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Wang J, Guo C, Liu Y, Ji Y, Jia H, Li H. Enantioselective Synthesis of the 1,3-Dienyl-5-Alkyl-6-Oxy Motif: Method Development and Total Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400478. [PMID: 38270494 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The 1,3-dienyl-5-alkyl-6-oxy motif is widely found in various types of bioactive natural products. However, present synthesis is mainly non-asymmetric which relied upon different olefination or transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions using enantioenriched precursors. Herein, based upon a newly developed enantioselective α-alkylation of conjugated polyenoic acids, a variety of 1,3-dienyl-5-alkyl-6-oxy motif (with E-configured internal olefin) was generated as the corresponding α-adducts in a highly enantioselective and diastereoselective manner. Utilizing 1,3-dienyl-5-alkyl-6-oxy motif as key intermediates, we further demonstrated their synthetic potential by expedient total syntheses of three types of natural products (glutarimide antibiotics, α-pyrone polyketides and Lupin alkaloids) within 4-7 steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chuning Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yaqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yunpeng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongli Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Houhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
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2
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Zhou Y, Zou J, Xu J, Zhou Y, Cen X, Zhao Y. Recent advances of mitochondrial complex I inhibitors for cancer therapy: Current status and future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115219. [PMID: 36893622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial complex I (CI) as a critical multifunctional respiratory complex of electron transport chain (ETC) in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation has been identified as vital and essence in ATP production, biosynthesis and redox balance. Recent progress in targeting CI has provided both insight and inspiration for oncotherapy, highlighting that the development of CI-targeting inhibitors is a promising therapeutic approach to fight cancer. Natural products possessing of ample scaffold diversity and structural complexity are the majority source of CI inhibitors, although low specificity and safety hinder their extensive application. Along with the gradual deepening in understanding of CI structure and function, significant progress has been achieved in exploiting novel and selective small molecules targeting CI. Among them, IACS-010759 had been approved by FDA for phase I trial in advanced cancers. Moreover, drug repurposing represents an effective and prospective strategy for CI inhibitor discovery. In this review, we mainly elaborate the biological function of CI in tumor progression, summarize the CI inhibitors reported in recent years and discuss the further perspectives for CI inhibitor application, expecting this work may provide insights into innovative discovery of CI-targeting drugs for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jiao Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Research Progress on Small Molecular Inhibitors of the Type 3 Secretion System. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238348. [PMID: 36500441 PMCID: PMC9740592 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The overuse of antibiotics has led to severe bacterial drug resistance. Blocking pathogen virulence devices is a highly effective approach to combating bacterial resistance worldwide. Type three secretion systems (T3SSs) are significant virulence factors in Gram-negative pathogens. Inhibition of these systems can effectively weaken infection whilst having no significant effect on bacterial growth. Therefore, T3SS inhibitors may be a powerful weapon against resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, and there has been increasing interest in the research and development of T3SS inhibitors. This review outlines several reported small-molecule inhibitors of the T3SS, covering those of synthetic and natural origin, including their sources, structures, and mechanisms of action.
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Sato T, Suto T, Nagashima Y, Mukai S, Chida N. Total Synthesis of Skipped Diene Natural Products. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Keio University 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Takahiro Suto
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Keio University 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Nagashima
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Keio University 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Shori Mukai
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Keio University 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Noritaka Chida
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Keio University 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
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5
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Effective Generation of Glucosylpiericidins with Selective Cytotoxicities and Insights into Their Biosynthesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0029421. [PMID: 33893110 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00294-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploring unknown glycosyltransferases (GTs) is important for compound structural glycodiversification during the search for drug candidates. Piericidin glycosides have been reported to have potent bioactivities; however, the GT responsible for piericidin glucosylation remains unknown. Herein, BmmGT1, a macrolide GT with broad substrate selectivity and isolated from Bacillus methylotrophicus B-9987, was found to be able to glucosylate piericidin A1 in vitro. Next, the codon-optimized GT gene sbmGT1, which was designed based on BmmGT1, was heterologously expressed in the piericidin producer Streptomyces youssoufiensis OUC6819. Piericidin glycosides thus significantly accumulated, leading to the identification of four new glucopiericidins (compounds 3, 4, 6, and 7). Furthermore, using BmmGT1 as the probe, GT1507 was identified in the genome of S. youssoufiensis OUC6819 and demonstrated to be associated with piericidin glucosylation; the overexpression of this gene led to the identification of another new piericidin glycoside, N-acetylglucosamine-piericidin (compound 8). Compounds 4, 7, and 8 displayed cytotoxic selectivity toward A549, A375, HCT-116, and HT-29 solid cancer cell lines compared to the THP-1 lymphoma cell line. Moreover, database mining of GT1507 homologs revealed their wide distribution in bacteria, mainly in those belonging to the high-GC Gram-positive and Firmicutes clades, thus representing the potential for identification of novel tool enzymes for compound glycodiversification. IMPORTANCE Numerous bioactive natural products are appended with sugar moieties and are often critical for their bioactivities. Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are powerful tools for the glycodiversification of natural products. Although piericidin glycosides display potent bioactivities, the GT involved in glucosylation is unclear. In this study, five new piericidin glycosides (compounds 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8) were generated following the overexpression of GT-coding genes in a piericidin producer. Three of them (compounds 4, 7, and 8) displayed cytotoxic selectivity. Notably, GT1507 was demonstrated to be related to piericidin glucosylation in vivo. Furthermore, mining of GT1507 homologs from the GenBank database revealed their wide distribution across numerous bacteria. Our findings would greatly facilitate the exploration of GTs to glycodiversify small molecules in the search for drug candidates.
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Sikandar S, Saqib AY, Afzal I. Fungal Secondary Metabolites and Bioactive Compounds for Plant Defense. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48474-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Li Y, Kong L, Shen J, Wang Q, Liu Q, Yang W, Deng Z, You D. Characterization of the positive SARP family regulator PieR for improving piericidin A1 production in Streptomyces piomogeues var. Hangzhouwanensis. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2018; 4:16-24. [PMID: 30560207 PMCID: PMC6290260 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Piericidin A1, a member of ɑ-pyridone antibiotic, exhibits various biological activities such as antimicrobial, antifungal, and antitumor properties and possesses potent respiration-inhibitory activity against insects due to its competitive binding capacity to mitochondrial complex I. The biosynthetic pathway of piericidin A1 has been reported in Streptomyces piomogeues var. Hangzhouwanensis, while the regulatory mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, a Streptomyces antibiotic regulatory protein (SARP) family transcriptional regulator PieR was characterized. Genetic disruption and complementation manipulations revealed that PieR positively regulated the production of piericidin A1. Moreover, the overexpression of pieR contributed to the improvement of piericidin A1 productivity. The real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was carried out and the data showed that pieR stimulated the transcription of all the biosynthesis-related genes for piericidin A1. In order to explore the regulatory mechanism, electrophoresis mobility shift assays (EMSA) and DNase I footprinting experiments have been conducted. A protected region covering 50 nucleotides within the upstream region of pieR was identified and two 5-nt direct repeat sequences (5′-CCGGA-3′) in the protected region were found. These findings, taken together, set stage for transcriptional control engineering in the view of optimizing piericidin A1 production and thus provide a viable potent route for the construction of strains with high productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingxin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jufang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weinan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Delin You
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Trost BM, Gholami H. Propene as an Atom-Economical Linchpin for Concise Total Synthesis of Polyenes: Piericidin A. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11623-11626. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry M. Trost
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5580, United States
| | - Hadi Gholami
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5580, United States
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9
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Evolutionary stability of antibiotic protection in a defensive symbiosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E2020-E2029. [PMID: 29444867 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719797115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing resistance of human pathogens severely limits the efficacy of antibiotics in medicine, yet many animals, including solitary beewolf wasps, successfully engage in defensive alliances with antibiotic-producing bacteria for millions of years. Here, we report on the in situ production of 49 derivatives belonging to three antibiotic compound classes (45 piericidin derivatives, 3 streptochlorin derivatives, and nigericin) by the symbionts of 25 beewolf host species and subspecies, spanning 68 million years of evolution. Despite a high degree of qualitative stability in the antibiotic mixture, we found consistent quantitative differences between species and across geographic localities, presumably reflecting adaptations to combat local pathogen communities. Antimicrobial bioassays with the three main components and in silico predictions based on the structure and specificity in polyketide synthase domains of the piericidin biosynthesis gene cluster yield insights into the mechanistic basis and ecoevolutionary implications of producing a complex mixture of antimicrobial compounds in a natural setting.
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10
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Dalal A, Khanna R, Kumar P, Kamboj RC. Photo-reorganization of 3-alkoxy-6-chloro-2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-4H-chromen-4-ones: a green and convenient synthesis of angular pentacyclics. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:672-682. [PMID: 28267158 DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00476h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Photo-reorganization of 3-alkoxy-6-chloro-2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-4H-chromen-4-ones in methanol with Pyrex filtered UV-light from a medium pressure 125 W Hg-vapor lamp led to the formation of angular pentacyclic compounds (dihydro and aromatic products) along with some rearranged chromenones where the product(s) distribution depended upon the structure of 3-alkoxy groups (methoxy, ethoxy, allyloxy and benzyloxy). The phenyl moiety in the 3-benzyloxy group had a profound effect on the dihydro product(s) formation as the latter was in high yield when the alkoxy group was benzyloxy followed by allyloxy, ethoxy and methoxy groups. The present photochemical study represents a general method for the synthesis of some angular pentacyclic - benzothiophene fused xanthenone derivatives in a single step without using any specific and toxic reagent. The structures of the new organic scaffolds obtained were established by their spectral data (UV, IR and NMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Dalal
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana, India.
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11
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Hill P, Heberlig GW, Boddy CN. Sampling Terrestrial Environments for Bacterial Polyketides. Molecules 2017; 22:E707. [PMID: 28468277 PMCID: PMC6154731 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial polyketides are highly biologically active molecules that are frequently used as drugs, particularly as antibiotics and anticancer agents, thus the discovery of new polyketides is of major interest. Since the 1980s discovery of polyketides has slowed dramatically due in large part to the repeated rediscovery of known compounds. While recent scientific and technical advances have improved our ability to discover new polyketides, one key area has been under addressed, namely the distribution of polyketide-producing bacteria in the environment. Identifying environments where producing bacteria are abundant and diverse should improve our ability to discover (bioprospect) new polyketides. This review summarizes for the bioprospector the state-of-the-field in terrestrial microbial ecology. It provides insight into the scientific and technical challenges limiting the application of microbial ecology discoveries for bioprospecting and summarizes key developments in the field that will enable more effective bioprospecting. The major recent efforts by researchers to sample new environments for polyketide discovery is also reviewed and key emerging environments such as insect associated bacteria, desert soils, disease suppressive soils, and caves are highlighted. Finally strategies for taking and characterizing terrestrial samples to help maximize discovery efforts are proposed and the inclusion of non-actinomycetal bacteria in any terrestrial discovery strategy is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hill
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Graham W Heberlig
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Christopher N Boddy
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
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12
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Cao MH, Green NJ, Xu SZ. Application of the aza-Diels–Alder reaction in the synthesis of natural products. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:3105-3129. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02761j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Diels–Alder reaction that involves a nitrogen atom in the diene or dienophile is termed the aza-Diels–Alder reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hui Cao
- College of Science
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan
- China
- Department of Pharmacy
| | - Nicholas J. Green
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- ACT
- Canberra
- Australia
| | - Sheng-Zhen Xu
- College of Science
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan
- China
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13
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The unique chemistry and biology of the piericidins. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 69:582-93. [PMID: 27301663 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The piericidin family of microbial metabolites features a 4-pyridinol core linked with a methylated polyketide side chain. Piericidins are exclusively produced by actinomycetes, especially members of the genus Streptomyces. The close structural similarity with coenzyme Q renders the piericidins important NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) inhibitors in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Because of the significant activities of the piericidins, which include insecticidal, antimicrobial and antitumor effects, total syntheses of the piericidins were developed using various synthetic strategies. The biosynthetic origin of this class has also been the subject of investigation. This review covers the isolation and structure determination of the natural piericidins, their chemical modification, the total syntheses of natural and unnatural analogs, their biosynthesis, and reported biological activities together with structure-activity relationships. Given the fundamental biology of this class of metabolites, the piericidin family will likely continue to attract attention as biological probes of important biosynthetic processes.
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Degli Esposti M. Genome Analysis of Structure-Function Relationships in Respiratory Complex I, an Ancient Bioenergetic Enzyme. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 8:126-47. [PMID: 26615219 PMCID: PMC4758237 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is a ubiquitous bioenergetic enzyme formed by over 40 subunits in eukaryotes and a minimum of 11 subunits in bacteria. Recently, crystal structures have greatly advanced our knowledge of complex I but have not clarified the details of its reaction with ubiquinone (Q). This reaction is essential for bioenergy production and takes place in a large cavity embedded within a conserved module that is homologous to the catalytic core of Ni-Fe hydrogenases. However, how a hydrogenase core has evolved into the protonmotive Q reductase module of complex I has remained unclear. This work has exploited the abundant genomic information that is currently available to deduce structure-function relationships in complex I that indicate the evolutionary steps of Q reactivity and its adaptation to natural Q substrates. The results provide answers to fundamental questions regarding various aspects of complex I reaction with Q and help re-defining the old concept that this reaction may involve two Q or inhibitor sites. The re-definition leads to a simplified classification of the plethora of complex I inhibitors while throwing a new light on the evolution of the enzyme function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Degli Esposti
- Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy Center for Genomic Sciences, UNAM, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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Höllerhage M, Deck R, De Andrade A, Respondek G, Xu H, Rösler TW, Salama M, Carlsson T, Yamada ES, Gad El Hak SA, Goedert M, Oertel WH, Höglinger GU. Piericidin A aggravates Tau pathology in P301S transgenic mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113557. [PMID: 25437199 PMCID: PMC4249965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The P301S mutation in exon 10 of the tau gene causes a hereditary tauopathy. While mitochondrial complex I inhibition has been linked to sporadic tauopathies. Piericidin A is a prototypical member of the group of the piericidins, a class of biologically active natural complex I inhibitors, isolated from streptomyces spp. with global distribution in marine and agricultural habitats. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a pathogenic interaction of the environmental toxin piericidin A and the P301S mutation. Methods Transgenic mice expressing human tau with the P301S-mutation (P301S+/+) and wild-type mice at 12 weeks of age were treated subcutaneously with vehicle (N = 10 P301S+/+, N = 7 wild-type) or piericidin A (N = 9 P301S+/+, N = 9 wild-type mice) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/d for a period of 28 days via osmotic minipumps. Tau pathology was measured by stereological counts of cells immunoreative with antibodies against phosphorylated tau (AD2, AT8, AT180, and AT100) and corresponding Western blot analysis. Results Piericidin A significantly increased the number of phospho-tau immunoreactive cells in the cerebral cortex in P301S+/+ mice, but only to a variable and mild extent in wild-type mice. Furthermore, piericidin A led to increased levels of pathologically phosphorylated tau only in P301S+/+ mice. While we observed no apparent cell loss in the frontal cortex, the synaptic density was reduced by piericidin A treatment in P301S+/+ mice. Discussion This study shows that exposure to piericidin A aggravates the course of genetically determined tau pathology, providing experimental support for the concept of gene-environment interaction in the etiology of tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Höllerhage
- Dept. of Neurology, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dept. for Translational Neurodegeneration, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Deck
- Dept. of Neurology, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anderson De Andrade
- Dept. of Neurology, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dept. for Translational Neurodegeneration, Munich, Germany
| | - Gesine Respondek
- Dept. of Neurology, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dept. for Translational Neurodegeneration, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hong Xu
- Dept. of Neurology, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dept. for Translational Neurodegeneration, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas W. Rösler
- Dept. of Neurology, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dept. for Translational Neurodegeneration, Munich, Germany
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Dept. of Neurology, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Toxicology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Thomas Carlsson
- Dept. of Neurology, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth S. Yamada
- Dept. of Neurology, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
- Experimental Neuropathology Laboratory, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Michel Goedert
- Division of Neurobiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Günter U. Höglinger
- Dept. of Neurology, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dept. for Translational Neurodegeneration, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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16
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Chen Y, Zhang W, Zhu Y, Zhang Q, Tian X, Zhang S, Zhang C. Elucidating hydroxylation and methylation steps tailoring piericidin A1 biosynthesis. Org Lett 2014; 16:736-9. [PMID: 24409990 DOI: 10.1021/ol4034176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The piericidin A1 (1) gene cluster was identified from the deep-sea derived Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 03032. Our in vivo and in vitro experiments verified PieE as a 4'-hydroxylase and PieB2 as a 4'-O-methyltransferase, allowing the elucidation of the post-PKS modification steps involved in 1 biosynthesis. In addition, the shunt metabolite piericidin E1 (7) was identified as a novel analogue featuring a C-2/C-3 epoxy ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Burckhardt
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Harms
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Koert
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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18
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Liu Q, Yao F, Chooi YH, Kang Q, Xu W, Li Y, Shao Y, Shi Y, Deng Z, Tang Y, You D. Elucidation of Piericidin A1 biosynthetic locus revealed a thioesterase-dependent mechanism of α-pyridone ring formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 19:243-53. [PMID: 22365607 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Piericidins are a class of α-pyridone antibiotics that inhibit mitochondrial respiratory chain and exhibit antimicrobial, antifungal, and antitumor activities. Sequential analysis of Streptomyces piomogeues var. Hangzhouwanensis genome revealed six modular polyketide synthases, an amidotransferase, two methyltransferases, and a monooxygenase for piericidin A1 production. Gene functional analysis and deletion results provide overview of the biosynthesis pathway. Furthermore, in vitro characterization of the terminal polyketide synthase module with the thioesterase domain using β-ketoacyl substrates was performed. That revealed a pathway where the α-pyridone ring formation is dependent on hydrolysis of the product β, δ-diketo carboxylic acid by the C-terminal thioesterase followed by amidation and cyclization. These findings set the stage to investigate unusual enzymatic mechanisms in α-pyridone antibiotics biosynthesis, provide a foundation for genome mining of α-pyridone antibiotics, and produce analogs by molecular engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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19
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Boonlarppradab C, Suriyachadkun C, Suphothina S, Tobwor P. Bireticulol, a bioactive isocoumarin dimer from Streptomyces sp. BCC24731. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2011; 64:267-70. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2010.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Kikuchi R, Fujii M, Akita H. Total synthesis of (+)-piericidin A1 and (−)-piericidin B1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Lipshutz BH, Amorelli B. Carboalumination/Ni-catalyzed couplings. A short synthesis of verticipyrone. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.02.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Lipshutz BH, Amorelli B. Total synthesis of piericidin A1. Application of a modified Negishi carboalumination-nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:1396-7. [PMID: 19138148 PMCID: PMC3365511 DOI: 10.1021/ja809542r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A total synthesis of the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor piericidin A1 is described. It features a unique strategy for the key disconnection, highlighting a modified Negishi carboalumination/Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling on a polyenyne precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce H Lipshutz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.
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23
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Hwang JH, Kim JY, Cha MR, Ryoo IJ, Choo SJ, Cho SM, Tsukumo Y, Tomida A, Shin-Ya K, Hwang YI, Yoo ID, Park HR. Etoposide-resistant HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells during glucose deprivation are sensitive to piericidin A, a GRP78 down-regulator. J Cell Physiol 2008; 215:243-50. [PMID: 17941090 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucose deprivation, a pathophysiological cell condition, causes up-regulation of GRP78 and induction of etoposide resistance in human cancer cells. The induction of drug resistance can be partly explained by the fact that GRP78 can block activation of caspase-7 induced by treatment with etoposide. Therefore, downregulating GRP78 expression may be a novel strategy anticancer drug development. Based on that premise, we established a screening program for anticancer agents that exhibit preferential cytotoxic activity for etoposide-resistant cancer cells under glucose-deprived conditions. We recently isolated an active compound, AR-054, from the culture broth of Streptomyces sp., which prevents stress-induced etoposide resistance in vitro. AR-054 was identified as piericidin A, a prototypical compound, by ESI-MS analysis and various NMR spectroscopic methods. Here, we showed that piericidin A suppressed the accumulation of GRP78 protein and was also highly toxic to etoposide-resistant HT-29 cells, with IC50 values for colony formation of 6.4 and 7.7 nM under 2-deoxyglucose supplemented and glucose-deprived conditions, respectively. Interestingly, piericidin A had no effect under normal growth conditions. Therefore, we suggest that piericidin A prevents up-regulation of GRP78, and exhibits cytotoxicity in glucose-deprived HT-29 cells that are resistant to etoposide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hwan Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungnam University, Masan, Korea
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24
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25
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Schnermann MJ, Romero FA, Hwang I, Nakamaru-Ogiso E, Yagi T, Boger DL. Total synthesis of piericidin A1 and B1 and key analogues. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:11799-807. [PMID: 16953619 PMCID: PMC2531196 DOI: 10.1021/ja0632862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Full details of the total synthesis of piericidin A1 and B1 and its extension to the preparation of a series of key analogues are described including ent-piericidin A1 (ent-1), 4'-deshydroxypiericidin A1 (58), 5'-desmethylpiericidin A1 (73), 4'-deshydroxy-5'-desmethylpiericidin A1 (75), and the corresponding analogues 51, 59, 76, and 77 bearing a simplified farnesyl side chain. The evaluation of these key analogues, along with those derived from their further functionalizations, permitted a scan of the key structural features providing new insights into the role of the substituents found in both the pyridyl core as well as the side chain. A strategic late stage heterobenzylic Stille cross-coupling reaction of the pyridyl core with the fully elaborated side chain permitted ready access to the analogues in which each half of the molecule could be systematically and divergently modified. The pyridyl cores were assembled enlisting inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions of N-sulfonyl-1-azabutadienes, while key elements of side chain syntheses include an anti selective asymmetric aldol to install the C9 and C10 relative and absolute stereochemistry (for natural and ent-1) and a modified Julia olefination for formation of the C5-C6 trans double bond with convergent assemblage of the side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Schnermann
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Experimental Medicine, and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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26
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Shojaei H, Li-Böhmer Z, von Zezschwitz P. Iromycins: A New Family of Pyridone Metabolites from Streptomyces sp. II. Convergent Total Synthesis. J Org Chem 2007; 72:5091-7. [PMID: 17564460 DOI: 10.1021/jo070327j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of iromycin A (1a), a microbial metabolite combining a novel structure with an interesting biological activity as a NO synthase inhibitor, was accomplished using a flexible and highly convergent approach. Thus, the ring fragment was prepared as 6-bromomethylpyrone 27 by acylation of the respective beta-ketoester 13 and subsequent lactonization of the thus-obtained beta,delta-diketoester 11, followed by bromination of the 6-methyl group. In addition, the unsaturated side chain was efficiently prepared as terminal alkyne 34 which was then carboaluminated to furnish the alkenyldimethylalane 35. The assembly of these two fragments was thoroughly studied using nickel, palladium, and copper catalysts yet only succeeded in the absence of any transition metal after formation of the respective lithium alkenyltrialkylalanate. Treatment of the coupled product 41 with liquid ammonia then completed the total synthesis which furnished an 18% overall yield over the nine steps of the longest linear sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heydar Shojaei
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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27
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Abstract
The first total syntheses of piericidin A1 and B1 are disclosed and unambiguously establish the relative and absolute stereochemistry of the natural products by an approach that will facilitate the synthesis of a series of analogues. Central to the approach is an inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction of a N-sulfonyl-1-aza-1,3-butadiene with tetramethoxyethene followed by Lewis acid-promoted aromatization used to assemble the functionalized pyridine core. Additional key elements in the convergent approach include the use of an anti-aldol reaction to install the C9 and C10 relative and absolute stereochemistry, a modified Julia olefination for formation of the C5-C6 trans double bond with convergent assemblage of the side chain, and a penultimate heterobenzylic Stille cross-coupling reaction of the pyridyl core with the fully elaborated side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Schnermann
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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28
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Degli Esposti M. Inhibitors of NADH-ubiquinone reductase: an overview. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1364:222-35. [PMID: 9593904 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(98)00029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an updated overview of the plethora of complex I inhibitors. The inhibitors are presented within the broad categories of natural and commercial compounds and their potency is related to that of rotenone, the classical inhibitor of complex I. Among commercial products, particular attention is dedicated to inhibitors of pharmacological or toxicological relevance. The compounds that inhibit the NADH-ubiquinone reductase activity of complex I are classified according to three fundamental types of action on the basis of available evidence and recent insights: type A are antagonists of the ubiquinone substrate, type B displace the ubisemiquinone intermediate, and type C are antagonists of the ubiquinol product.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Degli Esposti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, 3168 Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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29
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Miyoshi H. Structure-activity relationships of some complex I inhibitors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1364:236-44. [PMID: 9593914 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(98)00030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of complex I inhibitors act at or close to the ubiquinone reduction site. Identification of the structural factors required for exhibiting inhibitory actions on the basis of structure-activity relationships is useful to elucidate the manner in which inhibitors interact with the enzyme. This review summarizes studies on the structure-activity relationship of rotenoids, piericidins, capsaicins, pyridinium-type inhibitors and modern synthetic agrochemicals acting at mitochondrial complex I.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Miyoshi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01, Japan.
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30
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Breuer H, Rangel M, Medina E. Pharmacological properties of melochinine, an alkaloid producing Central American cattle paralysis. Toxicology 1982; 25:223-42. [PMID: 7157401 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(82)90032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A Central American cattle paralysis is produced by ingestion of the plant Melochia pyramidata L. (Sterculiaceae). Its main alkaloid "melochinine" has been shown to produce paralysis, bradypnea, bradycardia and hypotension in laboratory animals after p.o., i.p. and i.v. applications. Bradycardia and negative inotropia have been demonstrated in isolated guinea pig atria and paralysis in the isolated phrenic nerve diaphragma preparation as well as in the phrenic nerve in situ preparation with local application. Gas chromatographic measurements suggest a rapid disappearance of melochinine after intravenous application and showed the similarity of the biologically active melochinine concentrations in vivo and in vitro. No unchanged melochinine was found in the urines of mice by thin-layer chromatography. A slight inhibition of the mitochondrial respiration and of some cholinesterases and none of the ATPase was found. Melochinine does not reveal insecticidal activity as does its structural analogue piericidin A, a well known inhibitor of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The action of the alkaloid may be explained by an unspecific interaction with membranes, partially responsible for a Ca2+-antagonistic effect found in the isolated guinea pig papillary muscle. The proposed non-specific action could be a possible reason for the fact that trials of a specific therapy failed in our experiments.
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31
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Ryley JF, Wilson RG, Gravestock MB, Poyser JP. Experimental approaches to antifungal chemotherapy. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY AND CHEMOTHERAPY 1981; 18:49-176. [PMID: 7034505 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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32
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33
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34
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35
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36
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Light PA, Garland PB. A comparison of mitochondria from Torulopsis utilis grown in continuous culture with glycerol, iron, ammonium, magnesium or phosphate as the growth-limiting nutrient. Biochem J 1971; 124:123-34. [PMID: 4331254 PMCID: PMC1177121 DOI: 10.1042/bj1240123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. Mitochondria prepared from Torulopsis utilis grown in a chemostat with iron-limited growth were found to lack energy conservation but not electron flow in that segment of the respiratory chain leading from intramitochondrial NADH to the cytochromes [i.e. the site 1 segment (Lehninger, 1964)]. 2. Site 1 energy conservation was present in mitochondria prepared from cells grown under conditions of limitation by glycerol, ammonium and magnesium. Phosphate-limited growth resulted in mitochondrial preparations without respiratory control. 3. Mitochondria from cells grown under conditions of iron limitation were insensitive to the respiratory inhibitor piericidin A, whereas sensitivity was present in mitochondria prepared from glycerol-, ammonium-, magnesium- or phosphate-limited cells. 4. These observations are considered to provide indirect evidence for a role of non-haem iron in the mechanism of energy conservation and also piericidin A sensitivity in T. utilis mitochondria. 5. A readily constructed and inexpensive pH-measuring and -controlling circuit is described for use with continuous-culture apparatus.
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37
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38
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Snoswell AM, Cox GB. Piericidin A and inhibition of respiratory chain activity in Escherichia coli K12. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 162:455-8. [PMID: 4300595 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(68)90132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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39
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Light PA, Ragan CI, Clegg RA, Garland PB. Iron-limited growth of torulopsis utilis, and the reversible loss of mitochondrial energy conservation at site 1 and of sensitivity to rotenone and piericidin A. FEBS Lett 1968; 1:4-8. [PMID: 11945238 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(68)80004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P A. Light
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, 8, Bristol, U.K
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40
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Takahashi N, Kimura Y, Tamura S. Biosynthesis of fiericidins A and B. Tetrahedron Lett 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)89899-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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41
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Takahashi N, Suzuki A, Kimura Y, Miyamoto S. Structure of piericidin B and stereochemistry of piericidins. Tetrahedron Lett 1967; 21:1961-4. [PMID: 6043699 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)90764-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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42
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Hall C, Wu M, Crane FL, Takahashi H, Tamura S, Folkers K. Piericidin A: a new inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1966; 25:373-7. [PMID: 4290528 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(66)90214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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