1
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Rotundo L, Ahmad S, Cappuccino C, Pearce AJ, Nedzbala H, Bottum SR, Mayer JM, Cahoon JF, Grills DC, Ertem MZ, Manbeck GF. Fast Catalysis at Low Overpotential: Designing Efficient Dicationic Re(bpy 2+)(CO) 3I Electrocatalysts for CO 2 Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:24742-24747. [PMID: 39190866 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
We report a series of isomeric, dicationic Re(bpy2+)(CO)3I complexes with bpy (2,2'-bipyridine) modified by two phenyl-CH2-(NMe3)+ pendants with cations located at variable distances from the active site for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction in CH3CN/2.8 M H2O. The position of the cationic groups dramatically increases the rate of catalysis by ∼800-fold, from 1.2 to 950 s-1, with only a minor increase in overpotential. Acceleration is due to stabilization of the initial CO2 adduct and lowering of ΔG‡ for C-OH bond cleavage by Coulombic stabilization of anionic charges. Performance may be enhanced by accumulation in the electrochemical double layer. Transition state stabilization in the optimized isomer unlocks the low overpotential "protonation-first" pathway, highlighting the sizable effects of subtle structural optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rotundo
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Shahbaz Ahmad
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Chiara Cappuccino
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Adam J Pearce
- The Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Hannah Nedzbala
- The Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Samuel R Bottum
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - James M Mayer
- The Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - James F Cahoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - David C Grills
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Mehmed Z Ertem
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Gerald F Manbeck
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
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2
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Moberg ME, Reid AG, Dickie DA, Machan CW. Pre-equilibrium reactions involving pendent relays improve CO 2 reduction mediated by molecular Cr-based electrocatalysts. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39189075 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01981d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Homogeneous earth abundant transition-metal electrocatalysts capable of carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction to generate value-added chemical products are a possible strategy to minimize rising anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Previously, it was determined that Cr-centered bipyridine-based N2O2 complexes for CO2 reduction are kinetically limited by a proton-transfer step during C-OH bond cleavage. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the inclusion of pendent relay groups in the secondary coordination sphere of these molecular catalysts could increase their catalytic activity. Here, it is shown that the introduction of a pendent methoxy group favorably impacts a pre-equilibrium protonation prior to the catalytic resting state, resulting in a significant increase in catalytic activity without a loss of product selectivity for generating carbon monoxide (CO) from CO2. Interestingly, combining the pendent methoxy group with a cationic acid causes a positive shift of the catalytic reduction potential of the system, while maintaining increased activity and quantitative selectivity. This work suggests that tuning the secondary coordination sphere with respect to cationic proton sources can result in activity improvements by modifying the kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of proton transfer in the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Moberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4319, USA.
| | - Amelia G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4319, USA.
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4319, USA.
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4319, USA.
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3
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Moberg M, Machan CW. Design of Cr-Based Molecular Electrocatalyst Systems for the CO 2 Reduction Reaction. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:2326-2335. [PMID: 39106035 PMCID: PMC11339921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusHuman influence on the climate system was recently summarized by the sixth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report, which noted that global surface temperatures have increased more rapidly in the last 50 years than in any other 50-year period in the last 2000 years. Elevated global surface temperatures have had detrimental impacts, including more frequent and intense extreme weather patterns like flooding, wildfires, and droughts. In order to limit greenhouse gas emissions, various climate change policies, like emissions trading schemes and carbon taxes, have been implemented in many countries. The most prevalent anthropogenic greenhouse gas emitted is carbon dioxide (CO2), which accounted for 80% of all U.S. greenhouse gas emissions in 2022. The reduction of CO2 through the use of homogeneous electrocatalysts generally follows a two-electron/two-proton pathway to produce either carbon monoxide (CO) with water (H2O) as a coproduct or formic acid (HCOOH). These reduced carbon species are relevant to industrial applications: the Fischer-Tropsch process uses CO and H2 to produce fuels and commodity chemicals, while HCOOH is an energy dense carrier for fuel cells and useful synthetic reagent. Electrochemically reducing CO2 to value-added products is a potential way to address its steadily increasing atmospheric concentrations while supplanting the use of nonrenewable petrochemical reserves through the generation of new carbon-based resources. The selective electrochemical reduction of CO2 (CO2RR) by homogeneous catalyst systems was initially achieved with late (and sometimes costly) transition metal active sites, leading the field to conclude that transition metal complexes based on metals earlier in the periodic table, like chromium (Cr), were nonprivileged for the CO2RR. However, metals early in the table have sufficient reducing power to mediate the CO2RR and therefore could be selective in the correct coordination environment. This Account describes our efforts to develop and optimize novel Cr-based CO2RR catalyst systems through redox-active ligand modification strategies and the use of redox mediators (RMs). RMs are redox-active molecules which can participate cocatalytically during an electrochemical reaction, transferring electrons─often accompanied by protons─to a catalytic active site. Through mechanistic and computational work, we have found that ligand-based redox activity is key to controlling the intrinsic selectivity of these Cr compounds for CO2 activation. Ligand-based redox activity is also essential for developing cocatalytic systems, since it enables through-space interactions with reduced RMs containing redox-active planar aromatic groups, allowing charge transfer to occur within the catalyst assembly. Following a summary of our work, we offer a perspective on the possibilities for future development of catalytic and cocatalytic systems with early transition metals for small molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan
E. Moberg
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United
States
| | - Charles W. Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United
States
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4
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Lawson SE, Roberts RJ, Leznoff DB, Warren JJ. Dramatic Improvement of Homogeneous Carbon Dioxide and Bicarbonate Electroreduction Using a Tetracationic Water-Soluble Cobalt Phthalocyanine. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22306-22317. [PMID: 39083751 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) offers the opportunity to transform a greenhouse gas into valuable starting materials, chemicals, or fuels. Since many CO2 capture strategies employ aqueous alkaline solutions, there is interest in catalyst systems that can act directly on such capture solutions. Herein, we demonstrate new catalyst designs where the electroactive molecules readily mediate the CO2-to-CO conversion in aqueous solutions between pH 4.5 and 10.5. Likewise, the production of CO directly from 2 M KHCO3 solutions (pH 8.2) is possible. The improved molecular architectures are based on cobalt(II) phthalocyanine and contain four cationic trimethylammonium groups that confer water solubility and contribute to the stabilization of activated intermediates via a concentrated positive charge density around the active core. Turnover frequencies larger than 103 s-1 are possible at catalyst concentrations of down to 250 nM in CO2-saturated solutions. The observed rates are substantially larger than the related cobalt phthalocyanine-containing catalysts. Density functional theory calculations support the idea that the excellent catalytic properties are attributed to the ability of the cationic groups to stabilize CO2-bound reduced intermediates in the catalytic cycle. The homogeneous, aqueous CO2 reduction that these molecules perform opens new frontiers for further development of the CoPc platform and sets a greatly improved baseline for CoPc-mediated CO2 upconversion. Ultimately, this discovery uncovers a strategy for the generation of platforms for practical CO2 reduction catalysts in alkaline solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scheryn E Lawson
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC, Burnaby V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Ryan J Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC, Burnaby V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Daniel B Leznoff
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC, Burnaby V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey J Warren
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC, Burnaby V5A1S6, Canada
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5
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Maguire S, Strachan G, Norvaiša K, Donohoe C, Gomes-da-Silva LC, Senge MO. Porphyrin Atropisomerism as a Molecular Engineering Tool in Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Recognition, Supramolecular Assembly, and Catalysis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401559. [PMID: 38787350 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Porphyrin atropisomerism, which arises from restricted σ-bond rotation between the macrocycle and a sufficiently bulky substituent, was identified in 1969 by Gottwald and Ullman in 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(o-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrins. Henceforth, an entirely new field has emerged utilizing this transformative tool. This review strives to explain the consequences of atropisomerism in porphyrins, the methods which have been developed for their separation and analysis and present the diverse array of applications. Porphyrins alone possess intriguing properties and a structure which can be easily decorated and molded for a specific function. Therefore, atropisomerism serves as a transformative tool, making it possible to obtain even a specific molecular shape. Atropisomerism has been thoroughly exploited in catalysis and molecular recognition yet presents both challenges and opportunities in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Maguire
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
| | - Grant Strachan
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
| | - Karolis Norvaiša
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
| | - Claire Donohoe
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-535, Portugal
| | | | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Focus Group-Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenberg Str. 2a, 85748, Garching, Germany
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6
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Obisesan SV, Parvin M, Tao M, Ramos E, Saunders AC, Farnum BH, Goldsmith CR. Installing Quinol Proton/Electron Mediators onto Non-Heme Iron Complexes Enables Them to Electrocatalytically Reduce O 2 to H 2O at High Rates and Low Overpotentials. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:14126-14141. [PMID: 39008564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
We prepare iron(II) and iron(III) complexes with polydentate ligands that contain quinols, which can act as electron proton transfer mediators. Although the iron(II) complex with N-(2,5-dihydroxybenzyl)-N,N',N'-tris(2-pyridinylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (H2qp1) is inactive as an electrocatalyst, iron complexes with N,N'-bis(2,5-dihydroxybenzyl)-N,N'-bis(2-pyridinylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (H4qp2) and N-(2,5-dihydroxybenzyl)-N,N'-bis(2-pyridinylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (H2qp3) were found to be much more active and more selective for water production than a previously reported cobalt-H2qp1 electrocatalyst while operating at low overpotentials. The catalysts with H2qp3 can enter the catalytic cycle as either Fe(II) or Fe(III) species; entering the cycle through Fe(III) lowers the effective overpotential. On the basis of their TOF0 values, the successful iron-quinol complexes are better electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction than previously reported iron-porphyrin compounds, with the Fe(III)-H2qp3 arguably being the best homogeneous electrocatalyst for this reaction. With iron, the quinol-for-phenol substitution shifts the product selectivity from H2O2 to water with little impact on the overpotential, but unlike cobalt, this substitution also greatly improves the activity, as assessed by TOFmax, by hastening the protonation and oxygen binding steps. The addition of a second quinol further enhances the activity and selectivity for water but modestly increases the effective overpotential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Segun V Obisesan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Maksuda Parvin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Matthew Tao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Eric Ramos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Alexander C Saunders
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Byron H Farnum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Christian R Goldsmith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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7
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White NM, Waldie KM. Electrocatalytic formate and alcohol oxidation by hydride transfer at first-row transition metal complexes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11644-11654. [PMID: 38896286 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04304e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic oxidation of carbon-based liquid fuels, such as formic acid and alcohols, has important applications for our renewable energy transition. Molecular electrocatalysts based on transition metal complexes provide the opportunity to explore the interplay between precise catalyst design and electrocatalytic activity. Recent advances have seen the development of first-row transition metal electrocatalysts for these transformations that operate via hydride transfer between the substrate and catalyst. In this Frontier article, we present the key contributions to this field and discuss the proposed mechanisms for each case. These studies also reveal the remaining challenges for formate and alcohol oxidation with first-row transition metal systems, for which we provide perspectives on future directions for next-generation electrocatalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navar M White
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
| | - Kate M Waldie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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8
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Branch K, Johnson ER, Nichols EM. Porphyrin Aggregation under Homogeneous Conditions Inhibits Electrocatalysis: A Case Study on CO 2 Reduction. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:1251-1261. [PMID: 38947202 PMCID: PMC11212130 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.4c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Metalloporphyrins are widely used as homogeneous electrocatalysts for transformations relevant to clean energy and sustainable organic synthesis. Metalloporphyrins are well-known to aggregate due to π-π stacking, but surprisingly, the influence of aggregation on homogeneous electrocatalytic performance has not been investigated previously. Herein, we present three structurally related iron meso-phenylporphyrins whose aggregation properties are different in commonly used N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) electrolyte. Both spectroscopy and light scattering provide evidence of extensive porphyrin aggregation under conventional electrocatalytic conditions. Using the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO as a test reaction, cyclic voltammetry reveals an inverse dependence of the kinetics on the catalyst concentration. The inhibition extends to bulk performance, where up to 75% of the catalyst at 1 mM is inactive compared to at 0.25 mM. We additionally report how aggregation is perturbed by organic additives, axial ligands, and redox state. Periodic boundary calculations provide additional insights into aggregate stability as a function of metalloporphyrin structure. Finally, we generalize the aggregation phenomenon by surveying metalloporphyrins with different metals and substituents. This study demonstrates that homogeneous metalloporphyrins can aggregate severely in well-solubilizing organic electrolytes, that aggregation can be easily modulated through experimental conditions, and that the extent of aggregation must be considered for accurate catalytic benchmarking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin
L. Branch
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of British
Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Erin R. Johnson
- Department
of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Eva M. Nichols
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of British
Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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9
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Zhang W, Huang HH, Luo ZM, Ma F, Gonell S, Ke Z, Tan L, Wang JW. Unveiling the Activity and Mechanism Alterations by Pyrene Decoration on a Co(II) Macrocyclic Catalyst for CO 2 Reduction. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301113. [PMID: 38287461 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Mechanistic studies involving characterization of crucial intermediates are desirable for rational optimization of molecular catalysts toward CO2 reduction, while fundamental challenges are associated with such studies. Herein we present the systematic mechanistic investigations on a pyrene-appended CoII macrocyclic catalyst in comparison with its pyrene-free prototype. The comparative results also verify the reasons of the higher catalytic activity of the pyrene-tethered catalyst in noble-metal-free CO2 photoreduction with various photosensitizers, where a remarkable apparent quantum yield of 36±3 % at 425 nm can be obtained for selective CO production. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical studies in conjunction with DFT calculations between the two catalysts have characterized the key CO-bound intermediates and revealed their different CO-binding behavior, demonstrating that the pyrene group endows the corresponding CoII catalyst a lower catalytic potential, a higher stability, and a greater ease in CO release, all of which contribute to its better performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Hai-Hua Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhi-Mei Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Fan Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Sergio Gonell
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s/n., Castelló, 12006, Spain
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Liang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
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10
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He H, Qiu ZY, Yin Z, Kong J, Dang JS, Lei H, Zhang W, Cao R. The meso-substituent electronic effect of Fe porphyrins on the electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5916-5919. [PMID: 38745555 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01630k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
We report Fe porphyrins bearing different meso-substituents for the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). By replacing two and four meso-phenyl groups of Fe tetraphenylporphyrin (FeTPP) with strong electron-withdrawing pentafluorophenyl groups, we synthesized FeF10TPP and FeF20TPP, respectively. We showed that FeTPP and FeF10TPP are active and selective for CO2-to-CO conversion in dimethylformamide with the former being more active, but FeF20TPP catalyzes hydrogen evolution rather than the CO2RR under the same conditions. Experimental and theoretical studies revealed that with more electron-withdrawing meso-substituents, the Fe center becomes electron-deficient and it becomes difficult for it to bind a CO2 molecule in its formal Fe0 state. This work is significant to illustrate the electronic effects of catalysts on binding and activating CO2 molecules and provide fundamental knowledge for the design of new CO2RR catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Zi-Yang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Jiafan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Jing-Shuang Dang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Haitao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Rui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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11
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Alvarez-Hernandez JL, Zhang X, Cui K, Deziel AP, Hammes-Schiffer S, Hazari N, Piekut N, Zhong M. Long-range electrostatic effects from intramolecular Lewis acid binding influence the redox properties of cobalt-porphyrin complexes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6800-6815. [PMID: 38725508 PMCID: PMC11077573 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06177a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A CoII-porphyrin complex (1) with an appended aza-crown ether for Lewis acid (LA) binding was synthesized and characterized. NMR spectroscopy and electrochemistry show that cationic group I and II LAs (i.e., Li+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+) bind to the aza-crown ether group of 1. The binding constant for Li+ is comparable to that observed for a free aza-crown ether. LA binding causes an anodic shift in the CoII/CoI couple of between 10 and 40 mV and also impacts the CoIII/CoII couple. The magnitude of the anodic shift of the CoII/CoI couple varies linearly with the strength of the LA as determined by the pKa of the corresponding metal-aqua complex, with dications giving larger shifts than monocations. The extent of the anodic shift of the CoII/CoI couple also increases as the ionic strength of the solution decreases. This is consistent with electric field effects being responsible for the changes in the redox properties of 1 upon LA binding and provides a novel method to tune the reduction potential. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the bound LA is 5.6 to 6.8 Å away from the CoII ion, demonstrating that long-range electrostatic effects, which do not involve changes to the primary coordination sphere, are responsible for the variations in redox chemistry. Compound 1 was investigated as a CO2 reduction electrocatalyst and shows high activity but rapid decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Kai Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | | | | | - Nilay Hazari
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Nicole Piekut
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Mingjiang Zhong
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
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12
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Nishiori D, Menzel JP, Armada N, Reyes Cruz EA, Nannenga BL, Batista VS, Moore GF. Breaking a Molecular Scaling Relationship Using an Iron-Iron Fused Porphyrin Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11622-11633. [PMID: 38639470 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The design of efficient electrocatalysts is limited by scaling relationships governing trade-offs between thermodynamic and kinetic performance metrics. This ″iron law″ of electrocatalysis arises from synthetic design strategies, where structural alterations to a catalyst must balance nucleophilic versus electrophilic character. Efforts to circumvent this fundamental impasse have focused on bioinspired applications of extended coordination spheres and charged sites proximal to a catalytic center. Herein, we report evidence for breaking a molecular scaling relationship involving electrocatalysis of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) by leveraging ligand design. We achieve this using a binuclear catalyst (a diiron porphyrin), featuring a macrocyclic ligand with extended electronic conjugation. This ligand motif delocalizes electrons across the molecular scaffold, improving the catalyst's nucleophilic and electrophilic character. As a result, our binuclear catalyst exhibits low overpotential and high catalytic turnover frequency, breaking the traditional trade-off between these two metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Nishiori
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Jan Paul Menzel
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Nicholas Armada
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Edgar A Reyes Cruz
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Brent L Nannenga
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Victor S Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Gary F Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
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13
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Nedzbala HS, Westbroek D, Margavio HRM, Yang H, Noh H, Magpantay SV, Donley CL, Kumbhar AS, Parsons GN, Mayer JM. Photoelectrochemical Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer of TiO 2 Thin Films on Silicon. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10559-10572. [PMID: 38564642 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
TiO2 thin films are often used as protective layers on semiconductors for applications in photovoltaics, molecule-semiconductor hybrid photoelectrodes, and more. Experiments reported here show that TiO2 thin films on silicon are electrochemically and photoelectrochemically reduced in buffered acetonitrile at potentials relevant to photoelectrocatalysis of CO2 reduction, N2 reduction, and H2 evolution. On both n-type Si and irradiated p-type Si, TiO2 reduction is proton-coupled with a 1e-:1H+ stoichiometry, as demonstrated by the Nernstian dependence of the Ti4+/3+ E1/2 on the buffer pKa. Experiments were conducted with and without illumination, and a photovoltage of ∼0.6 V was observed across 20 orders of magnitude in proton activity. The 4 nm films are almost stoichiometrically reduced under mild conditions. The reduced films catalytically transfer protons and electrons to hydrogen atom acceptors, based on cyclic voltammogram, bulk electrolysis, and other mechanistic evidence. TiO2/Si thus has the potential to photoelectrochemically generate high-energy H atom carriers. Characterization of the TiO2 films after reduction reveals restructuring with the formation of islands, rendering TiO2 films as a potentially poor choice as protecting films or catalyst supports under reducing and protic conditions. Overall, this work demonstrates that atomic layer deposition TiO2 films on silicon photoelectrodes undergo both chemical and morphological changes upon application of potentials only modestly negative of RHE in these media. While the results should serve as a cautionary tale for researchers aiming to immobilize molecular monolayers on "protective" metal oxides, the robust proton-coupled electron transfer reactivity of the films introduces opportunities for the photoelectrochemical generation of reactive charge-carrying mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S Nedzbala
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Dalaney Westbroek
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Hannah R M Margavio
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27603, United States
| | - Hyuenwoo Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27603, United States
| | - Hyunho Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Samantha V Magpantay
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Carrie L Donley
- Department of Chemistry, Chapel Hill Analytical and Nanofabrication Laboratory (CHANL), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Amar S Kumbhar
- Department of Chemistry, Chapel Hill Analytical and Nanofabrication Laboratory (CHANL), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gregory N Parsons
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27603, United States
| | - James M Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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14
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Xiao Y, Xie F, Zhang HT, Zhang MT. Bioinspired Binickel Catalyst for Carbon Dioxide Reduction: The Importance of Metal-ligand Cooperation. JACS AU 2024; 4:1207-1218. [PMID: 38559717 PMCID: PMC10976602 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Catalyst design for the efficient CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) remains a crucial challenge for the conversion of CO2 to fuels. Natural Ni-Fe carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (NiFe-CODH) achieves reversible conversion of CO2 and CO at nearly thermodynamic equilibrium potential, which provides a template for developing CO2RR catalysts. However, compared with the natural enzyme, most biomimetic synthetic Ni-Fe complexes exhibit negligible CO2RR catalytic activities, which emphasizes the significance of effective bimetallic cooperation for CO2 activation. Enlightened by bimetallic synergy, we herein report a dinickel complex, NiIINiII(bphpp)(AcO)2 (where NiNi(bphpp) is derived from H2bphpp = 2,9-bis(5-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-3-pyridylphenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline) for electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO, which exhibits a remarkable reactivity approximately 5 times higher than that of the mononuclear Ni catalyst. Electrochemical and computational studies have revealed that the redox-active phenanthroline moiety effectively modulates the electron injection and transfer akin to the [Fe3S4] cluster in NiFe-CODH, and the secondary Ni site facilitates the C-O bond activation and cleavage through electron mediation and Lewis acid characteristics. Our work underscores the significant role of bimetallic cooperation in CO2 reduction catalysis and provides valuable guidance for the rational design of CO2RR catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- Center of Basic Molecular
Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Center of Basic Molecular
Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hong-Tao Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular
Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ming-Tian Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular
Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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15
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Santra A, Das A, Kaur S, Jain P, Ingole PP, Paria S. Catalytic reduction of oxygen to water by non-heme iron complexes: exploring the effect of the secondary coordination sphere proton exchanging site. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4095-4105. [PMID: 38487234 PMCID: PMC10935699 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06753j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we prepared non-heme FeIII complexes (1, 2, and 3) of an N4 donor set of ligands (H2L, Me2L, and BPh2L). 1 is supported by a monoanionic bispyridine-dioxime ligand (HL). In 2 and 3, the primary coordination sphere of Fe remained similar to that in 1, except that the oxime protons of the ligand were replaced with two methyl groups and a bridging -BPh2 moiety, respectively. X-ray structures of the FeII complexes (1a and 3a) revealed similar Fe-N distances; however, they were slightly elongated in 2a. The FeIII/FeII potential of 1, 2, and 3 appeared at -0.31 V, -0.25 V, and 0.07 V vs. Fc+/Fc, respectively, implying that HL and Me2L have comparable donor properties. However, BPh2L is more electron deficient than HL or Me2L. 1 showed electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity in acetonitrile in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid (TFAH) as the proton source at Ecat/2 = -0.45 V and revealed selective 4e-/4H+ reduction of O2 to H2O. 1 showed an effective overpotential (ηeff) of 0.98 V and turnover frequency (TOFmax) of 1.02 × 103 s-1. Kinetic studies revealed a kcat of 2.7 × 107 M-2 s-1. Strikingly, 2 and 3 remained inactive for electrocatalytic ORR, which established the essential role of the oxime scaffolds in the electrocatalytic ORR of 1. Furthermore, a chemical ORR of 1 has been investigated using decamethylferrocene as the electron source. For 1, a similar rate equation was noted to that of the electrocatalytic pathway. A kcat of 6.07 × 104 M-2 s-1 was found chemically. Complex 2, however, underwent a very slow chemical ORR. Complex 3 chemically enhances the 4e-/4H+ reduction of O2 and exhibits a TOF of 0.24 s-1 and a kcat value of 2.47 × 102 M-1 s-1. Based on the experimental observations, we demonstrate that the oxime backbone of the ligand in 1 works as a proton exchanging site in the 4e-/4H+ reduction of O2. The study describes how the ORR is affected by the tuning of the ligand scaffold in a family of non-heme Fe complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakash Santra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Avijit Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Simarjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Priya Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Pravin P Ingole
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Sayantan Paria
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
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16
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Noh S, Cho YJ, Zhang G, Schreier M. Insight into the Role of Entropy in Promoting Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction by Imidazolium Cations. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27657-27663. [PMID: 38019965 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The electroreduction of CO2 plays an important role in achieving a net-zero carbon economy. Imidazolium cations can be used to enhance the rate of CO2 reduction reactions, but the origin of this promotion remains poorly understood. In this work, we show that in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMIM+), CO2 reduction on Ag electrodes occurs with an apparent activation energy near zero, while the applied potential influences the rate through the pre-exponential factor. Our findings suggest that the CO2 reduction rate is controlled by the initial state entropy, which depends on the applied potential through the organization of cations at the electrochemical interface. Further characterization shows that the C2-proton of EMIM+ is consumed during the reaction, leading to the collapse of the cation organization and a decrease in the catalytic performance. Our results have important implications for understanding the effect of potential on reaction rates, as they indicate that the common picture based on vibrational activation of electron transfer reactions is insufficient for describing the impact of potential in complex systems, such as CO2 reduction in the presence of imidazolium cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonmyeong Noh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Yoon Jin Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gong Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Marcel Schreier
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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17
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Yong WW, Zhang HT, Guo YH, Xie F, Zhang MT. Redox-Active Ligand Assisted Multielectron Catalysis: A Case of Electrocatalyzed CO 2-to-CO Conversion. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2023; 3:384-392. [PMID: 38075450 PMCID: PMC10704577 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2024]
Abstract
The selective reduction of carbon dioxide remains a significant challenge due to the complex multielectron/proton transfer process, which results in a high kinetic barrier and the production of diverse products. Inspired by the electrostatic and H-bonding interactions observed in the second sphere of the [NiFe]-CODH enzyme, researchers have extensively explored these interactions to regulate proton transfer, stabilize intermediates, and ultimately improve the performance of catalytic CO2 reduction. In this work, a series of cobalt(II) tetraphenylporphyrins with varying numbers of redox-active nitro groups were synthesized and evaluated as CO2 reduction electrocatalysts. Analyses of the redox properties of these complexes revealed a consistent relationship between the number of nitro groups and the corresponding accepted electron number of the ligand at -1.59 V vs. Fc+/0. Among the catalysts tested, TNPPCo with four nitro groups exhibited the most efficient catalytic activity with a turnover frequency of 4.9 × 104 s-1 and a catalytic onset potential 820 mV more positive than that of the parent TPPCo. Furthermore, the turnover frequencies of the catalysts increased with a higher number of nitro groups. These results demonstrate the promising design strategy of incorporating multielectron redox-active ligands into CO2 reduction catalysts to enhance catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wen Yong
- Center
of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute
of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Jiangyou 621908, China
| | - Hong-Tao Zhang
- Center
of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu-Hua Guo
- Center
of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Center
of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ming-Tian Zhang
- Center
of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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18
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Zhang HT, Xie F, Guo YH, Xiao Y, Zhang MT. Selective Four-Electron Reduction of Oxygen by a Nonheme Heterobimetallic CuFe Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310775. [PMID: 37837365 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
We report herein the first nonheme CuFe oxygen reduction catalyst ([CuII (bpbp)(μ-OAc)2 FeIII ]2+ , CuFe-OAc), which serves as a functional model of cytochrome c oxidase and can catalyze oxygen reduction to water with a turnover frequency of 2.4×103 s-1 and selectivity of 96.0 % in the presence of Et3 NH+ . This performance significantly outcompetes its homobimetallic analogues (2.7 s-1 of CuCu-OAc with %H2 O2 selectivity of 98.9 %, and inactive of FeFe-OAc) under the same conditions. Structure-activity relationship studies, in combination with density functional theory calculation, show that the CuFe center efficiently mediates O-O bond cleavage via a CuII (μ-η1 : η2 -O2 )FeIII peroxo intermediate in which the peroxo ligand possesses distinctive coordinating and electronic character. Our work sheds light on the nature of Cu/Fe heterobimetallic cooperation in oxygen reduction catalysis and demonstrates the potential of this synergistic effect in the design of nonheme oxygen reduction catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tao Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yu-Hua Guo
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ming-Tian Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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19
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Yan T, Chen X, Kumari L, Lin J, Li M, Fan Q, Chi H, Meyer TJ, Zhang S, Ma X. Multiscale CO 2 Electrocatalysis to C 2+ Products: Reaction Mechanisms, Catalyst Design, and Device Fabrication. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10530-10583. [PMID: 37589482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis of value-added chemicals, directly from CO2, could foster achievement of carbon neutral through an alternative electrical approach to the energy-intensive thermochemical industry for carbon utilization. Progress in this area, based on electrogeneration of multicarbon products through CO2 electroreduction, however, lags far behind that for C1 products. Reaction routes are complicated and kinetics are slow with scale up to the high levels required for commercialization, posing significant problems. In this review, we identify and summarize state-of-art progress in multicarbon synthesis with a multiscale perspective and discuss current hurdles to be resolved for multicarbon generation from CO2 reduction including atomistic mechanisms, nanoscale electrocatalysts, microscale electrodes, and macroscale electrolyzers with guidelines for future research. The review ends with a cross-scale perspective that links discrepancies between different approaches with extensions to performance and stability issues that arise from extensions to an industrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Yan
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lata Kumari
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jianlong Lin
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Minglu Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qun Fan
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Haoyuan Chi
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Xinbin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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20
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Hastings CD, Huffman LSX, Tiwari CK, Betancourth JG, Brennessel WW, Barnett BR. Coordinatively Unsaturated Metallates of Cobalt(II), Nickel(II), and Zinc(II) Guarded by a Rigid and Narrow Void. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:11920-11931. [PMID: 37462947 PMCID: PMC10394664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Both natural enzymatic systems and synthetic porous material catalysts utilize well-defined and uniform channels to dictate reaction selectivities on the basis of size or shape. Mimicry of this design element in homogeneous systems is generally difficult owing to the flexibility inherent in most small molecular species. Herein, we report the synthesis of a tripodal ligand scaffold that orients a narrow and rigid cavity atop accessible metal coordination space. The permanent void is formed through a macrocyclization reaction whereby the 3,5-dihydroxyphenyl arms are covalently linked through methylene bridges. Deprotonative metallation leads to anionic and coordinatively unsaturated complexes of divalent cobalt, nickel, and zinc. An analogous series of trigonal monopyramidal complexes bearing a nonmacrocyclized variant of the tripodal ligand are also reported. Physical characterization of the coordination complexes has been carried out using multiple spectroscopic techniques (NMR, EPR, and UV-vis), cyclic voltammetry, and X-ray diffraction. Complexes of the macrocyclized [LOCH2O]3- ligand retain a rigid cavity upon metallation, with this cavity guarding the entrance to the open axial coordination site. Through a combination of spectroscopic and computational studies, it is shown that acetonitrile entry into the void is sterically precluded, disrupting anticipated coordination at the intracavity site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Hastings
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Lucy S X Huffman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Chandan Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | | | - William W Brennessel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Brandon R Barnett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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21
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Yanai K, Hada M, Fujii H. Electric field effect of positive and negative charges of substituents on electronic structure and reactivity of oxoiron(IV) porphyrin π-cation radical complex. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 244:112208. [PMID: 37037142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Electric field effect by the positive and negative changes near the active site is an important factor for controlling the reactivity of metalloenzymes. Previously, we reported that the positive charge of the N-methyl-2-pyridinium cation increases the reactivity of oxoiron(IV) porphyrin π-cation radical complex (Compound I), due to the attractive Coulomb interaction with electrons in Compound I. To further investigate the electric field effect, we study here the effect of the negative charge of the sulfonate group on the electronic structure and reactivity using Compound I of meso-tetrakis(2,4,6-trimethyl-3-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TMPS-I). Although Compound I has been known as a very unstable complex, TMPS-I is very stable in 0.1 M acetate buffer at pH = 6. The half-life of TMPS-I is estimated to be 6.9 × 103 s, which is the longest in Compound I previously reported. The redox potential of TMPS-I is estimated to be 0.76 V vs SCE in phosphate buffer, pH = 10. Kinetic analysis with stopped-flow technique indicates TMPS-I is less reactive than Compounds I reported previously. However, 1H NMR and EPR spectra of TMPS-I are very close to those of Compounds I reported previously. The DFT calculations show that the orbital energy of Compound I is drastically altered by the positive and negative charges on the meso-phenyl group, suggesting the electric field effect. The difference of the reactivity of Compound I can be rationalized with the change of the orbital energy caused by the intramolecular electric field effect of the positive and negative charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Yanai
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji 192-0397, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan.
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22
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Zhao Y, Adiyeri Saseendran DP, Huang C, Triana CA, Marks WR, Chen H, Zhao H, Patzke GR. Oxygen Evolution/Reduction Reaction Catalysts: From In Situ Monitoring and Reaction Mechanisms to Rational Design. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6257-6358. [PMID: 36944098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are core steps of various energy conversion and storage systems. However, their sluggish reaction kinetics, i.e., the demanding multielectron transfer processes, still render OER/ORR catalysts less efficient for practical applications. Moreover, the complexity of the catalyst-electrolyte interface makes a comprehensive understanding of the intrinsic OER/ORR mechanisms challenging. Fortunately, recent advances of in situ/operando characterization techniques have facilitated the kinetic monitoring of catalysts under reaction conditions. Here we provide selected highlights of recent in situ/operando mechanistic studies of OER/ORR catalysts with the main emphasis placed on heterogeneous systems (primarily discussing first-row transition metals which operate under basic conditions), followed by a brief outlook on molecular catalysts. Key sections in this review are focused on determination of the true active species, identification of the active sites, and monitoring of the reactive intermediates. For in-depth insights into the above factors, a short overview of the metrics for accurate characterizations of OER/ORR catalysts is provided. A combination of the obtained time-resolved reaction information and reliable activity data will then guide the rational design of new catalysts. Strategies such as optimizing the restructuring process as well as overcoming the adsorption-energy scaling relations will be discussed. Finally, pending current challenges and prospects toward the understanding and development of efficient heterogeneous catalysts and selected homogeneous catalysts are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggui Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Chong Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlos A Triana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walker R Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Han Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Greta R Patzke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Bhunia S, Ghatak A, Rana A, Dey A. Amine Groups in the Second Sphere of Iron Porphyrins Allow for Higher and Selective 4e -/4H + Oxygen Reduction Rates at Lower Overpotentials. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3812-3825. [PMID: 36744304 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron porphyrins with one or four tertiary amine groups in their second sphere are used to investigate the electrochemical O2 reduction reaction (ORR) in organic (homogeneous) and aqueous (heterogeneous) conditions. Both of these complexes show selective 4e-/4H+ reduction of oxygen to water at rates that are 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than those of iron tetraphenylporphyrin lacking these amines in the second sphere. In organic solvents, these amines get protonated, which leads to the lowering of overpotentials, and the rate of the ORR is enhanced almost 75,000 times relative to rates expected from the established scaling relationship for the ORR by iron porphyrins. In the aqueous medium, the same trend of higher ORR rates at a lower overpotential is observed. In situ resonance Raman data under heterogeneous aqueous conditions show that the presence of one amine group in the second sphere leads to a cleavage of the O-O bond in a FeIII-OOH intermediate as the rate-determining step (rds). The presence of four such amine groups enhances the rate of O-O bond cleavage such that this intermediate is no longer observed during the ORR; rather, the proton-coupled reduction of the FeIII-O2- intermediate with a H/D isotope effect of 10.6 is the rds. These data clearly demonstrate changes in the rds of the electrochemical ORR depending on the nature of second-sphere residues and explain their deviation from linear scaling relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Bhunia
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal700032, India
| | - Arnab Ghatak
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal700032, India
| | - Atanu Rana
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal700032, India
| | - Abhishek Dey
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal700032, India
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24
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Gao Y, Lei H, Bao Z, Liu X, Qin L, Yin Z, Li H, Huang S, Zhang W, Cao R. Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction with cobalt corroles bearing cationic substituents. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:4604-4610. [PMID: 36723094 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05786g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent decades have seen increasing interest in developing highly active and selective electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The active site environment of cytochrome c oxidases (CcOs), including electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding interactions, plays an important role in promoting the selective conversion of dioxygen to water. Herein, we report the synthesis of three CoIII corroles, namely 1 (with a 10-phenyl ortho-trimethylammonium cationic group), 2 (with a 10-phenyl ortho-dimethylamine group) and 3 (with a 10-phenyl para-trimethylammonium cationic group) as well as their electrocatalytic ORR activities in both acidic and neutral solutions. We discovered that 1 is much more active and selective than 2 and 3 for the electrocatalytic four-electron ORR. Importantly, 1 showed ORR activities with half-wave potentials at E1/2 = 0.75 V versus RHE in 0.5 M H2SO4 solutions and at E1/2 = 0.70 V versus RHE in neutral 0.1 M phosphate buffer solutions. This work is significant for outlining a strategy to increase both the activity and selectivity of metal corroles for the electrocatalytic ORR by introducing cationic units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Haitao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Zijia Bao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Xinrong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Lingshuang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Huiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Shu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Rui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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25
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Song S, Lee W, Lee Y, Cho KB, Lee J, Seo J. Two-Electron-Induced Reorganization of Cobalt Coordination and Metal-Ligand Cooperative Redox Shifting Co(I) Reactivity toward CO 2 Reduction. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2326-2333. [PMID: 36691700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical reorganization of complex structures is directly related to catalytic reactivity; thus, the geometric changes of catalysts induced by electron transfer should be considered to scrutinize the reaction mechanism. Herein, we studied electron-induced reorganization patterns of six-coordinate Co complexes with neutral N-donor ligands. Upon two-electron transfer into a Co center enclosed within a bulky π-acceptor ligand, the catalytic site exhibited different reorganization patterns depending on the ligand characteristics. While a bipyridyl ligand released Co-bound solvent (CH3CN) to open a reaction site, a phenanthroline ligand caused Co-Narm (side "arm" of NNN-ligand) bond dissociation. The first electron transfer occurred in the Co(II/I) reduction step and the second electron entered the bulky π-acceptor, of which redox steps were assigned from cyclic voltammograms, magnetic moment measurements, and DFT calculations. In comparison, the Co complex of [NNNNCH3-Co(CH3CN)3](PF6)2 ([1-(CH3CN)3](PF6)2) showed a high H2 evolution reactivity (HER), whereas a series of Co complexes with bulky π-acceptors such as [NNNNCH3-Co(L)(CH3CN)](PF6)2 (L = phen ([2-CH3CN](PF6)2), bpy ([3-CH3CN](PF6)2), [NNNNCH3-Co(tpy)](PF6)2 ([4](PF6)2), and [NNNCH2-Co(phen)(CH3CN)](PF6)2 ([5-CH3CN](PF6)2)) suppressed the HER but rather enhanced the CO2 reduction reaction. The metal-ligand cooperative redox steps enabled the shift of Co(I) reactivity toward CO2 reduction. Additionally, the amine pendant attached to the NNNNCH3-ligand could stabilize the CO2 reduction intermediate through the hydrogen-bonding interaction with the Co-CO2H adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjin Song
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea.,Research Center for Innovative Energy and Carbon Optimized Synthesis for Chemicals(Inn-ECOSysChem), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea.,Research Center for Innovative Energy and Carbon Optimized Synthesis for Chemicals(Inn-ECOSysChem), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngseob Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Bin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University; Gwangju61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyeok Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea.,Research Center for Innovative Energy and Carbon Optimized Synthesis for Chemicals(Inn-ECOSysChem), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea
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26
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Pattanayak S, Loewen ND, Berben LA. Using Substituted [Fe 4N(CO) 12] - as a Platform To Probe the Effect of Cation and Lewis Acid Location on Redox Potential. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:1919-1925. [PMID: 36006454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The impact of cationic and Lewis acidic functional groups installed in the primary or secondary coordination sphere (PCS or SCS) of an (electro)catalyst is known to vary depending on the precise positioning of those groups. However, it is difficult to systematically probe the effect of that position. In this report, we probe the effect of the functional group position and identity on the observed reduction potentials (Ep,c) using substituted iron clusters, [Fe4N(CO)11R]n, where R = NO+, PPh2-CH2CH2-9BBN, (MePTA+)2, (MePTA+)4, and H+ and n = 0, -1, +1, or +3 (9-BBN is 9-borabicyclo(3.3.1)nonane; MePTA+ is 1-methyl-1-azonia-3,5-diaza-7-phosphaadamantane). The cationic NO+ and H+ ligands cause anodic shifts of 700 and 320 mV, respectively, in Ep,c relative to unsubstituted [Fe4N(CO)12]-. Infrared absorption band data, νCO, suggests that some of the 700 mV shift by NO+ results from electronic changes to the cluster core. This contrasts with the effects of cationic MePTA+ and H+ which cause primarily electrostatic effects on Ep,c. Lewis acidic 9-BBN in the SCS had almost no effect on Ep,c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Pattanayak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Natalia D Loewen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Louise A Berben
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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27
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Zhao J, Lyu H, Wang Z, Ma C, Jia S, Kong W, Shen B. Phthalocyanine and porphyrin catalysts for electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide: progress in regulation strategies and applications. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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28
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An L, De La Torre P, Smith PT, Narouz MR, Chang CJ. Synergistic Porosity and Charge Effects in a Supramolecular Porphyrin Cage Promote Efficient Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202209396. [PMID: 36538739 PMCID: PMC9868116 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We present a supramolecular approach to catalyzing photochemical CO2 reduction through second-sphere porosity and charge effects. An iron porphyrin box (PB) bearing 24 cationic groups, FePB-2(P), was made via post-synthetic modification of an alkyne-functionalized supramolecular synthon. FePB-2(P) promotes the photochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) with 97 % selectivity for CO product, achieving turnover numbers (TON) exceeding 7000 and initial turnover frequencies (TOFmax ) reaching 1400 min-1 . The cooperativity between porosity and charge results in a 41-fold increase in activity relative to the parent Fe tetraphenylporphyrin (FeTPP) catalyst, which is far greater than analogs that augment catalysis through porosity (FePB-3(N), 4-fold increase) or charge (Fe p-tetramethylanilinium porphyrin (Fe-p-TMA), 6-fold increase) alone. This work establishes that synergistic pendants in the secondary coordination sphere can be leveraged as a design element to augment catalysis at primary active sites within confined spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun An
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-1460, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 94720-1460, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Patricia De La Torre
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-1460, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 94720-1460, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Peter T Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-1460, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 94720-1460, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mina R Narouz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-1460, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 94720-1460, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-1460, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 94720-1460, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-1460, Berkeley, CA, USA
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29
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Yuan R, Wei Y, Musikavanhu B, Tang M, Xue Z, Wang A, Zhang J, Qiu X, Zhao L. Asymmetric cobalt porphyrins for oxygen reduction reactions: Boosted catalytic activity by the use of triphenylamine. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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An L, De La Torre P, Smith PT, Narouz MR, Chang CJ. Synergistic Porosity and Charge Effects in a Supramolecular Porphyrin Cage Promote Efficient Photocatalytic CO
2
Reduction**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lun An
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley 94720-1460 Berkeley, CA USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 94720-1460 Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Patricia De La Torre
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley 94720-1460 Berkeley, CA USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 94720-1460 Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Peter T. Smith
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley 94720-1460 Berkeley, CA USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 94720-1460 Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Mina R. Narouz
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley 94720-1460 Berkeley, CA USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 94720-1460 Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Christopher J. Chang
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley 94720-1460 Berkeley, CA USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 94720-1460 Berkeley, CA USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of California, Berkeley 94720-1460 Berkeley, CA USA
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31
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Obisesan SV, Rose C, Farnum BH, Goldsmith CR. Co(II) Complex with a Covalently Attached Pendent Quinol Selectively Reduces O 2 to H 2O. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22826-22830. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christian R. Goldsmith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama36849, United States
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32
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Guo H, Liang Z, Guo K, Lei H, Wang Y, Zhang W, Cao R. Iron porphyrin with appended guanidyl group for significantly improved electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction activity and selectivity in aqueous solutions. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63957-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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CO2 Electroreduction on Carbon-Based Electrodes Functionalized with Molecular Organometallic Complexes—A Mini Review. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12111448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous electrochemical CO2 reduction has potential advantages with respect to the homogeneous counterpart due to the easier recovery of products and catalysts, the relatively small amounts of catalyst necessary for efficient electrolysis, the longer lifetime of the catalysts, and the elimination of solubility problems. Unfortunately, several disadvantages are also present, including the difficulty of designing the optimized and best-performing catalysts by the appropriate choice of the ligands as well as a larger heterogeneity in the nature of the catalytic site that introduces differences in the mechanistic pathway and in electrogenerated products. The advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous systems can be preserved by anchoring intact organometallic molecules on the electrode surface with the aim of increasing the dispersion of active components at a molecular level and facilitating the electron transfer to the electrocatalyst. Electrode functionalization can be obtained by non-covalent or covalent interactions and by direct electropolymerization on the electrode surface. A critical overview covering the very recent literature on CO2 electroreduction by intact organometallic complexes attached to the electrode is summarized herein, and particular attention is given to their catalytic performances. We hope this mini review can provide new insights into the development of more efficient CO2 electrocatalysts for real-life applications.
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34
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Cao R. Across the Board: Rui Cao on Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201788. [PMID: 36130862 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this series of articles, the Board Members of ChemSusChem review recent research articles that they consider of exceptional quality and importance for sustainability. This entry features Prof. Rui Cao, who discusses how tuning the second-sphere environments of Fe porphyrins can improve the activity and selectivity for CO2 reduction. Substituents with proton relay capability, hydrogen-bonding, and electrostatic features have significant impact on the efficiency of Fe porphyrins for the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710119, Xi'an, P. R. China
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35
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Blackburn PT, Lipke MC. Effects of a triangular nanocage structure on the binding of neutral and anionic ligands to Co II and Zn II porphyrins. J COORD CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2022.2128786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Thomas Blackburn
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Mark C. Lipke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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36
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Wang X, Ding X, Wang T, Wang K, Jin Y, Han Y, Zhang P, Li N, Wang H, Jiang J. Two-Dimensional Porphyrin-Based Covalent Organic Framework with Enlarged Inter-layer Spacing for Tunable Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:41122-41130. [PMID: 36044780 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) porphyrin-based covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are one of the most promising candidates for photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR), which however still suffer from the hindered mass transfer during the catalysis procedure associated with the close packing of 2D COF layers due to the strong axial π-π stacking. Herein, condensation between the porphyrinic aldehydes p-MPor-CHO (M = H2, Co, and Ni) and 3,8-diamino-6-phenyl-phenanthridine (DPP) affords new porphyrin-based 2D COF architecture MPor-DPP-COFs (M = H2, Co, and Ni). The bulky phenyl substituent at the phenanthridine periphery of the linking unit reduces the axial π-π stacking, providing an enlarged inter-layer spacing of 6.0 Å according to high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. This, in combination with the large surface area (1021 m2 g-1) revealed by nitrogen sorption measurements at 77 K for CoPor-DPP-COF possessing electroactive Co ions, endows it with excellent photocatalytic activity for CO2RR with a CO generation rate of 10 200 μmol g-1 h-1 and a CO selectivity up to 82%. This work affords new ideas for achieving efficient photocatalytic CO2RR upon fine-tuning the inter-layer spacing of 2D COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xu Ding
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yucheng Jin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuesheng Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Pianpian Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ning Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianzhuang Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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37
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Guo K, Li X, Lei H, Guo H, Jin X, Zhang X, Zhang W, Apfel U, Cao R. Role‐Specialized Division of Labor in CO
2
Reduction with Doubly‐Functionalized Iron Porphyrin Atropisomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209602. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Xialiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Haitao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Hongbo Guo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Xiaotong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Xue‐Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Ulf‐Peter Apfel
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Anorganische Chemie I Universitätsstrasse 150 44801 Bochum Germany
- Fraunhofer UMSICHT Osterfelder Strasse 3 46047 Oberhausen Germany
| | - Rui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
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38
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Wei Y, Zhao L, Yuan R, Xue Z, Mack J, Chiyumba C, Nyokong T, Zhang J. Promotion of Catalytic Oxygen Reduction Reactions: The Utility of Proton Management Substituents on Cobalt Porphyrins. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:13085-13095. [PMID: 35943152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Three ABAB-type cobalt meso-tetraarylporphyrins with fluorine (F-CoPor), acetic acid (AC-CoPor), and cyanoacetic acid (CN-CoPor) groups at the para-positions of phenyl rings at the 10,20-positions are synthesized and evaluated as catalysts for oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs). In density functional theory calculations, the frontier molecular orbitals of these complexes were found to be stabilized relative to model complexes with electron-withdrawing atoms or moieties on the meso-aryl rings. Electrochemical measurements suggest that electrodes with CN-CoPor (CN-CoPor/C) exhibit the most positive ORR potential values and the highest limiting current density in both acidic and alkali electrolytes, while the F-CoPor/C electrocatalyst exhibits extremely low ORR performance. The electron transfer numbers for the electrocatalysts are more than 3.0, indicating that a mixture of 2- and 4-electron transfer pathways occurs. The results demonstrate that coupling the hydrogen bonding properties and electron-withdrawing abilities through rational design of the substituent at the meso-position is an efficient way to modify the ORR performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Long Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Rui Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoli Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - John Mack
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Choonzo Chiyumba
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Jianming Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
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39
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Jabli S, Hrichi S, Chaabane-Banaoues R, Molton F, Loiseau F, Roisnel T, Turowska-Tyrk I, Babba H, Nasri H. Study on the synthesis, physicochemical, electrochemical properties, molecular structure and antifungal activities of the 4-pyrrolidinopyridine Mg(II) meso-tetratolylporphyrin complex. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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40
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Guo K, Li X, Lei H, Guo H, Jin X, Zhang XP, Zhang W, Apfel UP, Cao R. Role‐Specialized Division of Labor in CO2 Reduction with Doubly‐Functionalized Iron Porphyrin Atropisomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Guo
- Shaanxi Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Xialiang Li
- Shaanxi Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Haitao Lei
- Shaanxi Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Hongbo Guo
- Shaanxi Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Xiaotong Jin
- Shaanxi Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Xue-Peng Zhang
- Shaanxi Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shaanxi Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Ulf-Peter Apfel
- Ruhr-Universitat Bochum Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie GERMANY
| | - Rui Cao
- Shaanxi Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal UniversityChang'an CampusNumber 620 West Chang'an AvenueChang'an District 710119 Xi'an CHINA
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41
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Zhang Q, Lei H, Guo H, Wang Y, Gao Y, Zhang W, Cao R. Through-Space Electrostatic Effects of Positively Charged Substituents on the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200086. [PMID: 35156337 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the effects of various structural components on energy-related small molecule activation is of fundamental and practical significance. Herein the inhibition effect of positively charged substituents on the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) was reported. With the use of Cu porphyrins 1-5 containing different numbers and locations of positively charged substituents, it was demonstrated that their electrocatalytic HER activities significantly decreased when more cationic units were located close to the Cu ion: the icat /ip (icat is the catalytic peak current, ip is the one-electron reduction peak current) value decreased from 38 with zero cationic unit to 15 with four closely located cationic units. Inspired by this result, Cu porphyrin 6, with four meso-phenyl groups each bearing a negatively charged para-sulfonic substituent, was designed. With these anionic units, 6 outperformed the other Cu porphyrins for electrocatalytic HER under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Haitao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Guo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Yabo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Yimei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Rui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
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42
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Weberg AB, Murphy RP, Tomson NC. Oriented internal electrostatic fields: an emerging design element in coordination chemistry and catalysis. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5432-5446. [PMID: 35694353 PMCID: PMC9116365 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01715f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The power of oriented electrostatic fields (ESFs) to influence chemical bonding and reactivity is a phenomenon of rapidly growing interest. The presence of strong ESFs has recently been implicated as one of the most significant contributors to the activity of select enzymes, wherein alignment of a substrate's changing dipole moment with a strong, local electrostatic field has been shown to be responsible for the majority of the enzymatic rate enhancement. Outside of enzymology, researchers have studied the impacts of "internal" electrostatic fields via the addition of ionic salts to reactions and the incorporation of charged functional groups into organic molecules (both experimentally and computationally), and "externally" via the implementation of bulk fields between electrode plates. Incorporation of charged moieties into homogeneous inorganic complexes to generate internal ESFs represents an area of high potential for novel catalyst design. This field has only begun to materialize within the past 10 years but could be an area of significant impact moving forward, since it provides a means for tuning the properties of molecular complexes via a method that is orthogonal to traditional strategies, thereby providing possibilities for improved catalytic conditions and novel reactivity. In this perspective, we highlight recent developments in this area and offer insights, obtained from our own research, on the challenges and future directions of this emerging field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Weberg
- R, oy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Ryan P Murphy
- R, oy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Neil C Tomson
- R, oy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
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43
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Amanullah S, Saha P, Dey A. Recent developments in the synthesis of bio-inspired iron porphyrins for small molecule activation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5808-5828. [PMID: 35474535 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00430e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nature utilizes a diverse set of tetrapyrrole-based macrocycles (referred to as porphyrinoids) for catalyzing various biological processes. Investigation of the differences in electronic structure and reactivity in these reactions have revealed striking differences that lead to diverse reactivity from, apparently, similar looking active sites. Therefore, the role of the different heme cofactors as well as the distal superstructure in the proteins is important to understand. This article summarizes the role of a few synthetic metallo-porphyrinoids towards catalyzing several small molecule activation reactions, such as the ORR, NiRR, CO2RR, etc. The major focus of the article is to enlighten the synthetic routes to the well-decorated active-site mimic in a tailor-made fashion pursuing a retrosynthetic approach, learning from the biosynthesis of the cofactors. Techniques and the role of the second-sphere residues on the reaction rate, selectivity, etc. are incorporated emulating the basic amino acid residues fencing the active sites. These bioinspired mimics play an important role towards understanding the role of the prosthetic groups as well as the basic residues towards any reaction occurring in Nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Amanullah
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata, WB 700032, India.
| | - Paramita Saha
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata, WB 700032, India.
| | - Abhishek Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata, WB 700032, India.
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44
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Loipersberger M, Derrick JS, Chang CJ, Head-Gordon M. Deciphering Distinct Overpotential-Dependent Pathways for Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction Catalyzed by an Iron-Terpyridine Complex. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:6919-6933. [PMID: 35452213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
[Fe(tpyPY2Me)]2+ ([Fe]2+) is a homogeneous electrocatalyst for converting CO2 into CO featuring low overpotentials of <100 mV, near-unity selectivity, and high activity with turnover frequencies faster than 100 000 s-1. To identify the origins of its exceptional performance and inform future catalyst design, we report a combined computational and experimental study that establishes two distinct mechanistic pathways for electrochemical CO2 reduction catalyzed by [Fe]2+ as a function of applied overpotential. Electrochemical data shows the formation of two catalytic regimes at low (ηTOF/2 of 160 mV) and high (ηTOF/2 of 590 mV) overpotential plateaus. We propose that at low overpotentials [Fe]2+ undergoes a two-electron reduction, two-proton-transfer mechanism (electrochemical-electrochemical-chemical-chemical, EECC), where turnover occurs through the dicationic iron complex, [Fe]2+. Computational analysis supports the importance of the singlet ground-state electronic structure for CO2 binding and that the rate-limiting step is the second protonation in this low-overpotential regime. When more negative potentials are applied, an additional electron-transfer event occurs through either a stepwise or proton-coupled electron-transfer (PCET) pathway, enabling catalytic turnover from the monocationic iron complex ([Fe]+) via an electrochemical-chemical-electrochemical-chemical (ECEC) mechanism. Comparison of experimental kinetic data obtained from variable controlled potential electrolysis (CPE) experiments with direct product detection with calculated rates obtained from the energetic span model supports the PCET pathway as the most likely mechanism. Moreover, we build upon this mechanistic understanding to propose the design of an improved ligand framework that is predicted to stabilize the key transition states identified in our study and explore their electronic structures using an energy decomposition analysis. Taken together, this work highlights the value of synergistic computational/experimental approaches to decipher mechanisms of new electrocatalysts and direct the rational design of improved platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Loipersberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Derrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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45
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Kelty ML, McNeece AJ, Kurutz JW, Filatov AS, Anderson JS. Electrostatic vs. inductive effects in phosphine ligand donor properties and reactivity. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4377-4387. [PMID: 35509471 PMCID: PMC9007067 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04277g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced rates and selectivity in enzymes are enabled in part by precisely tuned electric fields within active sites. Analogously, the use of charged groups to leverage electrostatics in molecular systems is a promising strategy to tune reactivity. However, separation of the through space and through bond effects of charged functional groups is a long standing challenge that limits the rational application of electric fields in molecular systems. To address this challenge we developed a method using the phosphorus selenium coupling value (J P-Se) of anionic phosphine selenides to quantify the electrostatic contribution of the borate moiety to donor strength. In this analysis we report the synthesis of a novel anionic phosphine, PPh2CH2BF3K, the corresponding tetraphenyl phosphonium and tetraethyl ammonium selenides [PPh4][SePPh2CH2BF3] and [TEA][SePPh2CH2BF3], and the Rh carbonyl complex [PPh4][Rh(acac)(CO)(PPh2(CH2BF3))]. Solvent-dependent changes in J P-Se were fit using Coulomb's law and support up to an 80% electrostatic contribution to the increase in donor strength of [PPh4][SePPh2CH2BF3] relative to SePPh2Et, while controls with [TEA][SePPh2CH2BF3] exclude convoluting ion pairing effects. Calculations using explicit solvation or point charges effectively replicate the experimental data. This J P-Se method was extended to [PPh4][SePPh2(2-BF3Ph)] and likewise estimates up to a 70% electrostatic contribution to the increase in donor strength relative to SePPh3. The use of PPh2CH2BF3K also accelerates C-F oxidative addition reactivity with Ni(COD)2 by an order of magnitude in comparison to the comparatively donating neutral phosphines PEt3 and PCy3. This enhanced reactivity prompted the investigation of catalytic fluoroarene C-F borylation, with improved yields observed for less fluorinated arenes. These results demonstrate that covalently bound charged functionalities can exert a significant electrostatic influence under common solution phase reaction conditions and experimentally validate theoretical predictions regarding electrostatic effects in reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Kelty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago 929 E 57th St Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Andrew J McNeece
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago 929 E 57th St Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Josh W Kurutz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago 929 E 57th St Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Alexander S Filatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago 929 E 57th St Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - John S Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago 929 E 57th St Chicago IL 60637 USA
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46
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Bhunia S, Ghatak A, Dey A. Second Sphere Effects on Oxygen Reduction and Peroxide Activation by Mononuclear Iron Porphyrins and Related Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12370-12426. [PMID: 35404575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Activation and reduction of O2 and H2O2 by synthetic and biosynthetic iron porphyrin models have proved to be a versatile platform for evaluating second-sphere effects deemed important in naturally occurring heme active sites. Advances in synthetic techniques have made it possible to install different functional groups around the porphyrin ligand, recreating artificial analogues of the proximal and distal sites encountered in the heme proteins. Using judicious choices of these substituents, several of the elegant second-sphere effects that are proposed to be important in the reactivity of key heme proteins have been evaluated under controlled environments, adding fundamental insight into the roles played by these weak interactions in nature. This review presents a detailed description of these efforts and how these have not only demystified these second-sphere effects but also how the knowledge obtained resulted in functional mimics of these heme enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Bhunia
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Arnab Ghatak
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Abhishek Dey
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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47
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Wu CYL, Ngeow AJH, Chng CL, Yap FKP, Chan DKL. Interpreting thyroid function tests in babies of mothers with thyroid disease. Singapore Med J 2022; 63:225-227. [DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2022056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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48
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Li X, Lei H, Xie L, Wang N, Zhang W, Cao R. Metalloporphyrins as Catalytic Models for Studying Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution and Oxygen Reduction Reactions. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:878-892. [PMID: 35192330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are involved in biological and artificial energy conversions. H-H and O-O bond formation/cleavage are essential steps in these reactions. In nature, intermediates involved in the H-H and O-O bond formation/cleavage are highly reactive and short-lived, making their identification and investigation difficult. In artificial catalysis, the realization of these reactions at considerable rates and close to their thermodynamic reaction equilibria remains a challenge. Therefore, the elucidation of the reaction mechanisms and structure-function relationships is of fundamental significance to understand these reactions and to develop catalysts.This Account describes our recent investigations on catalytic HER, OER, and ORR with metalloporphyrins and derivatives. Metalloporphyrins are used in nature for light harvesting, energy conversion, electron transfer, O2 activation, and peroxide degradation. Synthetic metal porphyrin complexes are shown to be active for these reactions. We focused on exploring metalloporphyrins to study reaction mechanisms and structure-function relationships because they have stable and tunable structures and characteristic spectroscopic properties.For HER, we identified three H-H bond formation mechanisms and established the correlation between these processes and metal hydride electronic structures. Importantly, we provided direct experimental evidence for the bimetallic homolytic H-H bond formation mechanism by using sterically bulky porphyrins. Homolytic HER has been long proposed but rarely verified because the coupling of active hydride intermediates occurs spontaneously and quickly, making their detection challenging. By blocking the bimolecular mechanism through steric effects, we stabilized and characterized the NiIII-H intermediate and verified homolytic HER by comparing the reaction behaviors of Ni porphyrins with and without steric effects. We therefore provided an unprecedented example to control homolytic versus heterolytic HER mechanisms through tuning steric effects of molecular catalysts.For the OER, the water nucleophilic attack (WNA) on high-valent terminal Mn-oxo has been proposed for the O-O bond formation in natural and artificial water oxidation. By using Mn tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole, we identified MnV(O) and MnIV-peroxo intermediates in chemical and electrochemical OER and provided direct experimental evidence for the Mn-based WNA mechanism. Moreover, we demonstrated several catalyst design strategies to enhance the WNA rate, including the pioneering use of protective axial ligands. By studying Cu porphyrins, we proposed a bimolecular coupling mechanism between two metal-hydroxide radicals to form O-O bonds. Note that late-transition metals do not likely form terminal metal-oxo/oxyl.For the ORR, we presented several strategies to improve activity and selectivity, including providing rapid electron transfer, using electron-donating axial ligands, introducing hydrogen-bonding interactions, constructing dinuclear cooperation, and employing porphyrin-support domino catalysis. Importantly, we used Co porphyrin atropisomers to realize both two-electron and four-electron ORR, representing an unparalleled example to control ORR selectivity by tuning only steric effects without modifying molecular and/or electronic structures.Lastly, we developed several strategies to graft metalloporphyrins on various electrode materials through different covalent bonds. The molecular-engineered materials exhibit boosted electrocatalytic performance, highlighting promising applications of molecular electrocatalysis. Taken together, this Account demonstrates the benefits of exploring metalloporphyrins for the HER, OER, and ORR. The knowledge learned herein is valuable for the development of porphyrin-based catalysts and also other molecular and material catalysts for small molecule activation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xialiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Haitao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Lisi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Ni Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
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Abstract
This tutorial review showcases recent (2015-2021) work describing ligand construction as it relates to the design of secondary coordination spheres (SCSs). Metalloenzymes, for example, utilize SCSs to stabilize reactive substrates, shuttle small molecules, and alter redox properties, promoting functional activity. In the realm of biomimetic chemistry, specific incorporation of SCS residues (e.g., Brønsted or Lewis acid/bases, crown ethers, redox groups etc.) has been shown to be equally critical to function. This contribution illustrates how fundamental advances in organic and inorganic chemistry have been used for the construction of such SCSs. These imaginative contributions have driven exciting findings in many transformations relevant to clean fuel generation, including small molecule (e.g., H+, N2, CO2, NOx, O2) reduction. In most cases, these reactions occur cooperatively, where both metal and ligand are requisite for substrate activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus W Drover
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada.
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50
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Rickmeyer K, Niederegger L, Keilwerth M, Hess CR. Multifaceted Role of the Noninnocent Mabiq Ligand in Promoting Selective Reduction of CO2 to CO. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Rickmeyer
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lukas Niederegger
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Keilwerth
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Corinna R. Hess
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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