1
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Huo Y, Gu X, Li X, Jin P. Group 13 five- and six-membered rings with rare 2π aromaticity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 26:342-351. [PMID: 38063083 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04159j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
According to Hückel's rule, cyclic species are aromatic if they have 4n + 2 (n = 0, 1, 2, etc.) π electrons. However, large aromatic rings (atom number > 4) with minimum 2π electrons (i.e., n = 0) are rather rare because of the structural instability stemming from the deficient π electrons compared to the ring size. To date, the largest 2π-aromatic ring is a five-membered Ga5 core reported in a recent experiment. Herein, density functional theory calculations predicted seven inverse-sandwich Na2(MH)5 and half-sandwich Ca(MH)5 or Ca(MH)6 (M = Al, Ga or In) structures. They all have planar central five- or six-membered Al/Ga/In rings, rather negative binding energies and large HOMO-LUMO gaps. Their dianionic metal rings exhibit obvious aromatic characters and appreciable diatropic ring currents due to the good delocalization of 2π electrons donated by the Na/Ca metals. Interestingly, they also have novel collective bonding with the Na/Ca atoms interacting with both the metal ring and surrounding H atoms. These metalloaromatic rings not only greatly enrich the precious family of 2π aromatics, but also increase the maximum ring atom number from five to six, thus paving the way for Hückel-type 2π-aromatic large rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Huo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
| | - Xiaojiao Gu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
| | - Xinde Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
| | - Peng Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
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2
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Kushvaha SK, Kallenbach P, Rohman SS, Pandey MK, Hendi Z, Rüttger F, Herbst-Irmer R, Stalke D, Parameswaran P, Roesky HW. A Neutral Planar Four-Membered Si 2B 2 2π-Aromatic Ring. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25523-25527. [PMID: 37934173 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of the first inorganic four-membered neutral 2π-aromatic compound 2 is reported. This unique ring has been synthesized from a simple and straightforward reaction of amidinato-silylene with dichlorophenylborane, followed by the reduction with KC8 in THF. Compound 2 has been fully characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD), NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The computational calculations reveal that the Si2B2 ring is a π-delocalized system resulting from the interaction of pπ orbital of B and Si-N σ* orbitals having pseudo π symmetry. Compound 2 is the first known example of a neutral planar inorganic analogue of cyclobutenyl dication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar Kushvaha
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paula Kallenbach
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shahnaz S Rohman
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode 673601, India
| | - Madhusudan K Pandey
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zohreh Hendi
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Rüttger
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pattiyil Parameswaran
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode 673601, India
| | - Herbert W Roesky
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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3
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Franzke YJ, Holzer C. Exact two-component theory becoming an efficient tool for NMR shieldings and shifts with spin-orbit coupling. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:184102. [PMID: 37937936 DOI: 10.1063/5.0171509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a gauge-origin invariant exact two-component (X2C) approach within a modern density functional framework, supporting meta-generalized gradient approximations such as TPSS and range-separated hybrid functionals such as CAM-B3LYP. The complete exchange-correlation kernel is applied, including the direct contribution of the field-dependent basis functions and the reorthonormalization contribution from the perturbed overlap matrix. Additionally, the finite nucleus model is available for the electron-nucleus potential and the vector potential throughout. Efficiency is ensured by the diagonal local approximation to the unitary decoupling transformation in X2C as well as the (multipole-accelerated) resolution of the identity approximation for the Coulomb term (MARI-J, RI-J) and the seminumerical exchange approximation. Errors introduced by these approximations are assessed and found to be clearly negligible. The applicability of our implementation to large-scale calculations is demonstrated for a tin pincer-type system as well as low-valent tin and lead complexes. Here, the calculation of the Sn nuclear magnetic resonance shifts for the pincer-type ligand with about 2400 basis functions requires less than 1 h for hybrid density functionals. Further, the impact of spin-orbit coupling on the nucleus-independent chemical shifts and the corresponding ring currents of all-metal aromatic systems is studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick J Franzke
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Christof Holzer
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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4
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Abstract
The occurrence of aromaticity in organic molecules is widely accepted, but its occurrence in purely metallic systems is less widespread. Molecules comprising only metal atoms (M) are known to be able to exhibit aromatic behaviour, sustaining ring currents inside an external magnetic field along M-M connection axes (σ-aromaticity) or above and below the plane (π-aromaticity) for cyclic or cage-type compounds. However, all-metal compounds provide an extension of the electrons' mobility also in other directions. Here, we show that regular {Bi6} prisms exhibit a non-localizable molecular orbital of f-type symmetry and generate a strong ring current that leads to a behaviour referred to as φ-aromaticity. The experimentally observed heterometallic cluster [{CpRu}3Bi6]-, based on a regular prismatic {Bi6} unit, displays aromatic behaviour; according to quantum chemical calculations, the corresponding hypothetical Bi62- prism shows a similar behaviour. By contrast, [{(cod)Ir}3Bi6] features a distorted Bi6 moiety that inhibits φ-aromaticity.
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5
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Kysliak O, Schreiner SHF, Grabicki N, Liebing P, Weigend F, Dumele O, Kretschmer R. A Planar Five‐Membered Aromatic Ring Stabilized by Only Two π‐Electrons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206963. [PMID: 35593009 PMCID: PMC9401857 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Many chemicals known today are partially or fully aromatic, since a ring framework experiences additional stabilization through the delocalization of π‐electrons. While aromatic rings with equal numbers of π‐electrons and ring atoms such as benzene are particularly stable, those with the minimally required two π‐electrons are very rare and yet remain limited to three‐ and four‐membered rings if not stabilized in the coordination sphere of heavy metals. Here we report the facile synthesis of a dipotassium cyclopentagallene, a unique example of a five‐membered aromatic ring stabilized by only two π‐electrons. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction revealed a planar Ga5 ring with almost equal gallium–gallium bond lengths, which together with computational and spectroscopic data confirm its aromatic character. Our results prove that aromatic stabilization goes far beyond what has previously been assumed as minimum π‐electron count in a five‐atom ring fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Kysliak
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 8 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Simon H. F. Schreiner
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 8 07743 Jena Germany
- Institute of Chemistry University of Technology Chemnitz Straße der Nationen 62 09111 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Niklas Grabicki
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt University Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Phil Liebing
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 8 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Florian Weigend
- Department of Chemistry Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Oliver Dumele
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt University Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Robert Kretschmer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 8 07743 Jena Germany
- Institute of Chemistry University of Technology Chemnitz Straße der Nationen 62 09111 Chemnitz Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
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6
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Kysliak O, Schreiner SHF, Grabicki N, Liebing P, Weigend F, Dumele O, Kretschmer R. A Planar Five‐Membered Aromatic Ring Stabilized by Only Two π‐Electrons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Kysliak
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena IAAC GERMANY
| | - Simon H. F. Schreiner
- Chemnitz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Chemnitz Institut für Chemie GERMANY
| | - Niklas Grabicki
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin: Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Phil Liebing
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena IAAC GERMANY
| | - Florian Weigend
- Philipps-Universität Marburg: Philipps-Universitat Marburg Department of Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Oliver Dumele
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin: Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin Department of chemistry GERMANY
| | - Robert Kretschmer
- Chemnitz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Chemnitz Institut für Chemie Straße der Nationen 62 09111 Chemnitz GERMANY
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7
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Tkachenko NV, Muñoz-Castro A, Boldyrev AI. Occurrence of Double Bond in π-Aromatic Rings: An Easy Way to Design Doubly Aromatic Carbon-Metal Structures. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237232. [PMID: 34885812 PMCID: PMC8659221 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A chemical bonding of several metallabenzenes and metallabenzynes was studied via an adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP) algorithm and the induced magnetic field analysis. A unique chemical bonding pattern was discovered where the M=C (M: Os, Re) double bond coexists with the delocalized 6c-2e π-bonding elements responsible for aromatic properties of the investigated complexes. In opposition to the previous description where 8 delocalized π-electrons were reported in metallabenzenes and metallabenzynes, we showed that only six delocalized π-electrons are present in those molecules. Thus, there is no deviation from Hückel's aromaticity rule for metallabenzynes/metallabenzenes complexes. Based on the discovered bonding pattern, we propose two thermodynamically stable novel molecules that possess not only π-delocalization but also retain six σ-delocalized electrons, rendering them as doubly aromatic species. As a result, our investigation gives a new direction for the search for carbon-metal doubly aromatic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V. Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA;
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux, Santiago 2801, Chile;
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux, Santiago 2801, Chile;
| | - Alexander I. Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA;
- Correspondence:
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8
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Neutral all metal aromatic half-sandwich complexes between alkaline earth and transition metals: an ab initio exploration. Struct Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-021-01807-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Eulenstein AR, Franzke YJ, Lichtenberger N, Wilson RJ, Deubner HL, Kraus F, Clérac R, Weigend F, Dehnen S. Substantial π-aromaticity in the anionic heavy-metal cluster [Th@Bi 12] 4. Nat Chem 2021; 13:149-155. [PMID: 33288891 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The concept of aromaticity was originally defined as a property of unsaturated, cyclic planar organic molecules like benzene, which gain stability by the inherent delocalization of 4n + 2 π-electrons over the ring atoms. Since then, π-aromaticity has been observed for a large variety of organic and inorganic non-metal compounds, yet, for molecules consisting only of metal atoms, it has remained restricted to systems with three to five atoms. Here, we present the straightforward synthesis of a metal 12-ring that exhibits 2π-aromaticity and has a ring current much stronger than that of benzene (6π) and equivalent to that of porphine (26π), despite these organic molecules having (much) larger numbers of π-electrons. Highly reducing reaction conditions allowed access to the heterometallic anion [Th@Bi12]4-, with interstitial Th4+ stabilizing a Bi128- moiety. Our results show that it is possible to design and generate substantial π-aromaticity in large metal rings, and we hope that such π-aromatic heavy-metal cycles will eventually find use in cluster-based reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin R Eulenstein
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Yannick J Franzke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Niels Lichtenberger
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert J Wilson
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - H Lars Deubner
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Florian Kraus
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rodolphe Clérac
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Pessac, France
| | - Florian Weigend
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Dehnen
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany. .,Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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10
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Chen S, Zhang J, Jin Z, Qiu X, Qin Z, Tang Z, Zheng L. Aromaticity Criterion Is Not the Only Factor to Decide the Ring Stability of Boron Oxide Families: c-M 2O 2-/0 Clusters (M = B, Al, Ga, and In). Inorg Chem 2020; 59:16944-16951. [PMID: 33135891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Generally, compared to conjugated chain molecules, aromaticity provides additional stability for the cyclic, planar, and conjugated molecules. Thus, the concept of aromaticity was undeniably utilized to explain the unique stability for extensive cyclic molecules (notably for benzene, recently reported boron rings, and all-metal multiply aromatic Al42- salts) to guide chemical syntheses. However, can aromaticity alone describe the stability for all of those cyclic and planar clusters or molecules? In this regard, we observed the four-membered prototypical rings: c-M2O2-/0 clusters (M = B, Al, Ga, and In) possessing unique rhombic (four-center, four-electron) π and σ o-bonds, which are considered to have 3-fold aromaticity. Moreover, we not only elucidated the key role of ring strain energy (RSE) to determine the stability of these rings but also unexpectedly revealed that the electrostatic interaction (ionicity) plays a fundamental role in the stability of Al2O2-/0 clusters through systematically experimental and theoretical investigations into the isolated M2O2-/0 clusters (M = B, Al, Ga, and In). Detailed geometries, molecular orbital, and chemical bonding nature were analyzed to unravel those influences. This work provides a clue in which RSE and the electrostatic effect should be carefully taken into account for the stability of diverse cyclic clusters or molecules compared to the expected stability factor from aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.,School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Jiangle Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhenhang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.,School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Xingtai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhengbo Qin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectric Materials Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Zichao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lansun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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11
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Mitra A, Jana G, Agrawal P, Sural S, Chattaraj PK. Integrating firefly algorithm with density functional theory for global optimization of Al42− clusters. Theor Chem Acc 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-2550-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Pino‐Rios R, Cárdenas‐Jirón G, Ruiz L, Tiznado W. Interpreting Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity through Bifurcation Analysis of the Induced Magnetic Field. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:321-326. [PMID: 30906684 PMCID: PMC6414146 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In all molecules, a current density is induced when the molecule is subjected to an external magnetic field. In turn, this current density creates a particular magnetic field. In this work, the bifurcation value of the induced magnetic field is analyzed in a representative set of aromatic, non-aromatic and antiaromatic monocycles, as well as a set of polycyclic hydrocarbons. The results show that the bifurcation value of the ring-shaped domain adequately classifies the studied molecules according to their aromatic character. For aromatic and nonaromatic molecules, it is possible to analyze two ring-shaped domains, one diatropic (inside the molecular ring) and one paratropic (outside the molecular ring). Meanwhile, for antiaromatic rings, only a diatropic ring-shaped domain (outside the molecular ring) is possible to analyze, since the paratropic domain (inside the molecular ring) is irreducible with the maximum value (attractor) at the center of the molecular ring. In some of the studied cases, i. e., in heteroatomic species, bifurcation values do not follow aromaticity trends and present some inconsistencies in comparison to ring currents strengths, showing that this approximation provides only a qualitative estimation about (anti)aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pino‐Rios
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica, Facultad de Química y BiologíaUniversidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH)Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363Santiago, Estación Central, Región MetropolitanaChile
| | - Gloria Cárdenas‐Jirón
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica, Facultad de Química y BiologíaUniversidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH)Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363Santiago, Estación Central, Región MetropolitanaChile
| | - Lina Ruiz
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad Autónoma de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - William Tiznado
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Computational and Theoretical Chemistry GroupUniversidad Andres Bello (UNAB)Av. República 275Santiago, Región MetropolitanaChile
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13
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Jin Q, Jin B, Zhang ZH, He XN. Aromaticity of Bare Iridium Trimers and Ir3M0/+ and $$\rm{Ir}_3M_2^{+/3+}$$ I r 3 M 2 + / 3 + (M = Li, Na, K, and Be, Ca) Bimetallic Clusters. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476618050049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Jiao Li
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering; Changchun University of Science & Technology; Changchun, Jilin 130022 China
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun, Jilin 130022 China
| | - Basharat Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun, Jilin 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Zhongfang Chen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Puerto Rico; Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan PR 00931 USA
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun, Jilin 130022 China
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15
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Liu C, Popov IA, Chen Z, Boldyrev AI, Sun Z. Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity in Zintl Clusters. Chemistry 2018; 24:14583-14597. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials Center Nankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
- China State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Ivan A. Popov
- Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Zhongfang Chen
- Department of Chemistry Institute for Functional Nanomaterials University of Puerto Rico San Juan USA
| | - Alexander I. Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322-0300 USA
| | - Zhong‐Ming Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials Center Nankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
- China State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 P. R. China
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16
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Janda T, Foroutan‐Nejad C. Why is Benzene Unique? Screening Magnetic Properties of C6H6Isomers. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:2357-2363. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceMasaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ – 62500 Brno Czech Republic
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Faculty of Chemical TechnologyUniversity of Pardubice
| | - Cina Foroutan‐Nejad
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ – 62500 Brno Czech Republic
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17
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Jena P, Sun Q. Super Atomic Clusters: Design Rules and Potential for Building Blocks of Materials. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5755-5870. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Puru Jena
- Physics Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000, United States
| | - Qiang Sun
- Physics Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000, United States
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18
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Jin Q, Jin B, Jin FK. Probing the electronic structure and aromaticity in W3F3+/−, W3F3X (X = Li, Na, K), AND W3F3Y+ (Y = Be, Mg, Ca) clusters. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476617070046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Popov IA, Starikova AA, Steglenko DV, Boldyrev AI. Usefulness of the σ‐Aromaticity and σ‐Antiaromaticity Concepts for Clusters and Solid‐State Compounds. Chemistry 2017; 24:292-305. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A. Popov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University Old Main Hill 300 Logan Utah 84322 USA
| | - Alyona A. Starikova
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry Southern Federal University 194/2 Stachka Ave. 344090 Rostov-on-Don Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry V. Steglenko
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry Southern Federal University 194/2 Stachka Ave. 344090 Rostov-on-Don Russian Federation
| | - Alexander I. Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University Old Main Hill 300 Logan Utah 84322 USA
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry Southern Federal University 194/2 Stachka Ave. 344090 Rostov-on-Don Russian Federation
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20
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Tsipis AC. RETRACTED: DFT challenge of intermetallic interactions: From metallophilicity and metallaromaticity to sextuple bonding. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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21
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Jin B, Jin Q, Jin FK. On the electronic structures and s / p -orbital aromaticity in the Hg 3 Al 3 +/− , Hg 3 Al 3 Li, and Hg 3 Al 3 Be + clusters. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Spin-orbit effects on magnetically induced current densities in the M42- (M=B,Al,Ga,In,Tl) clusters. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Theoretical evidence of triple (σ-, π-, and δ-) aromaticity in the Os 3 N 3 +/− clusters. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Jin Q, Jin B, Gong LF, Jin FK. Aromaticity of the bare osmium trimers and the bindings to group IA/IIA all-metal series. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Theoretical predictions on structures and p-, s-orbital aromaticities of the Hg 3 B 3 +/−/3− , Hg 3 B 3 X (X = Li, Na, and K) and Hg 3 B 3 Mg + clusters. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Pan FX, Xu CQ, Li LJ, Min X, Wang JQ, Li J, Zhai HJ, Sun ZM. A niobium-necked cluster [As3Nb(As3Sn3)]3− with aromatic Sn32−. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:3874-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00028b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A new Zintl cluster [As3Nb(As3Sn3)]3− was synthesized and characterized, in which an As3 triangle and a bowl-type As3Sn3 ligand are bridged by a niobium atom. The Sn3 ring is found to have σ-aromaticity featured by a delocalized Sn–Sn–Sn σ orbital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Xing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Cong-Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Lei-Jiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Xue Min
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Jian-Qiang Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201800
- China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
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27
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Boldyrev AI, Wang LS. Beyond organic chemistry: aromaticity in atomic clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:11589-605. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07465g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe joint experimental and theoretical studies carried out collaboratively in the authors' labs for understanding the structures and chemical bonding of novel atomic clusters, which exhibit aromaticity.
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28
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Santos JC, Andres J, Aizman A, Fuentealba P. An Aromaticity Scale Based on the Topological Analysis of the Electron Localization Function Including σ and π Contributions. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 1:83-6. [PMID: 26641119 DOI: 10.1021/ct0499276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the average bifurcation value of the electron localization function (ELF) of both σ (ELFσ) and π (ELFπ) contributions was used to construct an aromaticity scale for chemical compounds. We have validated the scale with a series of well-known molecules and then used it to evaluate global aromaticity on aluminum based clusters, which present σ aromaticity and π antiaromaticity. The proposed scaled predicts an overall antiaromatic character for the Al4(4)(-) moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Santos
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa Maria, Casilla 110V, Valparaíso, Chile, Departament de Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Apartat 224, 12080, Castelló, Spain, and Departamento de Física, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Andres
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa Maria, Casilla 110V, Valparaíso, Chile, Departament de Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Apartat 224, 12080, Castelló, Spain, and Departamento de Física, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
| | - Arie Aizman
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa Maria, Casilla 110V, Valparaíso, Chile, Departament de Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Apartat 224, 12080, Castelló, Spain, and Departamento de Física, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Fuentealba
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa Maria, Casilla 110V, Valparaíso, Chile, Departament de Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Apartat 224, 12080, Castelló, Spain, and Departamento de Física, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
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29
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Hatami M, Bayat M, Keypour H, Salehzadeh S. Ab initio and DFT studies on the structures, binding energies and nature of bonds in X2Y3 metal clusters (X+ = Li+, Na+ and K+; ${\rm Y}_{3}^{2-} = {\rm Zn}_{3}^{2-}, {\rm Cd}_{3}^{2-}$ and ${\rm Hg}_{3}^{2-}$). JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633615500431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive theoretical study on the structure and stability of linear and triangular isomers of anionic clusters of zinc, cadmium and mercury [Formula: see text] and their binding with one and two alkali metal cations ( X + = Li +, Na +, K +) has been investigated at the density functional (BP86 and B3LYP) and ab initio (MP2, MP4 and coupled cluster single and double (CCSD)) methods. The results showed that in all cases, the triangular geometry with D3h symmetry is more stable than linear one. The calculated values of interaction energies (IE) between [Formula: see text] anions and two X+ cations, Wiberg bond indices (WBI) and the electron densities at bond critical points (BCP), ρ(BCP), for Y–X bonds show that among all complexes investigated here at all levels of theory Zn 3 Li 2 and Hg 3 K 2 have the largest and the smallest values of IE, WBI and ρ(BCP), respectively. The natural charges of the atoms and WBI involved in the bonding as well as the global value of the charge transfer ΔQ from [Formula: see text] to X+ cation in X2Y3 clusters, evaluated through natural population analysis, confirmed that covalent contribution in Y–X bond formation increases from K + to Li +. Also the energy decomposition analyses (EDA) were used to detect the nature of interaction in the complexes. The results confirmed that the contribution of electrostatic interactions in present complexes is almost more than 70%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Hatami
- Hamedan University of Technology, Hamedan 65155, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bayat
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Hassan Keypour
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Sadegh Salehzadeh
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
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30
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Mercero JM, Boldyrev AI, Merino G, Ugalde JM. Recent developments and future prospects of all-metal aromatic compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:6519-34. [PMID: 26058731 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00341e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The usefulness of aromaticity/antiaromaticity concepts to foresee structural stability patterns and salient features of the electronic structure of small inorganic and all-metal rings has been put forward. A critical revision of the advances made in the theoretical methods to assess the aromaticity/antiaromaticity of these compounds has also been made. In particular, the performance of local versus non-local indices has been reviewed. Finally, the passivation of these rings has been put forward as a key issue in order to prevent them from collapsing into larger aggregates and to provide them protection against the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Mercero
- IZO-SGI SGiker, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), P.K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
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31
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Srivastava AK, Misra N. Introducing “carborazine” as a novel heterocyclic aromatic species. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj02089h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic carborazine is a heterocyclic ring consisting of C, B and N atoms at opposite faces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neeraj Misra
- Department of Physics
- University of Lucknow
- Lucknow-226007
- India
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32
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Perras FA, Bryce DL. Direct Characterization of Metal-Metal Bonds between Nuclei with Strong Quadrupolar Interactions via NMR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:4049-4054. [PMID: 26276493 DOI: 10.1021/jz5023448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Metal-metal bonds can be difficult to characterize directly. We demonstrate that J couplings between metal nuclei experiencing strong quadrupolar interactions can be easily measured from well-defined splittings in NMR spectra of powdered samples. Using (69/71)Ga NMR, it is shown that homonuclear J coupling, which is four orders of magnitude smaller than the quadrupolar coupling in a series of compounds featuring gallium-gallium bonds, can be extracted with a 2-D NMR experiment. The dependence of the multiplets on crystal symmetry reveals information on the structures of two Ga-Ga-bonded compounds for which diffraction data are unavailable. Interpretation of the data in a molecular orbital framework provides insight into the nature of the metal-metal bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric A Perras
- Department of Chemistry and CCRI, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Pvt. D'Iorio Hall, Ottawa, Ontario K1N6N5, Canada
| | - David L Bryce
- Department of Chemistry and CCRI, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Pvt. D'Iorio Hall, Ottawa, Ontario K1N6N5, Canada
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33
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Perić M, Andjelković L, Zlatar M, Daul C, Gruden-Pavlović M. DFT investigation of the influence of Jahn–Teller distortion on the aromaticity in square-planar arsenic and antimony clusters. Polyhedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Probing the structure and aromaticity in the tungsten trimer W32+ and all-metal compounds W3X+/–, W3Y2+/0, and W3Al3+/+ (X=Li, Na, K and Y=Be, Mg, and Ca). COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Jin Q, Jin B, Jin FK. Probing the structure and aromaticity in coinage Rhenium trimer ${\rm Re}_{3}^{+}$ and its all-metal compounds Re3Li2+, Re3X3+ (X = Be, Mg and Ca) and Re3Y (Y = Al and Ga). JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633614500278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The extensive search for the global minimum structure of [Formula: see text] at the B3LYP/LANL2DZ level of the theory revealed that [Formula: see text] is the ground state. Molecular orbital (MO) analysis reveal that delocalized partial σ and δ bonding in [Formula: see text] makes partial (σ- and δ-) aromaticity. The multiple d-orbital aromaticities are responsible for a three-center metal–metal bond of the triangular Re 3. We also search the pyramidal Re 3 Li 2+, Re 3X3+ ( X = Be , Mg and Ca ) and Re 3 Y ( Y = Al and Ga ) clusters containing [Formula: see text] to reveal that the [Formula: see text] was preserved perfectly in all-metal compounds, which also possess partially σ- and δ-multiple aromatic characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Jin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, P. R. China
| | - Biao Jin
- School of Environment & Biology Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Kai Jin
- Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun 113001, P. R. China
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36
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Zhang X, Liu G, Ganteför G, Bowen KH, Alexandrova AN. PtZnH5(-), A σ-Aromatic Cluster. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:1596-1601. [PMID: 26270102 DOI: 10.1021/jz500322n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a joint photoelectron spectroscopic and theoretical study of the PtZnH5(-) cluster anion. This cluster exhibited an unprecedented planar pentagonal coordination for Pt and an unusual stability and high intensity in the mass spectrum. Both are due to the σ-aromaticity found in the H5-cycle supported by the 5d orbitals on the Pt atom. σ-Aromaticity in all-H systems has been predicted in the past but never found in experimentally observed species. Besides fundamental importance, mixed transition-metal hydrides can be found as intermediates in catalytic processes, and thus, the unexpected stability facilitated by σ-aromaticity can be appreciated also in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Zhang
- †Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Gaoxiang Liu
- †Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Gerd Ganteför
- †Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kit H Bowen
- †Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Anastassia N Alexandrova
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- §California NanoSystems Institute, 570 Westwood Plaza, Building 114, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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37
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Wang H, Jae Ko Y, Zhang X, Gantefoer G, Schnoeckel H, Eichhorn BW, Jena P, Kiran B, Kandalam AK, Bowen KH. The viability of aluminum Zintl anion moieties within magnesium-aluminum clusters. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:124309. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4869104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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38
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Srivastava AK, Misra N. Novel (Li2X)+(LiX2)− supersalts (X = F, Cl) with aromaticity: a journey towards the design of a new class of salts. Mol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2014.900198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Neeraj Misra
- Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
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39
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Hatanaka M, Saito M, Fujita M, Morokuma K. σ-Aromaticity in Hexa-Group 16 Atom-Substituted Benzene Dications: A Theoretical Study. J Org Chem 2014; 79:2640-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500098h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miho Hatanaka
- Fukui
Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Masaichi Saito
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujita
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Keiji Morokuma
- Fukui
Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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40
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Wang H, Zhang X, Ko YJ, Grubisic A, Li X, Ganteför G, Schnöckel H, Eichhorn BW, Lee MS, Jena P, Kandalam AK, Kiran B, Bowen KH. Aluminum Zintl anion moieties within sodium aluminum clusters. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:054301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4862989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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41
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Zhou J, Giri S, Jena P. 18-Electron rule inspired Zintl-like ions composed of all transition metals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:20241-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03141e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The 18-electron rule is applied to design a new class of all transition metal based Zintl-like ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Physics Department
- Virginia Commonwealth University
- Richmond, USA
| | - Santanab Giri
- Physics Department
- Virginia Commonwealth University
- Richmond, USA
| | - Purusottam Jena
- Physics Department
- Virginia Commonwealth University
- Richmond, USA
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42
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43
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Paul S, Goswami T, Misra A, Chattaraj PK. Concurrent loss of aromaticity and onset of superexchange in Mg3Na2 with an increasing Na–Mg3 distance. Theor Chem Acc 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-013-1391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Probing the multiple (δ- and π-) aromaticity of [Hf3F3]− anion, [Hf3F3X2]+ (X=Li, Na, and K), and [Hf3F3Y]+ (Y=Be and Mg) clusters. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Kozlova SG, Ryzhikov MR, Gabuda SP, Fedorov VE. Nucleus-independent chemical shifts and aromaticity in hexanuclear cluster complexes [Mo6X8]n- (X = S, Se, and Te; n = 0 and 4) of Chevrel phases. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:11776-80. [PMID: 23116293 DOI: 10.1021/jp309634y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular diamagnetism and multicentered X-Mo-Mo and Mo-Mo-Mo interactions in hexanuclear cluster complexes [Mo(6)X(8)](n-) (X = S, Se, and Te; n = 0 and 4) are studied using calculations of nuclear independent chemical shifts (NICS) and the methods "atoms in molecules" and electron localization function. It is shown that [Mo(6)X(8)](4-) complexes are characterized by large negative NICSs related to the aromaticity of Mo-Mo bondings and to diatropic currents in Mo(6) metallic core of the cuboctahedral clusters. The calculated currents can participate in the mechanism of nucleation of the vortex lattice of macroscopic Abrikosov's electronic whirls responsible for the magnetic high-field stability of the superconducting currents in type II superconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana G Kozlova
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, SB RAS, Lavrentieva Av., 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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46
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Alexandrova AN, Nayhouse MJ, Huynh MT, Kuo JL, Melkonian AV, Chavez G, Hernando NM, Kowal MD, Liu CP. Selected AB4(2-/-) (A = C, Si, Ge; B = Al, Ga, In) ions: a battle between covalency and aromaticity, and prediction of square planar Si in SiIn4(2-/-). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:14815-21. [PMID: 22868353 PMCID: PMC3478443 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41821e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CAl(4)(2-/-) (D(4h), (1)A(1g)) is a cluster ion that has been established to be planar, aromatic, and contain a tetracoordinate planar C atom. Valence isoelectronic substitution of C with Si and Ge in this cluster leads to a radical change of structure toward distorted pentagonal species. We find that this structural change goes together with the cluster acquiring partial covalency of bonding between Si/Ge and Al(4), facilitated by hybridization of the atomic orbitals (AOs). Counter intuitively, for the AAl(4)(2-/-) (A = C, Si, Ge) clusters, hybridization in the dopant atom is strengthened from C, to Si, and to Ge, even though typically AOs are more likely to hybridize if they are closer in energy (i.e. in earlier elements in the Periodic Table). The trend is explained by the better overlap of the hybrids of the heavier dopants with the orbitals of Al(4). From the thus understood trend, it is inferred that covalency in such clusters can be switched off, by varying the relative sizes of the AOs of the main element and the dopant. Using this mechanism, we then successfully killed covalency in Si, and predicted a new aromatic cluster ion containing a tetracoordinate square planar Si, SiIn(4)(2-/-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassia N Alexandrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA.
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47
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48
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Zhang J, Alexandrova AN. Double σ-Aromaticity in a Surface-Deposited Cluster: Pd4 on TiO2 (110). J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:751-754. [PMID: 26286284 DOI: 10.1021/jz300158s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report double σ-aromaticity in a surface-deposited cluster, Pd4, on the TiO2 (110) surface. In the gas phase, Pd4 adopts a tetrahedral structure. However, surface binding promotes a flat, σ-aromatic cluster. This is the first time aromaticity has been found in surface-deposited clusters. The concept of aromaticity is expected to become instrumental in predicting and interpreting properties of such systems, much like it is for isolated molecules and clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Anastassia N Alexandrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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Abstract
Aromaticity is indispensable for explaining a variety of chemical behaviors, including reactivity, structural features, relative energetic stabilities, and spectroscopic properties. When interpreted as the spatial delocalization of π-electrons, it represents the driving force for the stabilization of many planar molecular structures. A delocalized electron system is sensitive to an external magnetic field; it responds with an induced magnetic field having a particularly long range. The shape of the induced magnetic field reflects the size and strength of the system of delocalized electrons and can have a large influence on neighboring molecules. In 2004, we proposed using the induced magnetic field as a means of estimating the degree of electron delocalization and aromaticity in planar as well as in nonplanar molecules. We have since tested the method on aromatic, antiaromatic, and nonaromatic compounds, and a refinement now allows the individual treatment of core-, σ-, and π-electrons. In this Account, we describe the use of the induced magnetic field as an analytical probe for electron delocalization and its application to a large series of uncommon molecules. The compounds include borazine; all-metal aromatic systems Al(4)(n-); molecular stars Si(5)Li(n)(6-n); electronically stabilized planar tetracoordinate carbon; planar hypercoordinate atoms inside boron wheels; and planar boron wheels with fluxional internal boron cluster moieties. In all cases, we have observed that planar structures show a high degree of electron delocalization in the π-electrons and, in some examples, also in the σ-framework. Quantitatively, the induced magnetic field has contributions from the entire electronic system of a molecule, but at long range the contributions arising from the delocalized electronic π-system dominate. The induced magnetic field can only indirectly be confirmed by experiment, for example, through intermolecular contributions to NMR chemical shifts. We show that calculating the induced field is a useful method for understanding any planar organic or inorganic system, as it corresponds to the intuitive Pople model for explaining the anomalous proton chemical shifts in aromatic molecules. Indeed, aromatic, antiaromatic, and nonaromatic molecules show differing responses to an external field; that is, they reduce, augment, or do not affect the external field at long range. The induced field can be dissected into different orbital contributions, in the same way that the nucleus-independent chemical shift or the shielding function can be separated into component contributions. The result is a versatile tool that is particularly useful in the analysis of planar, densely packed systems with strong orbital contributions directly atop individual atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Islas
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto. México
| | - Thomas Heine
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto. México
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Islas R, Poater J, Matito E, Solà M. Molecular structures of M2N22− (M and N = B, Al, and Ga) clusters using the gradient embedded genetic algorithm. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:14850-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42210g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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