1
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Fu X, Zhu B, Hu X. Force-Triggered Atropisomerization of a Parallel Diarylethene to Its Antiparallel Diastereomers. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37413689 PMCID: PMC10375474 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a mechanical approach to inducing the atropisomerization of a parallel diarylethene into its antiparallel diastereomers exhibiting distinct chemical reactivity. A congested parallel diarylethene mechanophore in the (Ra,Sa)-configuration with mirror symmetry is atropisomerized to its antiparallel diastereomers with C2 symmetry under ultrasound-induced force field. The resulting stereochemistry-converted material gains symmetry-allowed reactivity toward conrotatory photocyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuancheng Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Boyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Xiaoran Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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2
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Yamashita K, Numata M. Automated Supramolecular Polymerization in a Microflow: A Versatile Platform for Multistep Supramolecular Reactions. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200254. [PMID: 36328773 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This work reports a basic microflow system capable of performing multistep supramolecular polymerization. In this system, injection of the monomer, directional supramolecular copolymerization, removal of the unreacted monomer, and purification of the product supramolecular diblock copolymers are realized along a three-stream flow. When injecting a supramolecular polymer into the central stream of the three-stream flow, the supramolecular polymerization always occurs in the central flow, with the two lateral flows serving as supply and removal lines for the monomer. Employing two kinds of perylene bisimide derivatives as monomers, we confirmed that the reaction occurred selectively at the forward-facing terminus of the supramolecular polymer, along with recovery of the unreacted monomer, ultimately leading to a high-purity supramolecular diblock copolymer. Diblock copolymers are basic units for preparing multicomponent supramolecular block copolymers. Thus, connecting the present system in series would, in principle, result in a "microplant" capable of producing supramolecular polymers having desired inner complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae Yamashita
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Munenori Numata
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
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3
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Honda S, Adachi K, Yamamoto T, Tezuka Y. A Twisting Ring Polymer: Synthesis and Thermally Induced Chiroptical Responses of a Cyclic Poly(tetrahydrofuran) Having Axially Chiral Units. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Honda
- Department
of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kaoru Adachi
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Division
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Tezuka
- Department
of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xian-Jing Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xing-Hong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bin-Yang Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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5
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Wu ST, Cai ZW, Ye QY, Weng CH, Huang XH, Hu XL, Huang CC, Zhuang NF. Enantioselective Synthesis of a Chiral Coordination Polymer with Circularly Polarized Visible Laser. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:12860-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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6
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Wu ST, Cai ZW, Ye QY, Weng CH, Huang XH, Hu XL, Huang CC, Zhuang NF. Enantioselective Synthesis of a Chiral Coordination Polymer with Circularly Polarized Visible Laser. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201407026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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7
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García JS, Lepetit C, Canac Y, Chauvin R, Boggio-Pasqua M. Enantiomerization pathway and atropochiral stability of the BINAP ligand: a density functional theory study. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:462-5. [PMID: 25202766 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201301265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A theoretical study of the enantiomerization pathway of BINAP, the paradigm of atropochiral ligands in asymmetric organometallic catalysis, is reported. Density functional theory was used with the B3PW91 functional and the 6-31G(d,p) basis set. The calculation level was validated through the study of the syn and anti enantiomerization pathways of the 1,1′-binaphthyl reference for which the enantiomerization barrier was calculated to be in good agreement with experimental data. Calculations were then performed on BINAP itself using the same level of theory, and showed that its enantiomerization mechanism follows the syn route through a concerted, yet highly asynchronous, all-chiral process. The enantiomerization barrier was computed at 213 kJ mol(−1) and proved little sensitive to the functional or to the basis set used, with values always larger than 200 kJ mol(−1). The configurational stability of BINAP was finally characterized by a computed Oki’s racemization temperature of 491 °C.
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8
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Wang Z, Ma Z, Zhang Z, Wu F, Jiang H, Jia X. Mechanical activation of a dithioester derivative-based retro RAFT-HDA reaction. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00964a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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May PA, Moore JS. Polymer mechanochemistry: techniques to generate molecular force via elongational flows. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 42:7497-506. [PMID: 23306817 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35463b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Long chain polymers have a unique ability to become highly extended in elongational flow fields. The forces developed along the backbone give rise to scission of the chains near their center. Recently, this unique property of polymers has been adopted to explore new chemical transformations by embedding structural elements into the backbone designed to undergo site-specific bond cleavage, termed mechanophores. Experimental techniques to generate elongational flow fields exist in a variety of different arrangements and have been used to study polymer mechanochemistry in solution. This tutorial review will discuss progress in the field of polymer mechanochemistry as well as survey the techniques used to generate elongational flow fields. Ultrasonication will be highlighted as the technique that has been widely adopted to screen mechanophore reactivity in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston A May
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., MC 251, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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10
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Krupička M, Sander W, Marx D. Mechanical Manipulation of Chemical Reactions: Reactivity Switching of Bergman Cyclizations. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:905-909. [PMID: 26274086 DOI: 10.1021/jz402644e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoswitches incorporated into molecular frameworks have been used since a long time to trigger chemical processes on demand. Here, it is shown how mechanophores can be used as switches in order to drastically change the reactivity of a neighboring functional group as a function of external stress. The reactivities of cyclic enediynes, which are highly toxic agents when undergoing Bergman cyclization, roughly correlate with the distance between the bond-forming carbons in many cases. It is demonstrated how this distance, and thus enediyne reactivity, can be tuned upon applying mechanical stress. Depending on suitable substitution patterns, chemically inert species can be turned into highly reactive ones and vice versa, thus extending the concept of photoswitching to mechanoswitching. Moreover, depending on the derivative, it is found that C1-C5 cyclization becomes energetically preferred over the Bergman (C1-C6) pathway at nano-Newton forces, thus leading to a force-induced switch in selectivity in such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Krupička
- †Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sander
- ‡Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dominik Marx
- †Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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11
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Chen Y, Zhang H, Fang X, Lin Y, Xu Y, Weng W. Mechanical Activation of Mechanophore Enhanced by Strong Hydrogen Bonding Interactions. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:141-145. [PMID: 35590494 DOI: 10.1021/mz400600r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A mechanically active spiropyran (SP) mechanophore is incorporated into the backbone of prepolymer which is further end-capped with ureidopyrimidinone (UPy) or urethane. Strong mechanochromic reaction of SP arises in the bulk films of UPy containing materials whereas much weaker activation occurs in urethane containing counterparts, coincident with their stress-strain responses. The difference in the magnitudes of supramolecular interactions leads to different degrees of chain orientation and strain induced crystallization (SIC) in the bulk and consequently distinct capabilities to transfer the load to the mechanophores. This study may aid the design of novel mechanoresponsive materials whose mechanoresponsiveness can be tailored by tuning supramolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Chen
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Fang
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Li N, Wang H, Zhang J, Wan X. Controlled synthesis of chiral polymers for the kinetic resolution of racemic amino acids. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01297b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Degen CM, May PA, Moore JS, White SR, Sottos NR. Time-Dependent Mechanochemical Response of SP-Cross-Linked PMMA. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4018845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M. Degen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1304 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Preston A. May
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 505 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 505 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Scott R. White
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 104 S. Wright Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nancy R. Sottos
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1304 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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14
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Kean ZS, Niu Z, Hewage GB, Rheingold AL, Craig SL. Stress-responsive polymers containing cyclobutane core mechanophores: reactivity and mechanistic insights. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13598-604. [PMID: 23941619 PMCID: PMC3806219 DOI: 10.1021/ja4075997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A primary goal of covalent mechanochemistry is to develop polymer bound mechanophores that undergo constructive transformations in response to otherwise destructive forces. The [2 + 2] cycloreversion of cyclobutane mechanophores has emerged as a versatile framework to develop a wide range of stress-activated functionality. Herein, we report the development of a class of cyclobutane bearing bicyclo[4.2.0]octane mechanophores. Using carbodiimide polyesterification, these stress-responsive units were incorporated into high molecular weight polymers containing up to 700 mechanophores per polymer chain. Under exposure to the otherwise destructive elongational forces of pulsed ultrasound, these mechanophores unravel by ∼7 Å per monomer unit to form α,β-unsaturated esters that react constructively via thiol-ene conjugate addition to form sulfide functionalized copolymers and cross-linked polymer networks. To probe the dynamics of the mechanochemical ring opening, a series of bicyclo[4.2.0]octane derivatives that varied in stereochemistry, substitution, and symmetry were synthesized and activated. Reactivity and product stereochemistry was analyzed by (1)H NMR, which allowed us to interrogate the mechanism of the mechanochemical [2 + 2] cycloreversion. These results support that the ring opening is not concerted but proceeds via a 1,4 diradical intermediate. The bicyclo[4.2.0]octanes hold promise as active functional groups in new classes of stress-responsive polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S. Kean
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Zhenbin Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Gihan B. Hewage
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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15
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Abstract
High intensity ultrasound can be used for the production of novel materials and provides an unusual route to known materials without bulk high temperatures, high pressures, or long reaction times. Several phenomena are responsible for sonochemistry and specifically the production or modification of nanomaterials during ultrasonic irradiation. The most notable effects are consequences of acoustic cavitation (the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles), and can be categorized as primary sonochemistry (gas-phase chemistry occurring inside collapsing bubbles), secondary sonochemistry (solution-phase chemistry occurring outside the bubbles), and physical modifications (caused by high-speed jets or shock waves derived from bubble collapse). This tutorial review provides examples of how the chemical and physical effects of high intensity ultrasound can be exploited for the preparation or modification of a wide range of nanostructured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangxun Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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16
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Li Y, Nese A, Matyjaszewski K, Sheiko SS. Molecular Tensile Machines: Anti-Arrhenius Cleavage of Disulfide Bonds. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401178w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Alper Nese
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sergei S. Sheiko
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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17
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Jiang S, Zhang L, Xie T, Lin Y, Zhang H, Xu Y, Weng W, Dai L. Mechanoresponsive PS-PnBA-PS Triblock Copolymers via Covalently Embedding Mechanophore. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:705-709. [PMID: 35606956 DOI: 10.1021/mz400198n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A mechanically active spiropyran (SP) mechanophore is incorporated into the center of poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PnBA) block to construct a series of mechanoresponsive polystyrene (PS)-PnBA-SP-PnBA-PS triblock copolymers. Similar mechanical activations of SP occur in all of the copolymers in solution, whereas a unique PS fraction-dependent mechanochromism is observed in the bulk. Effective mechanical activation occurs in the copolymer with a medium PS block length, whereas a very weak color change is observed in the samples bearing low PS fractions and activation appears only in the vicinity of the fracture point in the copolymer bearing long PS blocks. The difference in chemical compositions of the triblock copolymers leads to different microphase separated structures in the bulk and consequently the unique stress-strain responses and mechanochemistry. This platform promises to open way to the design of a wide range of useful mechanoresponsive triblock copolymers having different hard/soft blocks and various types of mechanoresponsive motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchao Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory
of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Lingxing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Tingwan Xie
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Lizong Dai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory
of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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18
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Wiggins KM, Brantley JN, Bielawski CW. Methods for activating and characterizing mechanically responsive polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:7130-47. [PMID: 23389104 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35493h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically responsive polymers harness mechanical energy to facilitate unique chemical transformations and bestow materials with force sensing (e.g., mechanochromism) or self-healing capabilities. A variety of solution- and solid-state techniques, covering a spectrum of forces and strain rates, can be used to activate mechanically responsive polymers. Moreover, many of these methods have been combined with optical spectroscopy or chemical labeling techniques to characterize the products formed via mechanical activation of appropriate precursors in situ. In this tutorial review, we discuss the methods and techniques that have been used to supply mechanical force to macromolecular systems, and highlight the advantages and challenges associated with each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Wiggins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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19
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Brantley JN, Bailey CB, Wiggins KM, Keatinge-Clay AT, Bielawski CW. Mechanobiochemistry: harnessing biomacromolecules for force-responsive materials. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00001j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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20
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Nguyen NH, Sun HJ, Levere ME, Fleischmann S, Percec V. Where is Cu(0) generated by disproportionation during SET-LRP? Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py21133a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Abstract
The acidophilic archaeons are a group of single-celled microorganisms that flourish in hot acid springs (usually pH < 3) but maintain their internal pH near neutral. Although there is a lack of direct evidence, the abundance of sugar modifications on the cell surface has been suggested to provide the acidophiles with protection against proton invasion. In this study, a hydroxyl (OH)-rich polymer brush layer was prepared to mimic the OH-rich sugar coating. Using a novel pH-sensitive dithioacetal molecule as a probe, we studied the proton-resisting property and found that a 10-nm-thick polymer layer was able to raise the pH from 1.0 to > 5.0, indicating that the densely packed OH-rich layer is a proton shelter. As strong evidence for the role of sugar coatings as proton barriers, this biomimetic study provides insight into evolutionary biology, and the results also could be expanded for the development of biocompatible anti-acid materials.
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22
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Ogi S, Sugiyasu K, Takeuchi M. Synthesis and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Properties of an Alternating Donor-Acceptor Copolymer Featuring Orthogonally Arrayed Transition Dipoles along the Polymer Backbone. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:1199-1203. [PMID: 35607195 DOI: 10.1021/mz300363j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We have synthesized a new entity of polymer structures composed of π-conjugated molecules: alternating donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers featuring orthogonally arrayed transition dipoles along the polymer backbone. Such a unique structure could lead to novel functional fluorescent materials; therefore, we examined fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) properties of the D-A copolymers using absorption, fluorescence, and fluorescence lifetime measurements based on the principle of FRET. The results suggested that the orthogonal and alternating D-A copolymer could potentially lead to a new FRET system in which the efficiency is sensitive to the polymer conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Ogi
- Organic Materials Group, Polymer Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sugiyasu
- Organic Materials Group, Polymer Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takeuchi
- Organic Materials Group, Polymer Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
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23
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Brantley JN, Wiggins KM, Bielawski CW. Polymer mechanochemistry: the design and study of mechanophores. POLYM INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Ribas-Arino J, Marx D. Covalent mechanochemistry: theoretical concepts and computational tools with applications to molecular nanomechanics. Chem Rev 2012; 112:5412-87. [PMID: 22909336 DOI: 10.1021/cr200399q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Ribas-Arino
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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25
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Kean ZS, Black Ramirez AL, Yan Y, Craig SL. Bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane mechanophores for the non-scissile and photochemically reversible generation of reactive bis-enones. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:12939-42. [PMID: 22817476 PMCID: PMC3511912 DOI: 10.1021/ja3063666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Force-induced transformations of polymer-bound functionalities have the potential to produce a rich array of stress-responsive behavior. One area of particular interest is the activation of non-scissile mechanophores in which latent reactivity can be unveiled that, under the appropriate conditions, could lead to constructive bond formation in materials exposed to typically destructive stress. Here, the mechanical activation of a bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane (BCH) mechanophore is demonstrated via selective labeling of bis-enone products. BCH ring-opening produces large local elongation (>4 Å) and products that are reactive to conjugate additions under mild conditions. Subsequent photocyclization regenerates the initial BCH functionality, providing switchable structure and reactivity along the polymer backbone in response to stress and visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yufan Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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26
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Brantley JN, Konda SSM, Makarov DE, Bielawski CW. Regiochemical Effects on Molecular Stability: A Mechanochemical Evaluation of 1,4- and 1,5-Disubstituted Triazoles. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9882-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja303147a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan N. Brantley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United
States
| | - Sai Sriharsha M. Konda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United
States
| | - Dmitrii E. Makarov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United
States
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United
States
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27
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Wiggins KM, Brantley JN, Bielawski CW. Polymer Mechanochemistry: Force Enabled Transformations. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:623-626. [PMID: 35607074 DOI: 10.1021/mz300167y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this viewpoint, we highlight the ability of mechanical force to overcome the limitations associated with using thermal or photochemical stimuli to facilitate chemical transformations. Emphasis will be directed toward examples of new chemical reactions that are accessed through externally applied mechanical forces, as these are illustrative of the emerging concept of using polymer chemistry to drive the synthesis of small molecules. In parallel, we offer perspectives on the potential applications of polymer mechanochemistry in the development of novel synthetic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Wiggins
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University
Station A1590, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Johnathan N. Brantley
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University
Station A1590, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University
Station A1590, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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28
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Jezowski SR, Zhu L, Wang Y, Rice AP, Scott GW, Bardeen CJ, Chronister EL. Pressure catalyzed bond dissociation in an anthracene cyclophane photodimer. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:7459-66. [PMID: 22486461 DOI: 10.1021/ja300424h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The anthracene cyclophane bis-anthracene (BA) can undergo a [4 + 4] photocycloaddition reaction that results in a photodimer with two cyclobutane rings. We find that the subsequent dissociation of the dimer, which involves the rupture of two carbon-carbon bonds, is strongly accelerated by the application of mild pressures. The reaction kinetics of the dimer dissociation in a Zeonex (polycycloolefin) polymer matrix were measured at various pressures and temperatures. Biexponential reaction kinetics were observed for all pressures, consistent with the presence of two different isomers of bis(anthracene). One of the rates showed a strong dependence on pressure, yielding a negative activation volume for the dissociation reaction of ΔV(++) = -16 Å(3). The 93 kJ/mol activation energy for the dissociation reaction at ambient pressure is lowered by more than an order of magnitude from 93 to 7 kJ/mol with the application of modest pressure (0.9 GPa). Both observations are consistent with a transition state that is stabilized at higher pressures, and a mechanism for this is proposed in terms of a two-step process where a flattening of the anthracene rings precedes rupture of the cyclobutane rings. The ability to catalyze covalent bond breakage in isolated small molecules using compressive forces may present opportunities for the development of materials that can be activated by acoustic shock or stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian R Jezowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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29
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Hanson JA, Brokaw J, Hayden CC, Chu JW, Yang H. Structural distributions from single-molecule measurements as a tool for molecular mechanics. Chem Phys 2012; 396:61-71. [PMID: 22661822 PMCID: PMC3361908 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A mechanical view provides an attractive alternative for predicting the behavior of complex systems since it circumvents the resource-intensive requirements of atomistic models; however, it remains extremely challenging to characterize the mechanical responses of a system at the molecular level. Here, the structural distribution is proposed to be an effective means to extracting the molecular mechanical properties. End-to-end distance distributions for a series of short poly-L-proline peptides with the sequence P(n)CG(3)K-biotin (n = 8, 12, 15 and 24) were used to experimentally illustrate this new approach. High-resolution single-molecule Förster-type resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments were carried out and the conformation-resolving power was characterized and discussed in the context of the conventional constant-time binning procedure for FRET data analysis. It was shown that the commonly adopted theoretical polymer models-including the worm-like chain, the freely jointed chain, and the self-avoiding chain-could not be distinguished by the averaged end-to-end distances, but could be ruled out using the molecular details gained by conformational distribution analysis because similar polymers of different sizes could respond to external forces differently. Specifically, by fitting the molecular conformational distribution to a semi-flexible polymer model, the effective persistence lengths for the series of short poly-L-proline peptides were found to be size-dependent with values of ~190 Å, ~67 Å, ~51 Å, and ~76 Å for n = 8, 12, 15, and 24, respectively. A comprehensive computational modeling was carried out to gain further insights for this surprising discovery. It was found that P(8) exists as the extended all-trans isomaer whereas P(12) and P(15) predominantly contained one proline residue in the cis conformation. P(24) exists as a mixture of one-cis (75%) and two-cis (25%) isomers where each isomer contributes to an experimentally resolvable conformational mode. This work demonstrates the resolving power of the distribution-based approach, and the capacity of integrating high-resolution single-molecule FRET experiments with molecular modeling to reveal detailed structural information about the conformation of molecules on the length scales relevant to the study of biological molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason Brokaw
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Carl C. Hayden
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 969, Livermore, CA 94551
| | - Jhih-Wei Chu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Haw Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08550
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The structure–property relationship of chiral 1,1′-binaphthyl-based polyoxometalates: TDDFT studies on the static first hyperpolarizabilities and the ECD spectra. J Mol Graph Model 2012; 32:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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32
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Chiroptical switches: applications in sensing and catalysis. Molecules 2012; 17:1247-77. [PMID: 22293845 PMCID: PMC6268225 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17021247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiroptical switches have found application in the detection of a multitude of different analytes with a high level of sensitivity and in asymmetric catalysis to offer switchable stereoselectivity. A wide range of scaffolds have been employed that respond to metals, small molecules, anions and other analytes. Not only have chiroptical systems been used to detect the presence of analytes, but also other properties such as oxidation state and other physical phenomena that influence helicity and conformation of molecules and materials. Moreover, the tunable responses of many such chiroptical switches enable them to be used in the controlled production of either enantiomer or diastereomer at will in many important organic reactions from a single chiral catalyst through selective use of a low-cost inducer: Co-catalysts (guests), metal ions, counter ions or anions, redox agents or electrochemical potential, solvents, mechanical forces, temperature or electromagnetic radiation.
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Beiermann BA, Kramer SL, Moore JS, White SR, Sottos NR. Role of Mechanophore Orientation in Mechanochemical Reactions. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:163-166. [PMID: 35578495 DOI: 10.1021/mz2000847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The orientation of force-sensitive chemical species (mechanophores) in bulk polymers was measured via the anisotropy of fluorescence polarization. Orientation measurements were utilized to investigate the role of mechanophore alignment on mechanically driven chemical reactions. The mechanophore, spiropyran (SP), was covalently bonded into the backbone of poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymers. Under UV light or tensile force, SP reacts to a merocyanine (MC) form, which exhibits a strong fluorescence, polarized roughly across the long axis of the MC subspecies. An order parameter was calculated, based on the anisotropy of fluorescence polarization, to characterize the orientation of the MC subspecies relative to tensile force. For UV-activated SP-linked PMA samples, the order parameter increased with applied strain, up to an order parameter of approximately 0.5. Significantly higher order parameters were obtained for mechanically activated SP-linked PMA samples, indicating preferential mechanochemical activation of species oriented in the tensile direction. The anisotropy of fluorescence polarization in SP-linked PMMA also provided insight on polymer drawing and polymer relaxation at failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A. Beiermann
- Department
of Materials
Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1304 W. Green Street, Urbana,
Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Matthews
Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Sharlotte L.B. Kramer
- Department
of Materials
Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1304 W. Green Street, Urbana,
Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Matthews
Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Matthews
Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 505 S. Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Scott R. White
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Matthews
Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Aerospace
Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 104 S. Wright Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nancy R. Sottos
- Department
of Materials
Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1304 W. Green Street, Urbana,
Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Matthews
Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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34
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Black Ramirez AL, Ogle JW, Schmitt AL, Lenhardt JM, Cashion MP, Mahanthappa MK, Craig SL. Microstructure of Copolymers Formed by the Reagentless, Mechanochemical Remodeling of Homopolymers via Pulsed Ultrasound. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:23-27. [PMID: 35578474 DOI: 10.1021/mz200005u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The high shear forces generated during the pulsed ultrasound of dilute polymer solutions lead to large tensile forces that are focused near the center of the polymer chain, but quantitative experimental evidence regarding the force distribution is rare. Here, pulsed ultrasound of quantitatively geminal-dihalocyclopropanated (gDHC) polybutadiene provides insights into the distribution. Pulsed ultrasound leads to the mechanochemical ring-opening of the gDHC mechanophore to a 2,3-dihaloalkene. The alkene product is then degraded through ozonolysis to leave behind only those stretches of the polymer that have not experienced large enough forces to be activated. Microstructural and molecular weight analysis reveals that the activated and unactivated regions of the polymer are continuous, indicating a smooth and monotonic force distribution from the midchain peak toward the polymer ends. When coupled to chain scission, the net process constitutes the rapid, specific, and reagentless conversion of a single homopolymer into block copolymers. Despite their compositional polydispersity, the sonicated polymers assemble into ordered lamellar phases that are characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Black Ramirez
- Department
of Chemistry, French
Family Science Center, Duke University,
Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - James W. Ogle
- Department
of Chemistry, French
Family Science Center, Duke University,
Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Andrew L. Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue,
Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jeremy M. Lenhardt
- Department
of Chemistry, French
Family Science Center, Duke University,
Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Matthew P. Cashion
- Department
of Chemistry, French
Family Science Center, Duke University,
Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Mahesh K. Mahanthappa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue,
Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department
of Chemistry, French
Family Science Center, Duke University,
Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
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35
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36
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37
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Cravotto G, Cintas P. Harnessing mechanochemical effects with ultrasound-induced reactions. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00740h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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38
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Kryger MJ, Munaretto AM, Moore JS. Structure-mechanochemical activity relationships for cyclobutane mechanophores. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:18992-8. [PMID: 22032443 DOI: 10.1021/ja2086728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound activation of mechanophores embedded in polymer backbones has been extensively studied of late as a method for realizing chemical reactions using force. To date, however, there have been few attempts at systematically investigating the effects of mechanophore structure upon rates of activation by an acoustic field. Herein, we develop a method for comparing the relative reactivities of various cyclobutane mechanophores. Through the synthesis and ultrasonic irradiation of a molecular weight series of poly(methyl acrylate) polymers in which each macromolecule has a single chain-centered mechanophore, we find measurable and statistically significant shifts in molecular weight thresholds for mechanochemical activation that depend on the structure of the mechanophore. We also show that calculations based on the constrained geometries simulate external force method reliably predict the trends in mechanophore reactivity. These straightforward calculations and the experimental methods described herein may be useful in guiding the design and the development of new mechanophores for targeted applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Kryger
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinios 61801, USA
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39
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Klukovich HM, Kean ZS, Iacono ST, Craig SL. Mechanically induced scission and subsequent thermal remending of perfluorocyclobutane polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:17882-8. [PMID: 21967190 DOI: 10.1021/ja2074517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorocyclobutane (PFCB) polymer solutions were subjected to pulsed ultrasound, leading to mechanically induced chain scission and molecular weight degradation. (19)F NMR revealed that the new, mechanically generated end groups are trifluorovinyl ethers formed by cycloreversion of the PFCB groups, a process that differs from thermal degradation pathways. One consequence of the mechanochemical process is that the trifluorovinyl ether end groups can be remended simply by subjecting the polymer solution to the original polymerization conditions, that is, heating to >150 °C. Stereochemical changes in the PFCBs, in combination with radical trapping experiments, indicate that PFCB scission proceeds via a stepwise mechanism with a 1,4-diradical intermediate, offering a potential mechanism for localized functionalization and cross-linking in regions of high stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope M Klukovich
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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40
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Li Y, Nese A, Lebedeva NV, Davis T, Matyjaszewski K, Sheiko SS. Molecular Tensile Machines: Intrinsic Acceleration of Disulfide Reduction by Dithiothreitol. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:17479-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ja207491r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Alper Nese
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Natalia V. Lebedeva
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Tyler Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sergei S. Sheiko
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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41
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Brantley JN, Wiggins KM, Bielawski CW. RETRACTED: Unclicking the click: mechanically facilitated 1,3-dipolar cycloreversions. Science 2011; 333:1606-9. [PMID: 21921193 DOI: 10.1126/science.1207934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The specific targeting of covalent bonds in a local, anisotropic fashion using mechanical methods offers useful opportunities to direct chemical reactivity down otherwise prohibitive pathways. Here, we report that embedding the highly inert 1,2,3-triazole moiety (which is often prepared using the canonical "click" coupling of azides and alkynes) within a poly(methyl acrylate) chain renders it susceptible to ultrasound-induced cycloreversion, as confirmed by comprehensive spectroscopic and chemical analyses. Such reactivity offers the opportunity to develop triazoles as mechanically labile protecting groups or for use in readily accessible materials that respond to mechanical force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan N Brantley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1590, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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42
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Bünsow J, Erath J, Biesheuvel PM, Fery A, Huck WTS. Direct Correlation between Local Pressure and Fluorescence Output in Mechanoresponsive Polyelectrolyte Brushes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9629-32. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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43
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Bünsow J, Erath J, Biesheuvel PM, Fery A, Huck WTS. Direct Correlation between Local Pressure and Fluorescence Output in Mechanoresponsive Polyelectrolyte Brushes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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SET‐LRP of methyl acrylate catalyzed with activated Cu(0) wire in methanol in the presence of air. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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45
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Gal J. Stereochemical vocabulary for structures that are chiral but not asymmetric: History, analysis, and proposal for a rational terminology. Chirality 2011; 23:647-59. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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46
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Dopieralski P, Ribas-Arino J, Marx D. Force-Transformed Free-Energy Surfaces and Trajectory-Shooting Simulations Reveal the Mechano-Stereochemistry of Cyclopropane Ring-Opening Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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47
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Dopieralski P, Ribas-Arino J, Marx D. Force-Transformed Free-Energy Surfaces and Trajectory-Shooting Simulations Reveal the Mechano-Stereochemistry of Cyclopropane Ring-Opening Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:7105-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Wiggins KM, Syrett JA, Haddleton DM, Bielawski CW. Mechanically Facilitated Retro [4 + 2] Cycloadditions. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:7180-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja201135y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Wiggins
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jay A. Syrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Haddleton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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49
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Lenhardt JM, Ogle JW, Ong MT, Choe R, Martinez TJ, Craig SL. Reactive Cross-Talk between Adjacent Tension-Trapped Transition States. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:3222-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja107645c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Lenhardt
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - James W. Ogle
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Mitchell T. Ong
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert Choe
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Todd J. Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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50
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Abstract
The purpose of this critical review is to introduce the reader to an increasingly important class of phenomena: enormous changes in rates of simple chemical reactions within macromolecules as they are stretched by interactions with the environment. In these chemomechanical, or mechanochemical, phenomena the effect of the macromolecular environment can be visualized as a spring (harmonic or anharmonic) bridging and pulling apart a pair of atoms of the macromolecule. Being able to predict how the parameters of this spring affect the kinetics of the reactions occurring between the constrained atoms may create revolutionary opportunities for designing new reactions, molecules and materials that would capture large-scale deformations to drive useful chemistry or, conversely, that would propel autonomous micro- and nanomechanical devices by coupling them to the concerted motion of atoms that convert reactants into products. Although chemists have long studied and exploited coupling between molecular strain and reactivity in small molecules, a quantitative understanding of the relationship between large-scale (>50 nm) strain and localized reactivity presents unique conceptual and experimental challenges. Below we discuss both the phenomenology and the interpretive framework of chemomechanical phenomena (102 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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