1
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Mu X, Niu Y, Guan M, Chen H, Wang L. Pd-Catalyzed Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of Tertiary Enamides via a Three-Component Coupling of 2-Arylaziridines with Diazo Esters and Cyclic Ethers. Org Lett 2025; 27:5135-5140. [PMID: 40353806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5c01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2025]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed three-component coupling of 2-arylaziridines, α-diazo esters, and cyclic ethers, affording tertiary enamides with excellent regio- and stereoselectivity, is reported. This regioselective ring-opening of aziridines is different from the classical transition-metal/phosphine catalyzed ones. A broad spectrum of substrates is tolerated (up to 33 examples). An ortho-aryl substituent on the naphthyl ring of 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol (BINOL)-derived phosphoramidite ligand is critical for this coupling, and the additional diphosphine (DPEphos) ligand can further enhance the reactivity. Mechanistic studies suggest that 10-membered and 9-membered palladacycle intermediates may be formed and followed by twice reversible β-H eliminations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Mu
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Yulong Niu
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Minhui Guan
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China
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2
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Kuzmin J, Lill M, Ahumada G, Goossens E, Kjær Steffensen A, Riisager A, Lundberg H. Borohydride Oxidation as Counter Reaction in Reductive Electrosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202501653. [PMID: 39992866 PMCID: PMC12070360 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202501653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2025] [Revised: 02/21/2025] [Accepted: 02/24/2025] [Indexed: 02/26/2025]
Abstract
An efficient reaction at the counter electrode is of key importance for the success of net oxidative and net reductive electrochemical transformations. For electrooxidative processes, cathodic proton reduction to H2 serves as the benchmark counter reaction. In contrast, net reductive electrochemical transformations have less attractive oxidative counter reactions to choose from and commonly rely on dissolution of a sacrificial anode that effectively results in stoichiometric metal consumption for the processes. In this study, we demonstrate that anodic borohydride oxidation has great potential to successfully replace the use of such sacrificial anodes for a variety of electroreductive organic transformations. This anodic transformation effectively serves as the inverse of cathodic proton reduction, producing H2 using inert carbon-based electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Kuzmin
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology10044StockholmSweden
| | - Malin Lill
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology10044StockholmSweden
| | - Guillermo Ahumada
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology10044StockholmSweden
| | - Ellymay Goossens
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology10044StockholmSweden
| | - Astrid Kjær Steffensen
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology10044StockholmSweden
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of DenmarkKgs.LyngbyDenmark
| | - Anders Riisager
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of DenmarkKgs.LyngbyDenmark
| | - Helena Lundberg
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology10044StockholmSweden
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3
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Wu HY, Koh MJ, Wang ZC, Shi SL. Modular Access to Arylethylamines Enabled by Ni-Catalyzed Markovnikov-Selective Hydroarylation of Allylic Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025:e202503126. [PMID: 40302289 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202503126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2025] [Revised: 04/15/2025] [Accepted: 04/29/2025] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
Arylethylamines are prevalent structural skeletons in bioactive molecules and have significant interest within the organic chemistry community. We report here a modular and efficient nickel-catalyzed Markovnikov-selective hydroarylation of readily available allylic amines, delivering a wide variety of valuable arylethylamines with complete regiocontrol under mild conditions. Key to the success of this protocol is the employment of bulky N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) as ligands. Furthermore, the use of chiral NHC ligands enables straightforward access to enantioenriched arylethylamines with excellent regio- and enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ming Joo Koh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zi-Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Liang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
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4
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Manchado A, García-González Á, Nieto CT, Ledesma NG, Díez D, Garrido NM. Transition Metal Catalysis for the Asymmetric Synthesis of 2-Arylethylamines: A Review of the New Millennium. Molecules 2025; 30:1721. [PMID: 40333644 PMCID: PMC12029675 DOI: 10.3390/molecules30081721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2025] [Revised: 04/07/2025] [Accepted: 04/09/2025] [Indexed: 05/09/2025] Open
Abstract
The 2-arylethylamine motif is very well-known in medicinal chemistry because of its interesting properties when it comes to interacting with the Central Neural System thanks to its ability to pass the blood-brain barrier. This nitrogen-containing family of compounds is of great interest in synthetic organic chemistry and, when it comes to its asymmetric synthesis, great challenges can be faced in order to obtain the chiral purity required in the drug industry. Thus, we provide a concise transition metal review presenting the recent advances in the synthesis of chiral 2-arylethylamines using transition metals as the main catalysts in the introduction of chirality. Both conventional and photocatalysis methods will be covered, considering the main transition metal used in the studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Narciso M. Garrido
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Salamanca, Pl. Caídos, s/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; (A.M.); (Á.G.-G.); (C.T.N.); (N.G.L.); (D.D.)
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5
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Kong X, Gou MB, Li B, Luo ZQ, Su Y, Li Y, Yang C, Liu B, He Q, Li JF, Zhang J, Wang J, Tang L, Wang RH. Nickel-Catalyzed Rearranged Alkenylation of 2-Arylaziridines with Aryl Alkenes to Access Allylamines. Org Lett 2025; 27:2709-2714. [PMID: 40062692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5c00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2025]
Abstract
The transition-metal-catalyzed ring-opening functionalization of aziridines presents a promising approach for synthesizing structurally complex amines. However, the rearranged functionalization of aziridines poses significant challenges. Herein, we report the first rearranged alkenylation of aziridines with aryl alkenes via Ni-Brønsted acid co-catalysis, leading to the rapid synthesis of a diverse array of allylamines with yields reaching up to 91%. Mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction occurs through the rearrangement of aziridine to generate an imine intermediate. This intermediate is subsequently captured by an alkene under nickel catalysis, ultimately leading to the formation of allylamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkai Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, 561113 Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Bai Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, 561113 Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, 561113 Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Qi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, 561113 Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Yu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, 561113 Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, 561113 Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, 561113 Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, 561113 Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Qing He
- State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, 561113 Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Jiang-Fei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Synthesis and Application of Medical Materials, Wannan Medical College, 241002 Wuhu, P. R. China
| | - Jiquan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, 561113 Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Jianta Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, 561113 Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, 561113 Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Rong-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, 561113 Guiyang, P. R. China
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6
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Zhang J, Liu M, Zhang W, Guo C. Enantioselective electrochemical nickel-catalyzed vinylogous radical reactions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2025; 11:eadu5594. [PMID: 40106571 PMCID: PMC11922052 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adu5594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2025] [Indexed: 03/22/2025]
Abstract
Highly functionalized structural motifs with extended chiral carbon chains are prevalent in a wide range of bioactive compounds and play critical roles in the production of various functionalized molecules. Here, we describe a nickel-catalyzed asymmetric radical-based electrochemical functionalization of silyl polyenolates at α-, γ-, ε-, and η-positions. Driven by electric current, this methodology provides a sustainable route to access enantioenriched dicarbonyls via vinylogous radical pathways. It demonstrates excellent functional groups tolerance, mild reaction conditions, broad substrate compatibility, formation of quaternary stereocenters at remote positions, and high levels of regio- and enantioselectivity (up to 98% enantiomeric excess). Mechanistic investigations indicate that ferrocene-based electron transfer mediators are pivotal in the anodic oxidation process, facilitating the generation of nickel-bound α-carbonyl radicals while suppressing the undesired oxidation of silyl polyenolates, thus guiding the selection of mediators for electrocatalytic systems. The versatility of catalytic asymmetric electrosynthesis is highlighted by the preparation of valuable enantioenriched building blocks and the total synthesis of (-)-ethosuximide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Minghao Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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7
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Wang Q, Wang X, Liu Y, Zhang J, Song J, Guo C. Enantioselective Multicomponent Electrochemical Difunctionalization of Terminal Alkynes. J Am Chem Soc 2025. [PMID: 39996313 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5c00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2025]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of alkyne triple bonds using a radical strategy provides an efficient platform for creating a wide range of substituted alkenes. However, developing a multicomponent enantioselective radical reaction using feedstock alkynes to forge all-carbon quaternary stereocenters─while addressing challenges related to compatibility, selectivity, and efficiency─remains relatively rare. Here we report an enantioselective electrochemical nickel-catalyzed three-component cross-coupling of readily available terminal alkynes, diverse racemic alkyl radical precursors, and group transfer reagents (such as (TMS)3Si-H, RSe-SeR, RTe-TeR, and CHI3), achieving excellent regio-, stereo-, and enantioselectivities (more than 70 examples, up to 95% ee). Electricity-mediated difunctionalizations significantly expand the scope of both aliphatic and aromatic alkynes, demonstrating excellent functional group compatibility. The key to success lies in the rational design of anodically generated nickel-bound tertiary radical intermediates, which stereoselectively capture alkynes to form vinyl radicals and participate in subsequently diverse group transfer processes to enable the intermolecular and anti-stereoselective difunctionalization of alkynes. This approach allows the transformation of terminal alkynes into diverse structural entities with α-quaternary stereogenic centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jiayin Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jin Song
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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8
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Ma C, Guo JF, Xu SS, Mei TS. Recent Advances in Asymmetric Organometallic Electrochemical Synthesis (AOES). Acc Chem Res 2025; 58:399-414. [PMID: 39829007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
ConspectusIn recent years, our research group has dedicated significant effort to the field of asymmetric organometallic electrochemical synthesis (AOES), which integrates electrochemistry with asymmetric transition metal catalysis. On one hand, we have rationalized that organometallic compounds can serve as molecular electrocatalysts (mediators) to reduce overpotentials and enhance both the reactivity and selectivity of reactions. On the other hand, the conditions for asymmetric transition metal catalysis can be substantially improved through electrochemistry, enabling precise modulation of the transition metal's oxidation state by controlling electrochemical potentials and regulating the electron transfer rate via current adjustments. This synergistic approach addresses key challenges inherent in traditional asymmetric transition metal catalysis, particularly those related to the use of redox-active chemical reagents. Furthermore, the redox potentials of molecular electrocatalysts can be conveniently tuned by modifying their ligands, thereby governing the reaction regioselectivity and stereoselectivity. As a result, the AOES has emerged as a powerful and promising tool for the synthesis of chiral compounds.In this Account, we summarize and contextualize our recent efforts in the field of AOES. Our primary strategy involves leveraging the controllability of electrochemical potential and current to regulate the oxidation state of organometallics, thereby facilitating the desired reactions. An efficient asymmetric synthesis platform was established under mild conditions, significantly reducing the reliance on chemical redox reagents. Our research has been systematically categorized into three sections based on distinct electrolysis modes: asymmetric transition metal catalysis combined with anodic oxidation, cathodic reduction, and paired electrolysis. In each section, we highlight our innovative discoveries tailored to the unique characteristics of the respective electrolysis modes.In many transformations, transition metal-catalyzed reactions involving traditional chemical redox reagents and those utilizing electrochemistry exhibit similar reactivities. However, we also observed notable differences in certain cases. These findings include the following: (1) Enhanced efficiency in asymmetric electrochemical synthesis: for instance, the Rh-catalyzed enantioselective electrochemical functionalization of C-H bonds demonstrates superior efficiency. (2) Expanded scope of transformations: certain transformations, previously challenging in traditional transition metal catalysis, can be achieved through electrochemistry due to the tunability of redox potentials. A notable example is the enantioselective reductive coupling of aryl chlorides, which significantly expands the range of accessible transformations. Additionally, our mechanistic studies explore unique techniques intrinsic to electrochemistry, such as controlled potential electrolysis experiments, the impact of electrode materials on catalyst performance, and cyclic voltammetry studies. These investigations provide a more intuitive understanding of the behavior of metal catalysts through the study of electrochemical mechanisms, which can also guide the design of new catalytic systems.The advancements in this field offer a robust platform for environmentally friendly and sustainable selective asymmetric transformations. By integrating electrochemistry with transition metal catalysis, we have developed a versatile approach for organic synthesis that not only enhances the efficiency and selectivity of reactions but also reduces the environmental impact. We anticipate that this Account will stimulate further research and innovation in the realm of AOES, leading to the discovery of new catalytic systems and the development of more sustainable synthetic methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian-Feng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shi-Shuo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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9
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Dutt S, Duhan N, Kale V, Banerjee P. Electrochemical Ring Opening and [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Aziridines: Access to 1,2-Bifunctionalized Products and Imidazolines. Org Lett 2025; 27:989-994. [PMID: 39834024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c04523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
Herein, we report an electricity-driven activation of aziridine via direct anodic oxidation to give N-heterocycles and 1,2-bifunctionalized products by excluding any oxidant/reductant or metal catalyst. Many structurally modified aziridines were employed in the presence of different nitriles. A large variety of nucleophiles were screened to furnish chemoselectively O-alkylated and C-alkylated products. Late-stage derivatization of aziridine with natural and medicinally active compounds has also been done. Remarkably, our strategy was found to be a greener, sustainable, and atom-economical approach (E-factor = ca. 0.8). Azetidine was also found to be compatible with our protocol and generated six-membered N-heterocycles. The detailed mechanistic study highlighted that the reaction is driven via the generation of an aziridine radical cation followed by the SN2 nucleophilic attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Dutt
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Neelam Duhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Vikas Kale
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Prabal Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
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10
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Wang YZ, Sun B, Guo JF, Zhu XY, Gu YC, Han YP, Ma C, Mei TS. Enantioselective reductive cross-couplings to forge C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) bonds by merging electrochemistry with nickel catalysis. Nat Commun 2025; 16:1108. [PMID: 39875390 PMCID: PMC11775263 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-56377-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2025] [Indexed: 01/30/2025] Open
Abstract
Motivated by the inherent benefits of synergistically combining electrochemical methodologies with nickel catalysis, we present here a Ni-catalyzed enantioselective electroreductive cross-coupling of benzyl chlorides with aryl halides, yielding chiral 1,1-diaryl compounds with good to excellent enantioselectivity. This catalytic reaction can not only be applied to aryl chlorides/bromides, which are challenging to access by other means, but also to benzyl chlorides containing silicon groups. Additionally, the absence of a sacrificial anode lays a foundation for scalability. The combination of cyclic voltammetry analysis with electrode potential studies suggests that NiI species activate aryl halides via oxidative addition and alkyl chlorides via single electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jian-Feng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Berkshire, UK
| | - Ya-Ping Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China.
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Wang JB, Shen Y, Yan QL, Kong WJ, Nian Y, Shang M. Modular Access to C2'-Aryl/Alkenyl Nucleosides with Electrochemical Stereoselective Cross-Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202418806. [PMID: 39620453 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202418806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2024] [Accepted: 12/01/2024] [Indexed: 12/10/2024]
Abstract
Chemically modified oligonucleotides have garnered significant attention in medicinal chemistry, chemical biology, and synthetic biology due to their enhanced stability in vivo compared to naturally occurring oligonucleotides. However, current methods for synthesizing modified nucleosides, particularly at the C2'-position, are limited in terms of efficiency, modularity, and selectivity. Herein, we report a new approach for the synthesis of highly functionalized C2'-α-aryl/alkenyl nucleosides via an electrochemical nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of 2'-bromo nucleosides with a variety of (hetero)aryl and alkenyl iodides. This method affords a diverse array of C2'- α-aryl/alkenyl nucleosides with excellent stereoselectivity, broad substrate scope, and good functional group compatibility. We further synthesized oligonucleotides incorporating C2'-aryl-modified thymidine moieties and demonstrated that their annealed double-stranded DNAs exhibit decreased melting temperatures (Tm). Additionally, oligonucleotides with C2'-aryl modifications at the 3' end showed enhanced resistance to 3'-exonuclease degradation and C2'-aryl modifications did not impede the cellular uptake process, highlighting the potential of these modified oligonucleotides for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Bao Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Long Yan
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Biosemiconductors, Xiangfu Laboratory, Jiashan, 314102, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jun Kong
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Nian
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Shang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
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12
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Wang L, Zhou PP, Xie D, Yue Q, Sun HZ, Yang SD, Wang GW. Dynamic Kinetic Activation of Aziridines Enables Radical-Polar Crossover (4 + 3) Cycloaddition with 1,3-Dienes. J Am Chem Soc 2025; 147:2675-2688. [PMID: 39791566 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c15003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2025]
Abstract
The cycloaddition of aziridines with unsaturated compounds is a valuable method for synthesizing nitrogen heterocycles. However, this process is predominantly substrate-controlled, posing significant challenges in regulating the regioselectivity of the C-N bond cleavage. In this study, we report a nickel-catalyzed dynamic kinetic activation strategy that enables catalyst-controlled activation of aziridines. Various types of aziridines, including 2-phenyl, 2-carbonyl, 2-alkyl, and disubstituted aziridines, consistently cleave their more sterically hindered C-N bonds to generate 1,3-radical anion intermediates. These intermediates participate in a highly regioselective 1,4-Heck/allylic substitution cascade with aromatic branched 1,3-dienes, resulting in a radical-polar crossover (4 + 3) cycloaddition that produces seven-membered azepine products. This approach not only complements traditional dipolar cycloaddition, in which aziridines typically act as zwitterionic 1,3-dipoles, but also introduces an unusual cycloaddition mode for 1,3-dienes. Experimental investigations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations provide insight into the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pan-Pan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qian Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hao-Zheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shang-Dong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Gang-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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13
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Liang K, Li N, Liu M, Song J, Guo C. Enantioselective Electrocatalysis for Cross-Dehydrogenative Heteroarylation with Indoles, Pyrroles, and Furans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202415723. [PMID: 39428829 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202415723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2024] [Revised: 10/20/2024] [Accepted: 10/21/2024] [Indexed: 10/22/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative cross-dehydrogenative C-H/C-H functionalizations represent an exemplary approach for synthesizing carbonyl compounds via α-heteroarylation. Here we present the development of a direct anodic oxidative coupling process between 2-acylimidazoles and divergent heterocyclic systems including indole, pyrrole, and furan, facilitated by ferrocene-assisted asymmetric nickel electrocatalysis with high levels of enantioselectivity. Mechanistic investigations indicate that the reaction initially involves the formation of a chiral Ni-bound α-carbonyl radical, which is then captured by the heteroarene radical cation via intermolecular stereoselective radical/radical cation coupling. The mild, scalable, and robust reaction conditions allow for a broad substrate scope and excellent functional group tolerance, enabling access to a wide range of chiral hetero-compounds. The consequential α-heteroaromatic carbonyl products can potentially be transformed into a plethora of synthetically valuable frameworks, as exemplified by their application in the asymmetric total synthesis of (-)-COX-2 inhibitor, (+)-acremoauxin A, and (+)-pemedolac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Ning Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Minghao Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jin Song
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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14
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Somprasong S, Wan B, Harutyunyan SR. Enantioselective nickel-catalyzed electrochemical reductive conjugate alkenylation of α,β-unsaturated ketones. Chem Sci 2025; 16:802-808. [PMID: 39640021 PMCID: PMC11615957 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc06891b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2024] [Accepted: 11/18/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Catalytic electrochemical asymmetric catalysis is emerging as a promising strategy for the synthesis of chiral compounds. Herein, we report an asymmetric electrochemical nickel-catalysed reductive conjugate addition of alkenyl bromides/aryl iodides to α,β-unsaturated ketones in an undivided cell, leading to addition products with high yields and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 96% yield and 96% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriphong Somprasong
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 3 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Bin Wan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 3 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Syuzanna R Harutyunyan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 3 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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15
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Hu L, Le Blanc Lele Fosso J, Guillot R, Mellah M, Schulz E. Electrochemical Enantioselective Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Aldehydes with Aryl Iodides. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202403432. [PMID: 39365835 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202403432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2024] [Revised: 10/04/2024] [Accepted: 10/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024]
Abstract
The preparation of enantioenriched diarylmethanol derivatives is described using nickel-catalyzed electrochemical cross-couplings between various alkyl/aryl aldehydes and aryl iodides. Performed in an electrochemical cell equipped with an iron anode and a nickel cathode, this electrocatalytic variant led to the scalemic targeted products in the presence of 2,2-bis((4 R,5S)-4,5-diphenyl-4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-yl)acetonitrile (L2), as enantiopure cyano-bis(oxazoline) ligand. X-ray structure analysis of a pre-catalyst, for instance the [Ni(II)(L2)2] complex, with L2 as an anionic bisoxazolinate ligand, confirms the chemical formulation of one nickel surrounded by two ligands. The redox behavior of the new Ni complexes generated in situ was first assessed by cyclic voltammetry showing a redox wave at ca. -1.5 V that can be assigned to the two-electron reduction of the Ni(II) center to the Ni(0) state. Oxidative addition between the electrogenerated Ni(0) complex and aryl iodide was evidenced. An intense current was observed in presence of a mixture of the two substrates pertaining an electrocatalytic process. Interestingly, we found that the sacrificial iron anode plays a crucial role in the catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjian Hu
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Jospin Le Blanc Lele Fosso
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Régis Guillot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Mohamed Mellah
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Emmanuelle Schulz
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, 91400, Orsay, France
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16
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Williams AW, Gilmore KM. Transition-Metal Free Amination and Hydrodefluorination of Aryl Fluorides Promoted by Solvated Electrons. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202403410. [PMID: 39325980 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202403410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2024] [Revised: 09/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Cross-coupling reactions for constructing C-N bonds represent a pivotal advancement in chemical science. Traditional methodologies, including nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) and transition metal-catalyzed cross-couplings, have limitations concerning aryl scope, reliance on toxic and costly transition-metal catalysts, and issues related to atom economy and waste generation from ligands and additives. In this work, we introduce a novel method for aminating neutral, electron-rich, and electron-deficient aryl halides, eliminating the need for transition metals. Our approach involves the activation of aryl halides using solvated electrons generated from granulated lithium and sonication. This serves as a sustainable source of reducing power, facilitating the efficient formation of C-N bonds under near ambient conditions. Competitive selectivity studies between halide and ester functionalities were explored. Reaction scope and conducted mechanistic studies which supported the proposed radical-nucleophilic substitution (SRN1) mechanism for the reaction. Notably, the developed reaction has a highly competitive reductive dehalogenation pathway during the C-N coupling reaction, and this mechanistic divergency was thoroughly explored. This work not only broadens the scope of C-N coupling reactions which typically employs aryl bromides and iodides and rarely aryl fluorides which is also equally abundant, but also introduces a new way to do C-N coupling reactions using solvated electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anietie W Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269
| | - Kerry M Gilmore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269
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17
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Li J, Liu M, Wei B, Peng L, Song J, Guo C. Enantioselective Nickel-Electrocatalyzed Cross-Dehydrogenative α- and γ-Nitroalkylation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:34043-34052. [PMID: 39578233 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2024]
Abstract
Asymmetric catalytic versions of electricity-driven processes hold immense potential for the sustainable preparation of chiral compounds. However, the involvement of anodic oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling events between two distinct nucleophiles makes it challenging for a chiral catalyst to regulate the stereochemistry of the products. Our current electrocatalytic strategy for enantioconvergent cross-dehydrogenative α- and γ-nitroalkylation via radical-based pathways produces an array of enantioenriched nitroesters without supplementary stoichiometric oxidants. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the nickel catalyst plays a key role in both the electrochemical activation of the substrates and the stereoselectivity-defining events, affording the electrochemically generated Lewis acid-bound α-carbonyl radicals to interact with in situ-generated nitronate anions in a stereoselective manner. This electrocatalytic approach enables transformations that are highly challenging under thermal conditions, such as umpolung reactivity with readily available substrates, all-carbon quaternary stereocenter creation, and the control of remote stereochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Minghao Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Boyuan Wei
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Lingzi Peng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jin Song
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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18
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Ehehalt L, Beleh OM, Priest IC, Mouat JM, Olszewski AK, Ahern BN, Cruz AR, Chi BK, Castro AJ, Kang K, Wang J, Weix DJ. Cross-Electrophile Coupling: Principles, Methods, and Applications in Synthesis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:13397-13569. [PMID: 39591522 PMCID: PMC11638928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 10/11/2024] [Accepted: 10/16/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024]
Abstract
Cross-electrophile coupling (XEC), defined by us as the cross-coupling of two different σ-electrophiles that is driven by catalyst reduction, has seen rapid progression in recent years. As such, this review aims to summarize the field from its beginnings up until mid-2023 and to provide comprehensive coverage on synthetic methods and current state of mechanistic understanding. Chapters are split by type of bond formed, which include C(sp3)-C(sp3), C(sp2)-C(sp2), C(sp2)-C(sp3), and C(sp2)-C(sp) bond formation. Additional chapters include alkene difunctionalization, alkyne difunctionalization, and formation of carbon-heteroatom bonds. Each chapter is generally organized with an initial summary of mechanisms followed by detailed figures and notes on methodological developments and ending with application notes in synthesis. While XEC is becoming an increasingly utilized approach in synthesis, its early stage of development means that optimal catalysts, ligands, additives, and reductants are still in flux. This review has collected data on these and various other aspects of the reactions to capture the state of the field. Finally, the data collected on the papers in this review is offered as Supporting Information for readers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabella C. Priest
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Julianna M. Mouat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Alyssa K. Olszewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Benjamin N. Ahern
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Alexandro R. Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Benjamin K. Chi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Anthony J. Castro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kai Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Daniel J. Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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19
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Ye Z, Ma W, Zhang X, Liu H, Zhang F. Electrochemically Driven Nickel-Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydro-Arylation/Alkenylation of Enones. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2405926. [PMID: 39264302 PMCID: PMC11558104 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202405926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Herein, the study reports the first electrochemical nickel-catalyzed enantioselective hydro-arylation/alkenylation of enones in an undivided cell with low-cost electrodes in the absence of external reductants and supporting electrolytes. Aryl bromides/iodides/triflates or alkenyl bromides are employed as electrophiles for the efficient preparation of more than 56 valuable β-arylated/alkenylated ketones in a simple manner (up to 97% yield, 97% ee). With the advantages of electrochemistry, excellent functional group tolerance and late-stage modification of complex natural products and pharmaceuticals made the established protocol greener and more economic. Mechanism investigation suggests that a NiI/NiIII cycle may be involved in this electro-reductive reaction rather than metal reductant driven Ni0/NiII cycle. Overall, the efficient electrochemical activation and turnover of the nickel catalyst avoid the drawbacks posed by the employment of stoichiometric amount of sensitive metal powder reductants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Ye
- School of PharmacyHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouZhejiang311399China
| | - Weiyuan Ma
- School of PharmacyHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouZhejiang311399China
| | - Xi Zhang
- School of PharmacyHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouZhejiang311399China
| | - Huaqing Liu
- School of PharmacyHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouZhejiang311399China
| | - Fengzhi Zhang
- School of PharmacyHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouZhejiang311399China
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20
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Chen LM, Shin C, DeLano TJ, Carretero-Cerdán A, Gheibi G, Reisman SE. Ni-Catalyzed Asymmetric Reductive Arylation of α-Substituted Imides. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:29523-29530. [PMID: 39413404 PMCID: PMC11528402 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c09327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/18/2024]
Abstract
α-Aryl imides are common structural motifs in bioactive molecules and proteolysis-targeting chimeras designed for targeted protein degradation. An asymmetric Ni-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling of imide electrophiles and (hetero)aryl halides has been developed to synthesize enantioenriched α-arylglutarimides from simple starting materials. Judicious selection of electrophile pairs allows for coupling of both electron-rich and electron-deficient (hetero)aryl halides in good yields and enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Chen
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Chungkeun Shin
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Travis J. DeLano
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Alba Carretero-Cerdán
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Division
of Theoretical Chemistry & Biology, CBH School, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, Stockholm S-10044, Sweden
| | - Golsa Gheibi
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Sarah E. Reisman
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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21
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Zhao X, Wang C, Yin L, Liu W. Highly Enantioselective Decarboxylative Difluoromethylation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:29297-29304. [PMID: 39404447 PMCID: PMC11975424 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c11257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2024]
Abstract
Organofluorine molecules that contain difluoromethyl groups (CF2H) at stereogenic centers have gained importance in pharmaceuticals due to the unique ability of CF2H groups to act as lipophilic hydrogen bond donors. Despite their potential, the enantioselective installation of CF2H groups into readily available starting materials remains a challenging and underdeveloped area. In this study, we report a nickel-catalyzed decarboxylative difluoromethylation reaction that converts alkyl carboxylic acids into difluoromethylated products with exceptional enantioselectivity. This Ni-catalyzed protocol exhibits broad functional group tolerance and is applicable for synthesizing fluorinated bioisosteres of biologically relevant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Lingfeng Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
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22
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Xu C, Zhao J, Zheng Y, Cai W, Wang C. Synthesis of P-Stereogenic Phosphinamides via Nickel-Catalyzed Kinetic Resolution of H-Phosphinamides by Alkenylation and Arylation. Org Lett 2024; 26:8662-8667. [PMID: 39365154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
A nickel-catalyzed enantioselective cross-coupling for the synthesis of P-stereogenic phosphinamides has been developed. The asymmetric alkenylation and arylation of racemic H-phosphinamides using alkenyl and aryl bromides resulted in the formation of P-stereogenic N-phosphinyl compounds with good yields and high enantioselectivities. This method tolerates a variety of functional groups, and its applications are explored through scale-up reactions and product transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Wei Cai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Chuanyong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
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23
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Meyer S, Neuhut A, Claraz A. Electrochemical sulfonylation/Truce-Smiles rearrangement of N-allylbenzamides: toward sulfone-containing β-arylethylamines and Saclofen analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:8102-8108. [PMID: 39290053 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01327a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The β-arylethylamine pharmacophore is commonly found in medications for central nervous system disorders, prompting the need for safe and efficient methods to endow this motif with relevant functional groups for drug discovery. In this context, herein, we have established electrochemical radical sulfonylation reactions of N-allylbenzamides followed by Truce-Smiles rearrangement to produce sulfone- and sulfonate ester-containing β-arylethylamines. Electricity enables this transformation to occur under mild and oxidant-free conditions. Simple sources of sulfonyl radicals and SO2 surrogates were employed to form sulfones and sulfonate esters, respectively. This practical and operationally robust method exhibited a broad substrate scope with good to high yields. The prospective pharmaceutical utility of the process was further demonstrated by removing the N-protecting groups and hydrolysing the sulfonate ester moiety to provide γ-sulfonyl-β-arylamines and Saclofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Meyer
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | - Alexandre Neuhut
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | - Aurélie Claraz
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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24
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Ni Q, Liu X, Song Z, Ma Y. Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Aziridines with Thioesters toward Atom-Economic Synthesis of β-Sulfanyl Amides. Org Lett 2024; 26:8457-8462. [PMID: 39331476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
Thioesters have been recognized as a class of powerful bifunctional reagents, namely, great donors of acyl and sulfide moieties. However, such application in value-added synthesis is still very limited to date. Herein, a nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction system of aziridines with thioesters was developed under redox-neutral and mild conditions. This catalytic method provides an atom-economic route for the synthesis of diverse β-sulfanyl amide derivatives with wide substrate scope (43 examples), good functional group tolerance, and regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ni
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, and Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Xianmao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, and Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Song
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, and Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yuanhong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, and Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, P. R. China
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25
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Wei H, Luo Y, Ren J, Yuan Q, Zhang W. Ni(II)-catalyzed asymmetric alkenylation and arylation of aryl ketones with organoborons via 1,5-metalate shift. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8775. [PMID: 39389975 PMCID: PMC11467321 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-53005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chiral tertiary alcohols are an important structural motif, however, the general and efficient methodologies for their synthesis are less reported. Herein, we report a Ni(ІІ)-catalyzed asymmetric alkenylation and arylation of aryl ketones with organoborons under air via a 1,5-metalate shift strategy to obtain chiral tertiary allylic alcohols and diaryl alcohols. The reaction demonstrates good functional group tolerance and delivers chiral tertiary alcohols with good to excellent results. Furthermore, this method can be applied to the late-stage modification of drugs and the efficient synthesis of natural products. Notably, the reaction proceeds through an outer-sphere mechanism. The Ni(II) complex functions both as a Lewis acid to activate the ketone and create a chiral environment, and as coordination bridge linking the ketone and the organoboron-derived "ate" complex, facilitating the 1,5-metalate shift without forming a C-Ni bond. This approach contrasts with traditional transition metal-catalyzed nucleophilic addition reactions that involve carbon-metal bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yicong Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jinbao Ren
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qianjia Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Wanbin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China.
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26
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Zhang JR, Ding HJ, Shang ZL, Zhang B, Xu M, Cao P, Hu P, Wang BQ, Chen B. Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Dicarbofunctionalization of 1,3-Dienes with Aziridines and (Het)Aryl Electrophiles. Org Lett 2024; 26:8301-8306. [PMID: 39325534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
A three-component reductive 1,4-dicarbofunctionalization of 1,3-dienes with aziridines and (het)aryl electrophiles was realized. The combination of Ni catalysis with Mn powder as a final reductant enables the direct formation of a Csp2-Csp3 and a Csp3-Csp3 bond at one time. This protocol afforded a convenient approach to the synthesis of β-arylethylamines bearing various functionals and heterocyclic groups. The utility of this reaction was also demonstrated by scale-up preparation, late-stage modification of bioactive molecules, and diverse transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Rui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Jiao Ding
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang-Li Shang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Cao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Hu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi-Qin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, People's Republic of China
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27
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Lan H, Liu Y, Ackermann L, Wang L, Wang D. Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed Remote C-H Alkylation of Arenes Using Diverse N-Directing Groups through Aziridine Ring Opening. Org Lett 2024; 26:7993-7998. [PMID: 39264308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
An efficient approach for the remote C-H alkylation of arenes, employing a variety of N-directing groups is described. This method facilitates the straightforward synthesis of valuable phenylethylamine derivatives by exclusively cleaving the benzylic C-N bond in aziridines. Furthermore, these products can easily remove the protecting groups, resulting in a variety of meta-substituted compounds, such as amines and ketones, which hold significance in synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Lan
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yingzhen Liu
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lanfen Wang
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Dingyi Wang
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
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28
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Lan Y, Han Q, Liao P, Chen R, Fan F, Zhao X, Liu W. Nickel-Catalyzed Enantioselective C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Cross-Electrophile Coupling of N-Sulfonyl Styrenyl Aziridines with Alkyl Bromides. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:25426-25432. [PMID: 39231321 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report the first example of a highly enantioselective alkylative aziridine ring opening. Under the catalysis of a chiral nickel/pyridine-imidazoline complex, asymmetric C(sp3)-C(sp3) cross-electrophile coupling between racemic N-sulfonyl styrenyl aziridines and readily available primary alkyl bromides furnishes a variety of highly enantioenriched phenethylamine derivatives with complete regiocontrol and good functional group tolerance. Preliminary mechanistic studies support a reaction pathway consisting of regioselective iodolysis of aziridines in situ and subsequent enantioconvergent coupling of the generated β-amino benzyl iodides with alkyl bromides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, 1188 Wanrong Road, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Yuansi Standard Science and Technology Co., Ltd., 1188 Wanrong Road, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoying Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, 1188 Wanrong Road, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Yuansi Standard Science and Technology Co., Ltd., 1188 Wanrong Road, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingyong Liao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, 1188 Wanrong Road, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Yuansi Standard Science and Technology Co., Ltd., 1188 Wanrong Road, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruijia Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, 1188 Wanrong Road, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Yuansi Standard Science and Technology Co., Ltd., 1188 Wanrong Road, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, 1188 Wanrong Road, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Yuansi Standard Science and Technology Co., Ltd., 1188 Wanrong Road, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, 1188 Wanrong Road, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Yuansi Standard Science and Technology Co., Ltd., 1188 Wanrong Road, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, 1188 Wanrong Road, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Yuansi Standard Science and Technology Co., Ltd., 1188 Wanrong Road, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
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29
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Lai Y, Milner PJ. Paired Electrolysis Enables Reductive Heck Coupling of Unactivated (Hetero)Aryl Halides and Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408834. [PMID: 38900083 PMCID: PMC11427156 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The formation of carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds is a cornerstone of organic synthesis. Among various methods to construct Csp2-Csp3 bonds, the reductive Heck reaction between (hetero)aryl halides and alkenes stands out due to its potential efficiency and broad substrate availability. However, traditional reductive Heck reactions are limited by the use of precious metal catalysts and/or limited aryl halide and alkene compatibility. Here, we present an electrochemically mediated, metal- and catalyst-free reductive Heck reaction that tolerates both unactivated (hetero)aryl halides and diverse alkenes such as vinyl boronates and silanes. Detailed electrochemical and deuterium-labeling studies support that this transformation likely proceeds through a paired electrolysis pathway, in which acid generated by the oxidation of N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) at the anode intercepts an alkyl carbanion formed after radical-polar crossover at the cathode. As such, this approach offers a sustainable method for the construction of Csp2-Csp3 bonds from (hetero)aryl halides and alkenes, paving the way for the development of other electrochemically mediated olefin difunctionalization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihuan Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Phillip J Milner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
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30
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Wang J, Li S, Yang C, Gao H, Zuo L, Guo Z, Yang P, Jiang Y, Li J, Wu LZ, Tang Z. Photoelectrochemical Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl bromides with amine at ultra-low potential. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6907. [PMID: 39134536 PMCID: PMC11319468 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell is an ideal platform for organic transformation because of its green benefits and minimal energy consumption. As an emerging methodology, the reaction types of photoelectrocatalytic organic synthesis (PECOS) are limited to simple oxidation and C-H activation at current stage. Metal catalysis for the construction of C(sp2)-N bonds has not been touched yet in PECOS. We introduce here a PEC method that successfully engages Ni catalysis for the mild production of aniline derivatives. Experimental and computational investigations elucidate that the addition of photoanode-generated amine radical to Ni catalyst avoids the sluggish nucleophilic attack, enabling the reaction to proceed at an ultra-low potential (-0.4 V vs. Ag/AgNO3) and preventing the overoxidation of products in conventional electrochemical synthesis. This synergistic catalysis strategy exhibits good functional group tolerance and wide substrate scope on both aryl halides and amines, by which some important natural products and pharmaceutical chemicals have been successfully modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Siyang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Caoyu Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Huiwen Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lulu Zuo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhiyu Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Pengqi Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuheng Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jian Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Zhiyong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, PR China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
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31
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Hirbawi N, Raffman ETA, Pedroarena JR, McGinnis TM, Jarvo ER. Sacrificial Anode-Free Electrochemical Cross-Electrophile Coupling of 1,3-Diol Derivatives to Form Aliphatic and Aryl Cyclopropanes. Org Lett 2024; 26:6556-6561. [PMID: 39082621 PMCID: PMC11320640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Cross-electrophile coupling reactions that forge C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds are strategic methods for the synthesis of molecules with high F(sp3), yet very few employ electrochemical conditions as the necessary reductant. Herein, we report an electrochemical intramolecular cross-electrophile coupling reaction of 1,3-diol derivatives to access aliphatic and aryl cyclopropanes, including spirocyclic and fused bicyclic cyclopropanes. The scalable electrochemical cross-electrophile coupling (eXEC) reaction employs a nonsacrificial anode in an undivided cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James R. Pedroarena
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Tristan M. McGinnis
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Elizabeth R. Jarvo
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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32
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Wu J, Purushothaman R, Kallert F, Homölle SL, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Glycosylation via Halogen-Atom-Transfer for C-Glycoside Assembly. ACS Catal 2024; 14:11532-11544. [PMID: 39114086 PMCID: PMC11301629 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c02322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Glycosyl donor activation emerged as an enabling technology for anomeric functionalization, but aimed primarily at O-glycosylation. In contrast, we herein disclose mechanistically distinct electrochemical glycosyl bromide donor activations via halogen-atom transfer and anomeric C-glycosylation. The anomeric radical addition to alkenes led to C-alkyl glycoside synthesis under precious metal-free reaction conditions from readily available glycosyl bromides. The robustness of our e-XAT strategy was further mirrored by C-aryl and C-acyl glycosides assembly through nickela-electrocatalysis. Our approach provides an orthogonal strategy for glycosyl donor activation with expedient scope, hence representing a general method for direct C-glycosides assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Felix Kallert
- Wöhler-Research Institute
for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Tammannstraße
2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Simon L. Homölle
- Wöhler-Research Institute
for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Tammannstraße
2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Wöhler-Research Institute
for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Tammannstraße
2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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33
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Zhang X, Ye Z, Li Y, Zhao Z, Ma W, Zhang F. Electrochemical Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling of Alkenyl Triflates with α-Chloroamides. Org Lett 2024; 26:6364-6369. [PMID: 39051850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Cross-electrophile coupling reactions of different electrophiles have been extensively studied but mainly limited to bromides and iodides. Here, we report an electrochemically induced nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling strategy between alkenyl triflates and α-chloroamides in an undivided cell under mild reaction conditions, affording the α-functionalized amide derivatives in good to excellent yields with broad substrate scopes and good functional group tolerance. The control experiments were conducted, and a plausible mechanism was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Zenghui Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yicai Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Ziqiang Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Weiyuan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Fengzhi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
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34
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Buravets V, Gorin O, Burtsev V, Zabelina A, Zabelin D, Kosina J, Maixner J, Svorcik V, Kolganov AA, Pidko EA, Lyutakov O. Plasmon-Mediated Organic Photoelectrochemistry Applied to Amination Reactions. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202400020. [PMID: 38747893 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Organic electrochemistry is currently experiencing an era of renaissance, which is closely related to the possibility of carrying out organic transformations under mild conditions, with high selectivity, high yields, and without the use of toxic solvents. Combination of organic electrochemistry with alternative approaches, such as photo-chemistry was found to have great potential due to induced synergy effects. In this work, we propose for the first time utilization of plasmon triggering of enhanced and regio-controlled organic chemical transformation performed in photoelectrochemical regime. The advantages of the proposed route is demonstrated in the model amination reaction with formation of C-N bond between pyrazole and substituted benzene derivatives. Amination was performed in photo-electrochemical mode on the surface of plasmon active Au@Pt electrode with attention focused on the impact of plasmon triggering on the reaction efficiency and regio-selectivity. The ability to enhance the reaction rate significantly and to tune products regio-selectivity is demonstrated. We also performed density functional theory calculations to inquire about the reaction mechanism and potentially explain the plasmon contribution to electrochemical reaction rate and regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Buravets
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg Gorin
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vasilii Burtsev
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Zabelina
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Denis Zabelin
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kosina
- Central Laboratories, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Maixner
- Central Laboratories, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Svorcik
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander A Kolganov
- Inorganic Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft, 2629 HZ, Netherlands
| | - Evgeny A Pidko
- Inorganic Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft, 2629 HZ, Netherlands
| | - Oleksiy Lyutakov
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
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35
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Samanta S, Biswas P, O'Bannon BC, Powers DC. β-Phenethylamine Synthesis: N-Pyridinium Aziridines as Latent Dual Electrophiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406335. [PMID: 38699820 PMCID: PMC11262962 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
β-Phenethylamines are widely represented in biologically and pharmacologically active organic small molecules. Here, we introduce N-pyridinium aziridines as latent dual electrophiles for the synthesis of β-phenethylamines. Bromide-promoted ring opening generates β-halopyridinium amines. Selective Ni-catalyzed C-C cross-coupling between organozinc nucleophiles and the benzylic C-Br electrophile affords a diverse family of β-functionalized phenethylaminopyridinium salts, and coupling is stereoconvergent in the presence of chiral ligands. Subsequent Ni-catalyzed reductive N-N bond activation within the β-functionalized phenethylaminopyridinium salts furnishes the products of formal olefin carboamination. Other reductive N-N cleavage reactions are demonstrated to provide access to free primary amines, alkylated amines, heterocycles, and products derived from N-centered radical chemistry. The developed reaction sequence can be implemented in the context of complex molecules and natural product derivatives. Together, the described results provide a general and modular synthesis of β-phenethylamines and significantly expand the utility of N-pyridinium aziridines as linchpins in chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samya Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, United States
| | - Promita Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, United States
| | - Braeden C O'Bannon
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, United States
| | - David C Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, United States
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36
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Lian F, Li JL, Xu K. When transition-metal catalysis meets electrosynthesis: a recent update. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4390-4419. [PMID: 38771266 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00484a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
While aiming at sustainable synthesis, organic electrosynthesis has attracted increasing attention in the past few years. In parallel, with a deeper understanding of catalyst and ligand design, 3d transition-metal catalysis allows the conception of more straightforward synthetic routes in a cost-effective fashion. Owing to their intrinsic advantages, the merger of organic electrosynthesis with 3d transition-metal catalysis has offered huge opportunities for conceptually novel transformations while limiting ecological footprint. This review summarizes the key advancements in this direction published in the recent two years, with specific focus placed on strategy design and mechanistic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lian
- School of Medicine, Henan Engineering Research Center of Funiu Mountain's Medicinal Resources Utilization and Molecular Medicine, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China.
| | - Jiu-Ling Li
- School of Medicine, Henan Engineering Research Center of Funiu Mountain's Medicinal Resources Utilization and Molecular Medicine, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China.
| | - Kun Xu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
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37
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Hu Q, Wei B, Wang M, Liu M, Chen XW, Ran CK, Wang G, Chen Z, Li H, Song J, Yu DG, Guo C. Enantioselective Nickel-Electrocatalyzed Reductive Propargylic Carboxylation with CO 2. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14864-14874. [PMID: 38754389 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The exploitation of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a sustainable, plentiful, and harmless C1 source for the catalytic synthesis of enantioenriched carboxylic acids has long been acknowledged as a pivotal task in synthetic chemistry. Herein, we present a current-driven nickel-catalyzed reductive carboxylation reaction with CO2 fixation, facilitating the formation of C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds by circumventing the handling of moisture-sensitive organometallic reagents. This electroreductive protocol serves as a practical platform, paving the way for the synthesis of enantioenriched propargylic carboxylic acids (up to 98% enantiomeric excess) from racemic propargylic carbonates and CO2. The efficacy of this transformation is exemplified by its successful utilization in the asymmetric total synthesis of (S)-arundic acid, (R)-PIA, (S)-chizhine D, (S)-cochlearin G, and (S,S)-alexidine, thereby underscoring the potential of asymmetric electrosynthesis to achieve complex molecular architectures sustainably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingdong Hu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Boyuan Wei
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Mingxu Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Minghao Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiao-Wang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Chuan-Kun Ran
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Gefei Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ziting Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Haoze Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jin Song
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Da-Gang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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38
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Zhang Q, Zhang J, Zhu W, Lu R, Guo C. Enantioselective nickel-catalyzed anodic oxidative dienylation and allylation reactions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4477. [PMID: 38796470 PMCID: PMC11127924 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48936-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Precision control of stereochemistry in radical reactions remains a formidable challenge due to the prevalence of incidental racemic background reactions resulting from undirected substrate oxidation in the absence of chiral induction. In this study, we devised an thoughtful approach-electricity-driven asymmetric Lewis acid catalysis-to circumvent this impediment. This methodology facilitates both asymmetric dienylation and allylation reactions, resulting in the formation of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters and demonstrating significant potential in the modular synthesis of functional and chiral benzoxazole-oxazoline (Boox) ligands. Notably, the involvement of chiral Lewis acids in both the electrochemical activation and stereoselectivity-defining radical stages offers innovative departures for designing single electron transfer-based reactions, significantly underscoring the relevance of this approach as a multifaceted and universally applicable strategy for various fields of study, including electrosynthesis, organic chemistry, and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jiayin Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wangjie Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ruimin Lu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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39
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Zhang LL, Gao YZ, Cai SH, Yu H, Shen SJ, Ping Q, Yang ZP. Ni-catalyzed enantioconvergent deoxygenative reductive cross-coupling of unactivated alkyl alcohols and aryl bromides. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2733. [PMID: 38548758 PMCID: PMC10979021 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed enantioconvergent cross-coupling of an alkyl precursor presents a promising method for producing enantioenriched C(sp3) molecules. Because alkyl alcohol is a ubiquitous and abundant family of feedstock in nature, the direct reductive coupling of alkyl alcohol and aryl halide enables efficient access to valuable compounds. Although several strategies have been developed to overcome the high bond dissociation energy of the C - O bond, the asymmetric pattern remains unknown. In this report, we describe the realization of an enantioconvergent deoxygenative reductive cross-coupling of unactivated alkyl alcohol (β-hydroxy ketone) and aryl bromide in the presence of an NHC activating agent. The approach can accommodate substituents of various sizes and functional groups, and its synthetic potency is demonstrated through a gram scale reaction and derivatizations into other compound families. Finally, we apply our convergent method to the efficient asymmetric synthesis of four β-aryl ketones that are natural products or bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Zhang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Zhong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules, Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, The School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, 030031, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Han Cai
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Shou-Jie Shen
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules, Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, The School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, 030031, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Ping
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Peng Yang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
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40
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Chen LM, Reisman SE. Enantioselective C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Bond Construction by Ni Catalysis. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:751-762. [PMID: 38346006 PMCID: PMC10918837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusAfter decades of palladium dominating the realm of transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling, recent years have witnessed exciting advances in the development of new nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions to form C(sp3) centers. Nickel possesses distinct properties compared with palladium, such as facile single-electron transfer to C(sp3) electrophiles and rapid C-C reductive elimination from NiIII. These properties, among others, make nickel particularly well-suited for reductive cross-coupling (RCC) in which two electrophiles are coupled and an exogenous reductant is used to turn over the metal catalyst. Ni-catalyzed RCCs use readily available and stable electrophiles as starting materials and exhibit good functional group tolerance, which makes them appealing for applications in the synthesis of complex molecules. Building upon the foundational work in Ni-catalyzed RCCs by the groups of Kumada, Durandetti, Weix, and others, as well as the advancements in Ni-catalyzed enantioselective redox-neutral cross-couplings led by Fu and co-workers, we initiated a program to explore the feasibility of developing highly enantioselective Ni-catalyzed RCCs. Our research has also been driven by a keen interest in unraveling the factors contributing to enantioinduction and electrophile activation as we seek new avenues for advancing our understanding and further developing these reactions.In the first part of this Account, we organize our reported methods on the basis of the identity of the C(sp3) electrophiles, including benzylic chlorides, N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHP) esters, and α-chloro esters and nitriles. We highlight how the selection of specific chiral ligands plays a pivotal role in achieving high cross-selectivity and enantioselectivity. In addition, we show that reduction can be accomplished not only with heterogeneous reductants, such as Mn0, but also with the soluble organic reductant tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE), as well as electrochemically. The use of homogeneous reductants, such as TDAE, is well suited for studying the mechanism of the transformation. Although this Account primarily focuses on RCCs, we also highlight our work using trifluoroborate (BF3K) salts as radical precursors for enantioselective dual-Ni/photoredox systems.At the end of this Account, we summarize the relevant mechanistic studies of two closely related asymmetric reductive alkenylation reactions developed in our laboratory and provide a context between our work and related mechanistic studies by others. We discuss how the ligand properties influence the rates and mechanisms of electrophile activation and how understanding the mode of C(sp3) radical generation can be used to optimize the yield of an RCC. Our research endeavors to offer insights on the intricate mechanisms at play in asymmetric Ni-catalyzed RCCs with the goal of using the rate of electrophile activation to improve the substrate scope of enantioselective RCCs. We anticipate that the insights we share in this Account can provide guidance for the development of new methods in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Chen
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Sarah E. Reisman
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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41
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Wang T, Guan Y, Zhang T, Liang Y. Ligand Relay for Nickel-Catalyzed Decarbonylative Alkylation of Aroyl Chlorides. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306923. [PMID: 38088530 PMCID: PMC10916626 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed direct decarboxylative transformations of aromatic carboxylic acids usually require high temperatures, which limit the substrate's scope, especially for late-stage applications. The development of the selective decarbonylative of carboxylic acid derivatives, especially the most fundamental aroyl chlorides, with stable and cheap electrophiles under mild conditions is highly desirable and meaningful, but remains challenging. Herein, a strategy of nickel-catalyzed decarbonylative alkylation of aroyl chlorides via phosphine/nitrogen ligand relay is reported. The simple phosphine ligand is found essential for the decarbonylation step, while the nitrogen ligand promotes the cross-electrophile coupling. Such a ligand relay system can effectively and orderly carry out the catalytic process at room temperature, utilizing easily available aroyl chlorides as an aryl electrophile for reductive alkylation. This discovery provides a new strategy for direct decarbonylative coupling, features operationally simple, mild conditions, and excellent functional group tolerance. The mild approach is applied to the late-stage methylation of various pharmaceuticals. Extensive experiments are carried out to provide insights into the reaction pathway and support the ligand relay process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian‐Zhang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong UniversityJinan250100China
| | - Yu‐Qiu Guan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong UniversityJinan250100China
| | - Tian‐Yu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong UniversityJinan250100China
| | - Yu‐Feng Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong UniversityJinan250100China
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42
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Singh B, Kashyap S, Singh S, Gupta S, Ghorai MK. Catalytic Aminium Radical-Cation Salt (Magic Blue)-Initiated S N2-Type Nucleophilic Ring-Opening Transformations of Aziridines. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2247-2263. [PMID: 38323416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
A simple and atom economic protocol for the construction of C-X/C-C bonds via catalytic aminium radical-cation salt (Magic Blue)-initiated SN2-type nucleophilic ring-opening transformations of racemic and nonracemic aziridines with different hetero and carbon nucleophiles to afford various amino ethers, thioethers, and amines in up to 99% yield, and with perfect enantiospecificity for some substrates but reduced ee with others (for nonracemic aziridines), is developed. This aminium radical-cation salt-initiated, SN2-type nucleophilic ring-opening strategy, along with various cyclization protocols, is employed to synthesize various biologically significant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Suraj Kashyap
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Shishir Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Sikha Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Manas K Ghorai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
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43
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Zhang H, Ye Z, Wu Y, Zhang X, Ma W, Zhan ZJ, Zhang F. Electrochemical Reductive Cross-Coupling of Vinyl Bromides for the Synthesis of 1,3-Dienes. Org Lett 2024; 26:994-999. [PMID: 38289335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
An electroreductive cross-electrophile coupling protocol was developed for the construction of valuable 1,3-dienes from vinyl bromides. Furthermore, this scalable method can also be used to forge complex [4 + 2] cycloadducts in a one-pot manner. One of the most important advantages of this green and sustainable protocol is the in situ release of nickel catalyst from the inexpensive electrodes without the addition of extra harmful metal catalysts and reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399 Hangzhou, P. R. China
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zenghui Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yanqi Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Weiyuan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zha-Jun Zhan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fengzhi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399 Hangzhou, P. R. China
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44
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Huang C, Tao Y, Cao X, Zhou C, Lu Q. Asymmetric Paired Electrocatalysis: Enantioselective Olefin-Sulfonylimine Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1984-1991. [PMID: 38113828 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric electrocatalysis offers exciting new strategies for the synthesis of chiral molecules through novel reaction pathways. However, simultaneous activation of reactants on both electrodes via asymmetric paired electrolysis, which is more energy efficient and economic than single half-electrode synthesis, remains a formidable challenge. Herein, an asymmetric olefin-sulfonylimine coupling via paired electrocatalysis is presented for the first time. In this protocol, Co-catalyzed hydrogen atom transfer on the anode and Ni-catalyzed sulfonylimine reduction on the cathode were seamlessly cross-coupled. The new catalytic system enables the formation of chiral amine products bearing a tetrasubstituted carbon stereocenter with a high enantioselectivity (up to 96% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Tao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiyang Cao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Cong Zhou
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Qingquan Lu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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45
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Zhang J, Zhu W, Chen Z, Zhang Q, Guo C. Dual-Catalyzed Stereodivergent Electrooxidative Homocoupling of Benzoxazolyl Acetate. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1522-1531. [PMID: 38166394 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The development of a reliable strategy for stereodivergent radical reactions that allows convenient access to all stereoisomers of homocoupling adducts with multiple stereogenic centers remains an unmet goal in organic synthesis. Herein, we describe a dual-catalyzed electrooxidative C(sp3)-H/C(sp3)-H homocoupling with complete absolute and relative stereocontrol for the synthesis of molecules with contiguous quaternary stereocenters in a general and predictable manner. The stereodivergent electrooxidative homocoupling reaction is achieved by synergistically utilizing two distinct chiral catalysts that convert identical racemic substrates into inherently distinctive reactive chiral intermediates, dictate enantioselective radical addition, and allow access to the full complement of stereoisomeric products via simple catalyst permutation. The successful execution of the dual-electrocatalytic strategy programmed via electrooxidative activation provides a significant conceptual advantage and will serve as a useful foundation for further research into cooperative stereocontrolled radical transformations and diversity-oriented synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wangjie Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ziting Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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46
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Chen W, Yu L, Pan Y, Ni S, Wang Y. Electrochemical Nickel-Catalyzed 1,2-Diarylation of 1,3-Dienes. Org Lett 2023; 25:9225-9230. [PMID: 38113061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Due to the presence of carbon-carbon double bonds, 1,3-dienes exhibit great reactivity. A protocol for the site-selective diarylation of terminal 1,3-dienes is reported here. The transformation is facilitated by the Ni catalyst without the need for additional ligands, utilizing an electrochemical setup. Preliminary results indicate that by introducing chiral ligands moderate enantioselective diarylation products can be obtained. This method affords diversely substituted diarylated products that occur as structural motifs in various natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangzhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shengyang Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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47
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Wang YZ, Sun B, Zhu XY, Gu YC, Ma C, Mei TS. Enantioselective Reductive Cross-Couplings of Olefins by Merging Electrochemistry with Nickel Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23910-23917. [PMID: 37883710 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The merger of electrochemistry and transition metal catalysis has emerged as a powerful tool to join two electrophiles in an enantioselective manner. However, the development of enantioselective electroreductive cross-couplings of olefins remains a challenge. Inspired by the advantages of the synergistic use of electrochemistry with nickel catalysis, we present here a Ni-catalyzed enantioselective electroreductive cross-coupling of acrylates with aryl halides and alkyl bromides, which affords chiral α-aryl carbonyls in good to excellent enantioselectivity. Additionally, this catalytic reaction can be applied to (hetero)aryl chlorides, which is difficult to achieve by other methods. The combination of cyclic voltammetry analysis with electrode potential studies suggests that the NiI species activates aryl halides by oxidative addition and alkyl bromides by single-electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Zhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Bing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Berkshire RE42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Cong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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48
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Liu Y, Li P, Wang Y, Qiu Y. Electroreductive Cross-Electrophile Coupling (eXEC) Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306679. [PMID: 37327185 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry utilizes electrons as a potent, controllable, and traceless alternative to chemical oxidants or reductants, and typically offers a more sustainable option for achieving selective organic synthesis. Recently, the merger of electrochemistry with readily available electrophiles has been recognized as a viable and increasingly popular methodology for efficiently constructing challenging C-C and C-heteroatom bonds in a sustainable manner for complex organic molecules. In this mini-review, we have systematically summarized the most recent advances in electroreductive cross-electrophile coupling (eXEC) reactions during the last decade. Our focus has been on readily available electrophiles, including aryl and alkyl organic (pseudo)halides, as well as small molecules such as CO2 , SO2 , and D2 O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowen Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
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49
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Li M, Peng M, Huang W, Zhao L, Wang S, Kang C, Jiang G, Ji F. Electrochemical Oxidative Carbonylation of NH-Sulfoximines. Org Lett 2023; 25:7529-7534. [PMID: 37819202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical synthesis of N-aroylsulfoximines features the use of tetra-n-butylammonium iodide (TBAI) as the medium and a broad substrate scope, thus affording a wide range of N-aroylated sulfoximines in moderate to good yields. The advantages of this electrochemical strategy are augmented by mild reaction conditions that are external oxidant-free, ligand-free, and easy to scale up to gram scale. Both the control experiments and the mechanistic studies revealed that the whole electrochemical process proceeded through a palladium (II/IV/II) catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bio-engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 12 Jiangan Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Mengyu Peng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bio-engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 12 Jiangan Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Wenxiu Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bio-engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 12 Jiangan Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Longqiang Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bio-engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 12 Jiangan Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shoucai Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bio-engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 12 Jiangan Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Chen Kang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bio-engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 12 Jiangan Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Guangbin Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bio-engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 12 Jiangan Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Fanghua Ji
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bio-engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 12 Jiangan Road, Guilin 541004, China
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50
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Kumar R, Banerjee N, Kumar P, Banerjee P. Electrochemical Synthesis and Reactivity of Three-Membered Strained Carbo- and Heterocycles. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301594. [PMID: 37436418 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Three-membered carbocyclic and heterocyclic ring structures are versatile synthetic building blocks in organic synthesis with biological importance. Moreover, the inherent strain of these three-membered rings leads to their ring-opening functionalization through C->C, C->N, and C-O bond cleavage. Traditional synthesis and ring-opening methods for these molecules require the use of acid catalysts or transition metals. Recently, electro-organic synthesis has emerged as a powerful tool for initiating new chemical transformations. In this review, the synthetic and mechanistic aspects of electro-mediated synthesis and ring-opening functionalization of three-membered carbo- and heterocycles are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Lab No. 406
| | - Nakshatra Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Lab No. 406
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Lab No. 406
| | - Prabal Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Lab No. 406
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