1
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Monroy JDR, Deshpande T, Schlecht J, Douglas C, Stirling R, Grabicki N, Smales GJ, Kochovski Z, Fabozzi FG, Hecht S, Feldmann S, Dumele O. Homochiral versus Racemic 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2025; 147:17750-17763. [PMID: 40371924 PMCID: PMC12123627 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5c01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2025] [Revised: 04/28/2025] [Accepted: 04/29/2025] [Indexed: 05/16/2025]
Abstract
The synthesis of homochiral two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) from chiral π-conjugated building blocks is challenging, as chiral units often lead to misaligned stacking interactions. In this work, we introduce helical chirality into 2D COFs using configurationally stable enantiopure and racemic [5]helicenes as linkers in the backbone of 2D [5]HeliCOFs as powders and films. Through condensation with 1,3,5-triformylbenzene (TFB) or 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (TFP), our approach enables the efficient formation of a set of homochiral and racemic 2D [5]HeliCOFs. The resulting carbon-based crystalline and porous frameworks exhibit distinct structural features and different properties between homochiral and racemic counterparts. Propagation of helical chirality into the backbone of the crystalline frameworks leads to the observation of advanced chiroptical properties in the far-red visible spectrum, along with a less compact structure compared with the racemic frameworks. Homogeneous thin films of [5]HeliCOFs disclosed photoluminescent properties arising from the controlled growth of highly ordered π-conjugated lattices. The present study offers insight into general chiral framework formation and extends the Liebisch-Wallach rule to 2D COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- José del Refugio Monroy
- Department
of Chemistry & Center for the Science of Materials Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, Berlin12489, Germany
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, Freiburg79104, Germany
| | - Tejas Deshpande
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Rue de l’Industrie 17, Sion1951, Switzerland
| | - Joël Schlecht
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, Freiburg79104, Germany
| | - Clara Douglas
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, Freiburg79104, Germany
| | - Robbie Stirling
- Department
of Chemistry & Center for the Science of Materials Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, Berlin12489, Germany
| | - Niklas Grabicki
- Department
of Chemistry & Center for the Science of Materials Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, Berlin12489, Germany
| | - Glen J. Smales
- Bundesanstalt
für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin12205, Germany
| | - Zdravko Kochovski
- Institute
of Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, Berlin14109, Germany
| | - Filippo Giovanni Fabozzi
- Department
of Chemistry & Center for the Science of Materials Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, Berlin12489, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department
of Chemistry & Center for the Science of Materials Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, Berlin12489, Germany
| | - Sascha Feldmann
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Rue de l’Industrie 17, Sion1951, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Dumele
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, Freiburg79104, Germany
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse
21, Freiburg79104, Germany
- Freiburg
Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, Freiburg79110, Germany
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2
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Liu Y, Chen Y, Shi K, Peng H, Lu C. Facile post-synthesis of isomeric covalent organic frameworks via precise pore surface engineering. Chem Sci 2025; 16:9020-9028. [PMID: 40276636 PMCID: PMC12015629 DOI: 10.1039/d5sc00121h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2025] [Accepted: 04/14/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025] Open
Abstract
Isomeric covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have developed dramatically due to having the same chemical composition but distinct physicochemical characteristics. However, exploring novel synthetic strategies for the precise construction of COFs with isomeric pore microenvironments remains challenging and in its infancy. In this contribution, we have developed a controllable, simple, and efficient post-synthesis modification strategy to design isomeric COFs via precise pore surface engineering. The as-prepared isomeric COFs showed comparable crystallinity and porosity but significantly different pore microenvironments. Interestingly, the isomeric moieties endow the isomeric COFs with specific capture performances and excellent recycling ability. The specific interactions between these isomeric COFs and guests are verified by fluorescence spectra and theoretical calculation. This study will open a novel avenue for the construction of isomeric COFs and facilitate the development of isomeric COFs with specific properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Liu
- Pingyuan Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University No. 100 Science Avenue 450001 Zhengzhou China
| | - Yaze Chen
- Pingyuan Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University No. 100 Science Avenue 450001 Zhengzhou China
| | - Ke Shi
- Pingyuan Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University No. 100 Science Avenue 450001 Zhengzhou China
| | - Haijiao Peng
- Pingyuan Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University No. 100 Science Avenue 450001 Zhengzhou China
| | - Chao Lu
- Pingyuan Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University No. 100 Science Avenue 450001 Zhengzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology No. 15 Beisanhuan East Road 100029 Beijing China
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3
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Liu C, Li L, Xu Y, Zhang J, He X, Li L, Li L. Nitrogen-Rich Angstrom Channels within Covalent Triazine Framework Membrane Enable Efficient Acid Recovery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2025; 17:27106-27115. [PMID: 40265690 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5c01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2025]
Abstract
Membranes tailored for selective H+ transfer are highly demanded in various fields such as acid recovery and proton exchange membranes. Emerging framework materials featuring permanent micropores present more competitive selectivity than traditional polymeric membranes. However, it remains challenging to construct angstrom channels for more precise ion separations. Herein, we demonstrate the modulation of the nitrogen-rich angstrom channels within a covalent triazine framework (CTF) membrane by a mix-monomer copolymerization strategy, in which one monomer provides defect-free angstrom channels and another offers plentiful nitrogen sites. The abundant nitrogen sites with strong affinity for H+ facilitate fast H+ diffusion, and their high protonation level in acid solution imparts positive charge, enabling efficient Fe2+ retention via Donnan exclusion. The optimized CTF membrane achieves a H+ dialysis coefficient of 1.5 × 10-3 m/h and a separation factor of 11,242 for H+/Fe2+ mixtures. The ion selectivity outperforms most reported membranes benefiting from its highly confined channels. Additionally, the robust stability of the triazine groups guarantees consecutive operation in aggressive acidic solutions. This work presents an effective approach for modulating proton transport efficiency through membranes and its potential applications in acid recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuijing Liu
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, P. R. China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, P. R. China
| | - Yu Xu
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Xihong He
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, P. R. China
| | - Linbo Li
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, P. R. China
| | - Lianshan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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4
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Das G, Singha Roy S, Abou Ibrahim F, Merhi A, Dirawi HN, Benyettou F, Kumar Das A, Prakasam T, Varghese S, Kumar Sharma S, Kirmizialtin S, Jagannathan R, Gándara F, Aouad S, Olson MA, Kundu S, Kaafarani BR, Trabolsi A. Electrocatalytic Water Splitting in Isoindigo-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202419836. [PMID: 39591451 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202419836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2024] [Revised: 11/26/2024] [Accepted: 11/26/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024]
Abstract
Developing a low-cost, robust, and high-performance electrocatalyst capable of efficiently performing both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under both basic and acidic conditions is a major challenge. This area of research has attracted much attention in recent decades due to its importance in energy storage and conversion. Herein, we report the synthesis of two imine-linked isoindigo-based covalent organic networks I-TTA and I-TG (I=Isoindigo, TTA=4,4',4''-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)-trianiline, TG=triamino-guanidinium hydrochloride salt). By introducing two amine core units with different planarity, such as triazine and ionic guanidinium units, we control the morphology, crystallinity, and corresponding electrocatalytic properties of the materials. The combination of isoindigo dialdehyde with a planar triazine core, leads to the formation of thin, highly crystalline, planar two dimensional (2D) nanosheets covalent organic framework (COF), I-TTA whereas its combination with ionic non-planar guanidinium core leads to an amorphous covalent organic polymer (COP), I-TG with a fibrous morphology. The sheet-like crystalline I-TTA COF shows better electrocatalytic activity compared to the amorphous fibrous I-TG COP. I-TTA exhibits a current density of 10 mA cm-2 at an overpotential of ~134 mV for HER (in 0.5 M H2SO4) and ~283 mV for OER (in 1 M KOH). The electrocatalytic activity of the I-TTA COF in the OER exceeds that of other metal-free COFs. The catalytic activity is maintained even after 24 hours of chronoamperometry and 500 cycles of cyclic voltammetry (CV) at high scan rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gobinda Das
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Suprobhat Singha Roy
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI)
| | - Fayrouz Abou Ibrahim
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Areej Merhi
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Huda N Dirawi
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Farah Benyettou
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Akshaya Kumar Das
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Thirumurugan Prakasam
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Sabu Varghese
- CTP, New York University Abu Dhabi, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- Engineering Division, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), United Arab Emirates
| | - Serdal Kirmizialtin
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ramesh Jagannathan
- Engineering Division, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), United Arab Emirates
| | - Felipe Gándara
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid-CSIC, C. Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samer Aouad
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, P.O.Box 100, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Mark A Olson
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr., Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA
| | - Subrata Kundu
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI)
| | - Bilal R Kaafarani
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Ali Trabolsi
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Water Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Saadiyat Island, PO Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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5
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Zhang L, Sun T, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Xu Y. Rapid and Scalable Preparation of High-Crystalline Carboxyl-Functionalized Covalent Triazine Frameworks via Friedel-Crafts Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202421251. [PMID: 39801374 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202421251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2025] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
The Friedel-Crafts reaction has been extensively applied to the preparation of various porous organic polymers because of its simple operation and abundant building blocks. However, due to its poor reversibility and excessive random reactive sites, the synthesis of crystalline organic polymers/frameworks by Friedel-Crafts reaction has never been realized so far. Herein, we develop a molecular confined Friedel-Crafts reaction strategy to achieve rapid preparation (within only 30 minutes) of highly crystalline covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) with tailorable functionality for the first time. Theoretical calculations and detailed experiments revealed the critical role of carboxyl groups in aromatic benzene monomer during the CTFs crystallization, which can not only effectively cause a suitable activation barrier for the electrophilic attack of 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine through their electron-withdrawing properties, but also introduce anchoring effects (molecular confinement effects) to facilitate the ordered polymerization at specific sites in 2D planar direction. Benefiting from the convenient synthetic route and low-cost raw materials, we could unprecedentedly realize the kilogram-scale fabrication of carboxyl-functionalized high-crystalline CTFs. Moreover, thanks to the hydrophilic and ionizable properties of carboxyl groups, the obtained functionalized CTFs exhibited excellent aqueous dispersibility and superior solution processability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Tian Sun
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Tianmushan Laboratory, Hangzhou 311115, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ziyue Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuxi Xu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
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6
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Wu P, Lu J, Xi F, Li X, Ma W, Kang F, Li S, Tong Z, Zhang Q. Phase engineering of covalent triazine frameworks to enhance photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance. Chem Sci 2025; 16:4127-4135. [PMID: 39906391 PMCID: PMC11788819 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc06496h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2025] [Indexed: 02/06/2025] Open
Abstract
Photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production has been considered as an effective approach to address the current energy crisis and environmental challenges. Among all materials for such applications, covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) are regarded as ideal candidates owing to their conjugated structures with rich aromatic nitrogen atoms, which can provide abundant active sites, suitable bandgaps, good structural tunability, and high chemical stability. Although current research studies have shown that the modification of functional groups in CTFs can adjust the band structure and carrier flow characteristics of photocatalysts, leading to improved performance, the impact of the intrinsic structural characteristics of CTFs (e.g., stacking modes, hydrogen bonding) on their photocatalytic performance remains unclear. In this paper, we demonstrate that the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance of CTFs can be enhanced through tuning their stacking arrangement, because the stacking modes affect the bandgaps of materials as well as their carrier separation and transfer efficiency. Under visible light conditions, CTF-AA (AA stacking) exhibited a hydrogen evolution rate of 4691.73 μmol g-1 h-1, which is 37.4% higher than that of CTF-AB (AB stacking, 3415.30 μmol g-1 h-1). Clearly, the stacking modes significantly influence the cycling stability of CTFs. After eight cycles (over 32 h), CTF-AA maintains its photocatalytic activity and initial performance with a slight decline, while CTF-AB only retains 56.8% of its initial hydrogen evolution rate. Theoretical calculations and physical characterization confirm that the transition of the stacking mode from AB to AA enhances interlayer overlapping, increases the energy level of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, and improves the separation and mobility of carriers. These combined factors significantly enhance the photocatalytic performance of CTF-AA. This work offers new insights into the relationship between the photocatalytic performance of CTFs and their stacking patterns, providing new guidelines for designing CTF catalysts with improved activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wu
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Jijun Lu
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Fengshuo Xi
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Xiufeng Li
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Wenhui Ma
- School of Engineering, Yunnan University Kunming 650500 China
| | - Fangyuan Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue 83, Kowloon Hong Kong SAR 999077 P. R. China
| | - Shaoyuan Li
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Zhongqiu Tong
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Qichun Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue 83, Kowloon Hong Kong SAR 999077 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) & Hong Kong Institute of Clean Energy (HKICE), City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong SAR 999077 P. R. China
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7
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Ren Y, Yang S, Xu Y. Crystalline Covalent Triazine Frameworks and 2D Triazine Polymers: Synthesis and Applications. Acc Chem Res 2025; 58:474-487. [PMID: 39851091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2025]
Abstract
ConspectusCovalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) are a novel class of nitrogen-rich conjugated porous organic materials constructed by robust and functional triazine linkages, which possess unique structures and excellent physicochemical properties. They have demonstrated broad application prospects in gas/molecular adsorption and separation, catalysis, energy conversion and storage, etc. In particular, crystalline CTFs with well-defined periodic molecular network structures and regular pore channels can maximize the utilization of the features of CTFs and promote a deep understanding of the structure-property relationship. However, due to the poor reversibility of the basic reaction for constructing the triazine unit and the traditional harsh synthesis conditions, it remains a considerable challenge to synthesize crystalline CTFs with diverse molecular structures, and there is still a significant lack of understanding of their polymerization mechanism, which limits their precise structural design, large-scale preparation, and practical applications. As the basic building block of bulk crystalline CTFs, two-dimensional triazine polymers (2D-TPs) which ideally have single-atom thickness have also aroused intensive interest due to their ultrathin 2D sheet morphology with structural flexibility, a fully exposed molecular plane and active sites, and excellent dispersibility and processability. However, the efficient and scalable production of high-quality 2D-TPs and the investigation of their unique properties and functions remain largely unexplored.In this Account, we summarize our recent contributions to the synthesis and application exploration of crystalline CTFs and 2D-TPs. We first introduce the design, synthesis, and polymerization mechanism of the crystalline CTFs. In order to synthesize high-quality CTFs, we have successively used a series of new synthetic methods including a solution polymerization strategy, microwave-assisted superacid-catalyzed polymerization strategy, polyphosphoric acid-catalyzed polymerization strategy, and solvent-free FeCl3-catalyzed polymerization strategy, achieving the production of highly crystalline layered CTFs from the gram level to the hundred-gram level and then to the kilogram level and realizing new CTF molecular structures. We also reveal a direct ordered 2D polymerization mechanism that provided meaningful guidance for the controllable preparation of functional CTFs. Next, we introduce the design, synthesis, and formation mechanism of 2D-TPs. We have developed effective bottom-up and top-down strategies to prepare 2D-TPs for different needs. On one hand, we have established the dynamic interface polymerization method, the monomer-dependent method, and the solvent-free salt-catalyzed polymerization strategy for the direct synthesis of ultrathin 2D-TPs with thickness down to the single-layer limit and provided important insights into the 2D polymerization mechanism. On the other hand, we have opened up the physical and chemical exfoliation of crystalline layered CTFs such as liquid sonication and ball milling exfoliation and covalent and noncovalent modification exfoliation for the large-scale production of 2D-TPs. Then, we present the application progress of crystalline CTFs and 2D-TPs in various batteries, photo/electrocatalysis, and adsorbents with an emphasis on their unique and outstanding performance and structure-property relationship. Lastly, the main challenges faced by crystalline CTFs and 2D-TPs in practical applications and future research directions are discussed in detail. We hope that this Account will provide valuable insights and practical strategies for promoting the development of functional organic framework materials and 2D polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Ren
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yuxi Xu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
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8
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Oyegbeda O, Akpotu SO, Moodley B. Dual functional covalent triazine framework-TiO 2 S-scheme heterojunction for efficient sequestration of ciprofloxacin: Mechanism and degradation products. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2025; 266:120501. [PMID: 39631648 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.120501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 10/14/2024] [Accepted: 12/01/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
The development of adsorbent and/or photocatalysts based on covalent triazine frameworks (CTF) is fascinating research due to their structural properties, functional groups, and active sites. Herein, a CTF-TiO2 heterojunction was synthesized by modifying CTF sheets with TiO2 particles through wet impregnation technique and adsorptive and photocatalytic activities determined for ciprofloxacin (CIP) removal. Comprehensive characterisation of the composites revealed suitable properties of the composites, such as sandwich-like CTF-TiO2 morphology, improved thermal stability, and better heteroatom effect (HAE). The adsorption capacity of CTF-TiO2-1 (CT-1) and CTF-TiO2-2 (CT-2) reached 30.30 mg g-1 and 13.61 mg g-1, respectively. Meanwhile, the CT-2/H2O2 system, compared to all other materials, achieved a better degradation efficiency of 90.7 % within 40 min compared to 77.5 % observed in using only CT-2 for 120 min. In addition, scavenging results suggested that e- and h+ was crucial for the effective degradation of CIP. Identification of the degradation product of CIP suggests hydroxylation, decarboxylation, and opening of the quinolone and piperazine ring as possible degradation pathways. The mineralization of CIP was 90.93 % for the CT-2/H2O2 system and its stability maintained for four cycles. The outstanding performance of CT-2 is attributed to its enhanced band gap energy of 2.86 eV, and reduced recombination rate of photogenerated electrons and holes. These results prove these materials are efficient adsorbent/photocatalyst in CIP removal from solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omoyemen Oyegbeda
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Samson O Akpotu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Brenda Moodley
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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9
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Xie Q, Chen A, Li X, Xu C, Bi S, Zhang W, Tang J, Pan C, Zhang F, Yu G. Tuning the interlayer stacking of a vinylene-linked covalent organic framework for enhancing sacrificial agent-free hydrogen peroxide photoproduction. Chem Sci 2025; 16:2215-2221. [PMID: 39790987 PMCID: PMC11707676 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc06451h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 12/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2025] Open
Abstract
The layer-stacking mode of a two-dimensional (2D) material plays a dominant role either in its topology or properties, but remains challenging to control. Herein, we developed alkali-metal ion-regulating synthetic control on the stacking structure of a vinylene-linked covalent triazine framework (termed sp2c-CTF) for improving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) photoproduction. Upon the catalysis of EtONa in Knoevenagel polycondensation, a typical eclipsed stacking mode (sp2c-CTF-4@AA) was built, while a staggered one (sp2c-CTF-4@AB) was constructed using LiOH. The AB stacking might be induced by the Li+ promoted Lewis acid-base interactions with the nitrogen atoms of s-triazine units which would endow the s-triazine units with a charged state and enlarge the total crystal stacking energy. Specifically, the shift in the stacking mode speeds up electron transfer within each layer and along interlayers, thereby improving the photocatalytic activity. sp2c-CTF-4@AB features superior activity over the eclipsed stacking counterpart (sp2c-CTF-4@AA) in sacrificial agent-free H2O2 generation, comparable to the state-of-the-art COF photocatalysts, which has not been demonstrated in this field before. This work demonstrates that regulating the interlayer-stacking mode of COFs can endow them with high photocatalytic activity, further inspiring the development of heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujian Xie
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| | - Anqi Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| | - Chen Xu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| | - Shuai Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis & Waste Recycling, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering Xiangtan 411104 P. R. China
| | - Juntao Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| | - Chunyue Pan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Guipeng Yu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
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10
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Zhang J, Zheng M, Wu Y, Xiong J, Li S, Jiang W, Liu Z, Di J. Strongly Coupled Interface in Electrostatic Self-Assembly Covalent Triazine Framework/Bi 19S 27Br 3 for High-Efficiency CO 2 Photoreduction. ACS NANO 2025; 19:2759-2768. [PMID: 39772493 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c15225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
Constructing a strong bonded interface is highly desired to build fast charge-transfer channels and tune reactive sites for optimizing CO2 photoreduction. In this work, a covalent triazine framework (CTF) combined with a Bi19S27Br3 heterojunction is designed using an electrostatic self-assembly process. Due to the oppositely charged states between two components and ultrasonic treatment, a strong coupled interface is realized with the formation of Bi-C/N/O bonds, leading to robust interfacial polarization. This feature causes interfacial charge redistribution, intensifies the interaction between triazine N reactive sites and CO2, stabilizes the intermediate state, and lowers the reaction energy barrier. Meanwhile, the chemically bonded interface favors rapid electron migration from Bi19S27Br3 to CTF, as proved by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy and in situ irradiation XPS. As a result, CTF/Bi19S27Br3 delivers a superior CO2 photoreduction performance to yield CO (572.2 μmol g-1 h-1) in a pure water system, which is 38.6 times that of Bi19S27Br3, with apparent quantum yields up to 7.9 and 6.2% at 380 and 400 nm, respectively. This strong interfacial coupling strategy provides an accessible pathway to designing interfacial polarized, high-efficiency photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yao Wu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jun Xiong
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shuzhou Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Wei Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jun Di
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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11
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Maiti R, Chakraborty J, Kumar Sahoo P, Nath I, Dai X, Rabeah J, De Geyter N, Morent R, Van Der Voort P, Das S. A Covalent Triazine Framework for Photocatalytic Anti-Markovnikov Hydrofunctionalizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202415624. [PMID: 39404602 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202415624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 11/17/2024]
Abstract
Porous materials-based heterogeneous photocatalysts, performing selective organic transformations, are increasing the applicability of photocatalytic reactions due to their ability to merge traditional photocatalysis with structured pores densely decorated with catalytic moiety for efficient mass and charge transfer, as well as added recyclability. We herein disclose a porous crystalline covalent triazine framework (CTF)-based heterogeneous photocatalyst that exhibits excellent photoredox properties for different hydrofunctionalization reactions such as hydrocarboxylations, hydroamination and hydroazidations. The high oxidizing property of this CTF enables the activation of styrenes, followed by regioselective C-N and C-O bond formation at ambient conditions. A change in the physicochemical and optoelectronic properties of the CTF, upon protonation during catalysis, lies at the basis of its photocatalytic properties. This allows us to obtain hydrocarboxylations, hydroamination, and hydroazidations from a myriad of electron-donating and -withdrawing aromatic and aliphatic substrates. This catalytic approach is further extended to late-stage functionalization of bio-active molecules. Finally, detailed characterizations of the CTF and further mechanistic investigations provide mechanistic insights into these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jeet Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Ipsita Nath
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xingchao Dai
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. ander Universität Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Str.29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jabor Rabeah
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. ander Universität Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Str.29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nathalie De Geyter
- Department of Applied Physics, Research Unit Plasma Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rino Morent
- Department of Applied Physics, Research Unit Plasma Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pascal Van Der Voort
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shoubhik Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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12
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Zhang W, Wang G, Yang H, Ma R, Wang H. Covalent triazine frameworks as particle electrode for three-dimensional photoelectrocatalytic degradation of oxytetracycline: Synergy effects, pathway, and mechanism. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 371:123219. [PMID: 39500167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 10/21/2024] [Accepted: 11/01/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024]
Abstract
Photoelectrocatalysis has been widely employed for degrading antibiotics due to its high efficiency. However, the application is significantly impeded by the rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers and the limited surface areas of photoelectrodes. In the study, high crystallinity covalent triazine frameworks were fabricated at low temperature of 150 °C and firstly used as particle photoelectrode in the three-dimensional photoelectrochemical reactor to degrade oxytetracycline (OTC). SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS, and FT-IR confirmed the successful synthesis of high crystallinity covalent triazine frameworks. Compared to CTF-120 (71.2%) and CTF-180 (46.9%), CTF-150 exhibited excellent OTC removal. Electrochemical impedance, UV-vis absorption spectra, and Mott-Schottky tests showed that CTF-150 demonstrated more wide light absorption range of 501 nm and narrow bandgap of 2.52 eV, and smaller Rct value under illumination, in comparing to CTF-120 and CTF-180. When the initial concentration of OTC was 50 mg L-1, the 86.2% of OTC removal and 62.7% of mineralization were obtained under light irradiation (λ > 420 nm), current of 10 mA, pH of 6.4, electrolyte of 0.1 M Na2SO4. The synergy effect between photocatalytic and electrocatalytic processes of CTF-150 not only enhanced by 38.5% current efficiency but also reduced energy consumption to 1.90 kWh m-3. CTF-150 had a wide range of acid-base application and displayed resistance on coexisting ions. Electron spin resonance detection, quenching experiments, and probe experiments illustrated that h+, •O2-, 1O2, and •OH contributed to the degradation of OTC and the generation pathways of •O2-, 1O2, and •OH were verified. Moreover, •O2-, 1O2, and h+ were the main reactive species responsible for OTC removal, while 1O2 was for OTC mineralization. Based on high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection, OTC with benzene ring was decomposed to opening ring products. The acute toxicity, developmental toxicity, bioaccumulation factor and mutagenicity of OTC and its intermediates using T.E.S.T. showed the toxicity of 82.35% degradation products decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Close-to-Nature Restoration Technology of Wetlands, School of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Engineering Research Center of Ecological Safety and Conservation in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Xiong'an New Area) of MOE, China; College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Guangyang Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Close-to-Nature Restoration Technology of Wetlands, School of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Engineering Research Center of Ecological Safety and Conservation in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Xiong'an New Area) of MOE, China
| | - Heng Yang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Close-to-Nature Restoration Technology of Wetlands, School of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Engineering Research Center of Ecological Safety and Conservation in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Xiong'an New Area) of MOE, China
| | - Ran Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Close-to-Nature Restoration Technology of Wetlands, School of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Engineering Research Center of Ecological Safety and Conservation in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Xiong'an New Area) of MOE, China; College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Close-to-Nature Restoration Technology of Wetlands, School of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Engineering Research Center of Ecological Safety and Conservation in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Xiong'an New Area) of MOE, China; College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
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13
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Chen M, Xiong J, Shi Q, Zhang W, Chen Z, Wang X, Zhu X, Guo K, Feng Y, Zhang B. Vapor-Solid Interface Synthesis of Highly Crystalline Covalent Triazine Frameworks for Use as Efficient Photocatalysts. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2407782. [PMID: 39449215 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202407782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2024] [Revised: 10/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024]
Abstract
Harsh synthetic conditions for crystalline covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) and associated limitations on structural diversities impede not only further development of functional CTFs, but also practical large-scale synthesis. Herein, a mild and universal vapor-solid interface synthesis strategy is developed for highly crystalline CTFs employing trifluoromethanesulfonic acid vapor as catalysts. A series of highly ordered simple and functional CTFs (CTF-TJUs) can be facilely produced. In particular, the porphyrin-involved functional CTF (CTF-TJU-Por1) with high crystallinity is synthesized for the first time via this universal approach. The mechanism of vapor-catalyzed trimerization of nitrile monomers is thoroughly investigated through semi in situ characterizations. As a proof of concept, the photocatalytic performance of synthesized CTFs for water splitting is evaluated. CTF-TJU-133 exhibits significantly greater photocatalytic rates for hydrogen (4.35 µmol h-1) and oxygen (2.18 µmol h-1) evolutions during overall water splitting under visible light irradiations compared to other CTF-TJUs, representing one of the highest values among reported CTF photocatalysts. Further studies reveal that enhanced photocatalytic performance of CTF-TJU-133 results from optimized band structure, extended visible-light absorption, and high carrier separation efficiency. This study provides a promising strategy to synthesize various simple and functional CTFs, which significantly enriched diversities of CTF family for different application purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Ji Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Quan Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoran Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Kai Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yaqing Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science, Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Bao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science, Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory Chemistry & Fine Chemical Industry Jieyang Center, Jieyang, Guangdong, 522000, P. R. China
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14
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Davletbaeva IM, Sazonov OO. Macromolecular Architecture in the Synthesis of Micro- and Mesoporous Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:3267. [PMID: 39684011 DOI: 10.3390/polym16233267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2024] [Revised: 11/20/2024] [Accepted: 11/21/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymers with micro- and mesoporous structure are promising as materials for gas storage and separation, encapsulating agents for controlled drug release, carriers for catalysts and sensors, precursors of nanostructured carbon materials, carriers for biomolecular immobilization and cellular scaffolds, as materials with a low dielectric constant, filtering/separating membranes, proton exchange membranes, templates for replicating structures, and as electrode materials for energy storage. Sol-gel technologies, track etching, and template synthesis are used for their production, including in micelles of surfactants and microemulsions and sublimation drying. The listed methods make it possible to obtain pores with variable shapes and sizes of 5-50 nm and achieve a narrow pore size distribution. However, all these methods are technologically multi-stage and require the use of consumables. This paper presents a review of the use of macromolecular architecture in the synthesis of micro- and mesoporous polymers with extremely high surface area and hierarchical porous polymers. The synthesis of porous polymer frameworks with individual functional capabilities, the required chemical structure, and pore surface sizes is based on the unique possibilities of developing the architecture of the polymer matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilsiya M Davletbaeva
- Technology of Synthetic Rubber Department, Kazan National Research Technological University, 68 Karl Marx Str., 420015 Kazan, Russia
| | - Oleg O Sazonov
- Technology of Synthetic Rubber Department, Kazan National Research Technological University, 68 Karl Marx Str., 420015 Kazan, Russia
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15
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Zhang Z, Zhang S, Liu X, Li L, Wang S, Yang R, Zhang L, You Z, Shui F, Yang S, Yang Z, Zhao Q, Li B, Bu XH. Efficient Fluorocarbons Capture Using Radical-Containing Covalent Triazine Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:31213-31220. [PMID: 39480434 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c11470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2024]
Abstract
Efficiently capturing fluorocarbons, potent greenhouse gases with high global warming potentials (GWP), remains a daunting challenge due to limited effective approaches for constructing high-performance adsorbents. To tackle this issue, we have pioneered a novel strategy of developing radical porous materials as effective adsorbents for fluorocarbon capture. The resulting radical covalent triazine framework (CTF), CTF-azo-R, shows exceptional fluorocarbon (perfluorohexane, a representative model pollutant among fluorocarbons) uptake capacity of 270 wt %, a record-high value among all porous materials reported to date. Spectral characteristics, experimental studies, and theoretical calculations indicate that the presence of stable radicals in CTF-azo-R contributes to its superior fluorocarbon capture performance. Furthermore, CTF-azo-R demonstrates exceptionally high chemical and thermal stabilities that fully meet the requirements for practical applications in diverse environments. Our work not only establishes radical CTF-azo-R as a promising candidate for fluorocarbon capture but also introduces a novel approach for constructing advanced fluorocarbon adsorbents by incorporating radical sites into porous materials. This strategy paves the way for the development of radical adsorbents, fostering advancements in both fluorocarbon capture and the broader field of adsorption and separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Xiongli Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Shan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Rufeng Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Laiyu Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zifeng You
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Feng Shui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Shiqi Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhendong Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Baiyan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xian-He Bu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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16
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Pu ZF, Wen QL, Wu BC, Li CH, Li RS, Ling J, Cao Q. Synthesis of shape-controlled covalent organic frameworks for light scattering detection of iron and chromium ions. Talanta 2024; 279:126682. [PMID: 39116734 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Fabricating covalent organic frameworks with different morphologies based on the same structural motifs is both interesting and challenging. Here, a TTA-TFP-COF was synthesized by both solvothermal and room temperature methods, with 2,4,6-Tris(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TTA) and 1,3,5-tris(4-formylphenyl)-benzene (TFP) as raw material. Using different synthesis conditions and adding aniline and benzaldehyde as regulators in the synthesis process, we found that these processes could slow down the reaction speed, increase the exchange and metathesis reactions of dynamic reversible reactions, and improve the reversibility of the reaction system. Thus, controllable synthesis of TTA-TFP-COF with different morphologies, including micro-particles, hollow tubes with controllable diameters, and micro-flowers was achieved. Our further study found that metal ions, Fe3+ and Cr3+ ions, could coordinate with N and O in TTA-TFP-COF and partially destroy the structure of TTA-TFP-COF. The particle size of the TTA-TFP-COF became smaller, thus resulting in the decrease of the light scattering intensity of the COF. An excellent linear relationship exists between the light scattering changes (ΔI) and metal ions concentration (c) from 2.0 to 350.0 μM for Fe3+ and 40.0-800.0 μM for Cr3+, respectively. Thus, rapid and selective analytical methods for detecting metal ions were developed by TTA-TFP-COF here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Fen Pu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Qiu-Lin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Bi-Chao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Chun-Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Rong Sheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jian Ling
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Qiue Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China.
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17
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Li J, Xia Y, Zhang Z, Zhao X, Wang L, Huang J, She H, Li X, Wang Q. Regulating the Layer Stacking Configuration of CTF-TiO 2 Heterostructure for Improving the Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:19344-19354. [PMID: 39361911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c03191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Herein, covalent triazine frameworks in eclipsed AA and staggered AB stacking modes are respectively used for the in-situ growth of TiO2, and two heterostructures are obtained. Due to the highly organized stacking of the molecular layer in CTF-AA that strengthens the interlayer interaction, the light absorption and carrier migration of CTF-AA/TiO2 are both enhanced in comparison to those of its component or CTF-AB/TiO2. Correspondently, the photocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) of CTF-AA/TiO2 proffers 9.19 μmol·g-1·h-1 CH4 and 2.32 μmol·g-1·h-1 CO production, about 9.2 and 4.3 times greater than that of pristine TiO2, respectively. Even though the innate photoresponse of the triazine unit endows CTF-AB/TiO2 with augmented light capturing, its photocatalytic CO2 conversion is relatively insignificant. According to the analyses of the planar-averaged electron density difference and Bader charge, the unproductive CO2 efficiency might be due to the insufficient interfacial electron transfer from TiO2 to CTF-AB. Given that the ΔG (-3.22 eV) of CHO intermediate generation is lower than that of CO desorption (-1.23 eV), the reaction tends to further generate CH4 other than yielding CO. This study could shed fresh light over the reasonable design of effective photocatalytic heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zhiting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jingwei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Houde She
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xinheng Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, The State Key Laboratory of Low Carbon, Catalysis and Carbon Dioxide Utilization, Suzhou Base of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qizhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- School of Water and Environment, Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
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18
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Daliran S, Oveisi AR, Dhakshinamoorthy A, Garcia H. Probing Defects in Covalent Organic Frameworks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:50096-50114. [PMID: 39283167 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Defects in covalent organic frameworks (COFs) play a pivotal role in determining their properties and performance, significantly influencing interactions with adsorbates, guest molecules, and substrates as well as affecting charge carrier dynamics and light absorption characteristics. The present review focuses on the diverse array of techniques employed for characterizing and quantifying defects in COFs, addressing a critical need in the field of materials science. As will be discussed in this review, there are basically two types of defects referring either to missing organic moieties leaving free binding groups in the material or structural imperfections resulting in lower crystallinity, grain boundary defects, and incomplete stacking. The review summarizes an in-depth analysis of state-of-the-art characterization techniques, elucidating their specific strengths and limitations for each defect type. Key techniques examined in this review include powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), scanning tunneling microscope (STM), high resolution transmission electron microcoe (HRTEM), gas adsorption, acid-base titration, advanced electron microscopy methods, and computational calculations. We critically assess the capability of each technique to provide qualitative and quantitative information about COF defects, offering insights into their complementary nature and potential for synergistic use. The last section summarizes the main concepts of the review and provides perspectives for future development to overcome the existing challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Daliran
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khorramabad 68151-44316, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Oveisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zabol, P.O. Box: 98615-538, Zabol, 98613-35856, Iran
| | - Amarajothi Dhakshinamoorthy
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
- School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hermenegildo Garcia
- Instituto de Universitario de Tecnología Química (CSIC-UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València, Av. de los Naranjos, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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19
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Tong Y, Dai S, Jiang DE. 2D Carbonaceous Materials for Molecular Transport and Functional Interfaces: Simulations and Insights. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:2678-2688. [PMID: 39190683 PMCID: PMC11411710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusCarbon-based two-dimensional (2D) functional materials exhibit potential across a wide spectrum of applications from chemical separations to catalysis and energy storage and conversion. In this Account, we focus on recent advances in the manipulation of 2D carbonaceous materials and their composites through computational design and simulations to address how the precise control over material structure at the atomic level correlates with enhanced functional properties such as gas permeation, selectivity, membrane transport, and charge storage. We highlight several key concepts in the computational design and tuning of 2D structures, such as controlled stacking, ion gating, interlayer pillaring, and heterostructure charge transfer.The process of creating and adjusting pores within graphene sheets is vital for effective molecular separation. Simulations show the power of controlling the offset distance between layers of porous graphene in precisely regulating the pore size to enhance gas separation and entropic selectivity. This strategy of controlled stacking extends beyond graphene to include covalent organic frameworks (COFs) such as covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs). Experimental assembly of the layers has been achieved through electrostatic interactions, thermal transformation, and control of side chain interactions.Graphene can interface with ionic liquids in various forms to enhance its functionality. A computational proof-of-concept showcases an ion-gating concept in which the interaction of anions with the pores in graphene allows the anions to dynamically gate the pores for selective gas transport. Realization of the concept has been achieved in both porous graphene and carbon molecular sieve membranes. Ionic liquids can also intercalate between graphene layers to form interlayer pillaring structures, opening the slit space. Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations show that these structures can be used for efficient gas capture and separation. Experiments have demonstrated that the interlayer space can be tuned by the density of the pillars and that, when fully filled with ionic liquids and forming a confined interface structure, the graphene oxide membrane achieves much higher selectivity for gas separations. Moreover, graphene can interface with other 2D materials to form heterostructures where interfacial charge transfers take place and impact the function. Both ion transport and charge storage are influenced by both the local electric field and chemical interactions.Fullerene can be used as a building block and covalently linked together to construct a new type of 2D carbon material beyond a one-atom-thin layer that also has long-range-ordered subnanometer pores. The interstitial sites among fullerenes form funnel-shaped pores of 2.0-3.3 Å depending on the crystalline phase. The quasi-tetragonal phases are shown by molecular dynamics simulations to be efficient for H2 separation. In addition, defects such as fullerene vacancies can be introduced to create larger pores for the separation of organic solvents.In conclusion, the key to imputing functions to 2D carbonaceous materials is to create new interactions and interfaces and to go beyond a single-atom layer. First-principles and molecular simulations can further guide the discovery of new 2D carbonaceous materials and interfaces and provide atomistic insights into their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Tong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Sheng Dai
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - De-En Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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20
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Deng L, Zhu S, Zou Q, Xie Q, Song G, Pan C, Wei B, Huang Z, Liu T, Tang J, Yuan J, Yu G. Ionic Liquid-Accelerated Growth of Covalent Organic Frameworks with Tunable Layer-Stacking. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408453. [PMID: 38941108 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Layer-stacking behaviors are crucial for two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) to define their pore structure, physicochemical properties, and functional output. So far, fine control over the stacking mode without complex procedures remains a grand challenge. Herein, we proposed a "key-cylinder lock mimic" strategy to synthesize 2D COFs with a tunable layer-stacking mode by taking advantage of ionic liquids (ILs). The staggered (AB) stacking (unlocked) COFs were exclusively obtained by incorporating ILs of symmetric polarity and matching molecular size; otherwise, commonly reported eclipsed (AA) stacking (locked) COFs were observed instead. Mechanistic study revealed that AB stacking was induced by a confined interlocking effect (CIE) brought by anions and bulky cations of the ILs inside pores ("key" and "cylinder", respectively). Excitingly, this strategy can speed up production rate of crystalline powders (e.g., COF-TAPT-Tf@BmimTf2N in merely 30 minutes) under mild reaction conditions. This work highlights the enabling role of ILs to tailor the layer stacking of 2D COFs and promotes further exploration of their stacking mode-dependant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Deng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Department College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Sihao Zhu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Department College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Qingyang Zou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Department College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Qiujian Xie
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Department College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Guangjie Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chunyue Pan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Department College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Baosheng Wei
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Department College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Zhehao Huang
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tianren Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Department College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Juntao Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Department College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guipeng Yu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Department College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
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21
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Zhang J, Fu X, Qiu J, Wang C, Wang L, Feng J, Dong L, Long C, Wang X, Li D. Construction of High-Performance Anode of Potassium-Ion Batteries by Stripping Covalent Triazine Frameworks with Molten Salt. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401804. [PMID: 38924654 PMCID: PMC11348138 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) are promising battery electrodes owing to their designable functional groups, tunable pore sizes, and exceptional stability. However, their practical use is limited because of the difficulty in establishing stable ion adsorption/desorption sites. In this study, a melt-salt-stripping process utilizing molten trichloro iron (FeCl3) is used to delaminate the layer-stacked structure of fluorinated covalent triazine framework (FCTF) and generate iron-based ion storage active sites. This process increases the interlayer spacing and uniformly deposits iron-containing materials, enhancing electron and ion transport. The resultant melt-FeCl3-stripped FCTF (Fe@FCTF) shows excellent performance as a potassium ion battery with a high capacity of 447 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 and 257 mAh g-1 at 1.6 A g-1 and good cycling stability. Notably, molten-salt stripping is also effective in improving the CTF's Na+ and Li+ storage properties. A stepwise reaction mechanism of K/Na/Li chelation with C═N functional groups is proposed and verified by in situ X-ray diffraction testing (XRD), ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and theoretical calculations, illustrating that pyrazines and iron coordination groups play the main roles in reacting with K+/Na+/Li+ cations. These results conclude that the Fe@FCTF is a suitable anode material for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs), sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhang
- College of Physics and Materials ScienceTianjin Normal UniversityTianjin300387China
| | - Xuwang Fu
- College of Physics and Materials ScienceTianjin Normal UniversityTianjin300387China
| | - Jiacheng Qiu
- College of Physics and Materials ScienceTianjin Normal UniversityTianjin300387China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Physics and Materials ScienceTianjin Normal UniversityTianjin300387China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Physics and Materials ScienceTianjin Normal UniversityTianjin300387China
| | - Jianmin Feng
- College of Physics and Materials ScienceTianjin Normal UniversityTianjin300387China
| | - Lei Dong
- College of Physics and Materials ScienceTianjin Normal UniversityTianjin300387China
| | - Conglai Long
- College of Physics and Materials ScienceTianjin Normal UniversityTianjin300387China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for High Efficiency Recovery of Refractory Nonferrous MetalsSchool of Metallurgy and EnvironmentCentral South UniversityChangsha410083P. R. China
| | - Dejun Li
- College of Physics and Materials ScienceTianjin Normal UniversityTianjin300387China
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22
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Zhao C, Li Z, Wu X, Su H, Bai FQ, Ran X, Yang L, Fang W, Yang X. Theory-Guided Experimental Design of Covalent Triazine Frameworks for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2400541. [PMID: 38644221 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The high crystalline covalent triazine framework-1 (CTF-1), composed of alternating triazine and phenylene, has emerged as an efficient photocatalyst for solar-driven hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, it is of great challenge to further improve photocatalytic HER performance via increasing crystallinity due to its near-perfect crystallization. Herein, an alternative strategy of scaffold functionalization is employed to optimize the energy band structure of crystalline CTF-1 for boosting hydrogen-evolving activity. Guided by the computational predictions, versatile CTF-based polymer photocatalysts are prepared with different functional groups (OH, NH2, COOH) using binary polymerization for practical hydrogen production. Experiment evidence verifies that the introduction of a limited number of electron-donating groups is sufficient to maintain high crystallinity in CTF, modulate the band structure, broaden visible light absorption, and consequently enhance its photophysical properties. Notably, the functionalization with OH exhibits the most positive effect on CTF-1, delivering a photocatalytic activity with a hydrogen-producing rate exceeding 100 µmol h-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiao Zhao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Zhaolin Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xinzhao Wu
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, China
| | - Hengwei Su
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, China
| | - Fu-Quan Bai
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, China
| | - Xia Ran
- School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Liuqing Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Weiwei Fang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xiaofei Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
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23
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Yi L, Gao Y, Luo S, Wang T, Deng H. Structure Evolution of 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks Unveiled by Single-Crystal X-ray Diffraction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19643-19648. [PMID: 38990177 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
We report 9 crystal structures of a two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic framework (COF), including the parent Py-1P, 5 derivatives formed by chemical reactions, and 3 dynamic states by solvent exchange/loss. Structure details of these porous crystals, including stacking mode, interlayer distance, pore aperture, and incline angle, before, during, and after conversion processes in solution, were unveiled by single-crystal X-ray diffraction with resolutions up to 0.85 Å. The structure evolution is triggered by stepwise conformational transformation of the molecular building blocks in 2D COF, while their long-range ordering remained unsacrificed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lezhi Yi
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yijun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shuming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hexiang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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24
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Zhao W, Zhu Q, Wu X, Zhao D. The development of catalysts and auxiliaries for the synthesis of covalent organic frameworks. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:7531-7565. [PMID: 38895859 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00908d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have recently seen significant advancements. Large quantities of structurally & functionally oriented COFs with a wide range of applications, such as gas adsorption, catalysis, separation, and drug delivery, have been explored. Recent achievements in this field are primarily focused on advancing synthetic methodologies, with catalysts playing a crucial role in achieving highly crystalline COF materials, particularly those featuring novel linkages and chemistry. A series of reviews have already been published over the last decade, covering the fundamentals, synthesis, and applications of COFs. However, despite the pivotal role that catalysts and auxiliaries play in forming COF materials and adjusting their properties (e.g., crystallinity, porosity, stability, and morphology), limited attention has been devoted to these essential components. In this Critical Review, we mainly focus on the state-of-the-art progress of catalysts and auxiliaries applied to the synthesis of COFs. The catalysts include four categories: acid catalysts, base catalysts, transition-metal catalysts, and other catalysts. The auxiliaries, such as modulators, oxygen, and surfactants, are discussed as well. This is then followed by the description of several specific applications derived from the utilization of catalysts and auxiliaries. Lastly, a perspective on the major challenges and opportunities associated with catalysts and auxiliaries is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore.
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore.
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25
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Liu Y, Zhou Q, Yu H, Yang Q, Wang M, Huang C, Xiang L, Li C, Heine T, Hu G, Wang S, Feng X, Mai Y. Increasing the Accessibility of Internal Catalytic Sites in Covalent Organic Frameworks by Introducing a Bicontinuous Mesostructure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400985. [PMID: 38353140 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Introducing continuous mesochannels into covalent organic frameworks (COFs) to increase the accessibility of their inner active sites has remained a major challenge. Here, we report the synthesis of COFs with an ordered bicontinuous mesostructure, via a block copolymer self-assembly-guided nanocasting strategy. Three different mesostructured COFs are synthesized, including two covalent triazine frameworks and one vinylene-linked COF. The new materials are endowed with a hierarchical meso/microporous architecture, in which the mesochannels exhibit an ordered shifted double diamond (SDD) topology. The hierarchically porous structure can enable efficient hole-electron separation and smooth mass transport to the deep internal of the COFs and consequently high accessibility of their active catalytic sites. Benefiting from this hierarchical structure, these COFs exhibit excellent performance in visible-light-driven catalytic NO removal with a high conversion percentage of up to 51.4 %, placing them one of the top reported NO-elimination photocatalysts. This study represents the first case of introducing a bicontinuous structure into COFs, which opens a new avenue for the synthesis of hierarchically porous COFs and for increasing the utilization degree of their internal active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Hongde Yu
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66c, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Qiqi Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Mingchao Wang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Chuanhui Huang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Luoxing Xiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Thomas Heine
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66c, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Abteilung Ressourcenökologie, Forschungsstelle Leipzig, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University and ibs center for nanomedicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shengyao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Yiyong Mai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
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26
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Liu C, Hou J, Yan M, Zhang J, Gebrekiros Alemayehu H, Zheng W, Liu P, Tang Z, Li L. Regulating the Layered Stacking of a Covalent Triazine Framework Membrane for Aromatic/Aliphatic Separation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202320137. [PMID: 38362792 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202320137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Membrane separation of aromatics and aliphatics is a crucial requirement in chemical and petroleum industries. However, this task presents a significant challenge due to the lack of membrane materials that can endure harsh solvents, exhibit molecular specificity, and facilitate easy processing. Herein, we present a novel approach to fabricate a covalent triazine framework (CTF) membrane by employing a mix-monomer strategy. By incorporating a spatial monomer alongside a planar monomer, we were able to subtly modulate both the pore aperture and membrane affinity, enabling preferential permeation of aromatics over aliphatics with molecular weight below 200 Dalton (Da). Consequently, we achieved successful all-liquid phase separation of aromatic/aliphatic mixtures. Our investigation revealed that the synergistic effects of size sieving and the affinity between the permeating molecules and the membrane played a pivotal role in separating these closely resembling species. Furthermore, the membrane exhibited remarkable robustness under practical operating conditions, including prolonged operation time, various feed compositions, different applied pressure, and multiple feed components. This versatile strategy offers a feasible approach to fabricate membranes with molecule selectivity toward aromatic/aliphatic mixtures, taking a significant step forward in addressing the grand challenge of separating small organic molecules through membrane technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuijing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, 710055, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Junjun Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Mingzheng Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jianqi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Haftu Gebrekiros Alemayehu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Pengchao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lianshan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
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27
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Wang H, Xu P, Almatrafi E, Wang Z, Zhou C, Xiong T, Qin H, He Y, Yang H, Zeng Z, Zeng G. Tunable schiff-based networks with different bonding sites for enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation: The effects of steric hindrance. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 246:118200. [PMID: 38220077 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Organic polymers hold great potential in photocatalysis considering their low cost, structural tailorability, and well-controlled degree of conjugation for efficient electron transfer. Among the polymers, Schiff base networks (SNWs) with high nitrogen content have been noticed. Herein, a series of SNWs is synthesized based on the melamine units and dialdehydes with different bonding sites. The chemical and structural variation caused by steric hindrance as well as the related photoelectric properties of the SNW samples are investigated, along with the application exploration on photocatalytic degradation and energy production. The results demonstrate that only SNW-o based on o-phthalaldehyde responds to visible light, which extends to over 550 nm. SNW-o shows the highest tetracycline degradation rate of 0.02516 min-1, under 60-min visible light irradiation. Moreover, the H2O2 production of SNW-o is 2.14 times higher than that of g-C3N4. The enhanced photocatalytic activity could be ascribed to the enlarged visible light adsorption and intramolecular electron transfer. This study indicates the possibility to regulate the optical and electrical properties of organic photocatalysts on a molecular level, providing an effective strategy for rational supramolecular engineering to the applications of organic materials in photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Systems, Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Piao Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Systems, Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eydhah Almatrafi
- Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Systems, Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziwei Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Chengyun Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Ting Xiong
- Institute of Big Data and Internet Innovation, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Hong Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yangzhuo He
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Hailan Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhuotong Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Systems, Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Guangming Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Systems, Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Wang H, Shi L, Qu Z, Zhang L, Wang X, Wang Y, Liu S, Ma H, Guo Z. Increasing Donor-Acceptor Interactions and Particle Dispersibility of Covalent Triazine Frameworks for Higher Crystallinity and Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:2296-2308. [PMID: 38189244 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) have recently emerged as an efficient class of photocatalysts due to their structural diversity and excellent stability. Nevertheless, the synthetic reactions of CTFs have usually suffered from poor reversibility, resulting in a low crystallinity of the materials. Here, we report the introduction of methoxy groups on the monomer 2,5-diphenylthiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole to reinforce interlayer π-π interactions of the resulting donor-acceptor type CTFs, which improved crystallinity, further increasing the visible light absorption range and allowing for efficient separation and transport of carriers. The morphology is strongly correlated to the wettability, which has a significant impact on the mass transfer capacity and photocatalytic activity in the photocatalytic reaction. To further improve crystallinity and photocatalytic activity, CTF-NWU-T3 photocatalysts in a bowl shape were prepared using a SiO2 template. The energy band structure, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, and pollutant degradation efficiency of involved materials were investigated. The donor-acceptor type CTF-NWU-T3 with a bowl-shaped morphology, synthesized using the template method and the introduction of methoxy groups, exhibited an excellent photocatalytic hydrogen production rate of 32064 μmol·h-1·g-1. This study highlights the significance of improving donor-acceptor interactions and increasing the dispersibility of catalyst particles in dispersion to enhance the photocatalytic activity of heterogeneous photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P. R. China
| | - Lanting Shi
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, China
| | - Zhi Qu
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P. R. China
| | - Lingfeng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P. R. China
| | - Yefeng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P. R. China
| | - Haixia Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqi Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P. R. China
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29
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Yuan C, Fu S, Kang X, Cheng C, Jiang C, Liu Y, Cui Y. Mixed-Linker Chiral 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks with Controlled Layer Stacking for Electrochemical Asymmetric Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:635-645. [PMID: 38148276 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have undergone extensive research as heterogeneous catalysts for a wide range of significant reactions, but they have not yet been investigated in the realm of electrochemical asymmetric catalysis, despite their recognition as an economical and sustainable strategy for producing enantiopure compounds. Here, we report a mixed-linker strategy to design multicomponent two-dimensional (2D) chiral COFs with tunable layer stacking for highly enantioselective electrocatalysis. By crystallizing mixtures of triamines with and without the MacMillan imidazolidinone catalyst or aryl substituent (ethyl and isopropyl) and a dialdehyde derivative of thieno-[3,2-b]thiophene, we synthesized and structurally characterized a series of three-component homochiral 2D COFs featuring either AA or ABC stacking. The stacking modes that can be synthetically controlled through steric tuning using different aryl substituents affect their chemical stability and electrochemical performance. With the MacMillan catalyst periodically appended on their channels, all three COFs with conductive thiophene moieties can be highly enantioselective and recyclable electrocatalysts for the asymmetric α-arylation of aldehydes, affording alkylated anilines with up to 97% enantiomeric excess by an anodic oxidation/organocatalytic protocol. Presumably due to their higher charge transfer ability, the ABC stacking COFs exhibit improved reactivity compared to the AA stacking analogue. This work therefore advances COFs as electrocatalysts for asymmetric catalysis and may facilitate the design of more redox-active crystalline organic polymers for electrochemical enantioselective processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Analytical & Testing Centre, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Shiguo Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xing Kang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Chao Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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30
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Guan L, Guo Z, Zhou Q, Zhang J, Cheng C, Wang S, Zhu X, Dai S, Jin S. A highly proton conductive perfluorinated covalent triazine framework via low-temperature synthesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8114. [PMID: 38065936 PMCID: PMC10709654 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43829-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2025] Open
Abstract
Proton-conducting materials are essential to the emerging hydrogen economy. Covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) are promising proton-conducting materials at high temperatures but need more effective sites to strengthen interaction for proton carriers. However, their construction and design in a concise condition are still challenges. Herein, we show a low temperature approach to synthesize CTFs via a direct cyclotrimerization of aromatic aldehyde using ammonium iodide as facile nitrogen source. Among the CTFs, the perfluorinated CTF (CTF-TF) was successfully synthesized with much lower temperature ( ≤ 160 °C) and open-air atmosphere. Due to the additional hydrogen-bonding interaction between fluorine atoms and proton carriers (H3PO4), the CTF-TF achieves a proton conductivity of 1.82 × 10-1 S cm-1 at 150 °C after H3PO4 loading. Moreover, the CTF-TF can be readily integrated into mixed matrix membranes, displaying high proton conduction abilities and good mechanical strength. This work provides an alternative strategy for rational design of proton conducting media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiang Guan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Zhaoqi Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, No.229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Shengyao Wang
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Sheng Dai
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Shangbin Jin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China.
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31
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Hu L, Lv Y. Covalent organic framework-based nanoplatforms with tunable mechanical properties for drug delivery and cancer therapy. MECHANOBIOLOGY IN MEDICINE 2023; 1:100024. [PMID: 40395640 PMCID: PMC12082171 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbm.2023.100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2025]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are emerging crystalline porous materials composed of covalently linked and periodically arranged organic molecules, which exhibit mechanical properties mediated by structural diversity. Meanwhile, the tunable mechanical properties of COFs have been widely applied in drug delivery and cancer therapy. Herein, we first summarize the regulation strategies of COFs with different mechanical strengths, such as structural dimensions, pore sizes, and host-guest interaction forces. Then, the remarkable achievements of COFs with different mechanical properties in drug delivery and cancer therapy in recent years are introduced. Finally, the mechanical strength regulation of COFs and the remaining challenges for biomedical applications are presented. This review provides a more comprehensive understanding of the application of COFs systems with tunable mechanical properties in the field of biomedicine, and promotes the development of interdisciplinary research between COFs materials and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liefeng Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200 PR China
- State Key Laboratory for New Textile Materials & Advanced Processing Technology, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200 PR China
| | - Yonggang Lv
- State Key Laboratory for New Textile Materials & Advanced Processing Technology, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200 PR China
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32
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Salahvarzi M, Setaro A, Ludwig K, Amsalem P, Schultz T, Mehdipour E, Nemati M, Chong C, Reich S, Adeli M. Synthesis of two-dimensional triazine covalent organic frameworks at ambient conditions to detect and remove water pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117078. [PMID: 37704076 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of fully triazine frameworks (C3N3) by metal catalyzed reactions at high temperatures results in carbonized and less-defined structures. Moreover, metal impurities affect the physicochemical, optical and electrical properties of the synthesized frameworks, dramatically. In this work, two-dimensional C3N3 (2DC3N3) has been synthesized by in situ catalyst-free copolymerization of sodium cyanide and cyanuric chloride, as cheap and commercially available precursors, at ambient conditions on gram scale. Reaction between sodium cyanide and cyanuric chloride resulted in electron-poor polyfunctional intermediates, which converted to 2DC3N3 with several hundred micrometers lateral size at ambient conditions upon [2 + 2+2] cyclotrimerization. 2DC3N3 sheets, in bulk and individually, showed strong fluorescence with 63% quantum yield and sensitive to small objects such as dyes and metal ions. The sensitivity of 2DC3N3 emission to foreign objects was used to detect low concentration of water impurities. Due to the high negative surface charge (-37.7 mV) and dispersion in aqueous solutions, they demonstrated a high potential to remove positively charged dyes from water, exemplified by excellent removal efficiency (>99%) for methylene blue. Taking advantage of the straightforward production and strong interactions with dyes and metal ions, 2DC3N3 was integrated in filters and used for the fast detection and efficient removal of water impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Setaro
- Department of Physics, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany; Department of Engineering, Pegaso University, Naples, Italy
| | - Kai Ludwig
- Forschungszentrum für Elektronenmikroskopie and Core Facility BioSupraMol, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 36a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Amsalem
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schultz
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, 14109, Germany
| | | | - Mohammad Nemati
- Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Cheng Chong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Stephanie Reich
- Department of Physics, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mohsen Adeli
- Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
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Gu Q, Lu X, Chen C, Hu R, Wang X, Sun G, Kang F, Yang J, Wang X, Wu J, Li YY, Peng YK, Qin W, Han Y, Liu X, Zhang Q. Thermally Induced Persistent Covalent-Organic Frameworks Radicals. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 38014811 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Persistent covalent-organic framework (COF) radicals hold important applications in magnetics and spintronics; however, their facile synthesis remains a daunting challenge. Here, three p-phenylenediacetonitrile-based COFs (named CityU-4, CityU-5, and CityU-6) were synthesized. Upon heat treatment (250 °C for CityU-4 and CityU-5 or 220 °C for CityU-6), these frameworks were brought into their persistent radical forms (no obvious changes after at least one year), together with several observable factors, including color changes, red-shifted absorption, the appearance of electron spin resonance (ESR) signals, and detectable magnetic susceptibility. The theoretical simulation suggests that after heat treatment, lower total energy and nonzero spin density are two main factors to guarantee persistent COFs radicals and polarized spin distributions. This work provides an efficient method for the preparation of persistent COF radicals with promising potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianfeng Gu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue 83, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Xiangqian Lu
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Cailing Chen
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Ab-dullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Renjie Hu
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue 83, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Guohan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue 83, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Fangyuan Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue 83, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jinglun Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue 83, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue 83, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jinghang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue 83, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue 83, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yung-Kang Peng
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue 83, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Wei Qin
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yu Han
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Ab-dullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and the N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Qichun Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue 83, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry & Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue 83, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue 83, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
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34
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Khan R, Chakraborty J, Singh Rawat K, Morent R, De Geyter N, Van Speybroeck V, Van Der Voort P. Super-Oxidizing Covalent Triazine Framework Electrocatalyst for Two-Electron Water Oxidation to H 2 O 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313836. [PMID: 37806967 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical two-electron water oxidation (2e WOR) is gaining surging research traction for sustainable hydrogen peroxide production. However, the strong oxidizing environment and thermodynamically competitive side-reaction (4e WOR) posit as thresholds for the 2e WOR. We herein report a custom-crafted covalent triazine network possessing strong oxidizing properties as a proof-of-concept metal-free functional organic network electrocatalyst for catalyzing 2e WOR. As the first-of-its-kind, the material shows a maximum of 89.9 % Faradaic Efficiency and 1428 μmol/h/cm2 H2 O2 production rate at 3.0 V bias potential (vs reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE), which are either better or comparable to the state-of-the-art electrocatalysts. We have experimentally confirmed a stepwise 2e WOR mechanism which was further computationally endorsed by density functional theory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqia Khan
- Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jeet Chakraborty
- Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kuber Singh Rawat
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Rino Morent
- Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Geyter
- Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Pascal Van Der Voort
- Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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35
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Gao P, Wu C, Wang S, Zheng G, Han Q. Efficient photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide by triazole-modified covalent triazine framework nanosheets. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 650:40-46. [PMID: 37392498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) polymeric semiconductors, especially covalent triazine framework (CTF) nanosheets with aromatic triazine linkages are emerging as attractive metal-free photocatalysts owing to their predictable structures, good semiconducting properties, and high stability. However, the quantum size effect and ineffective electron screening of 2D CTF nanosheets cause an enlargement of electronic band gap and high excited electron-hole binding energies, which lead to low-level enhancements in photocatalytic performance. Herein, we present a novel triazole groups functionalized CTF nanosheet (CTF-LTZ) synthesized by facile combination of ionothermal polymerization and freeze-drying strategy from the unique letrozole precursor. The incorporation of the high-nitrogen-containing triazole group effectively modulates the optical and electronic properties, resulting in narrowed bandgap from 2.92 eV for unfunctionalized CTF to 2.22 eV for CTF-LTZ and dramatically improved charge separation, as well as highly-active sites for O2 adsorption. As a result, CTF-LTZ photocatalyst exhibits excellent performance and superior stability in H2O2 photosynthesis, with a high H2O2 production rate of 4068 μmol h-1 g-1 and a remarkable apparent quantum efficiency of 4.5 % at 400 nm. This work provides a simple and effective approach for rational design highly-efficient polymeric photocatalysts for H2O2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chongbei Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shengyao Wang
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Gengfeng Zheng
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Qing Han
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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36
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Zhuang R, Zhang X, Qu C, Xu X, Yang J, Ye Q, Liu Z, Kaskel S, Xu F, Wang H. Fluorinated porous frameworks enable robust anode-less sodium metal batteries. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh8060. [PMID: 37774016 PMCID: PMC11090372 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh8060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Sodium metal batteries hold great promise for energy-dense and low-cost energy storage technology but are severely impeded by catastrophic dendrite issue. State-of-the-art strategies including sodiophilic seeding/hosting interphase design manifest great success on dendrite suppression, while neglecting unavoidable interphase-depleted Na+ before plating, which poses excessive Na use, sacrificed output voltage and ultimately reduced energy density. We here demonstrate that elaborate-designed fluorinated porous framework could simultaneously realize superior sodiophilicity yet negligible interphase-consumed Na+ for dendrite-free and durable Na batteries. As elucidated by physicochemical and theoretical characterizations, well-defined fluorinated edges on porous channels are responsible for both high affinities ensuring uniform deposition and low reactivity rendering superior Na+ utilization for plating. Accordingly, synergistic performance enhancement is achieved with stable 400 cycles and superior plateau to sloping capacity ratio in anode-free batteries. Proof-of-concept pouch cells deliver an energy density of 325 Watt-hours per kilogram and robust 300 cycles under anode-less condition, opening an avenue with great extendibility for the practical deployment of metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi’an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Xiuhai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi’an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Changzhen Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi’an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaosa Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi’an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jiaying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi’an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Qian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi’an 710072, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi’an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi’an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Hongqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi’an 710072, P. R. China
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37
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Zhang H, Wei W, Zhang KAI. Emerging conjugated polymers for heterogeneous photocatalytic chemical transformation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37416940 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02081a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the efficient utilization of solar energy through heterogeneous photocatalytic chemical transformation has attracted much attention. As emerging metal-free, pure organic and heterogeneous photocatalysts, π-conjugated polymers (CPs) have been used in visible-light-driven chemical transformations due to their stability, high specific surface area, metal-free nature, and high structural designability. In this review, we summarize the synthesis protocols and design strategies for efficient CP-based photocatalysts based on the photocatalytic mechanisms. Then we highlight the key progress in light-driven chemical transformation using CPs developed by our group. Finally, we present the outlook and possible challenges for future progress of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China.
| | - Wenxin Wei
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China.
| | - Kai A I Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China.
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38
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Taniai R, Endo T, Kanetomo T, Okazawa A, Kadobayashi H, Kawaguchi SI, Enomoto M. 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and high-pressure structural analysis for the mechanism of pressure-induced unique magnetic behaviour in (cation)[Fe IIFe III(dto) 3] (cation = Ph 4P and nPrPh 3P; dto = 1,2-dithiooxalato). Dalton Trans 2023; 52:8368-8375. [PMID: 37264672 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00858d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A mixed-valence iron(II,III) coordination polymer, (Ph4P)[FeIIFeIII(dto)3] (2; Ph4P = tetraphenylphosphonium, dto = 1,2-dithiooxalato), exhibits a thermal hysteresis loop and a low temperature shift of the ferromagnetic phase transition temperature, with increasing pressure. The latter magnetic behaviour can also be observed in a novel compound (nPrPh3P)[FeIIFeIII(dto)3] (3; nPrPh3P = n-propyltriphenylphosphonium). To understand the structural information under pressure, we performed high-pressure powder X-ray diffraction, and the result suggests that there was no structural phase transition for either compound. Considering the 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy studies, both 2 and 3 may have a high transition entropy, and this finding is caused by pressure-induced unique magnetic behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Taniai
- Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Tsubasa Endo
- Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Takuya Kanetomo
- Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Okazawa
- Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kadobayashi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), SPring-8, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Saori I Kawaguchi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), SPring-8, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Masaya Enomoto
- Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
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Wang C, Lyu P, Chen Z, Xu Y. Green and Scalable Synthesis of Atomic-Thin Crystalline Two-Dimensional Triazine Polymers with Ultrahigh Photocatalytic Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37171112 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Scalable and eco-friendly synthesis of crystalline two-dimensional (2D) polymers with proper band gap and single-layer thickness is highly desired for the fundamental research and practical applications of 2D polymers; however, it remains a considerable and unresolved challenge. Herein, we report a convenient and robust method to synthesize a series of crystalline covalent triazine framework nanosheets (CTF NSs) with a thickness of ∼80 nm via a new solvent-free salt-catalyzed nitrile cyclotrimerization process, which enables the cost-effective large-scale preparation of crystalline CTF NSs at the hundred-gram level. Theoretical calculations and detailed experiments revealed for the first time that the conventional salts such as KCl can not only act as physical templates as traditionally believed but also more importantly can efficiently catalyze the cyclotrimerization reaction of carbonitrile monomers as a new kind of green solid catalysts to achieve crystalline CTF NSs. Upon simple liquid-phase sonication, these CTF NSs can be easily further exfoliated into abundant single-layer crystalline 2D triazine polymers (2D-TPs) in high yields. The obtained atomically thin crystalline 2D-TPs with a band gap of 2.36 eV and rich triazine active groups exhibited a remarkable photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 1321 μmol h-1 under visible light irradiation with an apparent quantum yield up to 29.5% at 420 nm and excellent photocatalytic overall water splitting activity with a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency up to 0.35%, which exceed all molecular framework materials and are among the best metal-free photocatalysts ever reported. Moreover, the processable 2D-TPs could be readily assembled on a support as a photocatalytic film device, which demonstrated superior photocatalytic performance (135.2 mmol h-1 m-2 for hydrogen evolution).
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Affiliation(s)
- Congxu Wang
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang Province, China
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Pengbo Lyu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Thin Film Materials and Devices, School of Material Sciences and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Instrumentation and Service Center for Molecular Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuxi Xu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
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40
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Guo F, Zhang W, Yang S, Wang L, Yu G. 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks Based on Heteroacene Units. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207876. [PMID: 36703526 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a unique new class of porous materials that arrange building units into periodic ordered frameworks through strong covalent bonds. Accompanied with structural rigidity and well-defined geometry, heteroacene-based COFs have natural advantages in constructing COFs with high stability and crystallinity. Heteroacene-based COFs usually have high physical and chemical properties, and their extended π-conjugation also leads to relatively low energy gap, effectively promoting π-electron delocalization between network units. Owing to excellent electron-withdrawing or -donating ability, heteroacene units have incomparable advantages in the preparation of donor-acceptor type COFs. Therefore, the physicochemical robust and fully conjugated heteroacene-based COFs solve the problem of traditional COFs lacking π-π interaction and chemical stability. In recent years, significant breakthroughs are made in this field, the choice of various linking modes and building blocks has fundamentally ensured the final applications of COFs. It is of great significance to summarize the heteroacene-based COFs for improving its complexity and controllability. This review first introduces the linkages in heteroacene-based COFs, including reversible and irreversible linkages. Subsequently, some representative building blocks are summarized, and their related applications are especially emphasized. Finally, conclusion and perspectives for future research on heteroacene-based COFs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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41
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Tomer VK, Malik R, Tjong J, Sain M. State and future implementation perspectives of porous carbon-based hybridized matrices for lithium sulfur battery. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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42
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Sun R, Tan B. Covalent Triazine Frameworks (CTFs): Synthesis, Crystallization, and Photocatalytic Water Splitting. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203077. [PMID: 36504463 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Covalent Triazine Frameworks (CTFs) have received great attention from academia owing to their unique structure characteristics such as nitrogen-rich structure, chemical stability, fully conjugated skeleton and high surface area; all these unique properties make CTFs attractive for widespread applications, especially for photocatalytic applications. In this review, we aim to provide recent advances in the CTFs preparation, and mainly focus on their photocatalytic applications. This review provides a comprehensive and systematic overview of the CTFs' synthetic methods, crystallinity lifting strategies, and their applications for photocatalytic water splitting. Firstly, a brief background including the photocatalytic water splitting and crystallinity are provided. Then, synthetic methods related to CTFs and the strategies for enhancing the crystallinity are summarized and compared. After that, the general photocatalytic mechanism and the strategies to improve the photocatalytic performance of CTFs are discussed. Finally, the perspectives and challenges of fabricating high crystalline CTFs and designing CTFs with excellent photocatalytic performance are discussed, inspiring the development of CTF materials in photocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road No. 1037, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Bien Tan
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road No. 1037, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China
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43
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Ren X, Wang X, Song W, Bai F, Li Y. Fascinating isomeric covalent organic frameworks. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:4762-4771. [PMID: 36756711 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr07228a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Isomeric covalent organic frameworks possessing the same chemical constitutions but different atomic arrangement structures and physicochemical properties are fascinating branches of covalent organic frameworks (COFs). However, the rational design and targeted synthesis of isomeric COFs remain conundrums, so the investigation of isomeric COFs is still in a fledging period. According to the diversity of frameworks, positional isomers with similar structures and framework isomers having distinct constructions are the main existing subspecies of isomeric COFs. In this review, we focus on the research progress and substantial achievements in this fascinating embranchment and systematically summarize and highlight the design principles of both positional isomeric and framework isomeric COFs, which will potentially facilitate further exploitation and investigation of novel isomeric COFs. The application and structure-property relationship of these isomeric COFs have been briefly introduced. Moreover, key constraints of current isomeric COFs and further advancement of this promising field are proposed and anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Ren
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-Efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Xinyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-Efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Wen Song
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-Efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Feng Bai
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-Efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Yusen Li
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-Efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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44
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Iemhoff A, Vennewald M, Palkovits R. Single-Atom Catalysts on Covalent Triazine Frameworks: at the Crossroad between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212015. [PMID: 36108176 PMCID: PMC10108136 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous single-site and single-atom catalysts potentially enable combining the high catalytic activity and selectivity of molecular catalysts with the easy continuous operation and recycling of solid catalysts. In recent years, covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) found increasing attention as support materials for particulate and isolated metal species. Bearing a high fraction of nitrogen sites, they allow coordinating molecular metal species and stabilizing particulate metal species, respectively. Dependent on synthesis method and pretreatment of CTFs, materials resembling well-defined highly crosslinked polymers or materials comparable to structurally ill-defined nitrogen-containing carbons result. Accordingly, CTFs serve as model systems elucidating the interaction of single-site, single-atom and particulate metal species with such supports. Factors influencing the transition between molecular and particulate systems are discussed to allow deriving tailored catalyst systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andree Iemhoff
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maurice Vennewald
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Regina Palkovits
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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45
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Porous organic polymers: a progress report in China. Sci China Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1475-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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46
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Yang Z, Zhang Y, Wu W, Zhou Z, Gao H, Wang J, Jiang Z. Hydrogen-bonded organic framework membrane with efficient proton conduction. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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47
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Cho W, Lee D, Choi G, Kim J, Kojo AE, Park C. Supramolecular Engineering of Amorphous Porous Polymers for Rapid Adsorption of Micropollutants and Solar-Powered Volatile Organic Compounds Management. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2206982. [PMID: 36121423 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater shortage is becoming one of the most critical global challenges owing to severe water pollution caused by micropollutants and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, current purification technology shows slow adsorption of micropollutants and requires an energy-intensive process for VOCs removal from water. In this study, a highly efficient molecularly engineered covalent triazine framework (CTF) for rapid adsorption of micropollutants and VOC-intercepting performance using solar distillation is reported. Supramolecular design and mild oxidation of CTFs (CTF-OXs) enable hydrophilic internal channels and improve molecular sieving of micropollutants. CTF-OX shows rapid removal efficiency of micropollutants (>99.9% in 10 s) and can be regenerated several times without performance loss. Uptake rates of selected micropollutants are high, with initial pollutant uptake rates of 21.9 g mg-1 min-1 , which are the highest rates recorded for bisphenol A (BPA) adsorption. Additionally, photothermal composite membrane fabrication using CTF-OX exhibits high VOC rejection rate (up to 98%) under 1 sun irradiation (1 kW m-2 ). A prototype of synergistic purification system composed of adsorption and solar-driven membrane can efficiently remove over 99.9% of mixed phenol derivatives. This study provides an effective strategy for rapid removal of micropollutants and high VOC rejection via solar-driven evaporation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wansu Cho
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeongpun-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Dongjun Lee
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeongpun-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Gyeonghyeon Choi
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeongpun-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Jihyo Kim
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeongpun-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Acquah Ebenezer Kojo
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeongpun-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Chiyoung Park
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeongpun-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
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48
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Yang F, Qu J, Zheng Y, Cai Y, Yang X, Li CM, Hu J. Recent advances in high-crystalline conjugated organic polymeric materials for photocatalytic CO 2 conversion. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:15217-15241. [PMID: 36218062 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04727f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to high-value-added fuels is a meaningful strategy to achieve carbon neutrality and alleviate the energy crisis. However, the low efficiency, poor selectivity, and insufficient product variety greatly limit its practical applications. In this regard, conjugated organic polymeric materials including carbon nitride (g-C3N4), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) exhibit enormous potential owing to their structural diversity and functional tunability. Nevertheless, their catalytic activities are largely suppressed by the traditional amorphous or weakly crystalline structures. Therefore, constructing relevant high-crystalline materials to ameliorate their inherent drawbacks is an efficient strategy to enhance the photocatalytic performance of conjugated organic polymeric materials. In this review, the advantages of high-crystalline organic polymeric materials including reducing the concentration of defects, enhancing the built-in electric field, reducing the interlayer hydrogen bonding, and crystal plane regulation are highlighted. Furthermore, the strategies for their synthesis such as molten-salt, solid salt template, and microwave-assisted methods are comprehensively summarized, while the modification strategies including defect engineering, element doping, surface loading, and heterojunction construction are elaborated for enhancing their photocatalytic activities. Ultimately, the challenges and opportunities of high-crystalline conjugated organic polymeric materials in photocatalytic CO2 conversion are prospected to give some inspiration and guidance for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Jiafu Qu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Yang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yahui Cai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaogang Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Chang Ming Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Jundie Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
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Selective Detection of Nucleotides in Infant Formula Using an N-Rich Covalent Triazine Porous Polymer. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132213. [PMID: 35808047 PMCID: PMC9268561 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aromatic structure and the rich nitrogen content of polymers based on covalent triazine-based frameworks (CTF) and their unique hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced adsorption properties make them promising candidates for an adsorbent that can be used for sample pretreatment. Herein, a new covalent triazine-based framework (CTF-DBF) synthesized by a Friedel−Crafts reaction was used for the determination of the content of nucleotides in commercial infant formula. It was shown that the synthetic materials had an amorphous microporous structure, a BET surface area of up to 595.59 m2/g, and 0.39 nm and 0.54 nm micropores. The versatile adsorption properties of this material were evaluated by quantum chemistry theory calculations and batch adsorption experiments using five nucleotides as probes. The quantum chemistry results demonstrated that CTF-DBF can participate in multiple interactions with nucleotides. All the analyses performed present good linearity with R2 > 0.9993. The detection limits of targets ranged from 0.3 to 0.5 mg/kg, the spiked recoveries were between 85.8 and 105.3% and the relative standard deviations (RSD, n = 6) were between 1.1 and 4.5%. All these results suggest that this versatile CTF-DBF has great potential for sample pretreatment.
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50
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Sun T, Liang Y, Luo W, Zhang L, Cao X, Xu Y. A General Strategy for Kilogram-Scale Preparation of Highly Crystal-line Covalent Triazine Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203327. [PMID: 35411713 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Scalable and eco-friendly synthesis of crystalline porous covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) is essential to realize their broad industrial applications but remains a great challenge, which requires the fundamental understanding of the two-dimensional polymerization mechanism. Herein, we report a universal polyphosphoric acid (H6 P4 O13 )-catalyzed nitrile trimerization route to synthesize a series of highly crystalline CTFs with high specific surface areas. This new strategy enables the cost-effective large-scale fabrication of crystalline CTFs at kilogram level for the first time. Through density functional theory calculation and detailed controlled experiments, we reveal that the polyphosphate acid show much higher catalytic activity for trimerization reaction than its analogues such as P2 O5 and H3 PO4 . Furthermore, the crystalline CTFs with regular porosity and abundant triazine groups exhibit ultrahigh removal efficiency of micropollutants, indicating its great potential in environment remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Sun
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yan Liang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu Province, China
| | - Wenjia Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaofeng Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuxi Xu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
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