)O)RhOONO(2+) is formed first. The homolysis of O-O bond produces NO(2) and L(2)(H(2)O)RhO(2+) which were trapped with ABTS(2)(-) and Ni([14]aneN(4))(2+). In the absence of scavengers, the decomposition of L(2)(H(2)O)RhOONO(2+) produces both free NO(3)(-) and a rhodium nitrato complex L(2)(H(2)O)RhONO(2)(2+), which releases NO(3)(-) in an inverse acid-dependent process. The total yield of L(2)(H(2)O)RhONO(2)(2+) is 70%. In a minor, parallel path, NO and L(2)(H(2)O)RhOO(2+) react to give nitrite and the hydroperoxo complex L(2)(H(2)O)RhOOH(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Pestovsky
- Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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46
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Nemes A, Pestovsky O, Bakac A. Reaction of a superoxochromium(III) ion with nitrogen monoxide: kinetics and mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:421-7. [PMID: 11792212 DOI: 10.1021/ja016840a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the rapid reaction between Cr(aq)OO(2+) and NO were determined by laser flash photolysis of Cr(aq)NO(2+) in O(2)-saturated acidic aqueous solutions, k = 7 x 10(8) M(-1) s(-1) at 25 degrees C. The reaction produces an intermediate, believed to be NO(2), which was scavenged with ([14]aneN(4))Ni(2+). With limiting NO, the Cr(aq)OO(2+)/NO reaction has a 1:1 stoichiometry and produces both free NO(3)(-) and a chromium nitrato complex, Cr(aq)ONO(2)(2+). In the presence of excess NO, the stoichiometry changes to [NO]/[Cr(aq)OO(2+)] = 3:1, and the reaction produces close to 3 mol of nitrite/mol of Cr(aq)OO(2+). An intermediate, identified as a nitritochromium(III) ion, Cr(aq)ONO(2+), is a precursor to a portion of free NO(2)(-). In the proposed mechanism, the initially produced peroxynitrito complex, Cr(aq)OONO(2+), undergoes O-O bond homolysis followed by some known and some novel chemistry of Cr(aq)O(2+) and NO(2). The reaction between Cr(aq)O(2+) and NO generates Cr(aq)ONO(2+), k > 10(4) M(-1) s(-1). Cr(aq)OO(2+) reacts with NO(2) with k = 2.3 x 10(8) M(-1) s(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Nemes
- Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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47
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Pietraforte D, Salzano AM, Scorza G, Marino G, Minetti M. Mechanism of peroxynitrite interaction with ferric hemoglobin and identification of nitrated tyrosine residues. CO(2) inhibits heme-catalyzed scavenging and isomerization. Biochemistry 2001; 40:15300-9. [PMID: 11735412 DOI: 10.1021/bi010998q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hemoproteins are one of the major targets of peroxynitrite in vivo. It has been proposed that the bimolecular heme/peroxynitrite interaction results in both peroxynitrite inactivation (scavenging) and catalysis of tyrosine nitration. In this study, we used spectroscopic techniques to analyze the reaction of peroxynitrite with human methemoglobin (metHb). Although conventional differential spectroscopy did not reveal heme changes, our results suggest that, in the absence of bicarbonate, the heme in metHb reacts bimolecularly with peroxynitrite but is quickly back-reduced by the reaction products. This hypothesis is based on two indirect observations. First, metHb prevents the peroxynitrite-mediated nitration of a target dipeptide, Ala-Tyr, and second, it promotes the isomerization of peroxynitrite to nitrate. Both the scavenging and the isomerization activities of metHb were heme-dependent and inhibited by CO(2). Ferrous cytochrome c was an efficient scavenger of peroxynitrite, but in the ferric form did not show either scavenging or isomerization activities. We found no evidence of an increase in Ala-Tyr nitration with these hemoproteins. Peroxynitrite-treated metHb induced the formation of a long-lived radical assigned to tyrosine by spin-trapping studies. This radical, however, did not allow us to predict an interaction of peroxynitrite with heme. Hb was nitrated by peroxynitrite/CO(2) mainly in tyrosines beta 130, alpha 42, and alpha 140 and, to a lesser extent, alpha 24. The nitration of alpha chain tyrosines more exposed to the solvent (alpha 140 and alpha 24) was higher in CO-Hb and metHb, while nitration of alpha 42, the tyrosine nearest to the heme, was higher in oxyHb. We deduce that the heme/peroxynitrite interaction, which is inhibited in CO-Hb and metHb, affects alpha tyrosine nitration in two opposite ways, i.e., by protecting exposed residues and by promoting nitration of the residue nearest to the heme. Conversely, nitration of beta Tyr 130 was comparable in oxyHb, metHb, and CO-Hb, suggesting a mechanism involving only nitrating species formed during peroxynitrite decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pietraforte
- Laboratorio di Biologia Cellulare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
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48
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Liang B, Andrews L. Infrared spectra of cis- and trans-peroxynitrite anion, OONO-, in solid argon. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:9848-54. [PMID: 11583548 DOI: 10.1021/ja0114299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The peroxynitrite anion, of vast importance in biochemistry, is formed in vivo from the reaction of NO and O(-2). Laser ablation of 10 different metal targets with concurrent 7 K codeposition of NO/Ar and O(2)/Ar mixtures gives new metal-independent infrared bands at 1458.3 and 806.1 cm(-)(1), and at 1433.3 and 983.2 cm(-1), in addition to known O(-4) and (NO)(-2) absorptions. The new bands are not observed with CCl(4) added to capture electrons or in O(2) and NO experiments without laser ablation to produce electrons, which identifies new product anions. Based on (15)NO and (18)O(2) isotopic shifts, splitting patterns in mixed isotopic experiments, and comparison with DFT isotopic frequency calculations, the former absorptions are assigned to cis-OONO-, and the latter pair to trans-OONO-, which are isolated from metal cations trapped elsewhere in the matrix. The cis- and trans-peroxynitrite anion isomers are probably formed via the ion-molecule reaction between O(-2)and NO: the O(-2) anion, made by the capture of ablated electrons, is attested by the observation of O(-4). cis- and trans-OONO- are reversibly photoisomerized by visible and near-UV radiation. Collisional stabilization of the OONO- ion-molecule dimer complex during formation of the solid argon matrix appears to be crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Liang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4319, USA
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