1
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Johnson SB, Li H, Valentino H, Sobrado P. Mechanism of Nitrone Formation by a Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenase. Biochemistry 2024. [PMID: 38779817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
OxaD is a flavin-dependent monooxygenase (FMO) responsible for catalyzing the oxidation of an indole nitrogen atom, resulting in the formation of a nitrone. Nitrones serve as versatile intermediates in complex syntheses, including challenging reactions like cycloadditions. Traditional organic synthesis methods often yield limited results and involve environmentally harmful chemicals. Therefore, the enzymatic synthesis of nitrone-containing compounds holds promise for more sustainable industrial processes. In this study, we explored the catalytic mechanism of OxaD using a combination of steady-state and rapid-reaction kinetics, site-directed mutagenesis, spectroscopy, and structural modeling. Our investigations showed that OxaD catalyzes two oxidations of the indole nitrogen of roquefortine C, ultimately yielding roquefortine L. The reductive-half reaction analysis indicated that OxaD rapidly undergoes reduction and follows a "cautious" flavin reduction mechanism by requiring substrate binding before reduction can take place. This characteristic places OxaD in class A of the FMO family, a classification supported by a structural model featuring a single Rossmann nucleotide binding domain and a glutathione reductase fold. Furthermore, our spectroscopic analysis unveiled both enzyme-substrate and enzyme-intermediate complexes. Our analysis of the oxidative-half reaction suggests that the flavin dehydration step is the slow step in the catalytic cycle. Finally, through mutagenesis of the conserved D63 residue, we demonstrated its role in flavin motion and product oxygenation. Based on our findings, we propose a catalytic mechanism for OxaD and provide insights into the active site architecture within class A FMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney B Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Hannah Valentino
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Pablo Sobrado
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Center of Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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2
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Champagne SE, Chiang CH, Gemmel PM, Brooks CL, Narayan ARH. Biocatalytic Stereoselective Oxidation of 2-Arylindoles. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2728-2735. [PMID: 38237569 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
3-Hydroxyindolenines can be used to access several structural motifs that are featured in natural products and pharmaceutical compounds, yet the chemical synthesis of 3-hydroxyindolenines is complicated by overoxidation, rearrangements, and complex product mixtures. The selectivity possible in enzymatic reactions can overcome these challenges and deliver enantioenriched products. Herein, we present the development of an asymmetric biocatalytic oxidation of 2-arylindole substrates aided by a curated library of flavin-dependent monooxygenases (FDMOs) sampled from an ancestral sequence space, a sequence similarity network, and a deep-learning-based latent space model. From this library of FDMOs, a previously uncharacterized enzyme, Champase, from the Valley fever fungus, Coccidioides immitis strain RS, was found to stereoselectively catalyze the oxidation of a variety of substituted indole substrates. The promiscuity of this enzyme is showcased by the oxidation of a wide variety of substituted 2-arylindoles to afford the respective 3-hydroxyindolenine products in moderate to excellent yields and up to 95:5 er.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Champagne
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Chang-Hwa Chiang
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Philipp M Gemmel
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Charles L Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Enhanced Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Alison R H Narayan
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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3
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Abstract
Covering: 2009 up to August 2023Prenyltransferases (PTs) are involved in the primary and the secondary metabolism of plants, bacteria, and fungi, and they are key enzymes in the biosynthesis of many clinically relevant natural products (NPs). The continued biochemical and structural characterization of the soluble dimethylallyl tryptophan synthase (DMATS) PTs over the past two decades have revealed the significant promise that these enzymes hold as biocatalysts for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of novel drug leads. This is a comprehensive review of DMATSs describing the structure-function relationships that have shaped the mechanistic underpinnings of these enzymes, as well as the application of this knowledge to the engineering of DMATSs. We summarize the key findings and lessons learned from these studies over the past 14 years (2009-2023). In addition, we identify current gaps in our understanding of these fascinating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan T Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, USA.
| | - Oleg V Tsodikov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, USA.
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, USA.
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4
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Pedroni L, Dorne JLCM, Dall'Asta C, Dellafiora L. An in silico insight on the mechanistic aspects of gelsenicine toxicity: A reverse screening study pointing to the possible involvement of acetylcholine binding receptor. Toxicol Lett 2023; 386:1-8. [PMID: 37683806 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Gelsedine-type alkaloids are highly toxic plant secondary metabolites produced by shrubs belonging to the Gelsemium genus. Gelsenicine is one of the most concerning gelsedine-type alkaloids with a lethal dose lower than 1 mg/Kg in mice. Several reported episodes of poisoning in livestock and fatality cases in humans due to the usage of Gelsemium plants extracts were reported. Also, gelsedine-type alkaloids were found in honey constituting a potential food safety issue. However, their toxicological understanding is scarce and the molecular mechanism underpinning their toxicity needs further investigations. In this context, an in silico approach based on reverse screening, docking and molecular dynamics successfully identified a possible gelsenicine biological target shedding light on its toxicodynamics. In line with the available crystallographic data, it emerged gelsenicine could target the acetylcholine binding protein possibly acting as a partial agonist against α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR). Overall, these results agreed with evidence previously reported and prioritized AChR for further dedicated analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pedroni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Jean Lou C M Dorne
- Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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5
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Liu Z, Rivera S, Newmister SA, Sanders JN, Nie Q, Liu S, Zhao F, Ferrara JD, Shih HW, Patil S, Xu W, Miller MD, Phillips GN, Houk KN, Sherman DH, Gao X. An NmrA-like enzyme-catalysed redox-mediated Diels-Alder cycloaddition with anti-selectivity. Nat Chem 2023; 15:526-534. [PMID: 36635598 PMCID: PMC10073347 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder cycloaddition is one of the most powerful approaches in organic synthesis and is often used in the synthesis of important pharmaceuticals. Yet, strictly controlling the stereoselectivity of the Diels-Alder reactions is challenging, and great efforts are needed to construct complex molecules with desired chirality via organocatalysis or transition-metal strategies. Nature has evolved different types of enzymes to exquisitely control cyclization stereochemistry; however, most of the reported Diels-Alderases have been shown to only facilitate the energetically favourable diastereoselective cycloadditions. Here we report the discovery and characterization of CtdP, a member of a new class of bifunctional oxidoreductase/Diels-Alderase, which was previously annotated as an NmrA-like transcriptional regulator. We demonstrate that CtdP catalyses the inherently disfavoured cycloaddition to form the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane scaffold with a strict α-anti-selectivity. Guided by computational studies, we reveal a NADP+/NADPH-dependent redox mechanism for the CtdP-catalysed inverse electron demand Diels-Alder cycloaddition, which serves as the first example of a bifunctional Diels-Alderase that utilizes this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sebastian Rivera
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sean A Newmister
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jacob N Sanders
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qiuyue Nie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fanglong Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Hao-Wei Shih
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Siddhant Patil
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Weijun Xu
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - George N Phillips
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Xue Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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6
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Abstract
Covering: up to May 2022Fungal genetics has transformed natural product research by enabling the elucidation of cryptic metabolites and biosynthetic steps. The enhanced capability to add, subtract, modulate, and rewrite genes via CRISPR/Cas technologies has opened up avenues for the manipulation of biosynthetic gene clusters across diverse filamentous fungi. This review discusses the innovative and diverse strategies for fungal natural product discovery and engineering made possible by CRISPR/Cas-based tools. We also provide a guide into multiple angles of CRISPR/Cas experiment design, and discuss current gaps in genetic tool development for filamentous fungi and the promising opportunities for natural product research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Woodcraft
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Yit-Heng Chooi
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Indra Roux
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
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7
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Schneider A, Ruppert J, Lystbæk TB, Bastian S, Hauer B. Expanding the Cation Cage: Squalene-Hopene Cyclase-Mediated Enantioselective Semipinacol Rearrangement. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schneider
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Ruppert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Germany
| | - Thomas B. Lystbæk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Germany
| | - Silke Bastian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hauer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Germany
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8
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Pramanik S, Saha P, Ghosh P, Mukhopadhyay C. Substrate specific ring opening annulations of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes with 3-phenacylidene-2-oxindoles. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Kelly SP, Shende VV, Flynn AR, Dan Q, Ye Y, Smith JL, Tsukamoto S, Sigman MS, Sherman DH. Data Science-Driven Analysis of Substrate-Permissive Diketopiperazine Reverse Prenyltransferase NotF: Applications in Protein Engineering and Cascade Biocatalytic Synthesis of (-)-Eurotiumin A. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19326-19336. [PMID: 36223664 PMCID: PMC9831672 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Prenyltransfer is an early-stage carbon-hydrogen bond (C-H) functionalization prevalent in the biosynthesis of a diverse array of biologically active bacterial, fungal, plant, and metazoan diketopiperazine (DKP) alkaloids. Toward the development of a unified strategy for biocatalytic construction of prenylated DKP indole alkaloids, we sought to identify and characterize a substrate-permissive C2 reverse prenyltransferase (PT). As the first tailoring event within the biosynthesis of cytotoxic notoamide metabolites, PT NotF catalyzes C2 reverse prenyltransfer of brevianamide F. Solving a crystal structure of NotF (in complex with native substrate and prenyl donor mimic dimethylallyl S-thiolodiphosphate (DMSPP)) revealed a large, solvent-exposed active site, intimating NotF may possess a significantly broad substrate scope. To assess the substrate selectivity of NotF, we synthesized a panel of 30 sterically and electronically differentiated tryptophanyl DKPs, the majority of which were selectively prenylated by NotF in synthetically useful conversions (2 to >99%). Quantitative representation of this substrate library and development of a descriptive statistical model provided insight into the molecular origins of NotF's substrate promiscuity. This approach enabled the identification of key substrate descriptors (electrophilicity, size, and flexibility) that govern the rate of NotF-catalyzed prenyltransfer, and the development of an "induced fit docking (IFD)-guided" engineering strategy for improved turnover of our largest substrates. We further demonstrated the utility of NotF in tandem with oxidative cyclization using flavin monooxygenase, BvnB. This one-pot, in vitro biocatalytic cascade enabled the first chemoenzymatic synthesis of the marine fungal natural product, (-)-eurotiumin A, in three steps and 60% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha P. Kelly
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,These authors contributed equally: Samantha P. Kelly, Vikram V. Shende
| | - Vikram V. Shende
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,These authors contributed equally: Samantha P. Kelly, Vikram V. Shende
| | - Autumn R. Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Qingyun Dan
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ying Ye
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Janet L. Smith
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sachiko Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Matthew S. Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - David H. Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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10
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Musabirov IZ, Gataullin RR. New Synthetic Approaches to Benzo-Fused Spiro Heterocycles. Russ J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428022100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Mori T, Nakashima Y, Chen H, Hoshino S, Mitsuhashi T, Abe I. Structure-based redesign of Fe(II)/2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenase AndA to catalyze spiro-ring formation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5510-5513. [PMID: 35420093 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00736c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Structure- and mechanism-based redesign of the Fe(II)/2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenase AndA was performed. The function of AndA was expanded to catalyze a spiro-ring formation reaction from an isomerization reaction. The redesigned AndA variants produced two unnatural novel spiro-ring containing compounds through two and three consecutive oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Mori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yu Nakashima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Heping Chen
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Shotaro Hoshino
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Mitsuhashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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12
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Zhang X, Zhang C, Jiang B, Gao Y, Xu X, Miao Z. Ligand-Controlled Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric [4+3] and [2+3] Annulation Reactions of Spirovinylcyclopropyl Oxindoles with o-Quinone Methides. Org Lett 2022; 24:3097-3101. [PMID: 35436115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We herein report regiodivergent ligand-controlled palladium-catalyzed asymmetric cycloaddition reactions between spirovinylcyclopropyl oxindoles and o-quinone methides. Specifically, by using the chiral P,P-ligand Segphos (L5), we obtained various spirooxindole-3,4-benzo[b]oxepanes in moderate to good yields with excellent enantioselectivities via [4+3] cycloaddition reactions. In contrast, reactions involving Trost's ligand (L7) showed different regio- and stereoselectivities, affording bispirooxindole heterocyclic compounds in good yields via [2+3] cycloaddition reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiufang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhiwei Miao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
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13
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Yan D, Wang K, Bai S, Liu B, Bai J, Qi X, Hu Y. Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenase-Mediated 1,2-Oxazine Construction via Meisenheimer Rearrangement in the Biosynthesis of Paeciloxazine. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4269-4276. [PMID: 35192348 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The [1,2]-Meisenheimer rearrangement is well known as the [1,2]-migration of an O-substituted hydroxylamine from a tertiary amine N-oxide, and it is frequently employed in organic synthesis to enforce adjacent carbon oxidation or install a 1,2-oxazine core, which is a prevalent structural feature and pharmacophore of many bioactive natural products. Although the [1,2]-Meisenheimer rearrangement was proposed to occur in the biosynthesis of a number of 1,2-oxazine-containing natural products, it has never been proved biosynthetically. Here, we identified the biosynthetic gene cluster of an insecticidal natural product, paeciloxazine (1), from Penicillium janthinellum and characterized a flavin-dependent monooxygenase, PaxA, as the first example that mediates the formation of a 1,2-oxazine moiety via Meisenheimer rearrangement. In vitro biochemical assays, site-directed mutations, docking and molecular dynamics simulations, and density functional theory calculations support the mechanism that PaxA first catalyzes N-oxidation to form an N-oxide intermediate, which undergoes [1,2]-Meisenheimer rearrangement with the assistance of an amino acid with proton transfer property. This study expands the repertoire of rearrangement reactions during the biosynthesis of natural products and provides a new strategy for discovering natural products with N-O tethers by genome mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daojiang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Kunya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Songlin Bai
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Bingyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jian Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiangbing Qi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Youcai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.,CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Catalysis of Natural Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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14
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Li K, Chen S, Pang X, Cai J, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhu Y, Zhou X. Natural products from mangrove sediments-derived microbes: Structural diversity, bioactivities, biosynthesis, and total synthesis. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114117. [PMID: 35063731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mangrove forests are a complex ecosystem, and the microbial communities in mangrove sediments play a critical role in the biogeochemical cycles of mangrove ecosystems. Mangrove sediments-derived microbes (MSM), as a rich reservoir of natural product diversity, could be utilized in the exploration of new antibiotics or drugs. To understand the structural diversity and bioactivities of the metabolites of MSM, this review for the first time provides a comprehensive overview of 519 natural products isolated from MSM with their bioactivities, up to 2021. Most of the structural types of these compounds are alkaloids, lactones, xanthones, quinones, terpenoids, and steroids. Among them, 210 compounds are obtained from bacteria, most of which are from Streptomyces, while 309 compounds are from fungus, especially genus Aspergillus and Penicillium. The pharmacological mechanisms of some representative lead compounds are well studied, revealing that they have important medicinal potentials, such as piericidins with anti-renal cell cancer effects, azalomycins with anti-MRSA activities, and ophiobolins as antineoplastic agents. The biosynthetic pathways of representative natural products from MSM have also been summarized, especially ikarugamycin, piericidins, divergolides, and azalomycins. In addition, the total synthetic strategies of representative secondary metabolites from MSM are also reviewed, such as piericidin A and borrelidin. This review provides an important reference for the research status of natural products isolated from MSM and the lead compounds worthy of further development, and reveals that MSM have important medicinal values and are worthy of further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Department of Emergency Medicine, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Chest Pain Center, Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Siqiang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Xiaoyan Pang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Jian Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Xinya Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Yiguang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Sanya Institute of Oceanology, SCSIO, Sanya, 572000, China.
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China.
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15
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Cao F, Tao WT, Yu Q, Xu CX, Cheng JT, Liu RX, Zhao QW, Jiang XH, Liu Y, Li YQ, Zhan ZJ, Shi T, Mao XM. Discovery of Semi-Pinacolases from the Epoxide Hydrolase Family during Efficient Assembly of a Fungal Polyketide. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cao
- Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital & Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen-Tao Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Qian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chu-Xuan Xu
- Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital & Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jin-Tao Cheng
- Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital & Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ruo-Xi Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Qing-Wei Zhao
- Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital & Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin-Hang Jiang
- Equipment and Technology Service Platform, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Equipment and Technology Service Platform, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong-Quan Li
- Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital & Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zha-Jun Zhan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ting Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xu-Ming Mao
- Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital & Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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16
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Wu J, Wang F, He LM, Zhou SY, Wang SB, Jia J, Hong K, Cai YS. Aculeaquamide A, cytotoxic paraherquamide from the marine fungus Aspergillus aculeatinus WHUF0198. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:4388-4393. [PMID: 34720007 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1998047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A new paraherquamide named aculeaquamide A (1) was isolated from an EtOAc extract of Aspergillus aculeatinus WHF0198 culture media together with five known compounds. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by analysis of NMR and MS data, and the absolute configurations of compound 1 was confirmed by CD spectroscopic methods. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines, Bel-7402, A549, and HCT-116. Compounds 1 and 2 showed cytotoxicity against Bel-7402 with IC50 values of 3.3 and 1.9 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Fuqian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ming He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Si-Yuan Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Shou-Bao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jia Jia
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology & Helicobacter pylori Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Kui Hong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - You-Sheng Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
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17
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Chen H, Zhou A, Sun D, Zhao Y, Wang Y. Theoretical Investigation on the Elusive Reaction Mechanism of Spirooxindole Formation Mediated by Cytochrome P450s: A Nascent Feasible Charge-Shift C-O Bond Makes a Difference. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8419-8430. [PMID: 34313131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c04088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spirooxindoles are pivotal biofunctional groups widely distributed in natural products and clinic drugs. However, construction of such subtle chiral skeletons is a long-standing challenge to both organic and bioengineering scientists. The knowledge of enzymatic spirooxindole formation in nature may inspire rational design of new catalysts. To this end, we presented a theoretical investigation on the elusive mechanism of the spiro-ring formation at the 3-position of oxindole mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450). Our calculated results demonstrated that the electrophilic attack of CpdI, the active species of P450, to the substrate, shows regioselectivity, i.e., the attack at the C9 position forms a tetrahedral intermediate involving an unusual feasible charge-shift C9δ+-Oδ- bond, while the attack at the C1 position forms an epoxide intermediate. The predominant route is the first route with the charge-shift bonding intermediate due to holding a relatively lower barrier by >5 kcal mol-1 than the epoxide route, which fits the experimental observations. Such a delocalized charge-shift bond facilitates the formation of a spiro-ring mainly through elongation of the C1-C9 bond to eliminate the aromatization of the tricyclic beta-carboline. Our theoretical results shed profound mechanistic insights for the first time into the elusive spirooxindole formation mediated by P450s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Chen
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anran Zhou
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongru Sun
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
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18
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Liu Z, Zhao F, Zhao B, Yang J, Ferrara J, Sankaran B, Venkataram Prasad BV, Kundu BB, Phillips GN, Gao Y, Hu L, Zhu T, Gao X. Structural basis of the stereoselective formation of the spirooxindole ring in the biosynthesis of citrinadins. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4158. [PMID: 34230497 PMCID: PMC8260726 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenylated indole alkaloids featuring spirooxindole rings possess a 3R or 3S carbon stereocenter, which determines the bioactivities of these compounds. Despite the stereoselective advantages of spirooxindole biosynthesis compared with those of organic synthesis, the biocatalytic mechanism for controlling the 3R or 3S-spirooxindole formation has been elusive. Here, we report an oxygenase/semipinacolase CtdE that specifies the 3S-spirooxindole construction in the biosynthesis of 21R-citrinadin A. High-resolution X-ray crystal structures of CtdE with the substrate and cofactor, together with site-directed mutagenesis and computational studies, illustrate the catalytic mechanisms for the possible β-face epoxidation followed by a regioselective collapse of the epoxide intermediate, which triggers semipinacol rearrangement to form the 3S-spirooxindole. Comparing CtdE with PhqK, which catalyzes the formation of the 3R-spirooxindole, we reveal an evolutionary branch of CtdE in specific 3S spirocyclization. Our study provides deeper insights into the stereoselective catalytic machinery, which is important for the biocatalysis design to synthesize spirooxindole pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fanglong Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Boyang Zhao
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - B V Venkataram Prasad
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Biki Bapi Kundu
- PhD Program in Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - George N Phillips
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tong Zhu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xue Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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19
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Lin C, Xing Q, Xie H. A formal intermolecular [4 + 1] cycloaddition reaction of 3-chlorooxindole and o-quinone methides: a facile synthesis of spirocyclic oxindole scaffolds. RSC Adv 2021; 11:18576-18579. [PMID: 35480909 PMCID: PMC9033455 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01086g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we developed an efficient and straightforward method for the rapid synthesis of spirocyclic oxindole scaffolds via the [4 + 1] cyclization reaction of 3-chlorooxindole with o-quinone methides (o-QMs), which were generated under mild conditions. The products could be obtained in excellent yields with numerous types of 3-chlorooxindole. This methodology features mild reaction conditions, high atom-economy and broad substrate scope. Herein, we developed an efficient and straightforward method for the rapid synthesis of spirocyclic oxindole scaffolds via the [4 + 1] cyclization reaction of 3-chlorooxindole with o-quinone methides (o-QMs), which were generated under mild conditions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lin
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica Shandong 264000 China
| | - Qi Xing
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica Shandong 264000 China
| | - Honglei Xie
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica Shandong 264000 China
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20
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Hu Z, Ye Y, Zhang Y. Large-scale culture as a complementary and practical method for discovering natural products with novel skeletons. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1775-1793. [PMID: 33650608 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00069h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to July 2020Fungal metabolites with diverse and novel scaffolds can be assembled from well-known biosynthetic precursors through various mechanisms. Recent examples of novel alkaloids (e.g., cytochalasans and diketopiperazine derivatives), terpenes (e.g., sesterterpenes and diterpenes) and polyketides produced by fungi are presented through case studies. We show that large-scale culture is a complementary and practical method for genome mining and OSMAC approaches to discover natural products of unprecedented skeletal classes from fungi. We also summarize the discovery strategies and challenges for characterizing these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxi Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Paul CE, Eggerichs D, Westphal AH, Tischler D, van Berkel WJH. Flavoprotein monooxygenases: Versatile biocatalysts. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 51:107712. [PMID: 33588053 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flavoprotein monooxygenases (FPMOs) are single- or two-component enzymes that catalyze a diverse set of chemo-, regio- and enantioselective oxyfunctionalization reactions. In this review, we describe how FPMOs have evolved from model enzymes in mechanistic flavoprotein research to biotechnologically relevant catalysts that can be applied for the sustainable production of valuable chemicals. After a historical account of the development of the FPMO field, we explain the FPMO classification system, which is primarily based on protein structural properties and electron donor specificities. We then summarize the most appealing reactions catalyzed by each group with a focus on the different types of oxygenation chemistries. Wherever relevant, we report engineering strategies that have been used to improve the robustness and applicability of FPMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Paul
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Eggerichs
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Adrie H Westphal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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22
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Abstract
This review summaries recent synthetic developments towards spirocyclic oxindoles and applications as valuable medicinal and synthetic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Boddy
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| | - James A. Bull
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
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23
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Matsushita T, Kishimoto S, Hara K, Hashimoto H, Watanabe K. Structural and Functional Analyses of a Spiro-Carbon-Forming, Highly Promiscuous Epoxidase from Fungal Natural Product Biosynthesis. Biochemistry 2020; 59:4787-4792. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Matsushita
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shinji Kishimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kodai Hara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hashimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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24
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Wan Q, Chen L, Li S, Kang Q, Yuan Y, Du Y. Enantioselective Synthesis of Multisubstituted Spirocyclopentane Oxindoles Enabled by Pd/Chiral Rh(III) Complex Synergistic Catalysis. Org Lett 2020; 22:9539-9544. [PMID: 33263254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wan
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Shiwu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
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25
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Zheng L, Wang H, Fan A, Li SM. Oxepinamide F biosynthesis involves enzymatic D-aminoacyl epimerization, 3H-oxepin formation, and hydroxylation induced double bond migration. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4914. [PMID: 33004788 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18713-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxepinamides are derivatives of anthranilyl-containing tripeptides and share an oxepin ring and a fused pyrimidinone moiety. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have been reported on the elucidation of an oxepinamide biosynthetic pathway and conversion of a quinazolinone to a pyrimidinone-fused 1H-oxepin framework by a cytochrome P450 enzyme in fungal natural product biosynthesis. Here we report the isolation of oxepinamide F from Aspergillus ustus and identification of its biosynthetic pathway by gene deletion, heterologous expression, feeding experiments, and enzyme assays. The nonribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) OpaA assembles the quinazolinone core with D-Phe incorporation. The cytochrome P450 enzyme OpaB catalyzes alone the oxepin ring formation. The flavoenzyme OpaC installs subsequently one hydroxyl group at the oxepin ring, accompanied by double bond migration. The epimerase OpaE changes the D-Phe residue back to L-form, which is essential for the final methylation by OpaF.
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26
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Fraley AE, Tran HT, Kelly SP, Newmister SA, Tripathi A, Kato H, Tsukamoto S, Du L, Li S, Williams RM, Sherman DH. Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenases NotI and NotI' Mediate Spiro-Oxindole Formation in Biosynthesis of the Notoamides. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2449-2454. [PMID: 32246875 PMCID: PMC7483341 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The fungal indole alkaloids are a unique class of complex molecules that have a characteristic bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring and frequently contain a spiro-oxindole moiety. While various strains produce these compounds, an intriguing case involves the formation of individual antipodes by two unique species of fungi in the generation of the potent anticancer agents (+)- and (-)-notoamide A. NotI and NotI' have been characterized as flavin-dependent monooxygenases that catalyze epoxidation and semi-pinacol rearrangement to form the spiro-oxindole center within these molecules. This work elucidates a key step in the biosynthesis of the notoamides and provides an evolutionary hypothesis regarding a common ancestor for production of enantiopure notoamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Fraley
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 28104, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hong T Tran
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 28104, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Samantha P Kelly
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 28104, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sean A Newmister
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 28104, USA
| | - Ashootosh Tripathi
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 28104, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hikaru Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Lei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Robert M Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Ave., Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 28104, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Zhu Y, Zhang Q, Fang C, Zhang Y, Ma L, Liu Z, Zhai S, Peng J, Zhang L, Zhu W, Zhang C. Refactoring the Concise Biosynthetic Pathway of Cyanogramide Unveils Spirooxindole Formation Catalyzed by a P450 Enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiguang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences 164 West Xingang Road Guangzhou 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) 1119 Haibin Rd. Nansha District Guangzhou 511458 China
| | - Qingbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences 164 West Xingang Road Guangzhou 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) 1119 Haibin Rd. Nansha District Guangzhou 511458 China
| | - Chunyan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences 164 West Xingang Road Guangzhou 510301 China
| | - Yingli Zhang
- College of Life Sciences Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang 050024 China
| | - Liang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences 164 West Xingang Road Guangzhou 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) 1119 Haibin Rd. Nansha District Guangzhou 511458 China
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences 164 West Xingang Road Guangzhou 510301 China
| | - Shilan Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences 164 West Xingang Road Guangzhou 510301 China
| | - Jing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences 164 West Xingang Road Guangzhou 510301 China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences 164 West Xingang Road Guangzhou 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) 1119 Haibin Rd. Nansha District Guangzhou 511458 China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs Chinese Ministry of Education School of Medicine and Pharmacy Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Changsheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences 164 West Xingang Road Guangzhou 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) 1119 Haibin Rd. Nansha District Guangzhou 511458 China
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28
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Zhu Y, Zhang Q, Fang C, Zhang Y, Ma L, Liu Z, Zhai S, Peng J, Zhang L, Zhu W, Zhang C. Refactoring the Concise Biosynthetic Pathway of Cyanogramide Unveils Spirooxindole Formation Catalyzed by a P450 Enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14065-14069. [PMID: 32329169 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyanogramide (1) from the marine actinomycete Actinoalloteichus cyanogriseus WH1-2216-6 features a unique spirooxindole skeleton and exhibits significant bioactivity to efficiently reverse drug resistance in tumor cells. The biosynthetic gene cluster of 1 in A. cyanogriseus WH1-2216-6 was identified and refactored by promoter engineering for heterologous expression in Streptomyces coelicolor YF11, thereby enabling the production of 1 and five new derivatives. Interesting, four of them, including 1, were identified as enantiomeric mixtures in different ratios. The functions of tailoring enzymes, including two methyltransferases (CyaEF), and three cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CyaGHI) were confirmed by gene inactivation and feeding experiments, leading to the elucidation of a concise biosynthetic pathway for 1. Notably, CyaH was biochemically verified to catalyze the formation of the spirooxindole skeleton in 1 through an unusual carbocation-mediated semipinacol-type rearrangement reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiguang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 1119 Haibin Rd. Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Qingbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 1119 Haibin Rd. Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Chunyan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Yingli Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 1119 Haibin Rd. Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Shilan Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 1119 Haibin Rd. Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Changsheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 1119 Haibin Rd. Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458, China
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29
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Chen M, Liu CT, Tang Y. Discovery and Biocatalytic Application of a PLP-Dependent Amino Acid γ-Substitution Enzyme That Catalyzes C-C Bond Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10506-10515. [PMID: 32434326 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes can catalyze transformations of l-amino acids at α, β, and γ positions. These enzymes are frequently involved in the biosynthesis of nonproteinogenic amino acids as building blocks of natural products and are attractive biocatalysts. Here, we report the discovery of a two-step enzymatic synthesis of (2S,6S)-6-methyl pipecolate 1, from the biosynthetic pathway of citrinadin. The key enzyme CndF is PLP-dependent and catalyzes the synthesis of (S)-2-amino-6-oxoheptanoate 3 that is in equilibrium with the cyclic Schiff base. The second enzyme CndE is a stereoselective imine reductase that gives 1. Biochemical characterization of CndF showed this enzyme performs γ-elimination of O-acetyl-l-homoserine to generate the vinylglycine ketimine, which is subjected to nucleophilic attack by acetoacetate to form the new Cγ-Cδ bond in 3 and complete the γ-substitution reaction. CndF displays promiscuity toward different β-keto carboxylate and esters. With use of an Aspergillus strain expressing CndF and CndE, feeding various alkyl-β-keto esters led to the biosynthesis of 6-substituted l-pipecolates. The discovery of CndF expands the repertoire of reactions that can be catalyzed by PLP-dependent enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengbin Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chun-Ting Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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30
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Abstract
The class of fungal indole alkaloids containing the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring is comprised of diverse molecules that display a range of biological activities. While much interest has been garnered due to their therapeutic potential, this class of molecules also displays unique chemical functionality, making them intriguing synthetic targets. Many elegant and intricate total syntheses have been developed to generate these alkaloids, but the selectivity required to produce them in high yield presents great barriers. Alternatively, if we can understand the molecular mechanisms behind how fungi make these complex molecules, we can leverage the power of nature to perform these chemical transformations. Here, we describe the various studies regarding the evolutionary development of enzymes involved in fungal indole alkaloid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Fraley
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - David H. Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
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