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Rikken RSM, Kleuskens S, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Engelkamp H, Nolte RJM, Maan JC, van Hest JCM, Wilson DA, Christianen PCM. The average magnetic anisotropy of polystyrene in polymersomes self-assembled from poly(ethylene glycol)- b-polystyrene. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:730-737. [PMID: 38117161 PMCID: PMC10806999 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01333b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Using the diamagnetic anisotropy of polymers for the characterization of polymers and polymer aggregates is a relatively new approach in the field of soft-matter and polymer research. So far, a good and thorough quantitative description of these diamagnetic properties has been lacking. Using a simple equation that links the magnetic properties of an average polymer repeating unit to those of the polymer vesicle of any shape, we measured, using magnetic birefringence, the average diamagnetic anisotropy of a polystyrene (PS) repeating unit, ΔχPS, inside a poly(ethylene glycol)-polystyrene (PEG-PS) polymersome membrane as a function of the PS-length and as a function of the preparation method. All obtained values of ΔχPS have a negative sign which results in polymers tending to align perpendicular to an applied magnetic field. Combined, the same order of magnitude of ΔχPS (10-12 m3 mol-1) for all polymersome shapes proves that the individual polymers are organized similarly regardless of the PS length and polymersome shape. Furthermore, the value found is only a fraction (∼1%) of what it can maximally be due to the random coiling of the polymers. We, therefore, predict that further ordering of the polymers within the membrane could lead to similar responses at much lower magnetic fields, possibly obtainable with permanent magnets, which would be highly advantageous for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S M Rikken
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML - EMFL), Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Kleuskens
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML - EMFL), Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Engelkamp
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML - EMFL), Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roeland J M Nolte
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C Maan
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML - EMFL), Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela A Wilson
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C M Christianen
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML - EMFL), Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Gruschwitz FV, Klein T, Catrouillet S, Brendel JC. Supramolecular polymer bottlebrushes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:5079-5110. [PMID: 32347854 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01202e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The field of supramolecular chemistry has long been known to generate complex materials of different sizes and shapes via the self-assembly of single or multiple low molar mass building blocks. Matching the complexity found in natural assemblies, however, remains a long-term challenge considering its precision in organizing large macromolecules into well-defined nanostructures. Nevertheless, the increasing understanding of supramolecular chemistry has paved the way to several attempts in arranging synthetic macromolecules into larger ordered structures based on non-covalent forces. This review is a first attempt to summarize the developments in this field, which focus mainly on the formation of one-dimensional, linear, cylindrical aggregates in solution with pendant polymer chains - therefore coined supramolecular polymer bottlebrushes in accordance with their covalent equivalents. Distinguishing by the different supramolecular driving forces, we first describe systems based on π-π interactions, which comprise, among others, the well-known perylene motif, but also the early attempts using cyclophanes. However, the majority of reported supramolecular polymer bottlebrushes are formed by hydrogen bonds as they can for example be found in linear and cyclic peptides, as well as so called sticker molecules containing multiple urea groups. Besides this overview on the reported motifs and their impact on the resulting morphology of the polymer nanostructures, we finally highlight the potential benefits of such non-covalent interactions and refer to promising future directions of this still mostly unrecognized field of supramolecular research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franka V Gruschwitz
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Wallace M, Cardoso AZ, Frith WJ, Iggo JA, Adams DJ. Magnetically aligned supramolecular hydrogels. Chemistry 2014; 20:16484-7. [PMID: 25345918 PMCID: PMC4497324 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic-field-induced alignment of the fibrillar structures present in an aqueous solution of a dipeptide gelator, and the subsequent retention of this alignment upon transformation to a hydrogel upon the addition of CaCl2 or upon a reduction in solution pH is reported. Utilising the switchable nature of the magnetic field coupled with the slow diffusion of CaCl2 , it is possible to precisely control the extent of anisotropy across a hydrogel, something that is generally very difficult to do using alternative methods. The approach is readily extended to other compounds that form viscous solutions at high pH. It is expected that this work will greatly expand the utility of such low-molecular-weight gelators (LMWG) in areas where alignment is key.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, University of LiverpoolCrown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD (UK)
| | - Andre Zamith Cardoso
- Department of Chemistry, University of LiverpoolCrown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD (UK)
| | - William J Frith
- Unilever R&D Colworth, Colworth Science ParkSharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1 LQ (UK)
| | - Jonathan A Iggo
- Department of Chemistry, University of LiverpoolCrown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD (UK)
| | - Dave J Adams
- Department of Chemistry, University of LiverpoolCrown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD (UK)
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Korich A, McBee IA, Bennion JC, Gifford JI, Hughes TS. Synthesis and photophysical properties of biphenyl and terphenyl arylene-ethynylene macrocycles. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1594-610. [PMID: 24506215 PMCID: PMC3985466 DOI: 10.1021/jo4023809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of single-walled carbon nanotube precursors, C3h-symmetric cyclotri(ethynylene)(biphenyl-2,4'-diyl) and cyclotri(ethynylene)(p-terphenyl-2,4″-diyl), have been prepared by a linear stepwise oligomerization-cyclization route and by statistical intermolecular cyclooligomerization. In addition to producing these members of a novel class of arylene ethynylene macrocycles, 1 and 2, the latter statistical process produces the smaller cyclic dimer, cyclodi(ethynylene)(p-terphenyl-2,4″-diyl) and the larger cyclic tetramer cyclotetra(ethynylene)(biphenyl-2,4'-diyl). These macrocycles display large Stokes shifts in their fluorescence spectra. Their biphenyl or terphenyl connectivity prevents these macrocycles from achieving full planarity in the ground state, and the ethynylene moieties could provide synthetic access to cyclic arylene oligomers and discrete carbon nanotube segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
L. Korich
- Department
of Chemistry, Grand Valley
State University, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, Michigan 49401, United States
| | - Ian A. McBee
- Triton
High School, 112 Elm Street, Byfield, Massachusetts 01922, United States
| | - Jonathan C. Bennion
- Siena
College, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Morrell Science
Center, 515 Loudon Road, Loudonville, New York 12211, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University
of Michigan, 930 North University, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jenna I. Gifford
- Siena
College, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Morrell Science
Center, 515 Loudon Road, Loudonville, New York 12211, United States
- Albany Molecular
Research, Inc., 21 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | - Thomas S. Hughes
- Siena
College, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Morrell Science
Center, 515 Loudon Road, Loudonville, New York 12211, United States
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Koralewski M, Pochylski M, Gierszewski J. Magnetic properties of ferritin and akaganeite nanoparticles in aqueous suspension. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2013; 15:1902. [PMID: 24532980 PMCID: PMC3920033 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-013-1902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the magnetically induced optical birefringence Δn of horse spleen ferritin (HSF) and aqueous suspensions of several different-sized iron oxyhydroxide nanoparticles coated with different polysaccharides mimicking ferritin. The structure and dimensions of the akaganeite mineral core were characterized by XRD and TEM, respectively. The stability of the suspensions in the measurement temperature range from 278 to 358 K was confirmed by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The values of optical polarizability anisotropy Δα, magnetic susceptibility anisotropy Δχ, and permanent magnetic dipole moment μm of the akaganeite nanoparticles have been estimated on the basis of the temperature dependence of the Cotton-Mouton (C-M) constant. The magnetic birefringence of Fe-sucrose has been described tentatively by different types of Langevin function allowing another estimation of Δχ and μm. The obtained permanent magnetic dipole moment μm of the studied akaganeite nanoparticles proves small and comparable to that of HSF. The value of μm is found to increase with decreasing nanoparticle diameter. Observed in a range spanning more than five orders of magnitude, the linear relation between the C-M constant and the iron concentration provides a basis for possible analytical application of the C-M effect in biomedicine. The established relation between the C-M constant and the nanoparticle diameter confirms that the dominant contribution to the measured magnetic birefringence comes from the magnetic susceptibility anisotropy Δχ. A comparison of the C-M constants of the studied akaganeite nanoparticles with the data obtained for HSF provides evidence that the ferritin core behaves as a non-Euclidian solid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marceli Koralewski
- Optics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Pochylski
- Optics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Gierszewski
- Optics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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Wolffs M, van Velthoven JLJ, Lou X, Bovee RAA, Pouderoijen M, van Dongen JLJ, Schenning APHJ, Meijer EW. Influence of the Solvent and the Enantiomeric Purity on the Transition between Different Supramolecular Polymers. Chemistry 2012; 18:15057-64. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Korevaar PA, Schaefer C, de Greef TFA, Meijer EW. Controlling Chemical Self-Assembly by Solvent-Dependent Dynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:13482-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ja305512g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Korevaar
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory
of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The
Netherlands
| | - Charley Schaefer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory
of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The
Netherlands
| | - Tom F. A. de Greef
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory
of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The
Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory
of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The
Netherlands
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Vollmeyer J, Jester SS, Eberhagen F, Prangenberg T, Mader W, Höger S. Gels of shape-persistent macrocycles: the role of the interior. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:6547-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc32804f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fritzsche M, Jester SS, Höger S, Klaus C, Dingenouts N, Linder P, Drechsler M, Rosenfeldt S. Self-Organization of Coil−Ring−Coil Structures into Tubular Supramolecular Polymer Brushes: Synthesis, Morphology, and Growth. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1016242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fritzsche
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan-Sven Jester
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sigurd Höger
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina Klaus
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institut für Technologie, Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nico Dingenouts
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institut für Technologie, Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Linder
- Institut Laue-Langevin, BP 156, 6, rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Markus Drechsler
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sabine Rosenfeldt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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