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Wang J, Bai L, Huang T, Wang Y, Cheng Z, Liu Q, Su X, Zhao L, Lu F. A singlet oxygen-storing covalent organic framework for "Afterglow" photodynamic therapy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 673:679-689. [PMID: 38901358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.06.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging treatment but often restricted by the availability of oxygen. Enhancing the lifespan of singlet oxygen (1O2) by fractionated generation is an effective approach to improve the efficacy of PDT. Herein, an imine-based nanoscale COF (TpDa-COF) has been synthesized and functionalized with a pyridone-derived structure (Py) to create a 1O2-storing nanoplatform TpDa-COF@Py, which can reversibly capture and release 1O2. Under 660 nm laser exposure, Py interacts with 1O2 produced by the porphyrin motif in COF backbones to generate 1O2-enriched COF (TpDa-COF@Py + hv), followed by the release of 1O2 through retro-Diels-Alder reactions at physiological temperatures. The continuous producing and releasing of 1O2 upon laser exposure leads to an "afterglow" effect and a prolonged 1O2 lifespan. In vitro cytotoxicity assays demonstrates that TpDa-COF@Py + hv exhibits an extremely low half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.54 µg/mL on 4T1 cells. Remarkably, the Py-mediated TpDa-COF@Py nanoplatform demonstrates enhanced cell-killing capability under laser exposure, attributed to the sustained 1O2 cycling, compared to TpDa-COF alone. Further in vivo assessment highlights the potential of TpDa-COF@Py + hv as a promising strategy to enhance phototheronostics and achieve effective tumor regression. Accordingly, the study supplies a generalized 1O2 "afterglow" nanoplatform to improve the effectiveness of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570216, China
| | - Li Bai
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Tiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570216, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570216, China
| | - Ziyi Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Xiaofang Su
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570216, China.
| | - Linlu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China.
| | - Fei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570216, China.
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2
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Otero-González J, Querini-Sanguillén W, Torres-Mendoza D, Yevdayev I, Yunayev S, Nahar K, Yoo B, Greer A, Fuentealba D, Robinson-Duggon J. On the mechanism of visible-light sensitized photosulfoxidation of toluidine blue O. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:772-781. [PMID: 38100182 DOI: 10.1111/php.13882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
We report on the formation of toluidine blue O (TBO) sulfoxide by a self-sensitized photooxidation of TBO. Here, the photosulfoxidation process was studied by mass spectrometry (MS) and discussed in the context of photodemethylation processes which both contribute to TBO consumption over time. Analysis of solvent effects with D2O, H2O, and CH3CN along with product yields and MS fragmentation patterns provided mechanistic insight into TBO sulfoxide's formation. The formation of TBO sulfoxide is minor and detectable up to 12% after irradiation of 3 h. The photosulfoxidation process is dependent on oxygen wherein instead of a type II (singlet oxygen, 1O2) reaction, a type I reaction involving TBO to reach the TBO sulfoxide is consistent with the results. Density functional theory results point to the formation of the TBO sulfoxide by the oxidation of TBO via transiently formed peroxyl radical or thiadioxirane intermediates. We discover that the TBO photosulfoxidation arises competitively with TBO photodemethylation with the latter leading to formaldehyde formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Otero-González
- Universidad de Panamá, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Panamá, Panama
| | - Whitney Querini-Sanguillén
- Universidad de Panamá, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Panamá, Panama
| | - Daniel Torres-Mendoza
- Universidad de Panamá, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Laboratorio de Bioorgánica Tropical, Panamá, Panama
- Universidad de Panamá, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Panamá, Panama
- Universidad de Panamá, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Panamá, Panama
| | - Ikhil Yevdayev
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Sharon Yunayev
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Kamrun Nahar
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Barney Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Denis Fuentealba
- Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Fotobiología, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Robinson-Duggon
- Universidad de Panamá, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Panamá, Panama
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT), Panamá, Panama
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3
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Guo H, Qiu Y, Liu S, Zhang X, Zhao J. Tailoring flavin-based photosensitizers for efficient photooxidative coupling of benzylic amines. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 26:161-173. [PMID: 38086643 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04579j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Photooxidative coupling of benzylic amines using naturally abundant O2 as an oxidant under visible light irradiation is an alternative green approach to synthesis imines and is of both fundamental and practical significance. We investigated the photophysical properties of flavin (FL) that is a naturally available sensitizer and its derivatives, i.e. 9-bromoflavin (MB-FL), 7,8-dibromoflavin (DB-FL) and 10-phenylflavin (Ph-FL), as well as the performance of these FL-based sensitizers (FLPSs) in the photooxidative coupling of benzylic amines to imines combining experimental and theoretical efforts. We showed that chemical functionalization with Br and phenyl effectively improves the photophysical properties of these FLPSs, in terms of absorption in the visible light range, singlet oxygen quantum yields, triplet lifetime, etc. Apart from nearly quantitative selectivity for the production of imines, the performance of DB-FL is superior to those of other FLPSs, and it is among the best photocatalysts for imine synthesis. Specifically, 0.5 mol% DB-FL is capable of converting 91% of 0.2 mmol benzylamine and more than 80% of 0.2 mmol fluorobenzylic amine derivatives into their corresponding imines in 5 h batch runs. Mechanistic investigation finely explained the observed photophysical properties of FLPSs and highlighted the dominant role of electron transfer in FLPS sensitized coupling of benzylic amines to imines. This work not only helps to understand the pathways for photocatalysis with FLPSs but also paves the way for the design of novel and efficient PSs to promote organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Guo
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Yang Qiu
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Siyu Liu
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China.
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4
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Chen W, Jiang Y, Zhao M, An Y, Zhang Y, Yang L, Miao Q. 1O 2-Relevant Afterglow Luminescence of Chlorin Nanoparticles for Discriminative Detection and Isotopic Analysis of H 2O and D 2O. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5340-5345. [PMID: 36920345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Discriminative detection between D2O and H2O is important for diverse fields but challenging due to their high similarity in chemical and physical properties. Current molecular sensors for D2O detection generally rely on the spectral change of fluorophores with suitable pKa in response to D2O and H2O with slightly different pH acidity. Herein, we report a new and facile D2O sensor by using singlet oxygen (1O2)-relevant afterglow luminescence of chlorin e4 nanoparticles (Ce4-NPs) to achieve distinguishable detection between D2O and H2O. As 1O2 is a key initiator involved in the afterglow luminescence process, it displays a 22-fold longer lifetime in D2O relative to H2O and thereafter generates more dioxetane intermediates after laser irradiation to lead to ultimate afterglow brightness of Ce4-NPs in D2O. In addition, Ce4-NPs are capable of quantitatively detecting the amount of H2O in D2O with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.45%. Together, this study broadens the utility of afterglow materials and presents a facile strategy for isotopic purity analysis of heavy water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yi An
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qingqing Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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5
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Thorning F, Henke P, Ogilby PR. Perturbed and Activated Decay: The Lifetime of Singlet Oxygen in Liquid Organic Solvents. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10902-10911. [PMID: 35686951 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen, O2(a1Δg), the lowest excited electronic state of molecular oxygen, plays an important role in a range of chemical and biological processes. In liquid solvents, the reactions of singlet oxygen with a solute kinetically compete with solvent-mediated deactivation that yields the ground electronic state of oxygen, O2(X3Σg-). In this regard, the key parameter is the solvent-mediated lifetime of singlet oxygen, which embodies fundamental physical principles ranging from intermolecular interactions that perturb the forbidden O2(a1Δg) → O2(X3Σg-) transition to the transfer of oxygen's excitation energy into the vibrational modes of a solvent molecule M. Extensive research performed by the global community on this oxygen-related issue over the past ∼50 years reflects its significance. Unfortunately, a satisfactory quantitative understanding of this unique solvent effect has remained elusive thus far. In temperature-dependent studies, we have quantified the singlet oxygen lifetime in common aromatic and aliphatic organic solvents, including partially deuterated molecules that exploit the H/D solvent isotope effect on the lifetime. We now account for experimental data, including previously intractable data, using a model that exploits both weak and strong coupling in the M-O2 complex to accommodate the roles that M plays to (1) induce the forbidden O2(a1Δg) → O2(X3Σg-) transition and (2) accept the excitation energy of O2(a1Δg). As such, our approach brings us appreciably closer to an accurate and predictive ab initio solution for the long-standing oxygen-dependent problem that, in turn, should be relevant for a host of other molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petr Henke
- Chemistry Department, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter R Ogilby
- Chemistry Department, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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6
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Han Z, Wang J, Du P, Chen J, Huo S, Guo H, Lu X. Highly Facile Strategy for Detecting D 2O in H 2O by Porphyrin-Based Luminescent Probes. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8426-8432. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengang Han
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Juxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Peiyao Du
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Shuhui Huo
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Huixia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaoquan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
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7
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Kostelanska M, Holada K. Prion Strains Differ in Susceptibility to Photodynamic Oxidation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030611. [PMID: 35163872 PMCID: PMC8840242 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prion disorders, or transmissible spongiform encephalophaties (TSE), are fatal neurodegenerative diseases affecting mammals. Prion-infectious particles comprise of misfolded pathological prion proteins (PrPTSE). Different TSEs are associated with distinct PrPTSE folds called prion strains. The high resistance of prions to conventional sterilization increases the risk of prion transmission in medical, veterinary and food industry practices. Recently, we have demonstrated the ability of disulfonated hydroxyaluminum phthalocyanine to photodynamically inactivate mouse RML prions by generated singlet oxygen. Herein, we studied the efficiency of three phthalocyanine derivatives in photodynamic treatment of seven mouse adapted prion strains originating from sheep, human, and cow species. We report the different susceptibilities of the strains to photodynamic oxidative elimination of PrPTSE epitopes: RML, A139, Fu-1 > mBSE, mvCJD > ME7, 22L. The efficiency of the phthalocyanine derivatives in the epitope elimination also differed (AlPcOH(SO3)2 > ZnPc(SO3)1-3 > SiPc(OH)2(SO3)1-3) and was not correlated to the yields of generated singlet oxygen. Our data suggest that the structural properties of both the phthalocyanine and the PrPTSE strain may affect the effectiveness of the photodynamic prion inactivation. Our finding provides a new option for the discrimination of prion strains and highlights the necessity of utilizing range of prion strains when validating the photodynamic prion decontamination procedures.
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8
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Guo H, Lei Z, Ma X, Liu S, Qiu Y, Zhao J. Boosting Sulfides Photooxidation by Fusing Naphthalimide and Flavin together. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:15255-15264. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01368a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and selective photocatalytic conversion of chemicals with visible light and naturally abundant resources has long been desired, but this requires finely designed sensitizers that are capable to convert light...
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9
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Lang Y, Wu S, Yang Q, Luo Y, Jiang X, Wu P. Analysis of the Isotopic Purity of D 2O with the Characteristic NIR-II Phosphorescence of Singlet Oxygen from a Photostable Polythiophene Photosensitizer. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9737-9743. [PMID: 34235917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
D2O plays important roles in a variety of fields (such as the nuclear industry and bioorganic analysis), and thus its isotopic purity (H2O contents) is highly concerned. Due to its highly similar physical properties to H2O and large excess amounts of H2O over D2O, it is challenging to distinguish D2O from H2O. On the basis of the characteristic NIR-II phosphorescence of singlet oxygen (1O2), and the fact that H2O is a more efficient quencher for 1O2 than D2O, here, we proposed to simply use the 1275 nm emission of 1O2 for the analysis of the isotopic purity of D2O. In normal cases (a xenon lamp for excitation), such steady-state emission is extremely weak for valid analytical applications, we thus employed laser excitation for intensification. To this goal, a series of photosensitizers were screened, and eventually polythiophene PT10 was selected with high singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ = 0.51), high H2O/D2O contrast, and excellent photostability. Upon excitation with a 445 nm laser, a limit of detection (LOD, 3σ) of 0.1% for H2O in D2O was achieved. The accuracy of the proposed method was verified by the analysis of the isotopic purity of several D2O samples (with randomly added H2O). More interestingly, the hygroscopicity of D2O was sensitively monitored with the proposed probe in a real-time manner; the results of which are important for strengthening the care of D2O storage and the importance of humidity control during related investigations. Besides D2O isotopic purity evaluation, this work also indicated the potential usefulness of the NIR-II emission of singlet oxygen in future analytical detection.
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10
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Ossola R, Jönsson OM, Moor K, McNeill K. Singlet Oxygen Quantum Yields in Environmental Waters. Chem Rev 2021; 121:4100-4146. [PMID: 33683861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) is a reactive oxygen species produced in sunlit waters via energy transfer from the triplet states of natural sensitizers. There has been an increasing interest in measuring apparent 1O2 quantum yields (ΦΔ) of aquatic and atmospheric organic matter samples, driven in part by the fact that this parameter can be used for environmental fate modeling of organic contaminants and to advance our understanding of dissolved organic matter photophysics. However, the lack of reproducibility across research groups and publications remains a challenge that significantly limits the usability of literature data. In the first part of this review, we critically evaluate the experimental techniques that have been used to determine ΦΔ values of natural organic matter, we identify and quantify sources of errors that potentially explain the large variability in the literature, and we provide general experimental recommendations for future studies. In the second part, we provide a qualitative overview of known ΦΔ trends as a function of organic matter type, isolation and extraction procedures, bulk water chemistry parameters, molecular and spectroscopic organic matter features, chemical treatments, wavelength, season, and location. This review is supplemented with a comprehensive database of ΦΔ values of environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Ossola
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oskar Martin Jönsson
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kyle Moor
- Utah Water Research Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, 84322 Logan, Utah, United States
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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11
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Guo H, Xia H, Ma X, Chen K, Dang C, Zhao J, Dick B. Efficient Photooxidation of Sulfides with Amidated Alloxazines as Heavy-atom-free Photosensitizers. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:10586-10595. [PMID: 32426617 PMCID: PMC7227068 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photooxidation utilizing visible light, especially with naturally abundant O2 as the oxygen source, has been well-accepted as a sustainable and efficient procedure in organic synthesis. To ensure the intersystem crossing and triplet quantum yield for efficient photosensitization, we prepared amidated alloxazines (AAs) and investigated their photophysical properties and performance as heavy-atom-free triplet photosensitizers and compared with those of flavin (FL) and riboflavin tetraacetate (RFTA). Because of the difference in the framework structure of AAs and FL and the introduction of carbonyl moiety, the absorption of FL at ∼450 nm is blue-shifted to ∼380 nm and weakened (ε = 8.7 × 103 for FL to ∼6.8 × 103 M-1 cm-1), but the absorption at ∼340 nm is red-shifted to ∼350 nm and enhanced by ∼50% (from ε = 6.4 × 103 for FL to ∼9.9 × 103 M-1 cm-1) in AAs. The intersystem crossing rates from the S1 to T1 are also enhanced in these AAs derivatives, while the fluorescence quantum yield decreases from ∼30 to ∼7% for FL and AAs, respectively, making the triplet excited state lifetime and the singlet oxygen quantum yield of AAs at least comparable to those of FL and RFTA. We examined the performance of these heave-atom-free chromophores in the photooxidation of sulfides to afford sulfoxides. In accordance with the prolonged triplet excited state lifetime and enhanced triplet quantum yield, 2-5-fold performance enhancements were observed for AAs in the photooxidation of sulfides with respect to FL. We proposed that the key reactive oxygen species of AA-sensitized photooxidation are singlet oxygen and superoxide radical anion based on mechanistic investigations. The research highlights the superior performance of AAs in photocatalysis and would be helpful to rationalize the design of efficient heavy-atom-free organic photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Guo
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Xia
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Ma
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Kepeng Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Can Dang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Bernhard Dick
- Institut
für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, Regensburg 93053, Germany
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12
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Zhang XW, Zhao X, Liu KH, Sub HM. Kinetics study on reaction between dihydroartemisinic acid and singlet oxygen: An essential step to photochemical synthesis of artemisinin. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp2002021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-wang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Kun-hui Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hong-mei Sub
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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13
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Suváková M, Majerník M, Jendželovský R, Hovan A, Bánó G, Fedoročko P, Antalík M. In vitro study of disodium cromoglicate as a novel effective hydrotrope solvent for hypericin utilisation in photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2020; 206:111855. [PMID: 32220773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypericin (HY) is a naphthodianthrone that naturally occurs in Hypericum perforatum L. It is a promising photosensitiser used in photodynamic therapy for and diagnosis of oncological diseases. However, its hydrophobic character is an obstacle that has prevented its efficient use. The commonly used solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), is a controversial constituent of HY formulations and its use has been rejected by many researchers studying HY both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we propose the utilisation of hydrotropy to solubilise HY in an aqueous environment. Cromolyn (DSCG) is a non-toxic, well-tolerated, antiallergic drug that has been employed in clinical practice since 1970, and in aqueous solution it acts as a hydrotrope. At a molecular ratio of 1:12,000 HY to DSCG, the compound is able to solubilise HY in aqueous environment. In an HT-29 cell suspension, DSCG (1.8 mmol L-1) considerably enhances the interaction between HY (150 nmol L-1) and HT-29 cells, which leads to an HY fluorescence emission increase with a half-time approximately 2 min compared to 29 min for samples that lack DSCG. Studies using HT-29 adenocarcinoma cells showed that DSCG at a given concentration significantly improved accumulation of HY within cells compared to DMSO (p < 0.05) despite the relative resistance of the HT-29 cell line to HY-PDT. Though no significant difference between total reactive oxygen species production was observed for photoactivated HY dissolved in DMSO and DSCG, significant singlet oxygen generation by photoactivated HY dissolved in a DSCG-containing water solution at the studied molecular ratio was confirmed. We also clarified that DSCG does not act as a scavenger of ABTS and galvinoxyl free radicals. The results from an MTT assay showed that DSCG also significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of photoactivated HY compared to DMSO (p < 0.05). This study has demonstrated the ability of DSCG to act as a solvent of HY and enhance the effectiveness of HY-PDT compared to the commonly used organic solvent, DMSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Suváková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Martin Majerník
- Department of Cellular biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Rastislav Jendželovský
- Department of Cellular biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Andrej Hovan
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Gregor Bánó
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Peter Fedoročko
- Department of Cellular biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Marián Antalík
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia; Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bulharská 6, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia.
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14
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Photoinduced damage of AsLOV2 domain is accompanied by increased singlet oxygen production due to flavin dissociation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4119. [PMID: 32139757 PMCID: PMC7058016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60861-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) belongs to the group of very efficient endogenous photosensitizers producing singlet oxygen, 1O2, but with limited ability to be targeted. On the other hand, in genetically-encoded photosensitizers, which can be targeted by means of various tags, the efficiency of FMN to produce 1O2 is significantly diminished due to its interactions with surrounding amino acid residues. Recently, an increase of 1O2 production yield by FMN buried in a protein matrix was achieved by a decrease of quenching of the cofactor excited states by weakening of the protein-FMN interactions while still forming a complex. Here, we suggest an alternative approach which relies on the blue light irradiation-induced dissociation of FMN to solvent. This dissociation unlocks the full capacity of FMN as 1O2 producer. Our suggestion is based on the study of an irradiation effect on two variants of the LOV2 domain from Avena sativa; wild type, AsLOV2 wt, and the variant with a replaced cysteine residue, AsLOV2 C450A. We detected irradiation-induced conformational changes as well as oxidation of several amino acids in both AsLOV2 variants. Detailed analysis of these observations indicates that irradiation-induced increase in 1O2 production is caused by a release of FMN from the protein. Moreover, an increased FMN dissociation from AsLOV2 wt in comparison with AsLOV2 C450A points to a role of C450 oxidation in repelling the cofactor from the protein.
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15
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Thorning F, Jensen F, Ogilby PR. Modeling the Effect of Solvents on Nonradiative Singlet Oxygen Deactivation: Going beyond Weak Coupling in Intermolecular Electronic-to-Vibrational Energy Transfer. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:2245-2254. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Jensen
- Chemistry Department, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter R. Ogilby
- Chemistry Department, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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16
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Takajo T, Kurihara Y, Iwase K, Miyake D, Tsuchida K, Anzai K. Basic Investigations of Singlet Oxygen Detection Systems with ESR for the Measurement of Singlet Oxygen Quenching Activities. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:150-154. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tokuko Takajo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University
| | | | - Kodai Iwase
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University
| | - Daiki Miyake
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University
| | | | - Kazunori Anzai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University
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17
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The detection sensitivity of commonly used singlet oxygen probes in aqueous environments. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 204:111787. [PMID: 31958676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity for singlet oxygen (1O2) of two convenient 1O2 probes, 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) and 9,10-Anthracenediyl-bis(methylene)dimalonic acid (ABDA), has been investigated in different aqueous environments. Both probes are commercially available at reasonable cost and can be used with standard UV-vis spectrometers. Although DPBF is not soluble in neat water and is not specific to the detection of 1O2, it has very high, essentially diffusion-limited, reactivity towards 1O2; it can trap up to 50% of all 1O2 created in alcohol/water or micellar solution, and even more when replacing H2O by D2O, which makes it highly useful when the process under investigation does not yield much 1O2. On the other hand, ABDA has a much lower reactivity, reacting with only 2% of the singlet oxygen generated in H2O, as well as a smaller extinction coefficient, resulting in a much smaller spectroscopic response, but is soluble in neat water and is specific for 1O2, allowing for discrimination from other reactive oxygen species. The results presented here not only allow a comparative assessment of the usefulness of the two 1O2 probes, but also provide a reference for an accurate absolute quantification of the amount of 1O2 generated in an experiment from the observed absorbance bleach.
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18
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Li Y, Rizvi SA, Hu D, Sun D, Gao A, Zhou Y, Li J, Jiang X. Selective Late‐Stage Oxygenation of Sulfides with Ground‐State Oxygen by Uranyl Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13499-13506. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessDepartment of ChemistryEast China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Rd. Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - S. Aal‐e‐Ali Rizvi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessDepartment of ChemistryEast China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Rd. Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - Deqing Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessDepartment of ChemistryEast China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Rd. Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - Danwen Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessDepartment of ChemistryEast China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Rd. Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - Anhui Gao
- National Center for Drug ScreeningLaboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 P. R. China
| | - Yubo Zhou
- National Center for Drug ScreeningLaboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 P. R. China
| | - Jia Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessDepartment of ChemistryEast China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Rd. Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
- National Center for Drug ScreeningLaboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessDepartment of ChemistryEast China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Rd. Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai P. R. China
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19
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Li Y, Rizvi SA, Hu D, Sun D, Gao A, Zhou Y, Li J, Jiang X. Selective Late‐Stage Oxygenation of Sulfides with Ground‐State Oxygen by Uranyl Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessDepartment of ChemistryEast China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Rd. Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - S. Aal‐e‐Ali Rizvi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessDepartment of ChemistryEast China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Rd. Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - Deqing Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessDepartment of ChemistryEast China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Rd. Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - Danwen Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessDepartment of ChemistryEast China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Rd. Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - Anhui Gao
- National Center for Drug ScreeningLaboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 P. R. China
| | - Yubo Zhou
- National Center for Drug ScreeningLaboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 P. R. China
| | - Jia Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessDepartment of ChemistryEast China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Rd. Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
- National Center for Drug ScreeningLaboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessDepartment of ChemistryEast China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Rd. Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai P. R. China
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20
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Oxygen distribution in the fluid/gel phases of lipid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:879-886. [PMID: 30716292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between oxygen and lipid membranes play fundamental roles in basic biological processes (e.g., cellular respiration). Obviously, membrane oxidation is expected to be critically dependent on the distribution and concentration of oxygen in the membrane. Here, we combined theoretical and experimental methods to investigate oxygen partition and distribution in lipid membranes of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) in a temperature range between 298 and 323 K, specifically focusing on the changes caused by the lipid phase and phase transition. Even though oxygen is known to be more concentrated in the center of fluid phase membranes than on the headgroup regions, the distribution profile of oxygen inside gel-phase bilayers remained to be determined. Molecular dynamics simulations now show that the distribution of oxygen inside DPPC bilayers dramatically changes upon crossing the main transition temperature, with oxygen being nearly depleted halfway from the headgroups to the membrane center below the transition temperature. In a parallel approach, singlet oxygen luminescence emission measurements employing the photosensitizer Pheophorbide-a (Pheo) confirmed the differences in oxygen distribution and concentration profiles between gel- and fluid-phase membranes, revealing changes in the microenvironment of the embedded photosensitizer. Our results also reveal that excited triplet state lifetime, as it can be determined from the singlet oxygen luminescence kinetics, is a useful probe to assess oxygen distribution in lipid membranes with distinct lipid compositions.
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21
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Wang Y, Liu X, Fang W. Mechanism of the O
2
(
1
Δ
g
) generation from the Cl
2
/H
2
O
2
basic aqueous solution explored by the combined
ab initio
calculation and nonadiabatic dynamics simulation. J Comput Chem 2019; 40:447-455. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya‐Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of EducationCollege of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Xiang‐Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of EducationCollege of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Wei‐Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of EducationCollege of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
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22
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Hwang JW, Jung SJ, Heo I, Son HA, Kim JH, Wang KK, Kim YR. Study of Singlet Oxygen Dynamics on Silicon Polymer Matrix. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2019; 2019:2584686. [PMID: 30915256 PMCID: PMC6399532 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2584686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report a detailed analysis of singlet oxygen generated from the photofunctional polymer film (PFPF) matrix which is the silicone polymer film (PDMS) embedded with a photosensitizer. Activation and deactivation dynamics of singlet oxygen generated from PFPFs were investigated with time-resolved phosphorescence spectroscopy. The singlet oxygen generated from PFPFs was dissipated into three different regions of the polymer matrix; the inside (component A), the surface (component B), and the outside (component C). According to the deactivation dynamics of singlet oxygen in the polymer matrix, the components B and C are expected to be more important for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Wook Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jin Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Heo
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-A Son
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Kyun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Rok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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23
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Pushalkar S, Ghosh G, Xu Q, Liu Y, Ghogare AA, Atem C, Greer A, Saxena D, Lyons AM. Superhydrophobic Photosensitizers: Airborne 1O 2 Killing of an in Vitro Oral Biofilm at the Plastron Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:25819-25829. [PMID: 29972022 PMCID: PMC6698391 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b09439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen is a potent agent for the selective killing of a wide range of harmful cells; however, current delivery methods pose significant obstacles to its widespread use as a treatment agent. Limitations include the need for photosensitizer proximity to tissue because of the short (3.5 μs) lifetime of singlet oxygen in contact with water; the strong optical absorption of the photosensitizer, which limits the penetration depth; and hypoxic environments that restrict the concentration of available oxygen. In this article, we describe a novel superhydrophobic singlet oxygen delivery device for the selective inactivation of bacterial biofilms. The device addresses the current limitations by: immobilizing photosensitizer molecules onto inert silica particles; embedding the photosensitizer-containing particles into the plastron (i.e. the fluid-free space within a superhydrophobic surface between the solid substrate and fluid layer); distributing the particles along an optically transparent substrate such that they can be uniformly illuminated; enabling the penetration of oxygen via the contiguous vapor space defined by the plastron; and stabilizing the superhydrophobic state while avoiding the direct contact of the sensitizer to biomaterials. In this way, singlet oxygen generated on the sensitizer-containing particles can diffuse across the plastron and kill bacteria even deep within the hypoxic periodontal pockets. For the first time, we demonstrate complete biofilm inactivation (>5 log killing) of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a bacterium implicated in periodontal disease using the superhydrophobic singlet oxygen delivery device. The biofilms were cultured on hydroxyapatite disks and exposed to active and control surfaces to assess the killing efficiency as monitored by colony counting and confocal microscopy. Two sensitizer particle types, a silicon phthalocyanine sol-gel and a chlorin e6 derivative covalently bound to fluorinated silica, were evaluated; the biofilm killing efficiency was found to correlate with the amount of singlet oxygen detected in separate trapping studies. Finally, we discuss the applications of such devices in the treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smruti Pushalkar
- Department of Basic Sciences and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York 10010, United States
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - QianFeng Xu
- SingletO2 Therapeutics LLC, 215 W 125 St., 4 Floor, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Ashwini A. Ghogare
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Cecilia Atem
- Department of Basic Sciences and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York 10010, United States
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- SingletO2 Therapeutics LLC, 215 W 125 St., 4 Floor, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Department of Basic Sciences and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York 10010, United States
| | - Alan M. Lyons
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- SingletO2 Therapeutics LLC, 215 W 125 St., 4 Floor, New York, NY 10027, United States
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24
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Shvydkiv O, Jähnisch K, Steinfeldt N, Yavorskyy A, Oelgemöller M. Visible-light photooxygenation of α-terpinene in a falling film microreactor. Catal Today 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Datta S, Hovan A, Jutková A, Kruglik SG, Jancura D, Miskovsky P, Bánó G. Phosphorescence Kinetics of Singlet Oxygen Produced by Photosensitization in Spherical Nanoparticles. Part II. The Case of Hypericin-Loaded Low-Density Lipoprotein Particles. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:5154-5160. [PMID: 29709185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The phosphorescence kinetics of singlet oxygen produced by photosensitized hypericin (Hyp) molecules inside low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles was studied experimentally and by means of numerical and analytical modeling. The phosphorescence signal was measured after short laser pulse irradiation of aqueous Hyp/LDL solutions. The Hyp triplet state lifetime determined by a laser flash-photolysis measurement was 5.3 × 10-6 s. The numerical and the analytical model described in part I of the present work (DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b00658) were used to analyze the observed phosphorescence kinetics of singlet oxygen. It was shown that singlet oxygen diffuses out of LDL particles on a time scale shorter than 0.1 μs. The total (integrated) concentration of singlet oxygen inside LDL is more than an order of magnitude smaller than the total singlet oxygen concentration in the solvent. The time course of singlet oxygen concentrations inside and outside the particles was calculated using simplified representations of the LDL internal structure. The experimental phosphorescence data were fitted by a linear combination of these concentrations using the emission factor E (the ratio of the radiative singlet oxygen depopulation rate constants inside and outside LDL) as a fitting parameter. The emission factor was determined to be E = 6.7 ± 2.5. Control measurements were carried out by adding sodium azide, a strong singlet oxygen quencher, to the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sergei G Kruglik
- Laboratoire Jean Perrin, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS UMR 8237 , 4 place Jussieu , 75005 Paris , France
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Kubát P, Henke P, Berzediová V, Štěpánek M, Lang K, Mosinger J. Nanoparticles with Embedded Porphyrin Photosensitizers for Photooxidation Reactions and Continuous Oxygen Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:36229-36238. [PMID: 28956901 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of sulfonated polystyrene nanoparticles (average diameter 30 ± 14 nm) with encapsulated 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin or ionically entangled tetracationic 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin, their photooxidation properties, and the application of singlet oxygen-sensitized delayed fluorescence (SODF) in oxygen sensing. Both types of nanoparticles effectively photogenerated singlet oxygen, O2(1Δg). The O2(1Δg) phosphorescence, transient absorption of the porphyrin triplet states, and SODF signals were monitored using time-resolved spectroscopic techniques. The SODF intensity depended on the concentration of the porphyrin photosensitizer and dissolved oxygen and on the temperature. After an initial period (a few microseconds), the kinetics of the SODF process can be approximated as a monoexponential function, and the apparent SODF lifetimes can be correlated with the oxygen concentration. The oxygen sensing based on SODF allowed measurement of the dissolved oxygen in aqueous media in the broad range of oxygen concentrations (0.2-38 mg L-1). The ability of both types of nanoparticles to photooxidize external substrates was predicted by the SODF measurements and proven by chemical tests. The relative photooxidation efficacy was highest at a low porphyrin concentration, as indicated by the highest fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF), and it corresponds with negligible inner filter and self-quenching effects. The photooxidation abilities were sensitive to the influence of temperature on the diffusion and solubility of oxygen in both polystyrene and water media and to the rate constant of the O2(1Δg) reaction with a substrate. Due to their efficient photogeneration of cytotoxic O2(1Δg) at physiological temperatures and their oxygen sensing via SODF, both types of nanoparticles are promising candidates for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kubát
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences , v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Henke
- Faculty of Science, Charles University , 2030 Hlavova, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Berzediová
- Faculty of Science, Charles University , 2030 Hlavova, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Štěpánek
- Faculty of Science, Charles University , 2030 Hlavova, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Lang
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences , v.v.i., Husinec-Řež 1001, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Mosinger
- Faculty of Science, Charles University , 2030 Hlavova, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences , v.v.i., Husinec-Řež 1001, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
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27
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Bregnhøj M, Westberg M, Minaev BF, Ogilby PR. Singlet Oxygen Photophysics in Liquid Solvents: Converging on a Unified Picture. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:1920-1927. [PMID: 28731691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen, O2(a1Δg), the lowest excited electronic state of molecular oxygen, is an omnipresent part of life on earth. It is readily formed through a variety of chemical and photochemical processes, and its unique reactions are important not just as a tool in chemical syntheses but also in processes that range from polymer degradation to signaling in biological cells. For these reasons, O2(a1Δg) has been the subject of intense activity in a broad distribution of scientific fields for the past ∼50 years. The characteristic reactions of O2(a1Δg) kinetically compete with processes that deactivate this excited state to the ground state of oxygen, O2(X3Σg-). Moreover, O2(a1Δg) is ideally monitored using one of these deactivation channels: O2(a1Δg) → O2(X3Σg-) phosphorescence at 1270 nm. Thus, there is ample justification to study and control these competing processes, including those mediated by solvents, and the chemistry community has likewise actively tackled this issue. In themselves, the solvent-mediated radiative and nonradiative transitions between the three lowest-lying electronic states of oxygen [O2(X3Σg-), O2(a1Δg), and O2(b1Σg+)] are relevant to issues at the core of modern chemistry. In the isolated oxygen molecule, these transitions are forbidden by quantum-mechanical selection rules. However, solvent molecules perturb oxygen in such a way as to make these transitions more probable. Most interestingly, the effect of a series of solvents on the O2(X3Σg-)-O2(b1Σg+) transition, for example, can be totally different from the effect of the same series of solvents on the O2(X3Σg-)-O2(a1Δg) transition. Moreover, a given solvent that appreciably increases the probability of a radiative transition generally does not provide a correspondingly viable pathway for nonradiative energy loss, and vice versa. The ∼50 years of experimental work leading to these conclusions were not easy; spectroscopically monitoring such weak and low-energy transitions in time-resolved experiments is challenging. Consequently, results obtained from different laboratories often were not consistent. In turn, attempts to interpret molecular events were often simplistic and/or misguided. However, over the recent past, increasingly accurate experiments have converged on a base of credible data, finally forming a consistent picture of this system that is resonant with theoretical models. The concepts involved encompass a large fraction of chemistry's fundamental lexicon, e.g., spin-orbit coupling, state mixing, quantum tunneling, electronic-to-vibrational energy transfer, activation barriers, collision complexes, and charge-transfer interactions. In this Account, we provide an explanatory overview of the ways in which a given solvent will perturb the radiative and nonradiative transitions between the O2(X3Σg-), O2(a1Δg), and O2(b1Σg+) states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Bregnhøj
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Westberg
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Boris F. Minaev
- Department
of Natural Sciences, Bogdan Khmelnitsky National University, Cherkassy 18031, Ukraine
| | - Peter R. Ogilby
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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28
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Mojarrad AG, Zakavi S. Photocatalytic Activity of the Molecular Complexes of meso
-Tetraarylporphyrins with Lewis Acids for the Oxidation of Olefins: Significant Effects of Lewis Acids and meso
Substituents. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aida G. Mojarrad
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS); 45137-66731 Zanjan Iran
| | - Saeed Zakavi
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS); 45137-66731 Zanjan Iran
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29
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Westberg M, Bregnhøj M, Etzerodt M, Ogilby PR. Temperature Sensitive Singlet Oxygen Photosensitization by LOV-Derived Fluorescent Flavoproteins. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:2561-2574. [PMID: 28257211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetic sensitizers that selectively produce a given reactive oxygen species (ROS) constitute a promising tool for studying cell signaling processes with high levels of spatiotemporal control. However, to harness the full potential of this tool for live cell studies, the photophysics of currently available systems need to be explored further and optimized. Of particular interest in this regard, are the flavoproteins miniSOG and SOPP, both of which (1) contain the chromophore flavin mononucleotide, FMN, in a LOV-derived protein enclosure, and (2) photosensitize the production of singlet oxygen, O2(a1Δg). Here we present an extensive experimental study of the singlet and triplet state photophysics of FMN in SOPP and miniSOG over a physiologically relevant temperature range. Although changes in temperature only affect the singlet excited state photophysics slightly, the processes that influence the deactivation of the triplet excited state are more sensitive to temperature. Most notably, for both proteins, the rate constant for quenching of 3FMN by ground state oxygen, O2(X3Σg-), increases ∼10-fold upon increasing the temperature from 10 to 43 °C, while the oxygen-independent channels of triplet state deactivation are less affected. As a consequence, this increase in temperature results in higher yields of O2(a1Δg) formation for both SOPP and miniSOG. We also show that the quantum yields of O2(a1Δg) production by both miniSOG and SOPP are mainly limited by the fraction of FMN triplet states quenched by O2(X3Σg-). The results presented herein provide a much-needed quantitative framework that will facilitate the future development of optogenetic ROS sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Westberg
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Bregnhøj
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Etzerodt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter R Ogilby
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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30
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Kim MM, Ghogare AA, Greer A, Zhu TC. On the in vivo photochemical rate parameters for PDT reactive oxygen species modeling. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:R1-R48. [PMID: 28166056 PMCID: PMC5510640 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/62/5/r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitizer photochemical parameters are crucial data in accurate dosimetry for photodynamic therapy (PDT) based on photochemical modeling. Progress has been made in the last few decades in determining the photochemical properties of commonly used photosensitizers (PS), but mostly in solution or in vitro. Recent developments allow for the estimation of some of these photochemical parameters in vivo. This review will cover the currently available in vivo photochemical properties of photosensitizers as well as the techniques for measuring those parameters. Furthermore, photochemical parameters that are independent of environmental factors or are universal for different photosensitizers will be examined. Most photosensitizers discussed in this review are of the type II (singlet oxygen) photooxidation category, although type I photosensitizers that involve other reactive oxygen species (ROS) will be discussed as well. The compilation of these parameters will be essential for ROS modeling of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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31
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Olak-Kucharczyk M, Foszpańczyk M, Gmurek M, Ledakowicz S. Decomposition of xenobiotics during visible light irradiation in the presence of immobilised photosensitisers: kinetics study. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2017; 75:69-74. [PMID: 28067647 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to study the photosensitised oxidation of the xenobiotics benzylparaben (BeP) and 2,4dichlorophenol (2,4DCP) in aqueous solutions using photosensitisers immobilised into chitosan carrier particles and visible light radiation. Zn(II) phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate tetrasodium salt and Al(III) phthalocyanine chloride tetrasulfonic acid were used as photosensitisers. The major role of the singlet oxygen during photodegradation was proven by using scavengers of reactive oxygen species. The influence of initial xenobiotic concentration and temperature on degradation rate was examined. The investigations were focused on kinetics (Langmuir-Hinshelwood model) as well as activation energy determination. Moreover, the adsorption isotherms of BeP and 2,4DCP into chitosan carrier were determined using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Olak-Kucharczyk
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, Lodz 90-924, Poland E-mail:
| | - M Foszpańczyk
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, Lodz 90-924, Poland E-mail:
| | - M Gmurek
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, Lodz 90-924, Poland E-mail:
| | - S Ledakowicz
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, Lodz 90-924, Poland E-mail:
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32
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Malek B, Fang W, Abramova I, Walalawela N, Ghogare AA, Greer A. “Ene” Reactions of Singlet Oxygen at the Air–Water Interface. J Org Chem 2016; 81:6395-401. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Belaid Malek
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - William Fang
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Inna Abramova
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Niluksha Walalawela
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Ashwini A. Ghogare
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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33
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Neveselý T, Svobodová E, Chudoba J, Sikorski M, Cibulka R. Efficient Metal-Free Aerobic Photooxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides Mediated by a Vitamin B2Derivative and Visible Light. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201501123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Bregnhøj M, Westberg M, Jensen F, Ogilby PR. Solvent-dependent singlet oxygen lifetimes: temperature effects implicate tunneling and charge-transfer interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:22946-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01635a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new model for an old problem: a barrier to account for temperature effects on singlet oxygen lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank Jensen
- Chemistry Department
- Aarhus University
- Aarhus
- Denmark
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35
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Abstract
The intramolecular transfer of energy (FRET) and electrons (Dexter) are of great interest for the scientific community and are well-understood. In contrast, the intramolecular transfer of singlet oxygen ((1)O2), a reactive and short-lived oxygen species, has until now been unknown. This process would be very interesting because (1)O2 plays an important role in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Herein, we present the first successful intramolecular transfer of (1)O2 from a donor to acceptor. Also, we found a dependence of conformation and temperature comparable with those of FRET. We provide several pieces of evidence for the intramolecular character of this transfer, including competition experiments. Our studies should be interesting not only from the theoretical and mechanistic point of view but also for the design of new (1)O2 donors and applications in PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Klaper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Potsdam , 14476 Golm, Germany
| | - Torsten Linker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Potsdam , 14476 Golm, Germany
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36
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Malek B, Ghogare AA, Choudhury R, Greer A. Air-Water Interface Effects on the Regioselectivity of Singlet Oxygenations of a Trisubstituted Alkene. Tetrahedron Lett 2015; 56:4505-4508. [PMID: 27092011 PMCID: PMC4832427 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.05.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The regioselective synthesis of allylic hydroperoxide sulfonates by singlet oxygenation at the air-water interface has been found to depend on the concentration of the alkene sulfonate and added calcium salt. The regioselectivity is proposed to originate from an orthogonal alkene relative to the water surface for preferential methyl hydrogen abstraction by airborne singlet oxygen in an ene reaction. The findings hint that the air-water interface is a locale for synthetic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belaid Malek
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Center, City University of New York–Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Ashwini A. Ghogare
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Center, City University of New York–Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Rajib Choudhury
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Center, City University of New York–Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Center, City University of New York–Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
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37
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Park CY, Kim YJ, Lim HJ, Park JH, Kim MJ, Seo SW, Park CP. Continuous flow photooxygenation of monoterpenes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12965b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two complementary technologies for the photooxygenation of monoterpenes were developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Yi Park
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST)
- Chungnam National University
- Daejeon 305-764
- Korea
| | - Young Joon Kim
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST)
- Chungnam National University
- Daejeon 305-764
- Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Lim
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST)
- Chungnam National University
- Daejeon 305-764
- Korea
| | - Jeong Hyeon Park
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST)
- Chungnam National University
- Daejeon 305-764
- Korea
| | - Mi Jin Kim
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST)
- Chungnam National University
- Daejeon 305-764
- Korea
| | - Seung Woo Seo
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST)
- Chungnam National University
- Daejeon 305-764
- Korea
| | - Chan Pil Park
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST)
- Chungnam National University
- Daejeon 305-764
- Korea
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38
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Nardi G, Manet I, Monti S, Miranda MA, Lhiaubet-Vallet V. Scope and limitations of the TEMPO/EPR method for singlet oxygen detection: the misleading role of electron transfer. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 77:64-70. [PMID: 25236741 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
For many biological and biomedical studies, it is essential to detect the production of (1)O2 and quantify its production yield. Among the available methods, detection of the characteristic 1270-nm phosphorescence of singlet oxygen by time-resolved near-infrared (TRNIR) emission constitutes the most direct and unambiguous approach. An alternative indirect method is electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) in combination with a singlet oxygen probe. This is based on the detection of the TEMPO free radical formed after oxidation of TEMP (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine) by singlet oxygen. Although the TEMPO/EPR method has been widely employed, it can produce misleading data. This is demonstrated by the present study, in which the quantum yields of singlet oxygen formation obtained by TRNIR emission and by the TEMPO/EPR method are compared for a set of well-known photosensitizers. The results reveal that the TEMPO/EPR method leads to significant overestimation of singlet oxygen yield when the singlet or triplet excited state of the photosensitizer is efficiently quenched by TEMP, acting as electron donor. In such case, generation of the TEMP(+) radical cation, followed by deprotonation and reaction with molecular oxygen, gives rise to an EPR-detectable TEMPO signal that is not associated with singlet oxygen production. This knowledge is essential for an appropriate and error-free application of the TEMPO/EPR method in chemical, biological, and medical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Nardi
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ilse Manet
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sandra Monti
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Miguel A Miranda
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Virginie Lhiaubet-Vallet
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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39
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Varchola J, Huntosova V, Jancura D, Wagnières G, Miskovsky P, Bánó G. Temperature and oxygen-concentration dependence of singlet oxygen production by RuPhen as induced by quasi-continuous excitation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:1781-7. [PMID: 25350815 DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00202d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) by luminescence lifetime measurements of ruthenium coordination complexes has been studied intensively during the last few decades. RuPhen (dichlorotris(1,10-phenanthroline) ruthenium(ii) hydrate) is a water soluble molecule that has been tested previously for in vivo pO2 detection. In this work we intended to shed light on the production of singlet oxygen by RuPhen. The quantum yield of singlet oxygen production by RuPhen dissolved in 0.9% aqueous NaCl solution (pH = 6) was measured at physiological temperatures (285-310 K) and various concentrations of molecular oxygen. In order to minimize the bleaching of RuPhen, the samples were excited with low power (<2 mW) laser pulses (20 μs long), created by pulsing a cw laser beam with an acousto-optical modulator. We show that, whereas the RuPhen phosphorescence lifetime decreases rapidly with an increase of temperature (keeping the oxygenation level constant), the quantum yield of singlet oxygen production by RuPhen is almost identical in the temperature range of 285-310 K. For air-saturated conditions at 310 K the measured quantum yield is about 0.25. The depopulation rate constants of the RuPhen (3)MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge-transfer) state are determined in the absence and in the presence of oxygen. We determined that the excitation energy for the RuPhen (3)MLCT→d-d transition is 49 kJ mol(-1) in the 0.9% NaCl solution (pH = 6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Varchola
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Jesenná 5., Košice 041 54, Slovak Republic.
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40
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Zhao Y, Liu Y, Xu Q, Barahman M, Bartusik D, Greer A, Lyons AM. Singlet oxygen generation on porous superhydrophobic surfaces: effect of gas flow and sensitizer wetting on trapping efficiency. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:10364-71. [PMID: 24885074 PMCID: PMC4234451 DOI: 10.1021/jp503149x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe physical-organic studies of singlet oxygen generation and transport into an aqueous solution supported on superhydrophobic surfaces on which silicon-phthalocyanine (Pc) particles are immobilized. Singlet oxygen ((1)O2) was trapped by a water-soluble anthracene compound and monitored in situ using a UV-vis spectrometer. When oxygen flows through the porous superhydrophobic surface, singlet oxygen generated in the plastron (i.e., the gas layer beneath the liquid) is transported into the solution within gas bubbles, thereby increasing the liquid-gas surface area over which singlet oxygen can be trapped. Higher photooxidation rates were achieved in flowing oxygen, as compared to when the gas in the plastron was static. Superhydrophobic surfaces were also synthesized so that the Pc particles were located in contact with, or isolated from, the aqueous solution to evaluate the relative effectiveness of singlet oxygen generated in solution and the gas phase, respectively; singlet oxygen generated on particles wetted by the solution was trapped more efficiently than singlet oxygen generated in the plastron, even in the presence of flowing oxygen gas. A mechanism is proposed that explains how Pc particle wetting, plastron gas composition and flow rate as well as gas saturation of the aqueous solution affect singlet oxygen trapping efficiency. These stable superhydrophobic surfaces, which can physically isolate the photosensitizer particles from the solution may be of practical importance for delivering singlet oxygen for water purification and medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, City University of New York , Staten Island, New York 10314, United States
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41
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Suchánek J, Henke P, Mosinger J, Zelinger Z, Kubát P. Effect of Temperature on Photophysical Properties of Polymeric Nanofiber Materials with Porphyrin Photosensitizers. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:6167-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5029917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Suchánek
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Praha 8, Czech Republic
- Faculty
of Safety Engineering, Technical University of Ostrava, Lumírova
13, Ostrava-Vyškovice, 700 30 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jiří Mosinger
- Faculty
of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Zelinger
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kubát
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Praha 8, Czech Republic
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42
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Choudhury R, Greer A. Synergism between airborne singlet oxygen and a trisubstituted olefin sulfonate for the inactivation of bacteria. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:3599-3605. [PMID: 24611688 PMCID: PMC3993907 DOI: 10.1021/la404564k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of a trisubstituted alkene surfactant (8-methylnon-7-ene-1 sulfonate, 1) to airborne singlet oxygen in a solution containing E. coli was examined. Surfactant 1 was prepared by a Strecker-type reaction of 9-bromo-2-methylnon-2-ene with sodium sulfite. Submicellar concentrations of 1 were used that reacted with singlet oxygen by an "ene" reaction to yield two hydroperoxides (7-hydroperoxy-8-methylnon-8-ene-1 sulfonate and (E)-8-hydroperoxy-8-methylnon-6-ene-1 sulfonate) in a 4:1 ratio. Exchanging the H2O solution for D2O where the lifetime of solution-phase singlet oxygen increases by 20-fold led to an ∼2-fold increase in the yield of hydroperoxides pointing to surface activity of singlet oxygen with the surfactant in a partially solvated state. In this airborne singlet oxygen reaction, E. coli inactivation was monitored in the presence and absence of 1 and by a LIVE/DEAD cell permeabilization assay. It was shown that the surfactant has low dark toxicity with respect to the bacteria, but in the presence of airborne singlet oxygen, it produces a synergistic enhancement of the bacterial inactivation. How the ene-derived surfactant hydroperoxides can provoke (1)O2 toxicity and be of general utility is discussed.
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Benz S, Nötzli S, Siegel JS, Eberli D, Jessen HJ. Controlled Oxygen Release from Pyridone Endoperoxides Promotes Cell Survival under Anoxic Conditions. J Med Chem 2013; 56:10171-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4016137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Benz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Nötzli
- Department of Urology, University of Zürich, University Hospital, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jay S. Siegel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Eberli
- Department of Urology, University of Zürich, University Hospital, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Henning J. Jessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Jensen RL, Holmegaard L, Ogilby PR. Temperature Effect on Radiative Lifetimes: The Case of Singlet Oxygen in Liquid Solvents. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:16227-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jp410185n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Lybech Jensen
- Center for Oxygen Microscopy
and Imaging, Chemistry Department, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lotte Holmegaard
- Center for Oxygen Microscopy
and Imaging, Chemistry Department, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter R. Ogilby
- Center for Oxygen Microscopy
and Imaging, Chemistry Department, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark
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45
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An abnormal phenomenon on O2(a1Δ) deactivation by deuterated alcohols. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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Bartusik D, Minnis M, Ghosh G, Greer A. Autocatalytic-assisted photorelease of a sensitizer drug bound to a silica support. J Org Chem 2013; 78:8537-44. [PMID: 23899089 DOI: 10.1021/jo401266r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The photorelease of a sensitizer from a fluorinated silica surface occurs by a reaction of singlet oxygen with the vinyl ether bond linker with scission of a dioxetane intermediate. Irradiation of the released sensitizer generates singlet oxygen, which accelerates the release of more sensitizer via an autocatalytic reaction. Sigmoidal behavior of sensitizer release in n-butanol and n-octanol occurs at an optimal temperature of 20 °C. The photorelease efficiency was reduced at low temperatures, where the sensitizer was retained on the surface due to a long-lived dioxetane with inefficient scission, and also reduced at high temperatures, due to a slower reaction of (1)O2 with the vinyl ether bond. Immediate acceleration is a result of released sensitizer being used as a dopant to eliminate the induction step, further implicating an autocatalytic mechanism. However, the sigmoidal sensitizer release was not correlated to solvent viscosity, heat, or light from the dioxetane decomposition or to minor O2 solubility enhancements caused by the fluorinated silica. The mechanistic information collected here can be used to help control the pace of drug release; however, it remains to be seen whether an autocatalytic-based drug delivery system has an advantage to those with non-sigmoidal kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Bartusik
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Center, City University of New York, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA
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47
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Daďová J, Kümmel S, Feldmeier C, Cibulková J, Pažout R, Maixner J, Gschwind RM, König B, Cibulka R. Aggregation Effects in Visible-Light Flavin Photocatalysts: Synthesis, Structure, and Catalytic Activity of 10-Arylflavins. Chemistry 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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48
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Kimani S, Ghosh G, Ghogare A, Rudshteyn B, Bartusik D, Hasan T, Greer A. Synthesis and characterization of mono-, di-, and tri-poly(ethylene glycol) chlorin e6 conjugates for the photokilling of human ovarian cancer cells. J Org Chem 2012; 77:10638-47. [PMID: 23126407 DOI: 10.1021/jo301889s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PEGylated chlorin e(6) photosensitizers were synthesized with tri(ethylene glycol) attached at the ester bond(s) for a 1:1 conjugate at the 17(3)-position, a 2:1 conjugate at the 15(2)- and 17(3)-positions, and a 3:1 conjugate at the 13(1)-, 15(2)-, and 17(3)-positions. These chlorin sensitizers were studied for hydrolytic stability and solubility, as well as ovarian OVCAR-5 cancer cell uptake, localization, and phototoxicity. Increasing numbers of the PEG groups in the mono-, di-, and tri-PEG chlorin conjugates increased the water solubility and sensitivity to hydrolysis and uptake into the ovarian cancer cells. The PEG chlorin conjugates accumulated in the cytoplasm and mitrochondria, but not in lysosomes. Higher phototoxicity was roughly correlated with higher numbers of PEG groups, with the tri-PEG chlorin conjugate showing the best overall ovarian cancer cell photokilling of the series. Singlet oxygen lifetimes, solvent deuteration, and the effects of additives azide ion and d-mannitol were examined to help clarify the photokilling mechanisms. A Type-II (singlet oxygen) photosensitized mechanism is suggested for the di- and tri-PEG chlorin conjugates; however, a more complicated process based in part on a Type-I (radicals or radical ions) mechanism is suggested for the parent chlorin e(6) and the mono-PEG chlorin conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Kimani
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Center, City University of New York, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA
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49
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Bartusik D, Aebisher D, Lyons A, Greer A. Bacterial inactivation by a singlet oxygen bubbler: identifying factors controlling the toxicity of (1)O2 bubbles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:12098-12104. [PMID: 23075418 PMCID: PMC3812664 DOI: 10.1021/es303645n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A microphotoreactor device was developed to generate bubbles (1.4 mm diameter, 90 μL) containing singlet oxygen at levels toxic to bacteria and fungus. As singlet oxygen decays rapidly to triplet oxygen, the bubbles leave behind no waste or byproducts other than O(2). From a comparative study in deaerated, air saturated, and oxygenated solutions, it was reasoned that the singlet oxygen bubbles inactivate Escherichia coli and Aspergillus fumigatus, mainly by an oxygen gradient inside and outside of the bubble such that singlet oxygen is solvated and diffuses through the aqueous solution until it reacts with the target organism. Thus, singlet oxygen bubble toxicity was inversely proportional to the amount of dissolved oxygen in solution. In a second mechanism, singlet oxygen interacts directly with E. coli that accumulate at the gas-liquid interface although this mechanism operates at a rate approximately 10 times slower. Due to encapsulation in the gaseous core of the bubble and a 0.98 ms lifetime, the bubbles can traverse relatively long 0.39 mm distances carrying (1)O(2) far into the solution; by comparison the diffusion distance of (1)O(2) fully solvated in H(2)O is much shorter (~150 nm). Bubbles that reached the outer air-water interface contained no (1)O(2). The mechanism by which (1)O(2) deactivated organisms was explored through the addition of detergent molecules and Ca(2+) ions. Results indicate that the preferential accumulation of E. coli at the air-water interface of the bubble leads to enhanced toxicity of bubbles containing (1)O(2). The singlet oxygen device offers intriguing possibilities for creating new types of disinfection strategies based on photodynamic ((1)O(2)) bubble carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Bartusik
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Alan Lyons
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314, United States
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
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50
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Pimenta FM, Jensen RL, Holmegaard L, Esipova TV, Westberg M, Breitenbach T, Ogilby PR. Singlet-Oxygen-Mediated Cell Death Using Spatially-Localized Two-Photon Excitation of an Extracellular Sensitizer. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:10234-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jp304954m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederico M. Pimenta
- Center for
Oxygen Microscopy
and Imaging, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Rasmus L. Jensen
- Center for
Oxygen Microscopy
and Imaging, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Lotte Holmegaard
- Center for
Oxygen Microscopy
and Imaging, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Tatiana V. Esipova
- Department of Biochemistry and
Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Michael Westberg
- Center for
Oxygen Microscopy
and Imaging, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Thomas Breitenbach
- Center for
Oxygen Microscopy
and Imaging, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Peter R. Ogilby
- Center for
Oxygen Microscopy
and Imaging, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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