1
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Zhao G, Mukherjee U, Yao W, Ngai MY. Catalytic 1,2-Radical Acyloxy Migration: A Strategy to Access Novel Chemical Space and Reaction Profiles. Acc Chem Res 2025. [PMID: 40402008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5c00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2025]
Abstract
ConspectusRadical migration represents a powerful strategy for reaction discovery and development in organic synthesis, offering access to unprecedented functional molecules and chemical space. In this Account, we describe our contributions to the field, particularly focusing on 1,2-radical acyloxy migration (RAM), a process involving the transposition of a radical and an acyloxy group. We highlight its application in carbohydrate modification and allyl carboxylate trifunctionalization, demonstrating how this reactivity enables the streamlined synthesis of novel glycomimetics and facilitates selective 1,2,3-trifunctionalization of allyl carboxylates. These advances establish 1,2-RAM as a versatile platform for catalytic radical transformations, unlocking new opportunities in reaction development and functional molecule design.Our approach leverages excited-state palladium and ground-state nickel catalysis to modify carbohydrates, specifically at the C2 position. This strategy enables C2-deoxy-hydrogenation, deuteration, iodination, alkenylation, allylation, ketonylation, and arylation reactions, providing direct access to unprecedented glycomimetics. These transformations streamline the synthesis of structurally diverse glycomimetics, facilitating the discovery and development of carbohydrate-based functional molecules. Furthermore, the mild reaction conditions and high functional group tolerance of these catalytic systems make them particularly attractive for late-stage functionalization, broadening their applicability in complex molecule synthesis.Beyond carbohydrates, we have extended 1,2-RAM reactivity to achieve unprecedented 1,2,3-trifunctionalization of allyl carboxylates. By employing excited-state phosphine catalysis, we demonstrate a 1,3-carbobromination reaction accompanied by an acyloxy shift. This proof-of-concept study lays the foundation for developing a broader range of 1,2,3-trifunctionalization reactions, effectively transforming allyl carboxylates into substituted isopropyl carboxylate donors. This advancement expands the synthetic utility of allyl carboxylates, enabling the rapid construction of structurally diverse molecular scaffolds.In summary, the 1,2-RAM reactivity opens a new avenue for reaction discovery and development, granting access to new functional molecules and chemical space. The mild conditions, broad functional group compatibility, and unique reactivity of this approach make it a valuable tool for chemical synthesis. We anticipate that merging 1,2-RAM with other catalytic platforms will further advance bond disconnection strategies, provide access to new functional molecules, and expand the frontiers of chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyuan Zhao
- James Tarpo Jr. and Margaret Tarpo Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Upasana Mukherjee
- James Tarpo Jr. and Margaret Tarpo Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Wang Yao
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
| | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- James Tarpo Jr. and Margaret Tarpo Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
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2
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Ma J, Yan W, Chen X, Zhen W, Yu J, Wang R, Xu C. Photoinduced Diastereoselective and Stereodivergent Synthesis of C-Styryl Glycosides. Org Lett 2025. [PMID: 40379619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5c01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2025]
Abstract
A novel and efficient method for the stereoselective and stereodivergent synthesis of both unprotected and protected styryl C-glycosides through the reaction of sodium glycosyl sulfinate and hypervalent styryl iodine reagents is described. Using 2-bromo-9-fluorenone as a photocatalyst, C-styryl glycosides with an E configuration were selectively obtained. Furthermore, the introduction of a newly designed iridium-based catalyst enabled the selective formation of glycosides predominantly in the Z configuration. Mechanistic studies reveal the glycosyl radical is involved in the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Synthesis and Functionalization Discovery, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Weitao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Synthesis and Functionalization Discovery, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Synthesis and Functionalization Discovery, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wenxu Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Synthesis and Functionalization Discovery, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jin Yu
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, U.K
| | - Ruo Wang
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Department of Breast Surgery, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou University Affiliated Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Chunfa Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Synthesis and Functionalization Discovery, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, Shanghai 200032, China
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3
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Huo L, Zhu S, Zhao Y, Zhao X, Chu L. Photocatalytic Amine-Promoted Selective Hydrochlorination and sp 3 C-O Acylation of Alkyne-Tethered Methyl Ethers with Aldehydes. Org Lett 2025; 27:3548-3553. [PMID: 40146798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5c00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2025]
Abstract
We present a photoredox and alkylamine-assisted approach for the selective hydrochlorination and acylation of sp3 C-O bonds in alkynyl methyl ethers using aldehydes. This method leverages a cascade of radical processes─including chlorine radical addition, hydrogen atom transfer, in situ imine radical addition, and spin-center shift─to enable selective hydrochlorination of alkynes and the spontaneous cleavage of sp3 C-O bonds. The transformation accommodates a broad range of internal alkyne-tethered ethers and aldehydes, providing an efficient and streamlined pathway to chloro-alkenyl ketones. Utilizing only a photocatalyst, chloride, and propylamine under light irradiation, this strategy offers a practical and complementary alternative to previous sp3 C-O cleavage protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Shengqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yaheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Lingling Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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4
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Chen F, Cao Z, Zhu C. Asymmetric Functionalization Harnessing Radical-Mediated Functional-Group Migration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202424667. [PMID: 39870591 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202424667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2024] [Revised: 01/19/2025] [Accepted: 01/23/2025] [Indexed: 01/29/2025]
Abstract
Along with the renaissance of radical chemistry, the past decade has witnessed rapid development in radical-mediated rearrangement reactions. A wide diversity of radical approaches harnessing functional-group migration (FGM) have been devised to enhance both synthetic efficiency and molecular complexity. However, the application of FGM reactions to construct stereogenic centers remains underexplored owing to the inherent challenges of asymmetric radical reactions. In this Minireview, we summarize the emerging area of asymmetric functionalization involving radical-mediated FGM reactions. Enantioselectivity can be regulated by chiral substrates, auxiliaries or reagents, or achieved through asymmetric transition-metal catalysis. This synthetic strategy demonstrates its superiority in the production of valuable complex molecules that are otherwise difficult to obtain by conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fushan Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhu Cao
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
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5
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Liu M, Liu F, Xiao H, Wang PY, Liu M, Ye XS, Xiong DC. 1-(2'-Hydroxy-2'-Methylpropionyl)Glycoside as a Versatile Glycosyl Donor for O-/C-Glycosylation. Chemistry 2025; 31:e202403534. [PMID: 39508325 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202403534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2024] [Revised: 11/07/2024] [Accepted: 11/07/2024] [Indexed: 11/15/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we developed a Lewis acid-mediated O-glycosylation and C-glycosylation protocol using stable glycosyl 2'-hydroxy-2'-methylpropionates as donors. These glycosylation reactions reached completion within 1 h at room temperature. The practicality of this protocol is characterized by their straightforward operation and efficient applicability to various substrates, including both disarmed and armed glycosyl donors, through the remote activation of easily accessible TMSOTf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Peng-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Miao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - De-Cai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
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6
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Guo H, Tan D, Merten C, Loh CCJ. Enantioconvergent and Site-Selective Etherification of Carbohydrate Polyols through Chiral Copper Radical Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202409530. [PMID: 39152096 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Going beyond currently reported two electron transformations that formed the core backdrop of asymmetric catalytic site-selective carbohydrate polyol functionalizations, we herein report a seminal demonstration of an enantioconvergent copper catalyzed site-selective etherification of minimally protected saccharides through a single-electron radical pathway. Further, this strategy paves a rare strategy, through which a carboxamide scaffold that is present in some glycomimetics of pharmacological relevance, can be selectively introduced. In light of the burgeoning interest in chiral radical catalysis, and the virtual absence of such stereocontrol broadly in carbohydrate synthesis, our strategy showcased the unknown capability of chiral radical copper catalysis as a contemporary tool to address the formidable site-selectivity challenge on a remarkable palette of naturally occurring saccharides. When reducing sugars were employed, a further dynamic kinetic resolution type glycosylation can be activated by the catalytic system to selectively generate the challenging β-O-glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dilber Tan
- Organische Chemie II, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-University, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Merten
- Organische Chemie II, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-University, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Charles C J Loh
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- UCD School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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7
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Shen Z, Yu Y, Wu D, Wei Z, Kong W, Li Y, Yin G. Creating glycoside diversity through stereoselective carboboration of glycals. Nat Commun 2024; 15:10167. [PMID: 39580431 PMCID: PMC11585543 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-54016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 10/30/2024] [Indexed: 11/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Site-specific modification of glycosides to enhance or alter the physiological properties of the parent molecule has become a highly attractive strategy in drug development. However, creating glycoside building blocks with multiple diversifiable positions from readily available sugar precursors remains a challenging task. Herein, we present a highly regio- and stereoselective nickel-catalyzed carboboration of glycals, which offers a platform for generating glycoside diversity with diverse C1 and C2 modification potential. Specially, the integration of a readily modifiable boronate group at the C2 position markedly amplifies the versatility of this approach, furnishing a universal method for swiftly generating diverse rare sugars with C2-site modifications through expedited downstream transformations. This method demonstrates a broad substrate scope and tolerates various functional groups and complex natural or drug molecular architectures. Moreover, we illustrate the synthetic potential of this method through the synthesis of a diverse array of analogs of both natural products and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenpeng Shen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yue Yu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Dong Wu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhisen Wei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Weiyu Kong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yangyang Li
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Guoyin Yin
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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8
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Xu S, Ping Y, Xu M, Wu G, Ke Y, Miao R, Qi X, Kong W. Stereoselective and site-divergent synthesis of C-glycosides. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01629-3. [PMID: 39271916 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01629-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrates play important roles in medicinal chemistry and biochemistry. However, their synthesis relies on specially designed glycosyl donors, which are often unstable and require multi-step synthesis. Furthermore, the catalytic and stereoselective installation of arylated quaternary stereocentres on sugar rings remains a formidable challenge. Here we report a facile and versatile method for the synthesis of diverse C-R (where R is an aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, alkynyl or alkyl) glycosides from readily available and bench-stable 1-deoxyglycosides. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions and exhibits high stereoselectivity across a broad range of glycosyl units. This protocol can be used to synthesize challenging 2-deoxyglycosides, unprotected glycosides, non-classical glycosides and deuterated glycosides. We further developed the catalyst-controlled site-divergent functionalization of carbohydrates for the synthesis of various unexplored carbohydrates containing arylated quaternary stereocentres that are inaccessible by existing methods. The synthetic utility of this strategy is further demonstrated in the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant molecules and carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ping
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Minghao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guozhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Ke
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Miao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Wangqing Kong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Wuhan Institute of Photochemistry and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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9
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Wu X, Li S, Chen L, Ma S, Ma B, Song L, Qian D. Stereoselective Construction of Multifunctional C-Glycosides Enabled by Nickel-Catalyzed Tandem Borylation/Glycosylation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22413-22423. [PMID: 39096292 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Stereochemically pure saccharides have indispensable roles in fields ranging from medicinal chemistry to materials science and organic synthesis. However, the development of a simple, stereoselective, and efficient glycosylation protocol to access α- and β-C-glycosides (particularly 2-deoxy entities) remains a persistent challenge. Existing studies have primarily focused on C1 modification of carbohydrates and transformation of glycosyl radical precursors. Here, we innovate by harnessing the in situ generated glycosyl-Ni species to achieve one-pot borylation and glycosylation in a cascade manner, which is enabled by an earth-abundant nickel-catalyzed carboboration of readily accessible glycals without any ligand. This work reveals the potential for the development of a modular and multifunctional glycosylation platform to facilitate the simultaneous introduction of C-C and C-B bonds at the stereogenic center of saccharides, a largely unexploited research area. Preliminary experimental and computational studies indicate that the endocyclic O and the C3 group play important roles in stereoseclectively forging glycosidic bonds. As a result, a diverse range of C-R (R = alkyl, aryl, and alkenyl) and 2-deoxygenated glycosides bearing modifiable boron groups could be rapidly made with excellent stereocontrol and exhibit remarkable functional group tolerance. The synthetic potential is underscored in the late-stage glycosylation of natural products and commercial drugs as well as the facile preparation of various rare sugars, bioactive conjugates, and key intermediates to prorocentin, phomonol, and aspergillide A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Shijia Li
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Liqin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Siwei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Bin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Lijuan Song
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Deyun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
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10
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Wu J, Purushothaman R, Kallert F, Homölle SL, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Glycosylation via Halogen-Atom-Transfer for C-Glycoside Assembly. ACS Catal 2024; 14:11532-11544. [PMID: 39114086 PMCID: PMC11301629 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c02322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Glycosyl donor activation emerged as an enabling technology for anomeric functionalization, but aimed primarily at O-glycosylation. In contrast, we herein disclose mechanistically distinct electrochemical glycosyl bromide donor activations via halogen-atom transfer and anomeric C-glycosylation. The anomeric radical addition to alkenes led to C-alkyl glycoside synthesis under precious metal-free reaction conditions from readily available glycosyl bromides. The robustness of our e-XAT strategy was further mirrored by C-aryl and C-acyl glycosides assembly through nickela-electrocatalysis. Our approach provides an orthogonal strategy for glycosyl donor activation with expedient scope, hence representing a general method for direct C-glycosides assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Felix Kallert
- Wöhler-Research Institute
for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Tammannstraße
2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Simon L. Homölle
- Wöhler-Research Institute
for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Tammannstraße
2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Wöhler-Research Institute
for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Tammannstraße
2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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11
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Turner JA, Zipse H, Taylor MS. On the mechanism of carboxylate elimination from carbohydrate monoester-derived radicals. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3225-3229. [PMID: 38597089 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00241e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
A computational study of the mechanism of hydrogen atom transfer-induced carboxylate elimination from monoacylated 1,2-diol groups in pyranosides is presented. A comprehensive analysis of the 1,2-migration, elimination and fragmentation pathways reveals that concerted elimination via a 7-membered, hydrogen-bonded transition state is favored. Relative rates of elimination inferred from an intramolecular competition experiment are consistent with the trends obtained from the calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany.
| | - Mark S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
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12
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Ye XY, Wang G, Jin Z, Yu B, Zhang J, Ren S, Chi YR. Direct Formation of Amide-Linked C-Glycosyl Amino Acids and Peptides via Photoredox/Nickel Dual Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5502-5510. [PMID: 38359445 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Glycoproteins account for numerous biological processes including those associated with diseases and infections. The advancement of glycopeptides has emerged as a promising strategy for unraveling biological pathways and discovering novel medicines. In this arena, a key challenge arises from the absence of efficient synthetic strategies to access glycopeptides and glycoproteins. Here, we present a highly concise approach to bridging saccharides with amino acids and peptides through an amide linkage. Our amide-linked C-glycosyl amino acids and peptides are synthesized through cooperative Ni-catalyzed and photoredox processes. The catalytic process generates a glycosyl radical and an amide carbonyl radical, which subsequently combine to yield the C-glycosyl products. The saccharide reaction partners encompass mono-, di-, and trisaccharides. All 20 natural amino acids, peptides, and their derivatives can efficiently undergo glycosylations with yields ranging from acceptable to high, demonstrating excellent stereoselectivities. As a substantial expansion of applications, we have shown that simple C-glycosyl amino acids can function as versatile building units for constructing C-glycopeptides with intricate spatial complexities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yu Ye
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Guanjie Wang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhichao Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Bin Yu
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Shichao Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
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13
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Jiang NC, Zhou Z, Niu J. Quantitative, Regiospecific, and Stereoselective Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization of Monosaccharide Cyclic Ketene Acetals. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5056-5062. [PMID: 38345300 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Cyclic ketene acetals (CKAs) are among the most well-studied monomers for radical ring-opening polymerization (rROP). However, ring-retaining side reactions and low reactivities in homopolymerization and copolymerization remain significant challenges for the existing CKAs. Here, we report that a class of monosaccharide CKAs can be facilely prepared from a short and scalable synthetic route and can undergo quantitative, regiospecific, and stereoselective rROP. NMR analyses and degradation experiments revealed a reaction mechanism involving a propagating radical at the C2 position of pyranose with different monosaccharides exhibiting distinct stereoselectivity in the radical addition of the monomer. Furthermore, the addition of maleimide was found to improve the incorporation efficiency of monosaccharide CKA in the copolymerization with vinyl monomers and produced unique degradable terpolymers with carbohydrate motifs in the polymer backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Chuan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Zefeng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Jia Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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14
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Gorelik DJ, Desai SP, Jdanova S, Turner JA, Taylor MS. Transformations of carbohydrate derivatives enabled by photocatalysis and visible light photochemistry. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1204-1236. [PMID: 38274059 PMCID: PMC10806712 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05400d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This review article highlights the diverse ways in which recent developments in the areas of photocatalysis and visible light photochemistry are impacting synthetic carbohydrate chemistry. The major topics covered are photocatalytic glycosylations, generation of radicals at the anomeric position, transformations involving radical formation at non-anomeric positions, additions to glycals, processes initiated by photocatalytic hydrogen atom transfer from sugars, and functional group interconversions at OH and SH groups. Factors influencing stereo- and site-selectivity in these processes, along with mechanistic aspects, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Gorelik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Shrey P Desai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Sofia Jdanova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Julia A Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Mark S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
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15
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Moriyama T, Yoritate M, Kato N, Saika A, Kusuhara W, Ono S, Nagatake T, Koshino H, Kiya N, Moritsuka N, Tanabe R, Hidaka Y, Usui K, Chiba S, Kudo N, Nakahashi R, Igawa K, Matoba H, Tomooka K, Ishikawa E, Takahashi S, Kunisawa J, Yamasaki S, Hirai G. Linkage-Editing Pseudo-Glycans: A Reductive α-Fluorovinyl- C-Glycosylation Strategy to Create Glycan Analogs with Altered Biological Activities. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2237-2247. [PMID: 38196121 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The acetal (O-glycoside) bonds of glycans and glycoconjugates are chemically and biologically vulnerable, and therefore C-glycosides are of interest as more stable analogs. We hypothesized that, if the O-glycoside linkage plays a vital role in glycan function, the biological activities of C-glycoside analogs would vary depending on their substituents. Based on this idea, we adopted a "linkage-editing strategy" for the creation of glycan analogs (pseudo-glycans). We designed three types of pseudo-glycans with CH2 and CHF linkages, which resemble the O-glycoside linkage in terms of bond lengths, angles, and bulkiness, and synthesized them efficiently by means of fluorovinyl C-glycosylation and selective hydrogenation reactions. Application of this strategy to isomaltose (IM), an inducer of amylase expression, and α-GalCer, which activates iNKT cells, resulted in the discovery of CH2-IM, which shows increased amylase production ability, and CHF-α-GalCer, which shows activity opposite that of native α-GalCer, serving as an antagonist of iNKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Moriyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoritate
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Naoki Kato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Azusa Saika
- Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Asagi-Saito, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 11 Biopolis Way, Helios, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Wakana Kusuhara
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ono
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagatake
- Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Asagi-Saito, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koshino
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Noriaki Kiya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Natsuho Moritsuka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Riko Tanabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yu Hidaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuteru Usui
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Suzuka Chiba
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Noyuri Kudo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Rintaro Nakahashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Igawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, IRCCS, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Matoba
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tomooka
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, IRCCS, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Eri Ishikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shunji Takahashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Asagi-Saito, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Go Hirai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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16
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Xiao X, Han P, Wan JP, Liu J. Stereoselective Synthesis of Indolyl- C-glycosides Enabled by Sequential Aminopalladation and Heck Glycosylation of 2-Alkynylanilines with Glycals. Org Lett 2023; 25:7170-7175. [PMID: 37756216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and general approach for the synthesis of indolyl-C-glycosides via aminopalladation and subsequent Heck-type glycosylation of easily available 2-alkynylanilines and glycals has been developed. This protocol features excellent stereoselectivity, a broad substrate scope, and mild reaction conditions. In addition, 2,3-pseudoglycals also successfully participated in this cascade reaction, affording C2/C3-branched indolyl glycosides with high regio-/stereoselectivity. The utility of this protocol was also demonstrated by a large-scale reaction and diversified synthetic transformations of the desired products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Puren Han
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Jie-Ping Wan
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Jianchao Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China
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17
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Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Lee BC, Koh MJ. Diversification of Glycosyl Compounds via Glycosyl Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305138. [PMID: 37278303 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyl radical functionalization is one of the central topics in synthetic carbohydrate chemistry. Recent advances in metal-catalyzed cross-coupling chemistry and metallaphotoredox catalysis provided powerful platforms for glycosyl radical diversification. In particular, the discovery of new glycosyl radical precursors in conjunction with these advanced reaction technologies have significantly expanded the space for glycosyl compound synthesis. In this Review, we highlight the most recent progress in this area starting from 2021, and the reports included will be categorized based on different reaction types for better clarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yijun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Boon Chong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ming Joo Koh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
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18
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Witt C, Woerpel KA. Mechanistic Studies on the 1,2-Spin-Center Shift in Carbohydrate Systems with a Fluorenylcyclopropyl Radical Clock. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12802-12807. [PMID: 37606513 PMCID: PMC10476153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of the 1,2-spin-center shift in carbohydrate systems was studied with a fluorenylcyclopropyl radical clock. The 1,2-rearrangement of the acyl fluorenylcyclopropane group without opening of the cyclopropane ring provides the strongest evidence that the 1,2-spin-center shift in carbohydrate systems occurs through a concerted transition state without the intermediacy of a 1,3-dioxolanyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin
H. Witt
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - K. A. Woerpel
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
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19
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Sarkar S, Banerjee A, Shah JA, Mukherjee U, Frederiks NC, Johnson CJ, Ngai MY. Excited-State Copper-Catalyzed [4 + 1] Annulation Reaction Enables Modular Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated-γ-Lactams. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20884-20894. [PMID: 36326178 PMCID: PMC9754811 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of α,β-unsaturated-γ-lactams continue to attract attention due to the importance of this structural motif in organic chemistry. Herein, we report the development of a visible-light-induced excited-state copper-catalyzed [4 + 1] annulation reaction for the preparation of a wide range of γ-H, -OH, and -OR-substituted α,β-unsaturated-γ-lactams using acrylamides as the 4-atom unit and aroyl chlorides as the 1-atom unit. This modular synthetic protocol features mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope, and high functional group tolerance. The reaction is amenable to late-stage diversification of complex molecular architectures, including derivatives of marketed drugs. The products of the reaction can serve as versatile building blocks for further derivatization. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest an inner-sphere catalytic cycle involving photoexcitation of the Cu(BINAP) catalyst, single-electron transfer, and capture of radical intermediates by copper species, followed by reductive elimination or protonation to give the desired γ-functionalized α,β-unsaturated-γ-lactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satavisha Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Arghya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Jagrut A. Shah
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Upasana Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Nicoline C. Frederiks
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Christopher J. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3400, USA
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3400 USA
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20
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Wu J, Kaplaneris N, Pöhlmann J, Michiyuki T, Yuan B, Ackermann L. Remote C-H Glycosylation by Ruthenium(II) Catalysis: Modular Assembly of meta-C-Aryl Glycosides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208620. [PMID: 35877556 PMCID: PMC9825995 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of C-aryl glycosides in biologically active natural products and approved drugs has long motivated the development of efficient strategies for their selective synthesis. Cross-couplings have been frequently used, but largely relied on palladium catalyst with prefunctionalized substrates, while ruthenium-catalyzed C-aryl glycoside preparation has thus far proven elusive. Herein, we disclose a versatile ruthenium(II)-catalyzed meta-C-H glycosylation to access meta-C-aryl glycosides from readily available glycosyl halide donors. The robustness of the ruthenium catalysis was reflected by mild reaction conditions, outstanding levels of anomeric selectivity and exclusive meta-site-selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Julia Pöhlmann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Takuya Michiyuki
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable ChemistryTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Binbin Yuan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable ChemistryTammanstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
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21
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Exploiting photoredox catalysis for carbohydrate modification through C–H and C–C bond activation. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:782-805. [PMID: 37118094 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00422-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis has recently emerged as a powerful synthetic platform for accessing complex chemical structures through non-traditional bond disconnection strategies that proceed through free-radical intermediates. Such synthetic strategies have been used for a range of organic transformations; however, in carbohydrate chemistry they have primarily been applied to the generation of oxocarbenium ion intermediates in the ubiquitous glycosylation reaction. In this Review, we present more intricate light-induced synthetic strategies to modify native carbohydrates through homolytic C-H and C-C bond cleavage. These strategies allow access to glycans and glycoconjugates with profoundly altered carbohydrate skeletons, which are challenging to obtain through conventional synthetic means. Carbohydrate derivatives with such structural motifs represent a broad class of natural products integral to numerous biochemical processes and can be found in active pharmaceutical substances. Here we present progress made in C-H and C-C bond activation of carbohydrates through photoredox catalysis, focusing on the operational mechanisms and the scope of the described methodologies.
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22
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Matsuo B, Granados A, Majhi J, Sharique M, Levitre G, Molander GA. 1,2-Radical Shifts in Photoinduced Synthetic Organic Transformations: A Guide to the Reactivity of Useful Radical Synthons. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 2:435-454. [PMID: 36510615 PMCID: PMC9732885 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The exploration of 1,2-radical shift (RS) mechanisms in photoinduced organic reactions has provided efficient routes for the generation of important radical synthons in many chemical transformations. In this Review, the basic concepts involved in the traditional 1,2-spin-center shift (SCS) mechanisms in recently reported studies are discussed. In addition, other useful 1,2-RSs are addressed, such as those proceeding through 1,2-group migrations in carbohydrate chemistry, via 1,2-boron shifts, and by the generation of α-amino radicals. The discussion begins with a general overview of the basic aspects of 1,2-RS mechanisms, followed by a demonstration of their applicability in photoinduced transformations. The sections that follow are organized according to the mechanisms operating in combination with the 1,2-radical migration event. This contribution is not a comprehensive review but rather aims to provide an understanding of the topic, focused on the more recent advances in the field, and establishes a definition for the nomenclature that has been used to describe such mechanisms.
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23
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Wu J, Kaplaneris N, Pöhlmann J, Michiyuki T, Yuan B, Ackermann L. Remote C–H Glycosylation by Ruthenium(II) Catalysis: Modular Assembly of meta‐C‐Aryl Glycosides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- University of Göttingen: Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen WISCh GERMANY
| | | | - Julia Pöhlmann
- University of Göttingen: Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen WISCh GERMANY
| | - Takuya Michiyuki
- University of Göttingen: Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen WISCh GERMANY
| | - Binbin Yuan
- University of Göttingen: Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen WISCh GERMANY
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Georg-August-Universitaet Goettingen Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Tammannstr. 2 37077 Goettingen GERMANY
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24
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Carder HM, Wang Y, Wendlandt AE. Selective Axial-to-Equatorial Epimerization of Carbohydrates. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11870-11877. [PMID: 35731921 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Radical-mediated transformations have emerged as powerful methods for the synthesis of rare and unnatural branched, deoxygenated, and isomeric sugars. Here, we describe a radical-mediated axial-to-equatorial alcohol epimerization method to transform abundant glycans into rare isomers. The method delivers highly predictable and selective reaction outcomes that are complementary to other sugar isomerization methods. The synthetic utility of isomer interconversion is showcased through expedient glycan synthesis, including one-step glycodiversification. Mechanistic studies reveal that both site- and diastereoselectivities are achieved by highly selective H atom abstraction of equatorially disposed α-hydroxy C-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden M Carder
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alison E Wendlandt
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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25
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Peng TY, Xu ZY, Zhang FL, Li B, Xu WP, Fu Y, Wang YF. Dehydroxylative Alkylation of α-Hydroxy Carboxylic Acid Derivatives via a Spin-Center Shift. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201329. [PMID: 35388555 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A strategically distinct dehydroxylative alkylation reaction of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid derivatives with alkenes is developed. The reaction starts with the attack of a 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP)-boryl radical to the carbonyl oxygen atom, followed by a spin-center shift (SCS) to trigger the C-O bond scission. The resulting α-carbonyl radicals couple with a wide range of alkenes to furnish various alkylated products. This strategy allows for the efficient conversion of a wide array of α-hydroxy amides and esters derived from several biomass molecules and natural products to value-added compounds. Experimental and computational studies verified the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yu Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Zhe-Yuan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Feng-Lian Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Bin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Wen-Ping Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yao Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yi-Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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26
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Zhao G, Mukherjee U, Zhou L, Wu Y, Yao W, Mauro JN, Liu P, Ngai MY. C2-ketonylation of carbohydrates via excited-state palladium-catalyzed 1,2-spin-center shift. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6276-6282. [PMID: 35733909 PMCID: PMC9159084 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
C2-ketonyl-2-deoxysugars, sugars with the C2-hydroxyl group replaced by a ketone side chain, are important carbohydrate mimetics in glycobiology and drug discovery studies; however, their preparation remains a vital challenge in organic synthesis. Here we report the first direct strategy to synthesize this class of glycomimetics from readily available 1-bromosugars and silyl enol ethers via an excited-state palladium-catalyzed 1,2-spin-center shift (SCS) process. This step-economic reaction features broad substrate scope, has a high functional group tolerance, and can be used in late-stage functionalization of natural product- and drug-glycoconjugates. Preliminary experimental and computational mechanistic studies suggested a non-chain radical mechanism involving photoexcited palladium species, a 1,2-SCS process, and a radical Mizoroki-Heck reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
| | - Upasana Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Wang Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
| | - Jaclyn N Mauro
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
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27
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Zhang FL, Li B, Houk KN, Wang YF. Application of the Spin-Center Shift in Organic Synthesis. JACS AU 2022; 2:1032-1042. [PMID: 35647602 PMCID: PMC9131482 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Spin-center shift (SCS) is a radical process involving 1,2-radical translocation along with a two-electron ionic movement, such as elimination of an adjacent leaving group. Such a process was initially observed in some important biochemical transformations, and the unique property has also attracted considerable interest in synthetic chemistry. Experimental, kinetic, as well as computational studies have been performed, and a series of useful radical transformations have been developed and applied in organic synthesis based on SCS processes in the last 20 years. This Perspective is an overview of radical transformations involving the SCS mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Lian Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yi-Feng Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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28
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Peng TY, Xu ZY, Zhang FL, Li B, Xu WP, Fu Y, Wang YF. Dehydroxylative Alkylation of α‐Hydroxy Carboxylic Acids Derivatives via Spin‐center Shift. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yu Peng
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Zhe-Yuan Xu
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Feng-Lian Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Bin Li
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Wen-Ping Xu
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yao Fu
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yi-Feng Wang
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry 96 Jinzhai Road 230026 Hefei CHINA
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29
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Ding YN, Li N, Huang YC, Shi WY, Zheng N, Wang CT, An Y, Liu XY, Liang YM. One-Pot Stereoselective Synthesis of 2,3-Diglycosylindoles and Tryptophan-C-glycosides via Palladium-Catalyzed C-H Glycosylation of Indole and Tryptophan. Org Lett 2022; 24:2381-2386. [PMID: 35319894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We described a novel palladium-catalyzed C-H glycosylation of indole or tryptophan for a one-pot stereoselective synthesis of 2,3-diglycosylindoles and tryptophan-C-glycosides. In this strategy, the use of air and base-free and ligand-free conditions provided a highly efficient route to construct C-glycosides. The method can be applied to a wide range of cost-effective and convenient glycosyl chloride donors. Mechanistic studies indicated that the indole 2,3-diglycosylation sequence was C3 and then C2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Chong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Nian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Cui-Tian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yang An
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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30
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Yao W, Zhao G, Wu Y, Zhou L, Mukherjee U, Liu P, Ngai MY. Excited-State Palladium-Catalyzed Radical Migratory Mizoroki-Heck Reaction Enables C2-Alkenylation of Carbohydrates. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3353-3359. [PMID: 35188768 PMCID: PMC8970705 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Excited-state palladium catalysis has emerged as a promising strategy for developing novel and valuable reactions. Herein, we report the first excited-state Pd-catalyzed 1,2-radical migratory Mizoroki-Heck reaction that enables C2-alkenylation of carbohydrates using readily available 1-bromosugars and alkenes. The reaction tolerates a wide variety of functional groups and complex molecular architectures, including derivatives of natural products and marketed drugs. Preliminary mechanistic studies and DFT calculations suggest the involvement of visible-light-induced photoexcitation of Pd species, 1,2-spin-centered-shift (SCS) process, and Heck-type cross-coupling reaction. The reaction expands the reactivity profile of excited-state Pd catalysis and provides a streamlined protocol for the preparation of a wide variety of C2-alkenylated carbohydrate mimetics to aid the discovery and development of new therapeutics, agrochemicals, and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yao
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Gaoyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Upasana Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States;,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, United States;,Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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31
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Zhao WC, Li RP, Ma C, Liao QY, Wang M, He ZT. Stereoselective gem-C,B-Glycosylation via 1,2-Boronate Migration. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2460-2467. [PMID: 35112837 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel protocol is established for the long-standing challenge of stereoselective geminal bisglycosylations of saccharides. The merger of PPh3 as a traceless glycosidic leaving group and 1,2-boronate migration enables the simultaneous introduction of C-C and C-B bonds at the anomeric stereogenic center of furanoses and pyranoses. The power of this method is showcased by a set of site-selective modifications of glycosylation products for the construction of bioactive conjugates and skeletons. A scarce metal-free 1,1-difunctionalization process of alkenes is also concomitantly demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Cheng Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rui-Peng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chao Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qi-Ying Liao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Miao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhi-Tao He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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32
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Han WJ, Zhang JW, Yan CX, Wang JW, Zhou PP, Han B. Sequential Catalytic Annulations: Divergent Synthesis of Heterocycles through a Radical [1,4]-Oxygen Shift. Org Lett 2022; 24:542-547. [PMID: 34989585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A radical [1,4]-oxygen-atom transfer has been realized by the reaction of linear alkyne-tethered ketoximes and ethynylbenziodoxolones (EBX) under sequential catalytic conditions. Mechanism studies indicate that the O atom transfer experiences a cascade O atom radical cyclization/alkynylation/N-O bond photocleavage and subsequent N,O-diradical rearrangement. By the diversification of catalytic sequences, a series of structurally important 3H-pyrrol-3-ones and chlorinated furo[3,2-b]pyrroles are divergently synthesized along with an O atom shift under the catalysis of Cu/Ir photosensitization and Cu/Ir photosensitization/AlCl3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Wu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Xian Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan-Pan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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33
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Merrett JT, Chen X, Kyne SH, Harode M, Chan PWH. Rhodium( i)-catalysed cycloisomerisation/6π electrocyclisation of 5-(ethynylamino)pent-2-yn-1-yl esters to 2,3-dihydrobenzo[ f]indoles. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01992b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A rare instance in rhodium catalysis of an in situ formed rhodacycle that undergoes a formal 1,8-acyloxy migration-initiated reductive elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Sara Helen Kyne
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Mandeep Harode
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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34
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Shekhar S, Ahmed TS, Ickes AR, Haibach MC. Recent Advances in Nonprecious Metal Catalysis. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Shekhar
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Tonia S. Ahmed
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Andrew R. Ickes
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Michael C. Haibach
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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35
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Li CY, Ma Y, Lei ZW, Hu XG. Glycosyl-Radical-Based Synthesis of C-Alkyl Glycosides via Photomediated Defluorinative gem-Difluoroallylation. Org Lett 2021; 23:8899-8904. [PMID: 34726057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a stereoselective, glycosyl radical-based method for the synthesis of C-alkyl glycosides via a photomediated defluorinative gem-difluoroallylation reaction. We demonstrate for the first time that glycosyl radicals, generated from glycosyl bromides, can readily participate in a photomediated radical polar crossover process, affording a diverse array of gem-difluoroalkene containing C-glycosides. Notable features of this method include scalability, mild conditions, broad substrate scope, and suitability for the late-stage modification of complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Yi Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Yue Ma
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Lei
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Xiang-Guo Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
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36
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Zhu Q, Nocera DG. Catalytic C(β)–O Bond Cleavage of Lignin in a One-Step Reaction Enabled by a Spin-Center Shift. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qilei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138−2902, United States
| | - Daniel G. Nocera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138−2902, United States
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37
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Wu X, Ma Z, Feng T, Zhu C. Radical-mediated rearrangements: past, present, and future. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11577-11613. [PMID: 34661216 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00529d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Rearrangement reactions, one of the most significant transformations in organic chemistry, play an irreplaceable role in improving synthetic efficiency and molecular complexity. Concomitant cleavage and reconstruction of chemical bonds can display the great artistry and the glamour of synthetic chemistry. Over the past century, ionic rearrangement reactions, in particular those involving cationic pathways, have represented most of the research. Alongside the renaissance of radical chemistry, radical-mediated rearrangements have recently seen a rapid increase of attention from the chemical community. Many new radical rearrangements that extensively reveal the migratory behaviour of functional groups have been unveiled in the last decade. This Review provides a comprehensive perspective on the area from the past to present achievements, and brings up the prospects that may inspire colleagues to develop more useful synthetic tools based on radical rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Zhigang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Tingting Feng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Chen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China. .,Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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38
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Turner JA, Rosano N, Gorelik DJ, Taylor MS. Synthesis of Ketodeoxysugars from Acylated Pyranosides Using Photoredox Catalysis and Hydrogen Atom Transfer. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Nicholas Rosano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Daniel J. Gorelik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mark S. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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