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Wang L, Wang X, Zhao ZL, Wan LJ, Wang D. Stranski-Krastanov Growth of Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Framework Films. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14079-14085. [PMID: 38720291 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Insights into the formation mechanisms of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) at both the in-plane and interlayer levels are essential for improving material quality and synthetic methodology. Here, we report the controllable preparation of 2D COF films via on-surface synthesis and investigate the growth mechanism using atomic force microscopy. Monolayer, bilayer, and layer-plus-island multilayer COF films were successfully constructed on hexagonal boron nitride in a controlled manner. The porphyrin-based COF films grow in the Stranski-Krastanov mode, i.e., a uniform bilayer COF film can be formed through layer-by-layer growth in the initial stage followed by island growth starting from the third layer. Furthermore, fluorescence quenching caused by π-π stacking interactions between 2D COF neighboring layers was revealed. These results provide new perspectives on the synthesis of high-quality 2D COF films with controllable thickness and morphology, paving the way for a diverse range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhen-Lian Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li-Jun Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Tao H, Guo W, Liu J, Shi Y, Tao H, Shuai Q, Huang L. Deciphering the relationship between the ordered pore structure and solid-phase microextraction behavior of covalent organic frameworks for phenols. J Hazard Mater 2024; 467:133764. [PMID: 38354438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The extraction performance of materials is highly related to their physical structure. However, the precise impact of ordered pore structure in covalent organic frameworks (COFs) on extraction performance are still puzzling. To look insight into this, a series of COFs with varying degrees of ordered pore structures were prepared at room temperature by adjusting reaction time and their extraction efficiencies toward phenolic compounds were investigated. The experimental results revealed that the COF with a short range ordered pore structure exhibited a higher affinity for phenolic compounds along with a larger enrichment factor, while the COF with a long range ordered pore structure demonstrated faster extraction kinetics. The investigation into interaction mechanism revealed that the density of available sites is responsible for these differences. Taking COF-OMe-0.5 h as solid-phase microextraction fiber coating, a highly efficient and sensitive quantitative analysis method for phenolic compounds was established by combining it with gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The established method boasts high enrichment factors (7192-29440), wide linear ranges (2.0-10000 ng L-1), and low detection limits (0.24-0.54 ng L-1). This study provides a conceptual guide for constructing desirable COFs with controlled pore structures for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, No. 388, Lumo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Weikang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, No. 388, Lumo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jiale Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, No. 388, Lumo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Yanke Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, No. 388, Lumo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Haijuan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, No. 388, Lumo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Qin Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, No. 388, Lumo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Lijin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, No. 388, Lumo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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3
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Zhao C, Yang C, Lv X, Wang S, Hu C, Zheng G, Han Q. Bipolaronic Motifs Induced Spatially Separated Catalytic Sites for Tunable Syngas Photosynthesis From CO 2. Adv Mater 2024:e2401004. [PMID: 38520181 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 into syngas is a promising way to tackle the energy and environmental challenges; however, it remains a challenge to achieve reaction decoupling of CO2 reduction and water splitting. Therefore, efficient production of syngas with a suitable CO/H2 ratio for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis can hardly be achieved. Herein, bipolaronic motifs including Co(II)-pyridine N motifs and Co(II)-imine N motifs are rationally designed into a crystalline imine-linked 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione-based covalent organic framework (bp-Co-COF) with a triazine core. These featured structures with spatially separated active sites exhibit efficient photocatalytic performance toward CO2-to-syngas conversion with a suitable CO/H2 ratio (1:1-1:3). The bipolaronic motifs enable a highly separated electron-hole state, whereby the Co(II)-pyridine N motifs tend to be the active sites for CO2 activation and accelerate the hydrogenation to form *COOH intermediates; whilst, the Co(II)-imine N motifs increase surface hydrophilicity for H2 evolution. The photocatalytic reductions of CO2 and H2O thus decouple and proceed via a concerted way on the bipolaronic motifs of bp-Co-COF. The optimal bp-Co-COF photocatalyst achieves a high syngas evolution rate of 15.8 mmol g-1 h-1 with CO/H2 ratio of 1:2, outperforming previously reported COF-based photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfeng Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Faculty of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ximeng Lv
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Faculty of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Shengyao Wang
- College of Chemistry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Cejun Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Gengfeng Zheng
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Faculty of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Qing Han
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Faculty of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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4
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Zhan Z, Liu Y, Wang W, Du G, Cai S, Wang P. Atomic-level imaging of beam-sensitive COFs and MOFs by low-dose electron microscopy. Nanoscale Horiz 2024. [PMID: 38512352 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00494e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Electron microscopy, an important technique that allows for the precise determination of structural information with high spatiotemporal resolution, has become indispensable in unravelling the complex relationships between material structure and properties ranging from mesoscale morphology to atomic arrangement. However, beam-sensitive materials, particularly those comprising organic components such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), would suffer catastrophic damage from the high energy electrons, hindering the determination of atomic structures. A low-dose approach has arisen as a possible solution to this problem based on the integration of advancements in several aspects: electron optical system, detector, image processing, and specimen preservation. This article summarizes the transmission electron microscopy characterization of MOFs and COFs, including local structures, host-guest interactions, and interfaces at the atomic level. Revolutions in advanced direct electron detectors, algorithms in image acquisition and processing, and emerging methodology for high quality low-dose imaging are also reviewed. Finally, perspectives on the future development of electron microscopy methodology with the support of computer science are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Weizhen Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Guangyu Du
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Songhua Cai
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK.
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5
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Gayle J, Roy S, Gupta S, Hassan S, Rao A, Demingos PG, Miller K, Guo G, Wang X, Garg A, Singh CV, Vajtai R, Robinson JT, Ajayan PM. Imine-Linked 2D Conjugated Porous Organic Polymer Films for Tunable Acid Vapor Sensing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:2726-2739. [PMID: 38170672 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) films of conjugated porous organic polymers (C-POPs) can translate the rich in-plane functionalities of conjugated frameworks into diverse optical and electronic applications while addressing the processability issues of their crystalline analogs for adaptable device architectures. However, the lack of facile single-step synthetic routes to obtain large-area high-quality films of 2D-C-POPs has limited their application possibilities so far. Here, we report the synthesis of four mechanically robust imine-linked 2D-C-POP free-standing films using a single-step fast condensation route that is scalable and tunable. The rigid covalently bonded 2D structures of the C-POP films offer high stability for volatile gas sensing in harsh environments while simultaneously enhancing site accessibility for gas molecules due to mesoporosity by structural design. Structurally, all films were composed of exfoliable layers of 2D polymeric nanosheets (NSs) that displayed anisotropy from disordered stacking, evinced by out-of-plane birefringent properties. The tunable in-plane conjugation, different nitrogen centers, and porous structures allow the films to act as ultraresponsive colorimetric sensors for acid sensing via reversible imine bond protonation. All the films could detect hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas down to 0.05 ppm, far exceeding the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's permissible exposure limit of 5 ppm with fast response time and good recyclability. Computational insights elucidated the effect of conjugation and tertiary nitrogen in the structures on the sensitivity and response time of the films. Furthermore, we exploited the exfoliated large 2D NSs and anisotropic optoelectronic properties of the films to adapt them into micro-optical and triboelectric devices to demonstrate their real-time sensing capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gayle
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Soumyabrata Roy
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Shashikant Gupta
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Sakib Hassan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Adwitiya Rao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Pedro Guerra Demingos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Kristen Miller
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Galio Guo
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Xu Wang
- Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ashish Garg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
- Department of Sustainable Energy Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Chandra Veer Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Robert Vajtai
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jacob T Robinson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Pulickel M Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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6
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Li X, Yang S, Xu Q. Metal-Free Covalent Organic Frameworks for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302997. [PMID: 37823329 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is the key reaction in metal air and fuel cells. Among the catalysts that promote ORR, carbon-based metal-free catalysts are getting more attention because of their maximum atom utilization, effective active sites and satisfactory catalytic activity and stability. However, the pyrolysis synthesis of these carbons resulted in disordered porosities and uncontrolled catalytic sites, which hindered us in realizing the catalysts' design, the optimization of catalyst performance and the elucidation of structure-property relationship at the molecular level. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) constructed with designable building blocks have been employed as metal-free electrocatalysts for the ORR due to their controlled skeletons, tailored pores size and environments, as well as well-defined location and kinds of catalytic sites. In this Concept article, the development of metal-free COFs for the ORR is summarized, and different strategies including skeletons regulation, linkages engineering and edge-sites modulation to improve the catalytic selectivity and activity are discussed. Furthermore, this Concept provides prospectives for designing and constructing powerful electrocatalysts based on the catalytic COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute (SARI), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 201210, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 201210, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qing Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute (SARI), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 201210, Shanghai, P. R. China
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7
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Hu F, Hu Z, Liu Y, Tam KC, Liang R, Xie Q, Fan Z, Pan C, Tang J, Yu G, Zhang W. Aqueous Sol-Gel Synthesis and Shaping of Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27718-27727. [PMID: 38083846 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic fragility and insoluble nature of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have strongly impeded their processability for practical applications. Herein, an aqueous-based sol-gel synthetic strategy is reported for the synthesis and shaping of COFs with task-specific applications that satisfy the principles of green chemistry for gram-scale production of crystalline materials. Our successful approach involves three pivotal aspects: the "prodrug mimic" design of water-soluble monomers, the utilization of hydrolyzable bonds, and the manipulation of reaction kinetics. The generality of the method is demonstrated by the successful preparation of representative high-surface area two-dimensional (2D) COFs with several commonly used amines. By virtue of this strategy, a COF colloidal dispersion is achieved and can be formulated into processable fluids, structured films, and COF monoliths. Remarkably, the obtained lightweight (∼0.020 g cm-3) and robust aerogels displayed outstanding adsorption capacity (exceeding 57 times its own weight) toward a variety of organic solvents and exhibited superior thermal insulating properties compared to the widely used sponge and cotton. This work demonstrates a versatile strategy for the synthesis and shaping of processable COF materials in water that will contribute to the development of COF monoliths for advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zeyou Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yufei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Kam Chiu Tam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Rongran Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Qiujian Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhiwen Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Chunyue Pan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Juntao Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Guipeng Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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8
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Abstract
The morphology of materials has a huge impact on their properties and functions; however, the precise control and direct evolution toward specific morphologies remains challenging. Herein, we outline a novel strategy for the morphology modulation of covalent organic frameworks based on COF-300 with the diamond structure, which usually exhibits a three-dimensional shuttle morphology. A monofunctional structural regulator has been designed to break the continuity of the three-dimensional structure. As the proportion of the monofunctional structural regulator increases, the morphology of COF-300 shows a directional evolution from a shuttle morphology to a two-dimensional nanosheet, while still retaining the consistency of the crystal structure. Our study reports the first two-dimensional nanosheet based on a three-dimensional structured COF to date and will inspire future research into the traced morphological evolution in materials by predesign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yifu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road 5, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Tingting Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Junbo Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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9
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Lopatik N, De A, Paasch S, Schneemann A, Brunner E. High-field and fast-spinning 1H MAS NMR spectroscopy for the characterization of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:30237-30245. [PMID: 37921503 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04144a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials, like 2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs), have been attracting increasing research interest. They are usually obtained as polycrystalline powders. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy is capable of delivering structural information about such materials. Previous studies have applied, for example, 13C cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CP MAS) NMR experiments to characterize 2D COFs. Herein, we demonstrate the usefulness of high-field and fast-spinning 1H MAS NMR spectroscopy to resolve and quantify the signals of different 1H species within 2D COFs, including the edge sites and/or defects. Moreover, 1H-13C heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) spectroscopy has also been applied and can provide improved resolution to obtain further information about stacking effects as well as edge sites/defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Lopatik
- Chair of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ankita De
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Silvia Paasch
- Chair of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Andreas Schneemann
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Eike Brunner
- Chair of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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10
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Sprachmann J, Grabicki N, Möckel A, Maltitz J, Monroy JR, Smales GJ, Dumele O. Substituted benzophenone imines for COF synthesis via formal transimination. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13639-13642. [PMID: 37905422 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03735e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a prominent class of organic materials constructed from versatile building blocks via reversible reactions. The quality of imine-linked COFs can be improved by using amine monomers protected with benzophenone forming benzophenone imines. Here, we present a study on substituted benzophenones in COF synthesis via formal transimination. 12 para-substituted N-aryl benzophenone imines, with a range of electron-rich to electron-poor substituents, were prepared and their hydrolysis kinetics were studied spectroscopically. All substituted benzophenone imines can be employed in COF synthesis and lead to COFs with high crystallinity and high porosity. The substituents act innocent to COF formation as the substituted benzophenones are cleaved off. Imines can be tailored to their synthetic demands and utilized in COF formation. This concept can make access to previously unattainable, synthetically complex COF monomers feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Sprachmann
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany.
| | - Niklas Grabicki
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany.
| | - Anna Möckel
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany.
| | - Jeremy Maltitz
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany.
| | - José Refugio Monroy
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany.
| | - Glen J Smales
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin 12205, Germany
| | - Oliver Dumele
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany.
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11
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Daum JP, Ajnsztajn A, Iyengar SA, Lowenstein J, Roy S, Gao GH, Tsai EHR, Ajayan PM, Verduzco R. Solutions Are the Problem: Ordered Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Framework Films by Chemical Vapor Deposition. ACS Nano 2023; 17:21411-21419. [PMID: 37871166 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a promising class of crystalline polymer networks that are useful due to their high porosity, versatile functionality, and tunable architecture. Conventional solution-based methods of producing COFs are marred by slow reactions that produce powders that are difficult to process into adaptable form factors for functional applications, and there is a need for facile and fast synthesis techniques for making crystalline and ordered covalent organic framework (COF) thin films. In this work, we report a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) approach utilizing co-evaporation of two monomers onto a heated substrate to produce highly crystalline, defect-free COF films and coatings with hydrazone, imine, and ketoenamine COF linkages. This all-in-one synthesis technique produces highly crystalline, 40 nm-1 μm-thick COF films on Si/SiO2 substrates in less than 30 min. Crystallinity and alignment were proven by using a combination of grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and successful conversion of the monomers to produce the target COF was supported by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV-vis measurements. Additionally, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate the growth mechanisms of these films, showing the coalescence of triangular crystallites into a smooth film. To show the wide applicability and scope of the CVD process, we also prepared crystalline ordered COF films with imine and ketoenamine linkages. These films show potential as high-quality size exclusion membranes, catalytic platforms, and organic transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Daum
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Alec Ajnsztajn
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Sathvik Ajay Iyengar
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jacob Lowenstein
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Soumyabrata Roy
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Guan-Hui Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Esther H R Tsai
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Pulickel M Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Rafael Verduzco
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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12
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Pelkowski CE, Natraj A, Malliakas CD, Burke DW, Bardot MI, Wang Z, Li H, Dichtel WR. Tuning Crystallinity and Stacking of Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks through Side-Chain Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21798-21806. [PMID: 37773640 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) form as layered 2D polymers whose sheets stack through high-surface-area, noncovalent interactions that can give rise to different interlayer arrangements. Manipulating the stacking of 2D COFs is crucial since it dictates the effective size and shape of the pores as well as the specific interactions between functional aromatic systems in adjacent layers, both of which will strongly influence the emergent properties of 2D COFs. However, principles for tuning layer stacking are not yet well understood, and many 2D COFs are disordered in the stacking direction. Here, we investigate effects of pendant chain length through a series of 2D imine-linked COFs functionalized with n-alkyloxy chains varying in length from one carbon (C1 COF) to 11 carbons (C11 COF). This series reveals previously unrecognized and unanticipated trends in both the stacking geometry and crystallinity. C1 COF adopts an averaged eclipsed geometry with no apparent offset between layers. In contrast, all subsequent chain lengths lead to some degree of unidirectional slip stacking. As pendant chain length is increased, trends show average layer offset increasing to a maximum of 2.07 Å in C5 COF and then decreasing as chain length is extended through C11 COF. Counterintuitively, shorter chains (C2-C4) give rise to lower yields of weakly crystalline materials, while longer chains (C6-C9) produce greater yields of highly crystalline materials, as confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Molecular dynamics simulations corroborate these observations, suggesting that long alkyl chains can interact favorably to promote the self-assembly of sheets. In situ proton NMR spectroscopy provides insights into the reaction equilibrium as well as the relationship between low COF yields and low crystallinity. These results provide fundamental insights into principles of supramolecular assembly in 2D COFs, demonstrating an opportunity for harnessing favorable side-chain interactions to produce highly crystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe E Pelkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anusree Natraj
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christos D Malliakas
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - David W Burke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Madison I Bardot
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zixiao Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, 20 Chengzhong Road, Jiading, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Haoyuan Li
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, 20 Chengzhong Road, Jiading, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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13
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Shirokura T, Hirohata T, Sato K, Villani E, Sekiya K, Chien YA, Kurioka T, Hifumi R, Hattori Y, Sone M, Tomita I, Inagi S. Site-Selective Synthesis and Concurrent Immobilization of Imine-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks on Electrodes Using an Electrogenerated Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307343. [PMID: 37294142 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Imine-based covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline porous materials with prospective uses in various devices. However, general bulk synthetic methods usually produce COFs as powders that are insoluble in most of the common organic solvents, arising challenges for the subsequent molding and fixing of these materials on substrates. Here, we report a novel synthetic methodology that utilizes an electrogenerated acid (EGA), which is produced at an electrode surface by electrochemical oxidation of a suitable precursor, acting as an effective Brønsted acid catalyst for imine bond formation from the corresponding amine and aldehyde monomers. Simultaneously, it provides the corresponding COF film deposited on the electrode surface. The COF structures obtained with this method exhibited high crystallinities and porosities, and the film thickness could be controlled. Furthermore, such process was applied for the synthesis of various imine-based COFs, including a three-dimensional (3D) COF structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Shirokura
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoki Hirohata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Kosuke Sato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Elena Villani
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuyasu Sekiya
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan
| | - Yu-An Chien
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kurioka
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Ryoyu Hifumi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hattori
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan
| | - Masato Sone
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Ikuyoshi Tomita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
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14
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Zou Y, Qi Y, Li X, Long H, Jia Z, He N, Zhang J, Liu N, Li Y, Ma L. Simple and Efficient Hydrogen Bond-Assisted Unit Exchange for Constructing Highly Soluble Covalent Organic Frameworks. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1237-1243. [PMID: 37638609 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The majority of COFs synthesized using current methods exist as insoluble powders, which is unfavorable for processing and molding and greatly limits their practical applications. The syntheses of solution-processable or soluble COFs are challenging but hold immense promise and potential. Herein, for the first time, we have developed a simple and high-efficiency solvothermal-treated unit exchange approach to convert insoluble COF powders into smaller, highly soluble COFs via a hydrogen bond-assisted strategy. Due to the enhanced backbone-solvent hydrogen-bonding interactions between COFs and protic solvents and the effect of grain size reduction, the COFs after unit exchange can be easily dissolved in various protic solvents while remaining as insoluble powders in nonprotic solvents. The obtained soluble COFs exhibit remarkable fluorescence quenching upon detection of iodine in aqueous solution, with a detection limit as low as 75 nM, and can be fabricated into membranes for the efficient treatment of iodine-contaminated solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdi Zou
- College of Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Qi
- College of Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- College of Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghan Long
- College of Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Jia
- College of Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningning He
- College of Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Liu
- Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijian Ma
- College of Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
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15
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Mohan Chandra Sekhar Jaggarapu M, Thumsi A, Nile R, D Ridenour B, Khodaei T, P Suresh A, Esrafili A, Jin K, P Acharya A. Orally delivered 2D covalent organic frameworks releasing kynurenine generate anti-inflammatory T cell responses in collagen induced arthritis mouse model. Biomaterials 2023; 300:122204. [PMID: 37329683 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic framework (COF) crystalline biomaterials have great potential for drug delivery since they can load large amounts of small molecules (e.g. metabolites) and release them in a controlled manner, as compared to their amorphous counterparts. Herein, we screened different metabolites for their ability to modulate T cell responses in vitro and identified Kynurenine (KyH) as a key metabolite that not only decreases frequency of pro-inflammatory RORgt + T cells but also supports frequency of anti-inflammatory GATA3+ T cells. Moreover, we developed a methodology to generate imine-based TAPB-PDA COF at room temperature and loaded these COFs with KyH. KyH loaded COFs (COF-KyH) were able to then release KyH in a controlled manner for 5 days in vitro. Notably, COF-KyH when delivered orally in mice induced with collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis (CIA) were able to increase frequency of anti-inflammatory GATA3+CD8+ T cells in the lymph nodes and decrease antibody titers in the serum as compared to the controls. Overall, these data demonstrate that COFs can be an excellent drug delivery vehicle for delivering immune modulating small molecule metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhirami Thumsi
- Biological Design, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Richard Nile
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Brian D Ridenour
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Taravat Khodaei
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Abhirami P Suresh
- Biological Design, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Arezoo Esrafili
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Kailong Jin
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA; Biodesign Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Abhinav P Acharya
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA; Biological Design, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA; Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA; Materials Science and Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA; Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA; Biodesign Center for Biodesign Center for Biomaterials Innovation and Translation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.
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16
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Haldar S, Schneemann A, Kaskel S. Covalent Organic Frameworks as Model Materials for Fundamental and Mechanistic Understanding of Organic Battery Design Principles. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37307595 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Redox-active covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have recently emerged as advanced electrodes in polymer batteries. COFs provide ideal molecular precision for understanding redox mechanisms and increasing the theoretical charge-storage capacities. Furthermore, the functional groups on the pore surface of COFs provide highly ordered and easily accessible interaction sites, which can be modeled to establish a synergy between ex situ/in situ mechanism studies and computational methods, permitting the creation of predesigned structure-property relationships. This perspective integrates and categorizes the redox functionalities of COFs, providing a deeper understanding of the mechanistic investigation of guest ion interactions in batteries. Additionally, it highlights the tunable electronic and structural properties that influence the activation of redox reactions in this promising organic electrode material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sattwick Haldar
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneemann
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology (IWS), Dresden 01277, Germany
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17
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Zhang Y, Xing C, Mu Z, Niu Z, Feng X, Zhang Y, Wang B. Harnessing Self-Repairing and Crystallization Processes for Effective Enzyme Encapsulation in Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37285591 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Immobilization of fragile enzymes in crystalline porous materials offers new opportunities to expand the applications of biocatalysts. However, limited by the pore size and/or harsh synthesis conditions of the porous hosts, enzymes often suffer from dimension limitation or denaturation during the immobilization process. Taking advantage of the dynamic covalent chemistry feature of covalent organic frameworks (COFs), herein, we report a preprotection strategy to encapsulate enzymes in COFs during the self-repairing and crystallization process. Enzymes were first loaded in the low-crystalline polymer networks with mesopores formed at the initial growth stage, which could offer effective protection for enzymes from the harsh reaction conditions, and subsequently the encapsulation proceeded during the self-repairing and crystallization of the disordered polymer into the crystalline framework. Impressively, the biological activity of the enzymes can be well-maintained after encapsulation, and the obtained enzyme@COFs also show superior stability. Furthermore, the preprotection strategy circumvents the size limitation for enzymes, and its versatility was verified by enzymes with different sizes and surface charges, as well as a two-enzyme cascade system. This study offers a universal design idea to encapsulate enzymes in robust porous supports and holds promise for developing high-performance immobilized biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjie Mu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Ziru Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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18
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Qian Y, Han Y, Zhang X, Yang G, Zhang G, Jiang HL. Computation-based regulation of excitonic effects in donor-acceptor covalent organic frameworks for enhanced photocatalysis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3083. [PMID: 37248231 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38884-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The strong excitonic effects widely exist in polymer-semiconductors and the large exciton binding energy (Eb) seriously limits their photocatalysis. Herein, density functional theory (DFT) calculations are conducted to assess band alignment and charge transfer feature of potential donor-acceptor (D-A) covalent organic frameworks (COFs), using 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)triazine (TAPT) or 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene (TAPB) as acceptors and tereph-thaldehydes functionalized diverse groups as donors. Given the discernable D-A interaction strengths in the D-A pairs, their Eb can be systematically regulated with minimum Eb in TAPT-OMe. Guided by these results, the corresponding D-A COFs are synthesized, where TAPT-OMe-COF possesses the best activity in photocatalytic H2 production and the activity trend of other COFs is associated with that of calculated Eb for the D-A pairs. In addition, further alkyne cycloaddition for the imine linkage in the COFs greatly improves the stability and the resulting TAPT-OMe-alkyne-COF with a substantially smaller Eb exhibits ~20 times higher activity than the parent COF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyang Qian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yulan Han
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Ge Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Guozhen Zhang
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Long Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China.
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19
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Martínez-Visus Í, Ulcuango M, Zornoza B, Coronas J, Téllez C. Green and Fast Strategies for Energy-Efficient Preparation of the Covalent Organic Framework TpPa-1. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203907. [PMID: 36652540 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Three synthesis procedures for the covalent-organic framework (COF) TpPa-1 are studied with the purpose of setting up the most promising one in a fast and green way, leading to a more environmentally friendly and sustainable process. With conventional heating, good crystallinity and a high BET specific surface area (SSA) of up to 1007 m2 ⋅ g-1 are achieved at 170 °C for 3 days using water as the quintessential green solvent. However, the application of microwave radiation in the synthesis for this crystalline porous polymer allows reaction times to be shortened to 30 min while maintaining structural and textural properties (BET SSA of 928 m2 ⋅ g-1 ) and obtaining yields close to 98 % (vs. 90 % in the hydrothermal synthesis). The water-assisted mechanochemical synthesis is also an environmentally friendly synthetic approach; with heating at 170 °C in a two-step process (10+10 min), high crystallinity is achieved, a BET SSA of 960 m2 ⋅ g-1 and a yield of 98 % for TpPa-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Íñigo Martínez-Visus
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.,Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - Matías Ulcuango
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.,Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - Beatriz Zornoza
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.,Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - Joaquín Coronas
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.,Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - Carlos Téllez
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.,Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
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20
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Li Y, Sui J, Cui LS, Jiang HL. Hydrogen Bonding Regulated Flexibility and Disorder in Hydrazone-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1359-1366. [PMID: 36599106 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic framework (COF) chemistry is experiencing unprecedented development in recent decades. The current studies on COF chemistry are mainly focused on the discovery of novel covalent linkages, new topological structures, synthetic methodologies, and potential applications. However, despite the fact that noncovalent interactions are ubiquitous in COF chemistry, relatively little attention has been given to the role of noncovalent bonds on COF structures and their properties. In this work, a series of hydrazone-linked COFs involving noncovalent hydrogen bonds have been constructed, where the hydrogen-bonding interaction plays critical roles in the COF crystallinity and structures. The regulation of structural flexibility, the reversible transition between order and disorder, and the variety of host-guest interactions have been demonstrated in succession for the first time in COFs. The results obtained by the hydrogen-bonding-regulated strategy may also be extendable to other noncovalent interactions, such as π-π interactions, metal coordination interactions, Lewis acid-base interactions, etc. These findings will inspire future developments in the design, synthesis, structural regulation, and applications of COFs by manipulating noncovalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jianfei Sui
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Song Cui
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Long Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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21
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Heravifard Z, Akbarzadeh AR, Tayebi L, Rahimi R. Structural Properties Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs): From Dynamic Covalent Bonds to their Applications. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Heravifard
- Department of Chemistry Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846-13114 Tehran Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ali Reza Akbarzadeh
- Department of Chemistry Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846-13114 Tehran Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Leila Tayebi
- Department of Chemistry Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846-13114 Tehran Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Rahmatollah Rahimi
- Department of Chemistry Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846-13114 Tehran Islamic Republic of Iran
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22
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Khalil S, Meyer MD, Alazmi A, Samani MHK, Huang PC, Barnes M, Marciel AB, Verduzco R. Enabling Solution Processable COFs through Suppression of Precipitation during Solvothermal Synthesis. ACS Nano 2022; 16:20964-20974. [PMID: 36413762 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline, nanoporous materials of interest for various applications, but current COF synthetic routes lead to insoluble aggregates which precludes processing for practical implementation. Here, we report a COF synthesis method that produces a stable, homogeneous suspension of crystalline COF nanoparticles that enables the preparation of COF monoliths, membranes, and films using conventional solution-processing techniques. Our approach involves the use of a polar solvent, diacid catalyst, and slow reagent mixing procedure at elevated temperatures which altogether enable access to crystalline COF nanoparticle suspension that does not aggregate or precipitate when kept at elevated temperatures. On cooling, the suspension undergoes a thermoreversible gelation transition to produce crystalline and highly porous COF materials. We further show that the modified synthesis approach is compatible with various COF chemistries, including both large- and small-pore imine COFs, hydrazone-linked COFs, and COFs with rhombic and hexagonal topologies, and in each case, we demonstrate that the final product has excellent crystallinity and porosity. The final materials contain both micro- and macropores, and the total porosity can be tuned through variation of sample annealing. Dynamic light scattering measurements reveal the presence of COF nanoparticles that grow with time at room temperature, transitioning from a homogeneous suspension to a gel. Finally, we prepare imine COF membranes and measure their rejection of polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers and oligomers, and these measurements exhibit size-dependent rejection and adsorption of PEG solutes. This work demonstrates a versatile processing strategy to create crystalline and porous COF materials using solution-processing techniques and will greatly advance the development of COFs for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiya Khalil
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-362, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Matthew D Meyer
- Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Abdullah Alazmi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-362, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Mohammad H K Samani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-362, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Po-Chun Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-362, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Morgan Barnes
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-364, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Amanda B Marciel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-362, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Rafael Verduzco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-362, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-364, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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23
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Dautzenberg E, Lam M, Nikolaeva T, Franssen WMJ, van Lagen B, Gerrits-Benneheij IPAM, Kosinov N, Li G, de Smet LCPM. Tuning UV Absorption in Imine-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks via Methylation. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2022; 126:21338-21347. [PMID: 36582486 PMCID: PMC9791660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c04586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are porous materials with high surface areas, making them interesting for a large variety of applications including energy storage, gas separation, photocatalysis, and chemical sensing. Structural variation plays an important role in tuning COF properties. Next to the type of the building block core, bonding directionality, and linking chemistry, substitution of building blocks provides another level of synthetic control. Thorough characterization and comparison of various substitution patterns is relevant for the molecular engineering of COFs via rational design. To this end, we have systematically synthesized and characterized multiple combinations of several methylated and non-methylated building blocks to obtain a series of imine-based COFs. This includes the experimental assignment of the COF structure by solid-state NMR. By comparing the properties of all COFs, the following trends were found: (1) upon methylation of the aldehyde nodes, COFs show increased Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface areas, reduced pore collapse, blue-shifted absorbance spectra, and ∼0.2 eV increases in their optical band gaps. (2) COFs with dimethylated amine linkers show a lower porosity. (3) In tetramethylated amine linkers, the COF porosity even further decreases, the absorbance spectra are clearly red-shifted, and smaller optical band gaps are obtained. Our study shows that methyl substitution patterns on COF building blocks are a handle to control the UV absorbance of the resulting frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Dautzenberg
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WEWageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Milena Lam
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WEWageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tatiana Nikolaeva
- MAGNEtic
Resonance Research FacilitY-MAGNEFY, Wageningen
University, Stippeneng
4, 6708 WEWageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter M. J. Franssen
- Laboratory
of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WEWageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barend van Lagen
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WEWageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nikolay Kosinov
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MBEindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Guanna Li
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WEWageningen, The Netherlands
- Biobased
Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WGWageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C. P. M. de Smet
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WEWageningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Natraj A, Ji W, Xin J, Castano I, Burke DW, Evans AM, Strauss MJ, Ateia M, Hamachi LS, Gianneschi NC, ALOthman ZA, Sun J, Yusuf K, Dichtel WR. Single-Crystalline Imine-Linked Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks Separate Benzene and Cyclohexane Efficiently. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19813-19824. [PMID: 36265086 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are composed of structurally precise, permanently porous, layered macromolecular sheets, which are traditionally synthesized as polycrystalline solids with crystalline domain lengths smaller than 100 nm. Here, we polymerize imine-linked 2D COFs as suspensions of faceted single crystals in as little as 5 min at moderate temperature and ambient pressure. Single crystals of two imine-linked 2D COFs were prepared, consisting of a rhombic 2D COF (TAPPy-PDA) and a hexagonal 2D COF (TAPB-DMPDA). The sizes of TAPPy-PDA and TAPB-DMPDA crystals were tuned from 720 nm to 4 μm and 450 nm to 20 μm in width, respectively. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that the COF crystals consist of layered, 2D polymers comprising single-crystalline domains. Continuous rotation electron diffraction resolved the unit cell and crystal structure of both COFs, which are single-crystalline in the a-b plane but disordered in the stacking c dimension. Single crystals of both COFs were incorporated into gas chromatography separation columns and exhibited unusual selective retention of cyclohexane over benzene, with single-crystalline TAPPy-PDA significantly outperforming single-crystalline TAPB-DMPDA. Polycrystalline TAPPy-PDA exhibited no separation, while polycrystalline TAPB-DMPDA exhibited poor separation and the opposite order of elution, retaining benzene more than cyclohexane, indicating the importance of improved material quality for COFs to exhibit properties that derive from their precise, crystalline structures. This work represents the first example of synthesizing imine-linked 2D COF single crystals at ambient pressure and short reaction times and demonstrates the promise of high-quality COFs for molecular separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusree Natraj
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Junjie Xin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - David W Burke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mohamed Ateia
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zeid A ALOthman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Junliang Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kareem Yusuf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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25
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Wang H, Yang C, Chen F, Zheng G, Han Q. A Crystalline Partially Fluorinated Triazine Covalent Organic Framework for Efficient Photosynthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202328. [PMID: 35229432 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A partially fluorinated, metal-free, imine-linked two-dimensional triazine covalent organic framework (TF50 -COF) photocatalyst was developed. Fluorine (F)-substituted and nonsubstituted units were integrated in equimolar amounts on the edge aromatic units, where they mediated two-electron O2 photoreduction. F-substitution created an abundance of Lewis acid sites, which regulated the electronic distribution of adjacent carbon atoms and provided highly active sites for O2 adsorption, and widened the visible-light-responsive range of the catalyst, while enhancing charge separation. Varying the proportion of F maximized the interlayer interactions of TF50 -COF, resulting in improved crystallinity with faster carrier transfer and robust photostability. The TF50 -COF catalyst demonstrates high selectivity and stability in O2 photoreduction into H2 O2 , with a high H2 O2 yield rate of 1739 μmol h-1 g-1 and a remarkable apparent quantum efficiency of 5.1 % at 400 nm, exceeding the performance of previously reported nonmetal COF-based photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Faculty of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Fangshuai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Gengfeng Zheng
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Faculty of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Qing Han
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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26
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Wang L, Xu C, Zhang W, Zhang Q, Zhao M, Zeng C, Jiang Q, Gu C, Ma Y. Electrocleavage Synthesis of Solution-Processed, Imine-Linked, and Crystalline Covalent Organic Framework Thin Films. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8961-8968. [PMID: 35380822 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Developing a general, facile, and direct strategy for synthesizing thin films of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is a major challenge in this field. Herein, we report an unprecedented electrocleavage synthesis strategy to produce imine-linked COF films directly on electrodes from electrolyte solutions at room temperature. This strategy enables the cathodic exfoliation of the COF powders to nanosheets by electrochemical reduction and protonation, followed by nanosheets migrating to the anode and reproducing the COF structures by anodic oxidation. Our method is adaptable with most imine-linked COFs by virtue of the low redox potential of the imine bonds, whereas the COF films possess high crystallinity and hierarchical porosity. We highlight these COF films as a superb platform for promoting mass transfer by demonstrating their extraordinarily rapid iodine adsorption with record-high rate constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.,Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Changwen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Qinglei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Manlin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Qinglin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yuguang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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27
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Xiong Z, Sun B, Zou H, Wang R, Fang Q, Zhang Z, Qiu S. Amorphous-to-Crystalline Transformation: General Synthesis of Hollow Structured Covalent Organic Frameworks with High Crystallinity. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6583-6593. [PMID: 35380434 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Morphological control of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is particularly interesting to boost their applications; however, it remains a grand challenge to prepare hollow structured COFs (HCOFs) with high crystallinity and uniform morphology. Herein, we report a versatile and efficient strategy of amorphous-to-crystalline transformation for the general and controllable fabrication of highly crystalline HCOFs. These HCOFs exhibited ultrahigh surface areas, radially oriented nanopore channels, quite uniform morphologies, and tunable particle sizes. Mechanistic studies revealed that H2O, acetic acid, and solvent played a crucial role in manipulating the hollowing process and crystallization process by regulating the dynamic imine exchange reaction. Our approach was demonstrated to be applicable to various amines and aldehydes, producing up to 10 kinds of HCOFs. Importantly, based on this methodology, we even constructed a library of unprecedented HCOFs including HCOFs with different pore structures, bowl-like HCOFs, cross-wrinkled COF nanocapsules, grain-assembled HCOFs, and hydrangea-like HCOFs. This strategy was also successfully applied to the fabrication of COF-based yolk-shell nanostructures with various functional interior cores. Furthermore, catalytically active metal nanoparticles were implanted into the hollow cavities of HCOFs with tunable pore diameters, forming attractive size-selective nanoreactors. The obtained metal@HCOFs catalysts showed enhanced catalytic activity and outstanding size-selectivity in hydrogenation of nitroarenes. This work highlights the significance of nucleation-growth kinetics of COFs in tuning their morphologies, structures, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeshan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Beibei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Houbing Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Runwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qianrong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zongtao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shilun Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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28
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Wang C, Zhang Z, Zhu Y, Yang C, Wu J, Hu W. 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks: From Synthetic Strategies to Advanced Optical-Electrical-Magnetic Functionalities. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2102290. [PMID: 35052010 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), an emerging class of organic crystalline polymers with highly oriented structures and permanent porosity, can adopt 2D or 3D architectures depending on the different topological diagrams of the monomers. Notably, 2D COFs have particularly gained much attention due to the extraordinary merits of their extended in-plane π-conjugation and topologically ordered columnar π-arrays. These properties together with high crystallinity, large surface area, and tunable porosity distinguish 2D COFs as an ideal candidate for the fabrication of functional materials. Herein, this review surveys the recent research advances in 2D COFs with special emphasis on the preparation of 2D COF powders, single crystals, and thin films, as well as their advanced optical, electrical, and magnetic functionalities. Some challenging issues and potential research outlook for 2D COFs are also provided for promoting their development in terms of structure, synthesis, and functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyong Wang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yating Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Chenhuai Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Wenping Hu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
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29
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Liu D, Tian C, Shan M, Zhu J, Zhang Y. Interface synthesis of flexible benzimidazole-linked polymer molecular-sieving membranes with superior antimicrobial activity. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Kang C, Yang K, Zhang Z, Usadi AK, Calabro DC, Baugh LS, Wang Y, Jiang J, Zou X, Huang Z, Zhao D. Growing single crystals of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks enabled by intermediate tracing study. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1370. [PMID: 35296677 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Resolving single-crystal structures of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) is a great challenge, hindered in part by limited strategies for growing high-quality crystals. A better understanding of the growth mechanism facilitates development of methods to grow high-quality 2D COF single crystals. Here, we take a different perspective to explore the 2D COF growth process by tracing growth intermediates. We discover two different growth mechanisms, nucleation and self-healing, in which self-assembly and pre-arrangement of monomers and oligomers are important factors for obtaining highly crystalline 2D COFs. These findings enable us to grow micron-sized 2D single crystalline COF Py-1P. The crystal structure of Py-1P is successfully characterized by three-dimensional electron diffraction (3DED), which confirms that Py-1P does, in part, adopt the widely predicted AA stacking structure. In addition, we find the majority of Py-1P crystals (>90%) have a previously unknown structure, containing 6 stacking layers within one unit cell. Resolving single-crystal structures of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) is a great challenge. Here, the authors identify two different growth mechanisms of COFs, enabling the growth and structure determination of micron-sized 2D single-crystalline COFs.
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31
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Abstract
ConspectusCovalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an emerging class of crystalline porous polymers and have received tremendous attention and research interest. COFs can be classified into two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analogues. Resembling the architectures of porous graphene, 2D conjugated COFs have exhibited promising prospects in many fields, such as gas storage and separation, heterogeneous catalysis, sensing, photocatalysis, environmental remediation, drug delivery, energy storage and conversion, and so forth. However, efficient structural design for high-throughput production of crystalline 2D COFs remains challenging.In this Account, we summarize our recent contributions to the design, synthesis, and application exploration of 2D conjugated COFs. First, we raised an efficient "two-in-one" strategy for the facile synthesis of 2D imine COFs with good reproducibility and solvent adaptability. Thanks to this elaborate molecular design strategy, we could easily modulate the topology of COFs and fabricate COF films. In addition, we developed two approaches to stabilize the 2D conjugated COFs by using planar building blocks and donor-acceptor structures. We also proposed a skeleton engineering strategy to design COFs as electrode materials, through which redox-active orthoquinone moieties were stepwise-incorporated in the skeletons of isostructural 2D imine-linked COFs. This strategy enabled systematic investigations on a series of 2D conjugated COFs with analogous structures but different numbers of active sites for energy storage, which provides a good platform to unveil the underlying structure-property relationships. In addition, we recently developed a new kind of arylamine-linked 2D conjugated COFs. The electroactive diphenylamine linkages endowed these 2D conjugated COFs with extended conjugation and improved stability, which also conferred these COFs with excellent pseudocapacitive energy storage performance. Moreover, tailor-made sulfur-rich COFs were introduced that were synthesized by selective introduction of polysulfide or sulfonyl groups on the COF skeletons and were used for Li storage and proton conduction. At the end, the key challenges of 2D conjugated COFs toward practical applications and their future prospects are suggested. We hope that this Account will evoke new inspirations and innovative work in the field of 2D conjugated COFs in the near future, especially in some burgeoning and interdisciplinary research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Department of Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Department of Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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32
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Wang H, Yang C, Chen F, Zheng G, Han Q. A Crystalline Partially Fluorinated Triazine Covalent Organic Framework for Efficient Photosynthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haozhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials Ministry of Education of China School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Chao Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials Faculty of Chemistry and Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Fangshuai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials Ministry of Education of China School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Gengfeng Zheng
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials Faculty of Chemistry and Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Qing Han
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials Ministry of Education of China School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
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33
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Yang YL, Wang YR, Gao GK, Liu M, Miao C, Li LY, Cheng W, Zhao ZY, Chen Y, Xin Z, Li SL, Li DS, Lan YQ. Self-assembly of single metal sites embedded covalent organic frameworks into multi-dimensional nanostructures for efficient CO2 electroreduction. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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34
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Guo L, Zhang J, Huang Q, Zhou W, Jin S. Progress in synthesis of highly crystalline covalent organic frameworks and their crystallinity enhancement strategies. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Li Y, Wang Q, Ju Y, Li Y, Zhang Y, Hu R. Novel pyridine-based covalent organic framework containing N,N,N-chelating sites for selective detection and effective removal of nickel. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00779g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel pyridine-based COF material with functional N,N,N chelating sites has been designed and synthesized, which has the dual functions of fluorescence detection and efficient removal of Ni2+ from aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers & Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, Wuhan Research Center of Eco-dyeing & Finishing and Functional Textile, Wuhan 430200, P.R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Quan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers & Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, Wuhan Research Center of Eco-dyeing & Finishing and Functional Textile, Wuhan 430200, P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Ju
- Library of Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, P.R. China
| | - Yarong Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Yanbo Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers & Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, Wuhan Research Center of Eco-dyeing & Finishing and Functional Textile, Wuhan 430200, P.R. China
| | - Ronggui Hu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
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36
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Ji W, Hamachi LS, Natraj A, Flanders NC, Li RL, Chen LX, Dichtel WR. Solvothermal depolymerization and recrystallization of imine-linked two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks. Chem Sci 2021; 12:16014-16022. [PMID: 35024124 PMCID: PMC8672728 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03963f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic understanding into the formation and growth of imine-linked two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is needed to improve their materials quality and access larger crystallite sizes, both of which limit the promise of 2D COFs and 2D polymerization techniques. Here we report a previously unknown temperature-dependent depolymerization of colloidal 2D imine-linked COFs, which offers a new means to improve their crystallinity. 2D COF colloids form at room temperature but then depolymerize when their reaction mixtures are heated to 90 °C. As the solutions are cooled back to room temperature, the 2D COFs repolymerize and crystallize with improved crystallinity and porosity, as characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and N2 porosimetry. The evolution of COF crystallinity during the solvothermal depolymerization and repolymerization processes was characterized by in situ wide angle X-ray scattering, and the concentrations of free COF monomers as a function of temperature were quantified by variable temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy. The ability of a 2D COF to depolymerize under these conditions depends on both the identity of the COF and its initial materials quality. For one network formed at room temperature (TAPB-PDA COF), a first depolymerization process is nearly complete, and the repolymerization yields materials with dramatically enhanced crystallinity and surface area. Already recrystallized materials partially depolymerize upon heating their reaction mixtures a second time. A related 2D COF (TAPB-DMTA COF) forms initially with improved crystallinity compared to TAPB-PDA COF and then partially depolymerizes upon heating. These results suggest that both high materials quality and network-dependent properties, such as interlayer interaction strength, influence the extent to which 2D COFs resist depolymerization. These findings offer a new means to recrystallize or solvent anneal 2D COFs and may ultimately inform crystallization conditions for obtaining large-area imine-linked two-dimensional polymers from solution. Conditions for which imine-linked 2D COF polymerizations are temperature-sensitive are identified that enable a dissolution/repolymerization process akin to molecular recrystallization.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California 93407 USA
| | - Anusree Natraj
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Nathan C Flanders
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Rebecca L Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Lin X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA .,Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory Argonne IL 60439 USA
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
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37
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Liang X, Tian Y, Yuan Y, Kim Y. Ionic Covalent Organic Frameworks for Energy Devices. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2105647. [PMID: 34626010 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of porous crystalline materials whose facile preparation, functionality, and modularity have led to their becoming powerful platforms for the development of molecular devices in many fields of (bio)engineering, such as energy storage, environmental remediation, drug delivery, and catalysis. In particular, ionic COFs (iCOFs) are highly useful for constructing energy devices, as their ionic functional groups can transport ions efficiently, and the nonlabile and highly ordered all-covalent pore structures of their backbones provide ideal pathways for long-term ionic transport under harsh electrochemical conditions. Here, current research progress on the use of iCOFs for energy devices, specifically lithium-based batteries and fuel cells, is reviewed in terms of iCOF backbone-design strategies, synthetic approaches, properties, engineering techniques, and applications. iCOFs are categorized as anionic COFs or cationic COFs, and how each of these types of iCOFs transport lithium ions, protons, or hydroxides is illustrated. Finally, the current challenges to and future opportunities for the utilization of iCOFs in energy devices are described. This review will therefore serve as a useful reference on state-of-the-art iCOF design and application strategies focusing on energy devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Liang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yufei Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yoonseob Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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38
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Evans AM, Strauss MJ, Corcos AR, Hirani Z, Ji W, Hamachi LS, Aguilar-Enriquez X, Chavez AD, Smith BJ, Dichtel WR. Two-Dimensional Polymers and Polymerizations. Chem Rev 2021; 122:442-564. [PMID: 34852192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic chemists have developed robust methods to synthesize discrete molecules, linear and branched polymers, and disordered cross-linked networks. However, two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) prepared from designed monomers have been long missing from these capabilities, both as objects of chemical synthesis and in nature. Recently, new polymerization strategies and characterization methods have enabled the unambiguous realization of covalently linked macromolecular sheets. Here we review 2DPs and 2D polymerization methods. Three predominant 2D polymerization strategies have emerged to date, which produce 2DPs either as monolayers or multilayer assemblies. We discuss the fundamental understanding and scope of each of these approaches, including: the bond-forming reactions used, the synthetic diversity of 2DPs prepared, their multilayer stacking behaviors, nanoscale and mesoscale structures, and macroscale morphologies. Additionally, we describe the analytical tools currently available to characterize 2DPs in their various isolated forms. Finally, we review emergent 2DP properties and the potential applications of planar macromolecules. Throughout, we highlight achievements in 2D polymerization and identify opportunities for continued study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amanda R Corcos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoheb Hirani
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Xavier Aguilar-Enriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anton D Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brian J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University,1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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39
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Shan Z, Wu M, Gu Z, Nishiyama Y, Zhang G. A non-planar 2D covalent organic framework derived from a Z-shaped building unit. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9236-9239. [PMID: 34519296 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04103g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a novel non-planar 2D COF with a stair-stepped structure was constructed from a Z-shaped building block for the first time. Compared with its similar planar COF, the unique stair-stepped non-planar COF possesses larger surface area and stronger fluorescence, which was further applied for specific explosive detection through a fluorescence quenching mechanism. This work not only extends the traditional planar 2D COF structures to unique non-planar structures based on the bottom-up design principle, but also expands the potential applications of COF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Shan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China.
| | - Miaomiao Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China.
| | - Zhangjie Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China.
| | - Yusuke Nishiyama
- RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.,JEOL RESONANCE Inc., 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - Gen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China.
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40
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Duong PHH, Shin YK, Kuehl VA, Afroz MM, Hoberg JO, Parkinson B, van Duin ACT, Li-Oakey KD. Molecular Interactions and Layer Stacking Dictate Covalent Organic Framework Effective Pore Size. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:42164-42175. [PMID: 34415136 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Interactions among ions, molecules, and confining solid surfaces are universally challenging and intriguing topics. Lacking a molecular-level understanding of such interactions in complex organic solvents perpetuates the intractable challenge of simultaneously achieving high permeance and selectivity in selectively permeable barriers. Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have demonstrated ultrahigh permeance, high selectivity, and stability in organic solvents. Using reactive force field molecular dynamics modeling and direct experimental comparisons of an imine-linked carboxylated COF (C-COF), we demonstrate that unprecedented organic solvent nanofiltration separation performance can be accomplished by the well-aligned, highly crystalline pores. Furthermore, we show that the effective, as opposed to designed, pore size and solvated solute radii can change dramatically with the solvent environment, providing insights into complex molecular interactions and enabling future application-specific material design and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuoc H H Duong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, United States
| | - Yun Kyung Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Valerie A Kuehl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, United States
| | - Mohammad M Afroz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, United States
| | - John O Hoberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, United States
| | - Bruce Parkinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, United States
| | - Adri C T van Duin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Katie D Li-Oakey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, United States
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41
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Deng Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Zhang Z. Strategies for Improving the Catalytic Performance of 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks for Hydrogen Evolution and Oxygen Evolution Reactions. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:1851-1863. [PMID: 34002483 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) have been deemed as clean and sustainable strategies to solve the energy crisis and environmental problems. Various catalysts have been developed to promote the process of HER and OER. Among them, two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) have received great attention due to their diverse and designable structure. In this minireview, we mainly summarize the diverse linkages of 2D COFs and strategies for enhancing the catalytic performance of 2D COFs for HER and OER, such as introducing active building blocks, metal ions and tailored linkages. Furthermore, a brief outlook for the development directions of COFs in the field of HER and OER is provided, expecting to stimulate new opportunities in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Deng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yibo Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/ Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
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42
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Emmerling ST, Germann LS, Julien PA, Moudrakovski I, Etter M, Friščić T, Dinnebier RE, Lotsch BV. In situ monitoring of mechanochemical covalent organic framework formation reveals templating effect of liquid additive. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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43
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Abstract
Porous crystalline frameworks including zeolites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) have attracted great research interest in recent years. In addition to their assembly in the solid-state being fundamentally interesting and aesthetically pleasing, their potential applications have now pervaded in different areas of chemistry, biology and materials science. When framework materials are endowed with 'flexibility', they exhibit some properties (e.g., stimuli-induced pore breathing and reversible phase transformations) that are distinct from their rigid counterparts. Benefiting from flexibility and porosity, these framework materials have shown promise in applications that include separation of toxic chemicals, isotopes and hydrocarbons, sensing, and targeted delivery of chemicals. While flexibility in MOFs has been widely appreciated, recent developments of COFs and HOFs have established that flexibility is not just limited to MOFs. In fact, zeolites-that are considered rigid when compared with MOFs-are also known to exhibit dynamic modes. Despite flexibility may be conceived as being detrimental to the formation and stability of periodic structures, the landscape of flexible framework structures continues to expand with discovery of new materials with promising applications. In this review, we make an account of different flexible framework materials based on their framework types with a more focus on recent examples and delve into the origin of flexibility in each case. This systematic analysis of different flexibility types based on their origins enables understanding of structure-property relationships, which should help guide future development of flexible framework materials based on appropriate monomer design and tailoring their properties by bottom-up approach. In essence, this review provides a summary of different flexibility types extant to framework materials and critical analysis of importance of flexibility in emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saona Seth
- Department of Applied Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Assam 784028, India.
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