1
|
Qi S, Ge C, Wang P, Wu B, Zhao Y, Zhao R, Shafian S, Hua Y, Xie L. Improving Perovskite Solar Cell Performance and Stability via Thermal Imprinting-Assisted Ion Exchange Passivation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39261789 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c08538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
The latest development in perovskite solar cell (PSC) technology has been significantly influenced by advanced techniques aimed at passivating surface defects. This work presents a new approach called thermal imprinting-assisted ion exchange passivation (TIAIEP), which delivers a different approach to conventional solution-based methods. TIAIEP focuses on addressing surface imperfections in solid-state films by using a passivator that promotes ion exchange specifically at the defect sites within the perovskite layer. By adjusting the time and temperature of the TIAIEP process, we achieve substantial enhancement in the creation of a compositional gradient within the films. This optimization slows the cooling rate of hot carriers, leading to minimizing charge recombination and improving the device performance. Remarkably, devices treated with TIAIEP achieve a 22.29% power conversion efficiency and show outstanding stability, with unencapsulated PSCs maintaining 91% of their original efficiency after over 2000 h of storage and 90% efficiency after 1200 h of constant illumination. These results highlight TIAIEP's effectiveness in mitigating surface defects, improving both the photoelectric and stability performance of PSCs, and indicating significant potential for large-scale application in perovskite film passivation, promoting the widespread adoption of this technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Qi
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Chenghao Ge
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Bin Wu
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yuping Zhao
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Rongjun Zhao
- Department of Physics, Center for Optoelectronics Engineering Research, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Shafidah Shafian
- Solar Energy Research Institute, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia
| | - Yong Hua
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Lin Xie
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tang K, Chen Y, Zhao Y. Exploiting halide perovskites for heavy metal ion detection. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4511-4520. [PMID: 38597320 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00619d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metal ions such as mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd) pose significant threats to ecosystems and human health due to their toxicity and bioaccumulation potential. With growing environmental concerns over heavy metal ion pollution, there is an urgent need to develop efficient detection methods for safeguarding public health and the environment. Various materials, including polymers, nanomaterials, and porous substances, have been used for heavy metal ion detection and have shown promising performance for different scenarios. However, each of these materials has certain limitations as probes. Metal halide perovskites (MHPs), known for their exceptional optoelectronic properties and high structural and chemical tunability, have gained great attention in applications such as photovoltaics and LEDs. Yet, their potential as metal ion probes remains rarely explored. This review assesses MHPs as prospective materials for heavy metal ion detection, taking their structure, chemical properties, and responses to external stimuli into consideration. Three key detection mechanisms-cation exchange (CE), electron transfer (ET), and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), are explored to understand how metal ions trigger fluorescence changes on perovskites, enabling their detection. Finally, current avenues of developing perovskite probes are discussed, which include exploration of lead-free perovskites to mitigate environmental concerns arising from lead leakage and the pursuit of achieving high-sensitivity and stable detection in aqueous media, summarizing the existing and promising strategies in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yuetian Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Shanghai Non-carbon Energy Conversion and Utilization Institute, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yixin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Shanghai Non-carbon Energy Conversion and Utilization Institute, Shanghai 200240, China
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hu S, Thiesbrummel J, Pascual J, Stolterfoht M, Wakamiya A, Snaith HJ. Narrow Bandgap Metal Halide Perovskites for All-Perovskite Tandem Photovoltaics. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4079-4123. [PMID: 38527274 PMCID: PMC11009966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
All-perovskite tandem solar cells are attracting considerable interest in photovoltaics research, owing to their potential to surpass the theoretical efficiency limit of single-junction cells, in a cost-effective sustainable manner. Thanks to the bandgap-bowing effect, mixed tin-lead (Sn-Pb) perovskites possess a close to ideal narrow bandgap for constructing tandem cells, matched with wide-bandgap neat lead-based counterparts. The performance of all-perovskite tandems, however, has yet to reach its efficiency potential. One of the main obstacles that need to be overcome is the─oftentimes─low quality of the mixed Sn-Pb perovskite films, largely caused by the facile oxidation of Sn(II) to Sn(IV), as well as the difficult-to-control film crystallization dynamics. Additional detrimental imperfections are introduced in the perovskite thin film, particularly at its vulnerable surfaces, including the top and bottom interfaces as well as the grain boundaries. Due to these issues, the resultant device performance is distinctly far lower than their theoretically achievable maximum efficiency. Robust modifications and improvements to the surfaces of mixed Sn-Pb perovskite films are therefore critical for the advancement of the field. This Review describes the origins of imperfections in thin films and covers efforts made so far toward reaching a better understanding of mixed Sn-Pb perovskites, in particular with respect to surface modifications that improved the efficiency and stability of the narrow bandgap solar cells. In addition, we also outline the important issues of integrating the narrow bandgap subcells for achieving reliable and efficient all-perovskite double- and multi-junction tandems. Future work should focus on the characterization and visualization of the specific surface defects, as well as tracking their evolution under different external stimuli, guiding in turn the processing for efficient and stable single-junction and tandem solar cell devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuaifeng Hu
- Clarendon
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United
Kingdom
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Jarla Thiesbrummel
- Clarendon
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United
Kingdom
- Institute
for Physics and Astronomy, University of
Potsdam,14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jorge Pascual
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Polymat, University of the
Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San
Sebastian, Spain
| | - Martin Stolterfoht
- Institute
for Physics and Astronomy, University of
Potsdam,14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Electronic
Engineering Department, The Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, SAR China
| | - Atsushi Wakamiya
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Henry J. Snaith
- Clarendon
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United
Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Qiao L, Guo M, Long R. Unveiling the Dual Role of Humidity: The Interplay with Defects Manipulating the Charge Carrier Lifetime in Metal Halide Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:1546-1552. [PMID: 38299495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Humidity has exhibited experimentally either beneficial or detrimental effects on the charge carrier lifetime of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskites, leaving the mechanism unresolved. By using ab initio nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations, we unveil the dual role of humidity stemming from the complex interplay between water and defects. Beneficially, water passivates iodine vacancies (VI) or grain boundaries (GBs), mitigating electron trapping by reducing nonadiabatic coupling and delaying charge recombination. However, when VI and GBs coexist, water molecules make the two unsaturated lead atoms approach closer and exacerbate electron trapping by deepening the Pb-dimer electron trap that was created by the VI defect, shortening the carrier lifetime to half of pristine CH3NH3PbI3. The study uncovers the origin of the positive and negative effects of humidity on the charge carrier lifetime of perovskites and offers strategies for improving perovskite devices, particularly by avoiding simultaneous point defects and GBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qiao
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Meng Guo
- Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputing Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250013, P. R. China
- Jinan Institute of Supercomputing Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250103, P. R. China
| | - Run Long
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bisconti F, Leoncini M, Gambino S, Vanni N, Carallo S, Russo F, Armenise V, Listorti A, Colella S, Valastro S, Alberti A, Mannino G, Rizzo A. Mimicking Natural Antioxidant Systems for Improved Photostability in Wide-Band-Gap Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS NANO 2024; 18:1573-1581. [PMID: 38157489 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Fostered by the top power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of lab-scale devices, industrialization of perovskite solar cells is underway. Nevertheless, the intrinsically poor stability of these materials still represents a major concern. Herein, inspired by Nature, the use of β-carotene in perovskite solar cells is proposed to mimic its role as a protective pigment, as occurs in natural photosynthesis. Laser-mediated photostability (LMPS) assessment, Fourier-transform infrared spectra analysis acquired in attenuate total reflectance (ATR-FTIR), spectroscopy ellipsometry (SE), and time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements under stress conditions prove that the inclusion of a thin β-carotene interlayer promotes a high improvement in the photostability of the perovskite films against photooxidation. Importantly, this is accompanied by an improvement of the solar cell PCE that approaches 20% efficiency with no hysteresis, which is among the highest values reported for a mixed halide (I-Br) perovskite with a band gap of 1.74 eV, relevant for coupling with silicon in tandem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bisconti
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Mauro Leoncini
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Università del Salento, Campus Ecotekne, via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Salvatore Gambino
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Nadir Vanni
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Università del Salento, Campus Ecotekne, via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Sonia Carallo
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesca Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell'Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenza Armenise
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Listorti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia Colella
- CNR NANOTEC-c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanni Mannino
- CNR-IMM, Ottava strada 5 (Zona industriale), 95121 Catania, Italy
| | - Aurora Rizzo
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Il Jake Choi J, Ono LK, Cho H, Kim KJ, Kang HB, Qi Y, Park JY. Pathways of Water-Induced Lead-Halide Perovskite Surface Degradation: Insights from In Situ Atomic-Scale Analysis. ACS NANO 2023; 17:25679-25688. [PMID: 38054480 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
While organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites are emerging as promising materials for next-generation photovoltaic applications, the origins and pathways of perovskite instability remain speculative. In particular, the degradation of perovskite surfaces by ambient water is a crucial subject for determining the long-term viability of perovskite-based solar cells. Here, we conducted surface characterization and atomic-scale analysis of the reaction mechanisms for methylammonium lead bromide (MA(CH3NH3)PbBr3) single crystals using ambient-pressure atomic force microscopy (AP-AFM) and near-ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) in environments ranging from ultrahigh vacuum to 0.01 mbar of water vapor. MAPbBr3 single crystals, grown by a solution process, were mechanically cleaved under UHV conditions to obtain an atomically clean surface. Consecutive topography and friction force measurements in low-pressure water (pwater ≈ 10-5 mbar) revealed the formation of degraded patches, one atomic layer deep, gradually increasing their coverage until the surface was entirely covered at a water exposure of 4.7 × 104 langmuir (L). At the perimeters of these degraded patches, a higher friction coefficient was observed, along with an interstitial step height, which we attribute to a structure equivalent to that of the MA-Br terminated surface. Combined with NAP-XPS analysis, our results demonstrate that water vapor induces the dissociation of surface methylammonium ligands, eventually resulting in the depletion of the surface MA and the full coverage of hydrocarbon species after exposure to 0.01 mbar of water vapor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joong Il Jake Choi
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Luis K Ono
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Hunyoung Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Jeong Kim
- Beamline Research Division, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Been Kang
- Engineering Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Yabing Qi
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Jeong Young Park
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Intan NN, Pfaendtner J. Role of Surface Features on the Initial Dissolution of CH 3NH 3PbI 3 Perovskite in Liquid Water: An Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Study. ACS NANO 2023; 17:22371-22387. [PMID: 37943082 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) hybrid organic inorganic perovskite (HOIP) by water has been the major issue hampering its use in commercial perovskites solar cells (PSCs), as MAPbI3 HOIP has been known to easily degrade in the presence of water. Even though there have been numerous studies investigating this phenomenon, there is still no consensus on the mechanisms of the initial stages of dissolution. Here, we attempt to consolidate differing mechanistic interpretations previously reported in the literature through the use of the first-principles constrained ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) to study both the energetics and mechanisms that accompany the degradation of MAPbI3 HOIP in liquid water. By comparing the dissolution free energy barrier between surface species of different surficial types, we find that the dominant dissolution mechanisms of surface species vary widely based on the specific surface features. The high sensitivity of the dissolution mechanism to surface features has contributed to the many dissolution mechanisms proposed in the literature. In contrast, the dissolution free energy barriers are mainly determined by the dissolving species rather than the type of surfaces, and the type of surfaces the ions are dissolving from is inconsequential toward the dissolution free energy barrier. However, the presence of surface defects such as vacancy sites is found to significantly lower the dissolution free energy barriers. Based on the estimated dissolution free energy barriers, we propose that the dissolution of MAPbI3 HOIP in liquid water originates from surface defect sites that propagate laterally along the surface layer of the MAPbI3 HOIP crystal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia N Intan
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jim Pfaendtner
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
D'Amato M, Belzane L, Dabard C, Silly M, Patriarche G, Glorieux Q, Le Jeannic H, Lhuillier E, Bramati A. Highly Photostable Zn-Treated Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals for Efficient Single Photon Generation. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:10228-10235. [PMID: 37930320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Achieving pure single-photon emission is essential for a range of quantum technologies, from quantum computing to quantum key distribution to quantum metrology. Among solid-state quantum emitters, colloidal lead halide perovskite (LHP) nanocrystals (NCs) have attracted considerable interest due to their structural and optical properties, which make them attractive candidates for single-photon sources (SPSs). However, their practical utilization has been hampered by environment-induced instabilities. In this study, we fabricate and characterize in a systematic manner Zn-treated CsPbBr3 colloidal NCs obtained through Zn2+ ion doping at the Pb-site, demonstrating improved stability under dilution and illumination. The doped NCs exhibit high single-photon purity, reduced blinking on a submillisecond time scale, and stability of the bright state even at excitation powers well above saturation. Our findings highlight the potential of this synthesis approach to optimize the performance of LHP-based SPSs, opening up interesting prospects for their integration into nanophotonic systems for quantum technology applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna D'Amato
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Cedex 05 Paris, France
| | - Lucien Belzane
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Cedex 05 Paris, France
| | - Corentin Dabard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Silly
- Synchrotron-SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, BP48, F91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Gilles Patriarche
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 10 Bd Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Quentin Glorieux
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Cedex 05 Paris, France
| | - Hanna Le Jeannic
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Cedex 05 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Lhuillier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alberto Bramati
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Cedex 05 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hidalgo J, Kaiser W, An Y, Li R, Oh Z, Castro-Méndez AF, LaFollette DK, Kim S, Lai B, Breternitz J, Schorr S, Perini CAR, Mosconi E, De Angelis F, Correa-Baena JP. Synergistic Role of Water and Oxygen Leads to Degradation in Formamidinium-Based Halide Perovskites. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145. [PMID: 37917967 PMCID: PMC10655111 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-cation metal halide perovskites have shown remarkable progress in photovoltaic applications with high power conversion efficiencies. However, to achieve large-scale deployment of this technology, efficiencies must be complemented by long-term durability. The latter is limited by external factors, such as exposure to humidity and air, which lead to the rapid degradation of the perovskite materials and devices. In this work, we study the mechanisms causing Cs and formamidinium (FA)-based halide perovskite phase transformations and stabilization during moisture and air exposure. We use in situ X-ray scattering, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and first-principles calculations to study these chemical interactions and their effects on structure. We unravel a surface reaction pathway involving the dissolution of FAI by water and iodide oxidation by oxygen, driving the Cs/FA ratio into thermodynamically unstable regions, leading to undesirable phase transformations. This work demonstrates the interplay of bulk phase transformations with surface chemical reactions, providing a detailed understanding of the degradation mechanism and strategies for designing durable and efficient perovskite materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juanita Hidalgo
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Waldemar Kaiser
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Yu An
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National
Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven
National Lab, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Zion Oh
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Andrés-Felipe Castro-Méndez
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Diana K. LaFollette
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Sanggyun Kim
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Barry Lai
- Advanced
Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Joachim Breternitz
- Department
of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, Berlin 14109, Germany
| | - Susan Schorr
- Department
of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, Berlin 14109, Germany
- Freie Universitaet
Berlin, Institute of Geological Sciences, Malteser Str. 74-200, Berlin 12249, Germany
| | - Carlo A. R. Perini
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Perugia 06123, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia and UdR INSTM, Perugia 06123, Italy
- Department
of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, College of Sciences & Human
Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Dhahran 34754, Saudi Arabia
- SKKU
Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Juan-Pablo Correa-Baena
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu J, Chen H, Grater L, Liu C, Yang Y, Teale S, Maxwell A, Mahesh S, Wan H, Chang Y, Chen B, Rehl B, Park SM, Kanatzidis MG, Sargent EH. Anion optimization for bifunctional surface passivation in perovskite solar cells. NATURE MATERIALS 2023:10.1038/s41563-023-01705-y. [PMID: 37903926 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01705-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Pseudo-halide (PH) anion engineering has emerged as a surface passivation strategy of interest for perovskite-based optoelectronics; but until now, PH anions have led to insufficient defect passivation and thus to undesired deep impurity states. The size of the chemical space of PH anions (>106 molecules) has so far limited attempts to explore the full family of candidate molecules. We created a machine learning workflow to speed up the discovery process using full-density functional theory calculations for training the model. The physics-informed machine learning model allowed us to pinpoint promising molecules with a head group that prevents lattice distortion and anti-site defect formation, and a tail group optimized for strong attachment to the surface. We identified 15 potential bifunctional PH anions with the ability to passivate both donors and acceptors, and through experimentation, discovered that sodium thioglycolate was the most effective passivant. This strategy resulted in a power-conversion efficiency of 24.56% with a high open-circuit voltage of 1.19 volts (24.04% National Renewable Energy Lab-certified quasi-steady-state) in inverted perovskite solar cells. Encapsulated devices maintained 96% of their initial power-conversion energy during 900 hours of one-sun operation at the maximum power point.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luke Grater
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Sam Teale
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aidan Maxwell
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suhas Mahesh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Haoyue Wan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuxin Chang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Benjamin Rehl
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - So Min Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li Z, Sun X, Zheng X, Li B, Gao D, Zhang S, Wu X, Li S, Gong J, Luther JM, Li Z, Zhu Z. Stabilized hole-selective layer for high-performance inverted p-i-n perovskite solar cells. Science 2023; 382:284-289. [PMID: 37856581 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade9637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
P-i-n geometry perovskite solar cells (PSCs) offer simplified fabrication, greater amenability to charge extraction layers, and low-temperature processing over n-i-p counterparts. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) can enhance the performance of p-i-n PSCs but ultrathin SAMs can be thermally unstable. We report a thermally robust hole-selective layer comprised of nickel oxide (NiOx) nanoparticle film with a surface-anchored (4-(3,11-dimethoxy-7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazol-7-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (MeO-4PADBC) SAM that can improve and stabilize the NiOx/perovskite interface. The energetic alignment and favorable contact and binding between NiOx/MeO-4PADBC and perovskite reduced the voltage deficit of PSCs with various perovskite compositions and led to strong interface toughening effects under thermal stress. The resulting 1.53-electron-volt devices achieved 25.6% certified power conversion efficiency and maintained >90% of their initial efficiency after continuously operating at 65 degrees Celsius for 1200 hours under 1-sun illumination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Xianglang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Zheng
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Danpeng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Shoufeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Jianqiu Gong
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | | | - Zhong'an Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Zonglong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chi S, Yang S, Wang Y, Li D, Zhang L, Fan L, Wang F, Liu X, Liu H, Wei M, Yang J, Yang L. Break through the Steric Hindrance of Ionic Liquids with Carbon Quantum Dots to Achieve Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:48304-48315. [PMID: 37792963 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Overcoming the negative impact of residual ionic liquids (ILs) on perovskite films based on an in-depth understanding of chemical interactions between ionic liquids and preparing perovskite precursor solutions is a great challenge when aiming to simultaneously achieve long-term stability and high efficiency within IL-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF4), a type of IL, was introduced into the perovskite precursor solution, and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were further introduced into the antisolvent to enhance the photovoltaic properties of PSCs. Both ILs and CQDs synergistically manipulate the crystallization process and passivate defects to obtain high-quality perovskite films. Besides serving as passivation sites to strengthen the collaboration between additives and perovskite materials, the cointroduction of CQDs further promotes the carrier transport process since it not only provides carrier channels at grain boundaries but also forms better energy alignment, which effectively overcomes the charge transfer loss caused by the steric hindrance of ILs. Based on such a synergistic effect of ILs and CQDs, the n-i-p MAPbI3-based PSCs achieve the highest efficiency of 20.84% with improved stability. This simple and low-cost synergistic integration method will subsequently provide direction for optimizing ILs to improve the photovoltaic performance of PSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Chi
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Yang
- College of Science, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yijie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, P. R. China
| | - Le Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, P. R. China
| | - Lin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, P. R. China
| | - Fengyou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, P. R. China
| | - Huilian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, P. R. China
| | - Maobin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, P. R. China
| | - Jinghai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, P. R. China
| | - Lili Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Metcalf I, Sidhik S, Zhang H, Agrawal A, Persaud J, Hou J, Even J, Mohite AD. Synergy of 3D and 2D Perovskites for Durable, Efficient Solar Cells and Beyond. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9565-9652. [PMID: 37428563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites have emerged in the past few years as a promising material for low-cost, high-efficiency optoelectronic devices. Spurred by this recent interest, several subclasses of halide perovskites such as two-dimensional (2D) halide perovskites have begun to play a significant role in advancing the fundamental understanding of the structural, chemical, and physical properties of halide perovskites, which are technologically relevant. While the chemistry of these 2D materials is similar to that of the 3D halide perovskites, their layered structure with a hybrid organic-inorganic interface induces new emergent properties that can significantly or sometimes subtly be important. Synergistic properties can be realized in systems that combine different materials exhibiting different dimensionalities by exploiting their intrinsic compatibility. In many cases, the weaknesses of each material can be alleviated in heteroarchitectures. For example, 3D-2D halide perovskites can demonstrate novel behavior that neither material would be capable of separately. This review describes how the structural differences between 3D halide perovskites and 2D halide perovskites give rise to their disparate materials properties, discusses strategies for realizing mixed-dimensional systems of various architectures through solution-processing techniques, and presents a comprehensive outlook for the use of 3D-2D systems in solar cells. Finally, we investigate applications of 3D-2D systems beyond photovoltaics and offer our perspective on mixed-dimensional perovskite systems as semiconductor materials with unrivaled tunability, efficiency, and technologically relevant durability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Metcalf
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Siraj Sidhik
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ayush Agrawal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jessica Persaud
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jin Hou
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jacky Even
- Université de Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON - UMR 6082, 35708 Rennes, France
| | - Aditya D Mohite
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tong J, Li X, Wang J, He H, Xu T, Zhu K. Bioinspired stability enhancement in deuterium-substituted organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad160. [PMID: 37255848 PMCID: PMC10226519 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the reaction of hydrogens (H) located in the amino group of the organic A-site cations with their neighboring halides plays a central role in degradation. Inspired by the retarded biological activities of cells in heavy water, we replaced the light H atom with its abundant, twice-as-heavy, nonradioactive isotope, deuterium (D) to hamper the motion of H. This D substitution retarded the formation kinetics of the detrimental H halides in Pb-based PSCs, as well as the H bond-mediated oxidation of Sn2+ in Sn-Pb-based narrow-bandgap PSCs, evidenced by accelerated stability studies. A computational study indicated that the zero point energy of D-based formamidinium (FA) is lower than that of pristine FA. In addition, the smaller increase in entropy in D-based FA than in pristine FA accounts for the increased formation free energy of the Sn2+ vacancies, which leads to the retarded oxidation kinetics of Sn2+. In this study, we show that substituting active H with D in organic cations is an effective way to enhance the stability of PSCs without sacrificing photovoltaic (PV) performance. This approach is also adaptable to other stabilizing methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianxin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Haiying He
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: (K.Z.); (T.X.); (H.H.)
| | - Tao Xu
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: (K.Z.); (T.X.); (H.H.)
| | - Kai Zhu
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: (K.Z.); (T.X.); (H.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhuang J, Wang J, Yan F. Review on Chemical Stability of Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:84. [PMID: 37002445 PMCID: PMC10066059 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become a promising next-generation photovoltaic technology due to their skyrocketed power conversion efficiency. However, the device stability issues may restrict their commercial applications, which are dominated by various chemical reactions of perovskite layers. Hence, a comprehensive illustration on the stability of perovskite films in PSCs is urgently needed. In this review article, chemical reactions of perovskite films under different environmental conditions (e.g., moisture, oxygen, light) and with charge transfer materials and metal electrodes are systematically elucidated. Effective strategies for suppressing the degradation reactions of perovskites, such as buffer layer introduction and additives engineering, are specified. Finally, conclusions and outlooks for this field are proposed. The comprehensive review will provide a guideline on the material engineering and device design for PSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhuang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Jizheng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
- Research Institute of Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang Z, Wang H, Jacobsson TJ, Luo J. Big data driven perovskite solar cell stability analysis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7639. [PMID: 36496471 PMCID: PMC9741627 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35400-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade lead halide perovskites have shown great potential for photovoltaic applications. However, the stability of perovskite solar cells still restricts commercialization, and lack of properly implemented unified stability testing and disseminating standards makes it difficult to compare historical stability data for evaluating promising routes towards better device stability. Here, we propose a single indicator to describe device stability that normalizes the stability results with respect to different environmental stress conditions which enables a direct comparison of different stability results. Based on this indicator and an open dataset of heterogeneous stability data of over 7000 devices, we have conducted a statistical analysis to assess the effect of different stability improvement strategies. This provides important insights for achieving more stable perovskite solar cells and we also provide suggestions for future directions in the perovskite solar cell field based on big data utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Zhang
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Solar Energy Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Nankai University, 300350, Tianjin, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Solar Energy Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Nankai University, 300350, Tianjin, China
| | - T Jesper Jacobsson
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Solar Energy Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Nankai University, 300350, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingshan Luo
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Solar Energy Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Nankai University, 300350, Tianjin, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, 300192, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|