1
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Yu X, Ding P, Yang D, Yan P, Wang H, Yang S, Wu J, Wang Z, Sun H, Chen Z, Xie L, Ge Z. Self-Assembled Molecules with Asymmetric Backbone for Highly Stable Binary Organic Solar Cells with 19.7 % Efficiency. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401518. [PMID: 38459749 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The hole-transporting material (HTM), poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT : PSS), is the most widely used material in the realization of high-efficiency organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the stability of PEDOT : PSS-based OSCs is quite poor, arising from its strong acidity and hygroscopicity. In addition, PEDOT : PSS has an absorption in the infrared region and high highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level, thus limiting the enhancement of short-circuit current density (Jsc) and open-circuit voltage (Voc), respectively. Herein, two asymmetric self-assembled molecules (SAMs), namely BrCz and BrBACz, were designed and synthesized as HTM in binary OSCs based on the well-known system of PM6 : Y6, PM6 : eC9, PM6 : L8-BO, and D18 : eC9. Compared with BrCz, BrBACz shows larger dipole moment, deeper work function and lower surface energy. Moreover, BrBACz not only enhances photon harvesting in the active layer, but also minimizes voltage losses as well as improves interface charge extraction/ transport. Consequently, the PM6 : eC9-based binary OSC using BrBACz as HTM exhibits a champion efficiency of 19.70 % with a remarkable Jsc of 29.20 mA cm-2 and a Voc of 0.856 V, which is a record efficiency for binary OSCs so far. In addition, the unencapsulated device maintains 95.0 % of its original efficiency after 1,000 hours of storage at air ambient, indicating excellent long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Yu
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Pengfei Ding
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Daobin Yang
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pengyu Yan
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Hongqian Wang
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Shuncheng Yang
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Zhongqiang Wang
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - He Sun
- Innovation Center for Organic Electronics (INOEL), Yamagata University, Yonezawa, 992-0119, Japan
| | - Zhenyu Chen
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Ziyi Ge
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Li M, Liu M, Qi F, Lin FR, Jen AKY. Self-Assembled Monolayers for Interfacial Engineering in Solution-Processed Thin-Film Electronic Devices: Design, Fabrication, and Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2138-2204. [PMID: 38421811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Interfacial engineering has long been a vital means of improving thin-film device performance, especially for organic electronics, perovskites, and hybrid devices. It greatly facilitates the fabrication and performance of solution-processed thin-film devices, including organic field effect transistors (OFETs), organic solar cells (OSCs), perovskite solar cells (PVSCs), and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, due to the limitation of traditional interfacial materials, further progress of these thin-film devices is hampered particularly in terms of stability, flexibility, and sensitivity. The deadlock has gradually been broken through the development of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), which possess distinct benefits in transparency, diversity, stability, sensitivity, selectivity, and surface passivation ability. In this review, we first showed the evolution of SAMs, elucidating their working mechanisms and structure-property relationships by assessing a wide range of SAM materials reported to date. A comprehensive comparison of various SAM growth, fabrication, and characterization methods was presented to help readers interested in applying SAM to their works. Moreover, the recent progress of the SAM design and applications in mainstream thin-film electronic devices, including OFETs, OSCs, PVSCs and OLEDs, was summarized. Finally, an outlook and prospects section summarizes the major challenges for the further development of SAMs used in thin-film devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Feng Qi
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Francis R Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Alex K-Y Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
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3
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Sin DH, Kim SH, Lee J, Lee H. Modification of Electrode Interface with Fullerene-Based Self-Assembled Monolayer for High-Performance Organic Optoelectronic Devices. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1613. [PMID: 36295966 PMCID: PMC9608816 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Efficient charge transfer between organic semiconductors and electrode materials at electrode interfaces is essential for achieving high-performance organic optoelectronic devices. For efficient charge injection and extraction at the electrode interface, an interlayer is usually introduced between the organic active layer and electrode. Here, a simple and effective approach for further improving charge transfer at the organic active layer-interlayer interface was presented. Treatment of the zinc oxide (ZnO) interlayer, a commonly used n-type interlayer, with a fullerene-based self-assembled monolayer (SAM) effectively improved electron transfer at the organic-ZnO interface, without affecting the morphology and crystalline structure of the organic active layer on the cathode interlayer. Furthermore, this treatment reduced charge recombination in the device, attributed to the improved charge extraction and reduction of undesirable ZnO-donor polymer contacts. The photocurrent density and power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells employing the fullerene-SAM-treated interlayer were ~10% higher than those of the device employing the nontreated interlayer. This improvement arises from the enhanced electron extraction and reduced charge recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hun Sin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Hansol Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
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4
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Sauter E, Nascimbeni G, Trefz D, Ludwigs S, Zojer E, von Wrochem F, Zharnikov M. A dithiocarbamate anchoring group as a flexible platform for interface engineering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:22511-22525. [PMID: 31588446 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03306h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The molecular organization and electronic properties of dithiocarbamate (DTC) anchored self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) linked to Au(111) substrates are studied by a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, and state-of-the-art density functional theory calculations. For that, several piperidine/piperazine precursors with different architecture and substitution patterns are selected. The presented data show that the DTC anchor provides a useful building block for monomolecular self-assembly on coinage metals with both sulfur atoms bonded to the substrate in a way similar to what is usually observed for the more commonly applied thiolate docking group. The combination of the DTC group with the quite flexible piperidine/piperazine cyclic linkers results in a dense molecular packing with an upright orientation of the terminal moieties. The latter comprise phenyl rings bearing various substituents, which enables tuning the interfacial dipole over a wide range. Simulations on two prototypical DTC-docked SAMs help to better understand the experimental observations and provide insight into the local origin of the SAM-induced shifts in the electrostatic energy. In particular, a comparison of measured and simulated XP spectra reveals the significant contribution of the DTC group to the interfacial dipole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sauter
- Applied Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Giulia Nascimbeni
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Daniel Trefz
- Chair for Structure and Properties of Polymeric Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry (IPOC), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- Chair for Structure and Properties of Polymeric Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry (IPOC), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Egbert Zojer
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Florian von Wrochem
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Applied Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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5
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Zeng L, Turrisi R, Fu B, Emery JD, Walker AR, Ratner MA, Hersam MC, Facchetti AF, Marks TJ, Bedzyk MJ. Measuring Dipole Inversion in Self-Assembled Nano-Dielectric Molecular Layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:6484-6490. [PMID: 29378110 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b16160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A self-assembled nanodielectric (SAND) is an ultrathin film, typically with periodic layer pairs of high-k oxide and phosphonic-acid-based π-electron (PAE) molecular layers. IPAE, having a molecular structure similar to that of PAE but with an inverted dipole direction, has recently been developed for use in thin-film transistors. Here we report that replacing PAE with IPAE in SAND-based thin-film transistors induces sizable threshold and turn-on voltage shifts, indicating the flipping of the built-in SAND polarity. The bromide counteranion (Br-) associated with the cationic stilbazolium portion of PAE or IPAE is of great importance, because its relative position strongly affects the electric dipole moment of the organic layer. Hence, a set of X-ray synchrotron measurements were designed and performed to directly measure and compare the Br- distributions within the PAE and IPAE SANDs. Two trilayer SANDs, consisting of a PAE or IPAE layer sandwiched between an HfOx and a ZrOx layer, were deposited on the SiOx surface of Si substrates or periodic Si/Mo multilayer substrates for X-ray reflectivity and X-ray standing wave measurements, respectively. Along with complementary DFT simulations, the spacings, elemental (Hf, Br, and Zr) distributions, molecular orientations, and Mulliken charge distributions of the PAE and IPAE molecules within each of the SAND trilayers were determined and correlated with the dipole inversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zeng
- Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Riccardo Turrisi
- Materials Science Department, University of Milano-Bicocca , Via R. Cozzi 53, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Mark A Ratner
- Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | - Tobin J Marks
- Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael J Bedzyk
- Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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6
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Schmaltz T, Gothe B, Krause A, Leitherer S, Steinrück HG, Thoss M, Clark T, Halik M. Effect of Structure and Disorder on the Charge Transport in Defined Self-Assembled Monolayers of Organic Semiconductors. ACS NANO 2017; 11:8747-8757. [PMID: 28813143 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b02394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayer field-effect transistors (SAMFETs) are not only a promising type of organic electronic device but also allow detailed analyses of structure-property correlations. The influence of the morphology on the charge transport is particularly pronounced, due to the confined monolayer of 2D-π-stacked organic semiconductor molecules. The morphology, in turn, is governed by relatively weak van-der-Waals interactions and is thus prone to dynamic structural fluctuations. Accordingly, combining electronic and physical characterization and time-averaged X-ray analyses with the dynamic information available at atomic resolution from simulations allows us to characterize self-assembled monolayer (SAM) based devices in great detail. For this purpose, we have constructed transistors based on SAMs of two molecules that consist of the organic p-type semiconductor benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT), linked to a C11 or C12 alkylphosphonic acid. Both molecules form ordered SAMs; however, our experiments show that the size of the crystalline domains and the charge-transport properties vary considerably in the two systems. These findings were confirmed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and semiempirical molecular-orbital electronic-structure calculations, performed on snapshots from the MD simulations at different times, revealing, in atomistic detail, how the charge transport in organic semiconductors is influenced and limited by dynamic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmaltz
- Organic Materials & Devices (OMD), Dept. of Materials Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bastian Gothe
- Organic Materials & Devices (OMD), Dept. of Materials Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Krause
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, FAU , Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Leitherer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), FAU , Staudtstrasse 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Steinrück
- SSRL Materials Science Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Michael Thoss
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), FAU , Staudtstrasse 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, FAU , Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marcus Halik
- Organic Materials & Devices (OMD), Dept. of Materials Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Adelizzi B, Filot IAW, Palmans ARA, Meijer EW. Unravelling the Pathway Complexity in Conformationally Flexible N-Centered Triarylamine Trisamides. Chemistry 2017; 23:6103-6110. [PMID: 27981630 PMCID: PMC5434799 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two families of C3 -symmetrical triarylamine-trisamides comprising a triphenylamine- or a tri(pyrid-2-yl)amine core are presented. Both families self-assemble in apolar solvents via cooperative hydrogen-bonding interactions into helical supramolecular polymers as evidenced by a combination of spectroscopic measurements, and corroborated by DFT calculations. The introduction of a stereocenter in the side chains biases the helical sense of the supramolecular polymers formed. Compared to other C3 -symmetrical compounds, a much richer self-assembly landscape is observed. Temperature-dependent spectroscopy measurements highlight the presence of two self-assembled states of opposite handedness. One state is formed at high temperature from a molecularly dissolved solution via a nucleation-elongation mechanism. The second state is formed below room temperature through a sharp transition from the first assembled state. The change in helicity is proposed to be related to a conformational switch of the triarylamine core due to an equilibrium between a 3:0 and a 2:1 conformation. Thus, within a limited temperature window, a small conformational twist results in an assembled state of opposite helicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Adelizzi
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Ivo A. W. Filot
- Institute of CatalysisEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
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8
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Schmaltz T, Sforazzini G, Reichert T, Frauenrath H. Self-Assembled Monolayers as Patterning Tool for Organic Electronic Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605286. [PMID: 28160336 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The patterning of functional materials represents a crucial step for the implementation of organic semiconducting materials into functional devices. Classical patterning techniques such as photolithography or shadow masking exhibit certain limitations in terms of choice of materials, processing techniques and feasibility for large area fabrication. The use of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) as a patterning tool offers a wide variety of opportunities, from the region-selective deposition of active components to guiding the crystallization direction. Here, we discuss general techniques and mechanisms for SAM-based patterning and show that all necessary components for organic electronic devices, i.e., conducting materials, dielectrics, organic semiconductors, and further functional layers can be patterned with the use of self-assembled monolayers. The advantages and limitations, and potential further applications of patterning approaches based on self-assembled monolayers are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmaltz
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Materials, EPFL-STI-IMX-LMOM, Station 12, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Sforazzini
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Materials, EPFL-STI-IMX-LMOM, Station 12, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Reichert
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Materials, EPFL-STI-IMX-LMOM, Station 12, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Holger Frauenrath
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Materials, EPFL-STI-IMX-LMOM, Station 12, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Kutz A, Gröhn F. Improving Photocatalytic Activity: Versatile Polyelectrolyte - Photosensitizer Assemblies for Methyl Viologen Reduction. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kutz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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10
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Zheng Y, Jradi FM, Parker TC, Barlow S, Marder SR, Saavedra SS. Influence of Molecular Aggregation on Electron Transfer at the Perylene Diimide/Indium-Tin Oxide Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:34089-34097. [PMID: 27960436 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemisorption of an organic monolayer to tune the surface properties of a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) electrode can improve the performance of organic electronic devices that rely on efficient charge transfer between an organic active layer and a TCO contact. Here, a series of perylene diimides (PDIs) was synthesized and used to study relationships between monolayer structure/properties and electron transfer kinetics at PDI-modified indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. In these PDI molecules, one of the imide substituents is a benzene ring bearing a phosphonic acid (PA) and the other is a bulky aryl group that is twisted out of the plane of the PDI core. The size of the bulky aryl group and the substitution of the benzene ring bearing the PA were both varied, which altered the extent of aggregation when these molecules were absorbed as monolayer films (MLs) on ITO, as revealed by both attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and total internal reflection fluorescence spectra. Polarized ATR measurements indicate that, in these MLs, the long axis of the PDI core is tilted at an angle of 33-42° relative to the surface normal; the tilt angle increased as the degree of bulky substitution increased. Rate constants for electron transfer (ks,opt) between these redox-active modifiers and ITO were determined by potential-modulated ATR spectroscopy. As the degree of PDI aggregation was reduced, ks,opt declined, which is attributed to a reduction in the lateral electron self-exchange rate between adsorbed PDI molecules, as well as the heterogeneous conductivity of the ITO electrode surface. Photoelectrochemical measurements using a dissolved aluminum phthalocyanine as an electron donor showed that ITO modified with any of these PDIs is a more effective electron-collecting electrode than bare ITO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Zheng
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721-00041, United States
| | - Fadi M Jradi
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Timothy C Parker
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - S Scott Saavedra
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721-00041, United States
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11
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Balgley R, de Ruiter G, Evmenenko G, Bendikov T, Lahav M, van der Boom ME. Light-Induced Conversion of Chemical Permeability to Enhance Electron and Molecular Transfer in Nanoscale Assemblies. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:16398-16406. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Balgley
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Graham de Ruiter
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Guennadi Evmenenko
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tatyana Bendikov
- Department
of Chemical Research Support, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Michal Lahav
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Milko E. van der Boom
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
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12
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Li CZ, Huang J, Ju H, Zang Y, Zhang J, Zhu J, Chen H, Jen AKY. Modulate Organic-Metal Oxide Heterojunction via [1,6] Azafulleroid for Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:7269-7275. [PMID: 27271045 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201601161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
By creating an effective π-orbital hybridization between the fullerene cage and the aromatic anchor (addend), the azafulleroid interfacial modifiers exhibit enhanced electronic coupling to the underneath metal oxides. High power conversion efficiency of 10.3% can be achieved in organic solar cells using open-cage phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)-modified zinc oxide layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Zhi Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Box 352120, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jiang Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Box 352120, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Huanxin Ju
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Box 352120, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Electronics and Information College, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Xiasha Campus, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
| | - Jianyuan Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Box 352120, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Hongzheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Alex K-Y Jen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Box 352120, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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13
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Long R, Prezhdo OV. Dopants Control Electron-Hole Recombination at Perovskite-TiO₂ Interfaces: Ab Initio Time-Domain Study. ACS NANO 2015; 9:11143-11155. [PMID: 26456384 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
TiO2 sensitized with organohalide perovskites gives rise to solar-to-electricity conversion efficiencies reaching close to 20%. Nonradiative electron-hole recombination across the perovskite/TiO2 interface constitutes a major pathway of energy losses, limiting quantum yield of the photoinduced charge. In order to establish the fundamental mechanisms of the energy losses and to propose practical means for controlling the interfacial electron-hole recombination, we applied ab initio nonadiabatic (NA) molecular dynamics to pristine and doped CH3NH3PbI3(100)/TiO2 anatase(001) interfaces. We show that doping by substitution of iodide with chlorine or bromine reduces charge recombination, while replacing lead with tin enhances the recombination. Generally, lighter and faster atoms increase the NA coupling. Since the dopants are lighter than the atoms they replace, one expects a priori that all three dopants should accelerate the recombination. We rationalize the unexpected behavior of chlorine and bromine by three effects. First, the Pb-Cl and Pb-Br bonds are shorter than the Pb-I bond. As a result, Cl and Br atoms are farther away from the TiO2 surface, decreasing the donor-acceptor coupling. In contrast, some iodines form chemical bonds with Ti atoms, increasing the coupling. Second, chlorine and bromine reduce the NA electron-vibrational coupling, because they contribute little to the electron and hole wave functions. Tin increases the coupling, since it is lighter than lead and contributes to the hole wave function. Third, higher frequency modes introduced by chlorine and bromine shorten quantum coherence, thereby decreasing the transition rate. The recombination occurs due to coupling of the electronic subsystem to low-frequency perovskite and TiO2 modes. The simulation shows excellent agreement with the available experimental data and advances our understanding of electronic and vibrational dynamics in perovskite solar cells. The study provides design principles for optimizing solar cell performance and increasing photon-to-electron conversion efficiency through creative choice of dopants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Long
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University , Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
- School of Physics, Complex & Adaptive Systems Lab, University College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oleg V Prezhdo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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14
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Govind Rao V, Dhital B, Lu HP. Probing Driving Force and Electron Accepting State Density Dependent Interfacial Electron Transfer Dynamics: Suppressed Fluorescence Blinking of Single Molecules on Indium Tin Oxide Semiconductor. J Phys Chem B 2015; 120:1685-97. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b08807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Govind Rao
- Department
of Chemistry and
Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Bharat Dhital
- Department
of Chemistry and
Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - H. Peter Lu
- Department
of Chemistry and
Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, Ohio 43403, United States
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15
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Jabarullah NH, Verrelli E, Mauldin C, Navarro LA, Golden JH, Madianos LM, Kemp NT. Superhydrophobic SAM Modified Electrodes for Enhanced Current Limiting Properties in Intrinsic Conducting Polymer Surge Protection Devices. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:6253-6264. [PMID: 25996202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Surface interface engineering using superhydrophobic gold electrodes made with 1-dodecanethiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM) has been used to enhance the current limiting properties of novel surge protection devices based on the intrinsic conducting polymer, polyaniline doped with methanesulfonic acid. The resulting devices show significantly enhanced current limiting characteristics, including current saturation, foldback, and negative differential effects. We show how SAM modification changes the morphology of the polymer film directly adjacent to the electrodes, leading to the formation of an interfacial compact thin film that lowers the contact resistance at the Au-polymer interface. We attribute the enhanced current limiting properties of the devices to a combination of lower contact resistance and increased Joule heating within this interface region which during a current surge produces a current blocking resistive barrier due to a thermally induced dedoping effect caused by the rapid diffusion of moisture away from this region. The effect is exacerbated at higher applied voltages as the higher temperature leads to stronger depletion of charge carriers in this region, resulting in a negative differential resistance effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor H Jabarullah
- †Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom HU6 7RX
- ∥Electrical Engineering, International College of Engineering, University Kuala Lumpur, British Malaysian Institute, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Emanuele Verrelli
- †Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom HU6 7RX
| | - Clayton Mauldin
- ‡TE Connectivity, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Luis A Navarro
- ‡TE Connectivity, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Josh H Golden
- ‡TE Connectivity, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Leonidas M Madianos
- §Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece
| | - Neil T Kemp
- †Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom HU6 7RX
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16
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Nian L, Zhang W, Zhu N, Liu L, Xie Z, Wu H, Würthner F, Ma Y. Photoconductive Cathode Interlayer for Highly Efficient Inverted Polymer Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6995-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Nian
- Institute
of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory
of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhang
- Institute
of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory
of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Na Zhu
- Institute
of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory
of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Institute
of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory
of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zengqi Xie
- Institute
of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory
of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hongbin Wu
- Institute
of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory
of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yuguang Ma
- Institute
of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory
of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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17
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Zhou N, Prabakaran K, Lee B, Chang SH, Harutyunyan B, Guo P, Butler MR, Timalsina A, Bedzyk MJ, Ratner MA, Vegiraju S, Yau S, Wu CG, Chang RPH, Facchetti A, Chen MC, Marks TJ. Metal-free tetrathienoacene sensitizers for high-performance dye-sensitized solar cells. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:4414-23. [PMID: 25768124 DOI: 10.1021/ja513254z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A new series of metal-free organic chromophores (TPA-TTAR-A (1), TPA-T-TTAR-A (2), TPA-TTAR-T-A (3), and TPA-T-TTAR-T-A (4)) are synthesized for application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) based on a donor-π-bridge-acceptor (D-π-A) design. Here a simple triphenylamine (TPA) moiety serves as the electron donor, a cyanoacrylic acid as the electron acceptor and anchoring group, and a novel tetrathienoacene (TTA) as the π-bridge unit. Because of the extensively conjugated TTA π-bridge, these dyes exhibit high extinction coefficients (4.5-5.2 × 10(4) M(-1) cm(-1)). By strategically inserting a thiophene spacer on the donor or acceptor side of the molecules, the electronic structures of these TTA-based dyes can be readily tuned. Furthermore, addition of a thiophene spacer has a significant influence on the dye orientation and self-assembly modality on TiO2 surfaces. The insertion of a thiophene between the π-bridge and the cyanoacrylic acid anchoring group in TPA-TTAR-T-A (dye 3) promotes more vertical dye orientation and denser packing on TiO2 (molecular footprint = 79 Å(2)), thus enabling optimal dye loading. Using dye 3, a DSSC power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.1% with Voc = 0.833 V, Jsc = 16.5 mA/cm(2), and FF = 70.0% is achieved, among the highest reported to date for metal-free organic DSSC sensitizers using an I(-)/I3(-) redox shuttle. Photophysical measurements on dye-grafted TiO2 films reveal that the additional thiophene unit in dye 3 enhances the electron injection efficiency, in agreement with the high quantum efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanjia Zhou
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Materials Research Center, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kumaresan Prabakaran
- ‡Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan 32054, ROC.,∇Department of Chemistry, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, India-641014
| | - Byunghong Lee
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Materials Research Center, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sheng Hsiung Chang
- §Research Center for New Generation Photovoltaics, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan 32054, ROC
| | - Boris Harutyunyan
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Materials Research Center, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Peijun Guo
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Materials Research Center, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Melanie R Butler
- ∥Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amod Timalsina
- ∥Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael J Bedzyk
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Materials Research Center, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mark A Ratner
- ∥Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sureshraju Vegiraju
- ‡Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan 32054, ROC
| | - Shuehlin Yau
- ‡Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan 32054, ROC
| | - Chun-Guey Wu
- ‡Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan 32054, ROC.,§Research Center for New Generation Photovoltaics, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan 32054, ROC
| | - Robert P H Chang
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Materials Research Center, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- ∥Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,⊥Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077, United States
| | - Ming-Chou Chen
- ‡Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan 32054, ROC
| | - Tobin J Marks
- ∥Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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18
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Interfacial Layer Engineering for Performance Enhancement in Polymer Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/polym7020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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19
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Kim J, Rim YS, Chen H, Cao HH, Nakatsuka N, Hinton HL, Zhao C, Andrews AM, Yang Y, Weiss PS. Fabrication of High-Performance Ultrathin In2O3 Film Field-Effect Transistors and Biosensors Using Chemical Lift-Off Lithography. ACS NANO 2015; 9:4572-82. [PMID: 25798751 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate straightforward fabrication of highly sensitive biosensor arrays based on field-effect transistors, using an efficient high-throughput, large-area patterning process. Chemical lift-off lithography is used to construct field-effect transistor arrays with high spatial precision suitable for the fabrication of both micrometer- and nanometer-scale devices. Sol-gel processing is used to deposit ultrathin (∼4 nm) In2O3 films as semiconducting channel layers. The aqueous sol-gel process produces uniform In2O3 coatings with thicknesses of a few nanometers over large areas through simple spin-coating, and only low-temperature thermal annealing of the coatings is required. The ultrathin In2O3 enables construction of highly sensitive and selective biosensors through immobilization of specific aptamers to the channel surface; the ability to detect subnanomolar concentrations of dopamine is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemyung Kim
- †California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - You Seung Rim
- †California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Huajun Chen
- †California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Huan H Cao
- †California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Nako Nakatsuka
- †California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hannah L Hinton
- †California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chuanzhen Zhao
- †California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Anne M Andrews
- †California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- ∥Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yang Yang
- †California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Paul S Weiss
- †California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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