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Zhang S, Lv B, Wang M, Liu J, Liu M, Chen J, Song G, Niu S, Zhu Y, Li S, Jiang T. Exploring the frontiers of X@MXene nanozymes: Synthesis, enhanced catalytic mechanism, and application in biomedical sensors. Talanta 2025; 295:128293. [PMID: 40349661 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2025.128293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2025] [Revised: 05/02/2025] [Accepted: 05/06/2025] [Indexed: 05/14/2025]
Abstract
Biosensing technologies are facing increasingly urgent demands for highly sensitive and selective sensors. MXene, as a novel two-dimensional (2D) material, has emerged as an ideal candidate for sensors due to its ultrahigh conductivity and tunable surface functional groups. However, unmodified MXene lacks catalytic activity and specificity, limiting its applications. Surface-engineered X@MXene composites (X = metal oxides, aptamers, etc.) can significantly enhance catalytic activity and selectivity. This review systematically summarizes MXene synthesis strategies (HF etching, HF-free etching, vapor deposition, surface terminal group modulation), elucidates the regulatory mechanism of heterocomponents (X) on MXene catalytic pathways, analyzes its design principles in single-mode devices with different signal types (optical, electrical, colorimetric), and reveals the synergistic advantages of dual-mode sensors in sensitivity and anti-interference performance. This review provides theoretical guidance for designing high-performance MXene-based sensors, advancing their applications in precision medicine and intelligent monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangning Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Bingrui Lv
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Mengyu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Jiangshan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Ge Song
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Shuya Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yutong Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Si Li
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Arizona, Scottsdale, USA
| | - Tingting Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
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Gurzęda B, Boulanger N, Nordenström A, Dejoie C, Talyzin AV. Pristine MXene: In Situ XRD Study of MAX Phase Etching with HCl+LiF Solution. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2408448. [PMID: 39474991 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202408448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 10/24/2024] [Indexed: 12/28/2024]
Abstract
Many applications are suggested for Ti-MXene motivating strong interest in studies of Ti3C2Tx synthesis by solution-based methods. However, so far only ex situ studies of the synthesis are performed, mostly due to the difficulty of handling HF-based solutions. Here the first time-resolved in situ synchrotron radiation X-ray Diffraction study of MXene synthesis performed using a plastic capillary-size reaction cell directly in HF solution is reported. This study provides the first report on the structure of "pristine MXene" formed by Ti3AlC2 etching with LiF+HCl. The term "pristine" refers to the MXene structure found directly in HF solution. By comparing the interlayer distances of pristine MXene (≈13.5 Å), solvent-free Li-intercalated MXene (≈12.2 Å), and Li-free MXene (≈10.7 Å), it can be concluded that the width of "slit pores" formed by terminated MX layers during the Al etching does not exceed ≈3 Å. The width of these slit pores is a key factor for HF etching of Al within the interlayers. This space constraint explains the slow kinetics of MXene formation in HF-based synthesis methods. No intermediate phases are observed, suggesting that the crystalline MXene phase is formed by the simultaneous etching of Al and termination of Ti3C2 layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Gurzęda
- Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, S-90187, Sweden
| | | | | | - Catherine Dejoie
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), ID22 Beamline, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38000, France
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You H, Wang Z, Wang X, Ren J, Wang H, Wang R. Synergistic Regulation of Bidirectional Conversion of LiPSs and Li 2S Using Anthraquinone as a Redox Mediator. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39565913 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c13898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2024]
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are strong contenders as energy storage options in the next-generation, primarily because of their potential for delivering high energy densities. Nonetheless, their widespread commercialization faces several obstacles, including sluggish sulfur redox kinetics, the insulating properties of the Li2S discharge product, and significant reaction energy barriers. In this work, anthraquinone (AQ) was introduced as a redox mediator and incorporated onto Co-doped carbon materials through π-π interactions. The results showed that synergistic effect between AQ and Co atoms facilitated the bidirectional conversion of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and Li2S. During charging, AQ lowered the reaction energy barrier for Li2S oxidation and thereby enhanced the reversibility of sulfur redox reactions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that AQ-Li2Sx exhibits a lower energy for the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and a higher energy for the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). Experimental results demonstrated that an impressive initial discharge specific capacity of 1290 mAh g-1 was achieved by the fabricated S@AQ/Co-N-C electrode at 0.1 C. After 600 cycles at 1 C, it retained 64% of this capacity and exhibited a minimal 0.06% capacity decay rate per cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan You
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Zining Wang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineer, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuyun Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jianwei Ren
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road and Roper Street, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Rongfang Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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Yang J, Zhang Y, Song Y, Ge Y, Tang S, Li J, Zhang H, Wu D, Tian X. Rechargeable Seawater-Based Chloride-Ion Batteries Enabled by Covalent Surface Chemistry in MXenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:25680-25688. [PMID: 39099150 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Rechargeable aqueous chloride-ion batteries (ACIBs) using Cl- ions as charge carriers represent a promising energy-storage technology, especially when natural seawater is introduced as the electrolyte, which can bring remarkable advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness, safety, and environmental sustainability. However, the implementation of this technology is hindered by the scarcity of electrodes capable of reversible chloride-anion storage. Here, we show that a Ti3C2Clx MXene with Cl surface terminations enables reversible Cl- ion storage in aqueous electrolytes. Further, we developed seawater-based ACIBs that show a high specific capacity and an exceptionally long lifespan (40000 cycles, more than 1 year) in natural seawater electrolyte. The pouch-type cells achieve a high energy density (50 Wh Lcell-1) and maintain stable performance across a broad temperature range (-20 to 50 °C). Our investigations reveal that the covalent interaction between Cl- ions and Cl-terminated MXene facilitates Cl- ion intercalation into the MXene interlayer, promoting rapid ion migration with a low energy barrier (0.10 eV). Moreover, this MXene variant also enables the reversible storage of Br- ions in an aqueous electrolyte with a long cycle life. This study may advance the design of anion storage electrodes and enable the development of sustainable aqueous batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yiming Song
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yanzeng Ge
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Si Tang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Daoxiong Wu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Xinlong Tian
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
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Kruger DD, García H, Primo A. Molten Salt Derived MXenes: Synthesis and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307106. [PMID: 39021320 PMCID: PMC11425216 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
About one decade after the first report on MXenes, these 2D early transition metal carbides or nitrides have become among the best-performing materials in electrode applications related to electrical energy storage devices and power-to-fuels conversion. MXenes are obtained by a top-down approach starting from the appropriate 3D MAX phase that undergoes etching of the A-site metal. Initial etching procedures are based on the use of concentrated HF or the in situ generation of this highly corrosive and poisonous reagent. Etching of the MAX phase is one of the major hurdles limiting the progress of the field. The present review summarizes an alternative, universal, and easily scalable etching procedure based on treating the MAX precursor with a Lewis acid molten salt. The review starts with presenting the current state of the art of the molten salt etching procedure to obtain or modify MXene, followed by a summary of the applications of these MXene samples. The aim of the review is to show the versatility and advantages of molten salt etching in terms of general applicability, control of the surface terminal groups, and uniform deposition of metal nanoparticles, among other features of the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid D. Kruger
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC‐UPVUniversitat Politècnica de ValènciaAv. De los Naranjos s/nValència46022Spain
| | - Hermenegildo García
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC‐UPVUniversitat Politècnica de ValènciaAv. De los Naranjos s/nValència46022Spain
| | - Ana Primo
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC‐UPVUniversitat Politècnica de ValènciaAv. De los Naranjos s/nValència46022Spain
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Dhakshinamoorthy A, Ramírez-Grau R, Garcia H, Primo A. Opportunities of MXenes in Heterogeneous Catalysis: V 2C as Aerobic Oxidation Catalyst. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400576. [PMID: 38618910 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
MXenes are two-dimensional nanomaterials having alternating sheets of one atom-thick early transition metal layer and one atom-thick carbide or nitride layer. The external surface contains termination groups, whose nature depends on the etching agent used in the preparation procedure from the MAX phase. The present concept proposes that, due to their composition, the metal-surface termination groups make MXenes particularly suited as heterogeneous catalysts for some reactions. This proposal comes from the consideration that early transition metal atoms bonded to hydroxyl and oxo groups are a general type of active sites in heterogeneous catalysis and that similar catalytic centers can also be present in the MXene structure. After having presented the concept, we have selected V2C Mxene as an example to illustrate its catalytic activity and to show how the catalytic performance varies when the surface groups are modified. As a test reaction, we selected the aerobic oxidation of indane to the corresponding indanol/indanone mixture using molecular oxygen as terminal oxidizing reagent. Two previously reported procedures to modify the surface groups, namely surface dehydroxylation by thermal treatment under diluted hydrogen flow and surface oxidation with ammonium persulfate to convert some surface groups into oxo groups were used, observing in both cases a decrease in the catalytic activity of V2C. Based on this, VIII/IV-OH are proposed as catalytic centers in this aerobic oxidation. Overall, the present concept shows the merits of MXenes in heterogeneous catalysis, based on their chemical composition and the surface functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarajothi Dhakshinamoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
- School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rubén Ramírez-Grau
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Av. De los Naranjos s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Hermenegildo Garcia
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Av. De los Naranjos s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Ana Primo
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Av. De los Naranjos s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain
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Li Y, Wei H, Chen L, Xie C, Ding H, Fang F, Chai Z, Huang Q. Regulating the Electronic Structure of MAX Phases Based on Rare Earth Element Sc to Enhance Electromagnetic Wave Absorption. ACS NANO 2024; 18:10019-10030. [PMID: 38545930 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
MAX phases are highly promising materials for electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption because of their specific combination of metal and ceramic properties, making them particularly suitable for harsh environments. However, their higher matching thickness and impedance mismatching can limit their ability to attenuate EM waves. To address this issue, researchers have focused on regulating the electronic structure of MAX phases through structural engineering. In this study, we successfully synthesized a ternary MAX phase known as Sc2GaC MAX with the rare earth element Sc incorporated into the M-site sublayer, resulting in exceptional conductivity and impressive stability at high temperatures. The Sc2GaC demonstrates a strong reflection loss (RL) of -47.7 dB (1.3 mm) and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 5.28 GHz. It also achieves effective absorption of EM wave energy across a wide frequency range, encompassing the X and Ku bands. This exceptional performance is observed within a thickness range of 1.3 to 2.1 mm, making it significantly superior to other Ga-MAX phases. Furthermore, Sc2GaC exhibited excellent absorption performance even at elevated temperatures. After undergoing oxidation at 800 °C, it achieves a minimum RL of -28.3 dB. Conversely, when treated at 1400 °C under an argon atmosphere, Sc2GaC demonstrates even higher performance, with a minimum RL of -46.1 dB. This study highlights the potential of structural engineering to modify the EM wave absorption performance of the MAX phase by controlling its intrinsic electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbing Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Data-Driven High-Safety Energy Materials and Applications, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials and Chemistry, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Qianwan Institute of CNiTECH, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315336, China
| | - Haoshuai Wei
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Data-Driven High-Safety Energy Materials and Applications, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials and Chemistry, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
- Qianwan Institute of CNiTECH, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315336, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Data-Driven High-Safety Energy Materials and Applications, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials and Chemistry, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
- Qianwan Institute of CNiTECH, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315336, China
| | - Chaoyin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Haoming Ding
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Data-Driven High-Safety Energy Materials and Applications, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials and Chemistry, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
- Qianwan Institute of CNiTECH, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315336, China
| | - Fei Fang
- College of Digital Technology and Engineering, Ningbo University of Finance and Economics, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Zhifang Chai
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Data-Driven High-Safety Energy Materials and Applications, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials and Chemistry, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Qianwan Institute of CNiTECH, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315336, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Data-Driven High-Safety Energy Materials and Applications, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials and Chemistry, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
- Qianwan Institute of CNiTECH, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315336, China
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