1
|
Béland VA, Ragogna PJ. Metallized Phosphane-Ene Polymer Networks as Precursors for Ceramics with Excellent Shape Retention. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:27640-27650. [PMID: 32441913 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Our research group has reported the synthesis of phosphane-ene photopolymer networks, where the networks are composed of cross-linked tertiary alkyl phosphines. Taking advantage of the rich coordination chemistry of alkyl phosphines and the material's susceptibility to solution chemistry, we were able to generate Co, Al, and Ge macromolecular adducts. The metallized polymer networks can be pyrolyzed to make metal-doped carbon, commodity materials in the areas of battery, and fuel cell research. The polymer precursors can also be shaped by spin coating and lithography, before being metallized and pyrolyzed to give patterned ceramics, which display excellent shape retention of the original patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A Béland
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Paul J Ragogna
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ruan Z, Li Z. Recent progress of magnetic nanomaterials from cobalt-containing organometallic polymer precursors. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01517e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent progress in the syntheses and materials applications of Co-containing organometallic polymers, and mainly focuses on the preparation of magnetic nanostructures from Co-containing organometallic polymer precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Ruan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- China
| | - Zhen Li
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Reddy PG, Moinuddin MG, Joseph AM, Nandi S, Ghosh S, Pradeep CP, Sharma SK, Gonsalves KE. Ferrocene Bearing Non-ionic Poly-aryl Tosylates: Synthesis, Characterization and Electron Beam Lithography Applications. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2018. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.31.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. G. Moinuddin
- School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
| | - Aneesh M. Joseph
- Centre of Excellence in Nanoelectronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
| | - Santu Nandi
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
| | | | - Satinder K. Sharma
- School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Béland VA, Wang Z, Sham T, Ragogna PJ. Antimony‐Functionalized Phosphine‐Based Photopolymer Networks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A. Béland
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Researchthe University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Researchthe University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Tsun‐Kong Sham
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Researchthe University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Paul J. Ragogna
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Researchthe University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Béland VA, Wang Z, Sham TK, Ragogna PJ. Antimony-Functionalized Phosphine-Based Photopolymer Networks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13252-13256. [PMID: 30011124 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of phosphane-ene photopolymer networks, where the networks are composed of crosslinked tertiary alkyl phosphines are reported. Taking advantage of the rich coordination chemistry of alkyl phosphines, stibino-phosphonium and stibino-bis(phosphonium) functionalized polymer networks could be generated. Small-molecule stibino-phosphonium and stibino-bis(phosphonium) compounds have been well characterized previously and were used as models for spectroscopic comparison to the macromolecular analogues by NMR and XANES spectroscopy. This work reveals that the physical and electronic properties of the materials can be tuned depending on the type of coordination environment. These materials can be used as ceramic precursors, where the Sb-functionalized polymers influence the composition of the resulting ceramic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A Béland
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, the University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, the University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Tsun-Kong Sham
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, the University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Paul J Ragogna
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, the University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Voevodin A, Campos LM, Roy X. Multifunctional Vesicles from a Self-assembled Cluster-Containing Diblock Copolymer. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5607-5611. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Voevodin
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Luis M. Campos
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rabiee Kenaree A, Gilroy JB. Synthesis and characterization of metal-rich phosphonium polyelectrolytes and their use as precursors to nanomaterials. Dalton Trans 2018; 45:18229-18240. [PMID: 27796388 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02541b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Upon efficient quaternization and salt metathesis of stable triethyl ferrocene/ruthenocene phosphines, styrene-based phosphonium triflate monomers with four different stoichiometric ratios of Fe/Ru were synthesized. Free-radical polymerization of the monomers afforded four polyelectrolytes (Mn: 38 650-69 100 g mol-1, Đ: 3.16-4.10) that retained many of the spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of the ferrocene/ruthenocene units. TGA studies demonstrated the thermal stability (onset of decomposition: ∼310 °C) and high char yields (33-54% at 1000 °C) of the polyelectrolytes. Pyrolysis in N2/H2 (95/5) (film thickness of ∼6 μm, 1000 °C, 3 h) yielded crystalline, mixed-phase nanomaterials containing iron, ruthenium, and phosphorus with compositions influenced by the structure of the parent polyelectrolytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Rabiee Kenaree
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N., London, Ontario, CanadaN6A 5B7.
| | - Joe B Gilroy
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N., London, Ontario, CanadaN6A 5B7.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dong Q, Meng Z, Ho CL, Guo H, Yang W, Manners I, Xu L, Wong WY. A molecular approach to magnetic metallic nanostructures from metallopolymer precursors. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4934-4953. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00599g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This tutorial review summarizes the strategies of using metallopolymers as precursors for generating functional magnetic metal/metal alloy NPs and other metal nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingchen Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory for Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials and Research Center of Advanced Materials Science and Technology
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan 030024
- P. R. China
| | - Zhengong Meng
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
| | - Cheuk-Lam Ho
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hung Hom
- P. R. China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute
| | - Hongen Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory for Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials and Research Center of Advanced Materials Science and Technology
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan 030024
- P. R. China
| | - Weiyou Yang
- Institute of Materials
- Ningbo University of Technology
- Ningbo 315016
- P. R. China
| | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry
- University of Bristol
- Bristol BS8 1TS
- UK
| | - Linli Xu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hung Hom
- P. R. China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute
| | - Wai-Yeung Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hung Hom
- P. R. China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Al-Kharusi HN, Wu L, Whittell G, Harniman R, Manners I. Synthesis, thin-film self-assembly, and pyrolysis of ruthenium-containing polyferrocenylsilane block copolymers. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00168e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembly of a ruthenium-containing polyferrocenylsilane in bulk and thin films yielded spherical or cylindrical domains in a PS matrix; pyrolysis provided a route to bimetallic Fe/Ru NPs for potential catalytic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lipeng Wu
- School of Chemistry
- University of Bristol
- UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhou N, Peng L, Salgado S, Yuan J, Wang X. Synthesis of Air-Stable Cyclopentadienyl Fe(CO) 2
(Fp) Polymers by a Host-Guest Interaction of Cyclodextrin with Air-Sensitive Fp Pendant Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhou
- Department of Chemistry; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN); University of Waterloo; Waterloo N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Liao Peng
- Department of Chemistry; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN); University of Waterloo; Waterloo N2L 3G1 Canada
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering; Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Shehan Salgado
- Department of Chemistry; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN); University of Waterloo; Waterloo N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Jinying Yuan
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering; Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Xiaosong Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN); University of Waterloo; Waterloo N2L 3G1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhou N, Peng L, Salgado S, Yuan J, Wang X. Synthesis of Air-Stable Cyclopentadienyl Fe(CO) 2 (Fp) Polymers by a Host-Guest Interaction of Cyclodextrin with Air-Sensitive Fp Pendant Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:6246-6250. [PMID: 28294476 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Host-guest chemistry is used to address the challenge of the synthesis of air-stable polymers containing air-sensitive metal complexes. The complexation of the CpFe(CO)2 (Fp) pendent group with cyclodextrin (CD) molecules created air-stable poly(Fp-methylstyrene) P(CD/FpMSt). This CD complexation resulted in dimerization of the adjacent Fp groups, which was characterized by NMR, FTIR, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) analyses. P(CD/FpMSt) was soluble in DMSO and remained stable even the solution was exposed to air for months. The host-guest chemistry accounted for the improved stability, because the Fp groups decomposed upon removal of the CD molecules using competing guest molecules. The CD-complexed polymer showed light-trigged properties, including CO release and antimicrobial activity. Host-guest chemistry of air-sensitive organometallic complexes is therefore a promising technique that can be used to broaden the scope of metal-containing polymers (MCPs) with processable novel functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Liao Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada.,Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Shehan Salgado
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jinying Yuan
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xiaosong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rabiee Kenaree A, Gilroy JB. A Phosphine-Based Heterotrimetallic (M = Fe, Ru, W) Homopolymer. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Rabiee Kenaree
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre
for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Joe B. Gilroy
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre
for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hailes RLN, Oliver AM, Gwyther J, Whittell GR, Manners I. Polyferrocenylsilanes: synthesis, properties, and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:5358-407. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00155f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This comprehensive review covers polyferrocenylsilanes (PFSs), a well-established, readily accessible class of main chain organosilicon metallopolymer. The focus is on the recent advances involving PFS homopolymers and block copolymers and the article covers the synthesis, properties, and applications of these fascinating materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry
- University of Bristol
- Bristol
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abd-El-Aziz AS, Agatemor C, Etkin N. Functional Materials Based on Metal-Containing Polymers. FUNCTIONAL METALLOSUPRAMOLECULAR MATERIALS 2015:87-119. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782622673-00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Since the dawn of human civilization, there has been a demand for materials that include ceramics, metals, and polymers. Increasing demand as well as the need for enhanced performance has driven material scientists to research metal-containing polymers as complements of these materials. Consequently, metal-containing polymers that integrate the excellent thermal, electronic, optical, and magnetic properties of metals with the lightweight, low cost, and in some cases, the chemical stability of organic-based polymers have been designed, and used as catalysts, sensors, ceramic precursors, magnetic materials, and electrical conductors. This chapter provides an overview of some of these functional metal-containing polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa S. Abd-El-Aziz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island 550 University Avenue Charlottetown Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 Canada
| | - Christian Agatemor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island 550 University Avenue Charlottetown Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 Canada
| | - Nola Etkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island 550 University Avenue Charlottetown Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mörsdorf A, Odnevall Wallinder I, Hedberg Y. Bioaccessibility of micron-sized powder particles of molybdenum metal, iron metal, molybdenum oxides and ferromolybdenum--Importance of surface oxides. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 72:447-57. [PMID: 26032492 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The European chemical framework REACH requires that hazards and risks posed by chemicals, including alloys and metals, that are manufactured, imported or used in different products (substances or articles) are identified and proven safe for humans and the environment. Metals and alloys need hence to be investigated on their extent of released metals (bioaccessibility) in biologically relevant environments. Read-across from available studies may be used for similar materials. This study investigates the release of molybdenum and iron from powder particles of molybdenum metal (Mo), a ferromolybdenum alloy (FeMo), an iron metal powder (Fe), MoO2, and MoO3 in different synthetic body fluids of pH ranging from 1.5 to 7.4 and of different composition. Spectroscopic tools and cyclic voltammetry have been employed to characterize surface oxides, microscopy, light scattering and nitrogen absorption for particle characterization, and atomic absorption spectroscopy to quantify released amounts of metals. The release of molybdenum from the Mo powder generally increased with pH and was influenced by the fluid composition. The mixed iron and molybdenum surface oxide of the FeMo powder acted as a barrier both at acidic and weakly alkaline conditions. These findings underline the importance of the surface oxide characteristics for the bioaccessibility of metal alloys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mörsdorf
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inger Odnevall Wallinder
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yolanda Hedberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cao K, Murshid N, Wang X. Synthesis of main-chain metal carbonyl organometallic macromolecules (MCMCOMs). Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:586-96. [PMID: 25639259 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of main-chain metal carbonyl organometallic macromolecules (MCMCOMs) is difficult, mainly due to the instability of metal carbonyl complexes. Despite its challenge a number of MCMCOMs has been prepared by strategically using organometallic, organic, and polymer synthetic chemistry. Main contributions to this research field were reported by the groups of Tyler, Pannell, and Wang and are briefly summarized in this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang J, Cao K, Wang XS, Cui B. Metal-carbonyl organometallic polymers, PFpP, as resists for high-resolution positive and negative electron beam lithography. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:17592-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07117h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal-carbonyl organometallic polymers, PFpP, can function as high-resolution resists for electron beam lithography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN)
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - K. Cao
- Department of Chemistry
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN)
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - X. S. Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN)
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - B. Cui
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN)
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Satyanarayana VSV, Singh V, Kalyani V, Pradeep CP, Sharma S, Ghosh S, Gonsalves KE. A hybrid polymeric material bearing a ferrocene-based pendant organometallic functionality: synthesis and applications in nanopatterning using EUV lithography. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10648b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|
19
|
Hardy CG, Zhang J, Yan Y, Ren L, Tang C. Metallopolymers with transition metals in the side-chain by living and controlled polymerization techniques. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
20
|
Russell AD, Whittell GR, Haddow MF, Manners I. Facile Formation of FePd Nanoparticles from Single-Source [1]Ferrocenophane Precursors. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500673r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mairi F. Haddow
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Ian Manners
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Erhard M, Lam K, Haddow M, Whittell GR, Geiger WE, Manners I. Polyferrocenylsilane homopolymers and diblock copolymers with pendant ruthenocenyl groups by photocontrolled ring-opening polymerisation. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01232h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
22
|
Whittell GR, Gilroy JB, Grillo I, Manners I, Richardson RM. The solution phase characterization of poly(ferrocenyldimethylsilane)s by small-angle neutron scattering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George R. Whittell
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol; Cantocks Close Bristol BS8 1TS United Kingdom
| | - Joe B. Gilroy
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol; Cantocks Close Bristol BS8 1TS United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Grillo
- Institut Max-von-Laue-Paul-Langevin; BP 156-X F-38042 Grenoble Cedex France
| | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol; Cantocks Close Bristol BS8 1TS United Kingdom
| | - Robert M. Richardson
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol; Tyndall Avenue Bristol BS8 1TL United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ramanathan M, Darling SB. Nanofabrication with metallopolymers - recent developments and future perspectives. POLYM INT 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muruganathan Ramanathan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Seth B. Darling
- Center for Nanoscale Materials; Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne IL 60439 USA
- Institute for Molecular Engineering; University of Chicago; Chicago IL 60637 USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abd-El-Aziz AS, Strohm EA. Transition metal-containing macromolecules: En route to new functional materials. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
25
|
Presa Soto A, Chabanne L, Zhou J, Gilroy JB, Manners I. Functionalization of Poly(ferrocenyldimethylsilane) via Lithiation of the Cyclopentadienyl Rings. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:592-6. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201100811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
26
|
Abd‐El‐Aziz AS, Pilfold JL, Kucukkaya I, Vandel MS. Metal‐Containing Polymers. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF POLYMER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/0471440264.pst225.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The article provides an overview of the synthesis, properties, and applications of metal‐containing polymers. The past decade has shown an exponential increase in synthetic methods, resulting in metal‐containing polymers, their characterization techniques, and their potential application into a variety of fields, including chemistry, medicine, biotechnology, and more.
Collapse
|
27
|
Synthesis and structure of distanna and tristanna ansa half-sandwich complexes of ruthenium and nickel. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:1225-7. [PMID: 22243038 DOI: 10.1021/ic202512y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and structural characterization of the first tin-bridged ansa half-sandwich complexes via a two-step protocol from Na[η(5)-C(5)H(5)Ru(CO)(2)] and in situ generated Na[η(5)-C(5)H(5)Ni(CO)] are presented. Both compounds are characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal diffraction.
Collapse
|
28
|
Zamora M, Bruña S, Alonso B, Cuadrado I. Polysiloxanes Bearing Pendant Redox-Active Dendritic Wedges Containing Ferrocenyl and (η6-Aryl)tricarbonylchromium Moieties. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201748d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zamora
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 29049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Bruña
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 29049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Alonso
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 29049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Cuadrado
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 29049, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Budhathoki-Uprety J, Novak BM. Synthesis of Alkyne-Functionalized Helical Polycarbodiimides and their Ligation to Small Molecules using ‘Click’ and Sonogashira Reactions. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200960e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Januka Budhathoki-Uprety
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Bruce M. Novak
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chabanne L, Matas I, Patra SK, Manners I. Organic-metalloblock copolymers via photocontrolled living anionic ring-opening polymerization. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00298h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
31
|
Braunschweig H, Dörfler R, Gruss K, Köhler J, Radacki K. Insertion vs Ligand Exchange: Reactivity of Distanna Ansa Half-Sandwich Complexes of Molybdenum and Tungsten toward Isocyanide and Phosphine Complexes of Nickel and Palladium. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om101049d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Dörfler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Gruss
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Köhler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Radacki
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Braunschweig H, Dörfler R, Hammond K, Mies J, Radacki K. Synthesis and Structure of Trisilane-1,3-diyl ansa Half-Sandwich Complexes of Group 6 Metals. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201000965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
33
|
Abstract
The scope of organometallics has recently been expanded considerably, when researchers have started to employ these compounds in the context of materials chemistry. Traditionally, organometallic complexes have been and continue to be important tools for many (catalytic) chemical transformations. This perspective highlights how metal-rich organometallics, that is compounds with more than one type of metal, can play an important role in the advancement of new value-added functional materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Krüger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Helten H, Beckmann M, Schnakenburg G, Streubel R. Synthesis and Reactivity of an Unusual Ferrocenophane Bis(carbene complex). Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
35
|
Otero E, Shipman PO, Abd-El-Aziz AS, Urquhart SG. Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy Study of the Photolytic Process in Poly(phenyl thioether) with Pendant Iron Moieties. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801826p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwige Otero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Pl., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Patrick O. Shipman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Pl., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Alaa S. Abd-El-Aziz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Pl., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Stephen G. Urquhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Pl., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
AL-Badri ZM, Tew GN. Well-Defined Acetylene-Functionalized Oxanorbornene Polymers and Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma8004179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoha M. AL-Badri
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Gregory N. Tew
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bhuvana T, Kulkarni GU. Highly conducting patterned Pd nanowires by direct-write electron beam lithography. ACS NANO 2008; 2:457-462. [PMID: 19206570 DOI: 10.1021/nn700372h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Palladium hexadecylthiolate is shown to serve as a negative-tone direct-write electron resist to produce nanopatterns down to 30 nm. The written patterns do not deviate much from the precursor in composition, while a post-treatment at 230 degrees C in air produced metallic Pd nanowires with residual carbon less than 10% and resistivity close to the bulk value, a desirable property of interconnects in nanocircuitry. The as-written patterns contain small nanocrystals (<5 nm) in a hydrocarbon matrix, which upon annealing aggregate to form well-connected networks of larger nanocrystals (5-15 nm), thus giving rise to metallic conductivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Bhuvana
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit and DST Unit on Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur PO, Bangalore 560 064, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Liu K, Ho CL, Aouba S, Zhao YQ, Lu ZH, Petrov S, Coombs N, Dube P, Ruda H, Wong WY, Manners I. Synthesis and Lithographic Patterning of FePt Nanoparticles Using a Bimetallic Metallopolyyne Precursor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:1255-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200703199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
39
|
Synthesis and Lithographic Patterning of FePt Nanoparticles Using a Bimetallic Metallopolyyne Precursor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200703199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
40
|
Wang Z, Masson G, Peiris F, Ozin G, Manners I. Living Photolytic Ring-Opening Polymerization of Amino-Functionalized [1]Ferrocenophanes: Synthesis and Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly of Well-Defined Water-Soluble Polyferrocenylsilane Polyelectrolytes. Chemistry 2007; 13:9372-83. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
41
|
Herbert DE, Mayer UFJ, Manners I. Strained metallocenophanes and related organometallic rings containing pi-hydrocarbon ligands and transition-metal centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:5060-81. [PMID: 17587203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The structures, bonding, and ring-opening reactions of strained cyclic carbon-based molecules form a key component of standard textbooks. In contrast, the study of strained organometallic molecules containing transition metals is a much more recent development. A wealth of recent research has revealed fascinating nuances in terms of structure, bonding, and reactivity. Building on initial work on strained ferrocenophanes, a broad range of strained organometallic rings composed of a variety of different metals, pi-hydrocarbon ligands, and bridging elements has now been developed. Such strained species can potentially undergo ring-opening reactions to functionalize surfaces and ring-opening polymerization to form easily processed metallopolymers with properties determined by the presence of the metal and spacer. This Review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the preparation, structural characterization, electronic structure, and reactivity of strained organometallic rings with pi-hydrocarbon ligands and d-block metals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E Herbert
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS81TS, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Abstract
The study of metallopolymers has blossomed into a mature field over the last few decades. Especially, polyferrocenylsilane (PFS) chemistry has taken a tremendous leap and continues to raise intense interest. Since the discovery of thermal ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of sila[1]ferrocenophanes, PFSs have been also accessed by anionic, cationic, transition-metal-catalyzed, and photolytic anionic ROP methodologies. A plethora of synthetic strategies have been devised, enabling access to a wide variety of copolymers, polyelectrolytes, and nanostructured materials. The distinctive physical properties and functions of many PFS-based polymers have been explored, leading to their apt exploitation in technical applications. Therefore, it is conceivable that PFS-related platforms might be indispensable nano-objects in the near future, as they stand on the verge of a new generation of sophisticated materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasilios Bellas
- Ernst-Berl Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular Science, Darmstadt University of Technology, Petersenstrasse 22, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Herbert D, Mayer U, Manners I. Gespannte Metallocenophane und ähnliche metallorganische Ringe mit π-Kohlenwasserstoffliganden und Übergangsmetallzentren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200604409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
45
|
Shiotsuka M, Inui Y, Sekioka Y, Yamamoto Y, Onaka S. Synthesis, photochemistry, and electrochemistry of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes anchored by dicobalt carbonyl units. J Organomet Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2007.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
46
|
Baumgartner T, Fiege M, Pontzen F, Arteaga-Müller R. Redox-Active, Multinuclear (Ferrocenylethynyl)phosphanes and Their Palladium and Platinum Complexes. Organometallics 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/om0606892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Baumgartner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH-Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcel Fiege
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH-Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Florian Pontzen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH-Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rocio Arteaga-Müller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH-Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Tamai T, Matsuura Y, Watanabe M, Matsukawa K. Acrylic polymer/silica hybrid for electron-beam resists. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
48
|
Kickelbick G. Die vielfältige Welt der Siliciumchemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200503350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
49
|
Kickelbick G. The diverse world of silicon chemistry: 14th International Symposium on Organosilicon Chemistry (ISOS XIV) in conjunction with the 3rd European Organosilicon Day, Würzburg, Germany, 31st July to 5th August, 2005. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:6804-6. [PMID: 16249990 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200503350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Kickelbick
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Materials Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9-165, A1060 Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yin D, Horiuchi S, Morita M, Takahara A. Tunable metallization by assembly of metal nanoparticles in polymer thin films by photo- or electron beam lithography. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:9352-8. [PMID: 16171373 DOI: 10.1021/la0511485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The technique of patterning of surfaces with metal-rich structures on micro- or nanoscales was developed by assembling metal nanoparticles into a thin film of polymer in a controllable way. Palladium (Pd) nanoparticles were incorporated into a thin film of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) using palladium (II) bis(acetylacetonato), Pd(acac)(2), as a precursor vaporized in a nitrogen atmosphere. Depending upon its dose, the irradiation of a PMMA film by UV light or an electron beam (EB) enhances its reducing capability against Pd(acac)(2). This dependency on dose can be used to control the formation and assembly of Pd nanoparticles. Using this technique, binary patterns consisting of metal-rich and metal-poor regions in the polymer film can be created simply by irradiating the surface of the polymer through a binary photomask. Besides the creation of binary patterns, it is also possible to create grayscale patterns where the density of Pd nanoparticles can be tuned to provide shades of gray by the use of light with continuously modulated intensity. Because the electron beam also enhances the reducing power of PMMA against Pd(acac)(2), it is thus possible to obtain highly metallized films with nanoscale pattern features. The PMMA film can be selectively removed by oxygen plasma treatment or by pyrolysis. Thus, highly metallized surfaces with binary or grayscale patterns can be obtained by selective removal of the PMMA films. The metallized regions possess relatively high resistivity against CF(4) plasma compared to the bare silicon surface; therefore, the metallized surface patterns can be transferred onto the underlying silicon substrate by CF(4) plasma treatment. Because of the nanosize effect of metal nanoparticles, the thermal treatment at 900 degrees C, which is significantly lower than the melting temperature of the bulk Pd, yields continuous metallic features by binding the assembled nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dehui Yin
- Nanotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|