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Zheng D, Ge K, Qu C, Sun T, Wang J, Jia W, Zhao A. Comparative profiling of serum, urine, and feces bile acids in humans, rats, and mice. Commun Biol 2024; 7:641. [PMID: 38802554 PMCID: PMC11130135 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06321-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) play important pathophysiological roles in both humans and mammalian animals. Laboratory rats and mice are widely used animal models for assessing pharmacological effects and their underlying molecular mechanisms. However, substantial physiological differences exist in BA composition between humans and murine rodents. Here, we comprehensively compare BA profiles, including primary and secondary BAs, along with their amino acid conjugates, and sulfated metabolites in serum, urine, and feces between humans and two murine rodents. We further analyze the capabilities in gut microbial transform BAs among three species and compare sex-dependent variations within each species. As a result, BAs undergo amidation predominately with glycine in humans and taurine in mice but are primarily unamidated in rats. BA sulfation is a unique characteristic in humans, whereas rats and mice primarily perform multiple hydroxylations during BA synthesis and metabolism. For gut microbial transformed BA capabilities, humans are comparable to those of rats, stronger than those of mice in deconjugation and 7α-dehydroxylation, while humans are weak than those of rats or mice in oxidation and epimerization. Such differences enhance our understanding of the divergent experimental outcomes observed in humans and murine rodents, necessitating caution when translating findings from these rodent species to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zheng
- Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Kun Ge
- Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Chun Qu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jieyi Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aihua Zhao
- Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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2
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Zhang L, Liu X, Jin T, Dong J, Li X, Zhang Y, Liu D. Isomers-oriented separation of forty-five plasma bile acids with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1721:464827. [PMID: 38520985 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Some bile acids (BAs) were considered as biomarkers or have therapeutical effect on metabolic diseases. However, due to the existence of isomers and limitations in sensitivity, simultaneous quantification of multiple BAs remains a challenge. The aim of this study is to establish an accurate and sensitive method for the determination of multiple BAs with similar polarity. A LC-MS/MS analytical method capable of quantifying forty-five BAs simultaneously using nine stable isotope internal standards was developed and fully validated based on key isomers-oriented separation strategy. The method was further applied to analyze plasma samples to describe the dynamic profile of BAs after high glucose intake. The chromatography and mass spectrum conditions were optimized to enable the accurate quantification of forty-five BAs, while ensuring the lower limit of quantification between 0.05-10 ng/mL. The results of system suitability, linearity, dilution integrity, accuracy and precision demonstrated the good quantitative capacity and robustness of the method. A total of thirty-five BAs were quantified in plasma samples from twelve healthy Chinese individuals. The established method featured superior sensitivity and better separation efficiency compared to previous studies. Meanwhile, BAs exhibited correlations with glucose and insulin, suggesting their potential as biomarkers for metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Center of Clinical Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tenghui Jin
- Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Shimadzu China Innovation Center, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Shimadzu China Innovation Center, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Youyi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Dongyang Liu
- Center of Clinical Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
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3
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Sangaraju D, Nott KP, Kurita KL. High-Throughput, Nondestructive, and Biosafe Method to Accurately Quantify Water Content in Human Fecal Samples by Benchtop 1H TD-NMR Analysis for Downstream Bioanalytical and Clinical Uses. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3722-3726. [PMID: 38373266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Water or moisture content in human stool samples is an important parameter for bioanalytical and clinical purposes. For bioanalytical use, accurate quantitation of water content in stool can provide the extent of dilution within the stool sample which can further be used for absolute quantitation of various stool based biomarkers. For clinical use, water or moisture content in stool is an important indicator of gastrointestinal health, and its accurate determination can enable quantitative assessment of the Bristol Stool Form Scale. In general, accurate determination of water content of stool samples is cumbersome, low-throughput process and is prone to harmful stool pathogens biocontamination, sample cross-contamination using techniques such as gravimetry and karl fischer titration. Here, we report a novel user-friendly high-throughput method to quantitatively and accurately measure the overall water content in human fecal samples nondestructively and biocontained in a closed tube using benchtop a 1H time domain nuclear magnetic resonance analyzer. We used gravimetry and measurement of various bile acid metabolites in stool to verify the accuracy and robustness of the water content measurement using this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin P Nott
- Oxford Instruments Magnetic Resonance, Halifax Road, High Wycombe HP12 3SE, United Kingdom
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4
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Xiong X, Gu X, Li X, Jia K, Wei Y, Zhao R. A chemical derivatization-based pseudotargeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for sensitive and high coverage determination of bile acids in human serum. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1287:342119. [PMID: 38182391 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Global profiling of bile acids (BAs) is imperative for understand their function and disease pathogenesis. But it is still a challenging task, as the collision-induced dissociation (CID) fragment ions of unconjugated BAs showed low ion intensities to insufficient analysis. Herein, we developed a highly sensitive method for pseudotargeted profiling of BAs by chemical derivatization. In the developed method, a labeling reagent, 2-dimethylaminoethylamine (DMED), was adopted to label the carboxyl group of BAs. The results demonstrated that the detection sensitivities of unconjugated BAs were increased by 4-200 folds after DMED-labeling. Moreover, to profile other potential BAs not included in the 91 known targets, diverse survey experiments were performed on Qtrap-MS to search BAs for both precursor and fragment ion species, and retention index (RI) strategy was adopted to facilitate the identification of isomers. Finally, MRM-based LC-MS/MS method was validated for the pseudotargeted profiling of the BAs submetabolome with good linearity (r2 ≥ 0.990 for 89 known BAs) and high sensitivity (0.05-0.5 ng/mL for unconjugated BAs), covering unconjugated, glycine, taurine, sulfuric acid, glucuronic acid, and as well as those doubly-conjugated with above types. With this method, a total of 107 BAs, covering 54 BAs identified by authentic standards and 53 BAs candidates, were successfully determined in human serum of women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). Multivariate analysis revealed deferentially expressed BAs. ICP disease altered the BAs profile with a reduced proportion of unconjugated, sulfate- and doubly-conjugated BAs and an increased proportion of glycine and taurine conjugates. Altered proportion and profile of BAs in ICP groups were gradually recovered during the ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) therapy. Overall, the strategy of DMED-labeling technique combined with diverse survey experiments is sufficiently sensitive and robust to comprehensively analysis of metabolic profiling of BAs in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xiong
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China; Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology Center of Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Generic Drugs, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xunke Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaona Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China; Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology Center of Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Keke Jia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Rongsheng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China; Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology Center of Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Yang J, Lin J, Wang A, Yang X, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Dong H, Tian Y, Zhang Z, Wang M, Song R. Study on the effect of calibration standards prepared with different matrix on the accuracy of bile acid quantification using LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 237:115785. [PMID: 37837894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
The transition from relative to absolute quantification of metabolites is the future development trend of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics research, which could fundamentally solve the problem of comparability of data between different laboratories. However, absolute quantification of endogenous molecules is largely hampered by the lack of analyte-free matrix, leading to uncertainty and inconsistency in the preparation of calibration standards. Bile acids (BAs) are an important class of biomarkers that play a key role in disease progression. In this paper, the quantitative accuracy of calibration curves prepared in neat solvent (NSCCs), charcoal stripped matrix (SMCCs) and authentic matrix (AMCCs) were validated using quality control samples (QCs) prepared in authentic matrix. Results suggested that AMCCs could largely minimize the confidence interval (C.I.) and the deviation in accuracy compared with NSCCs and SMCCs when measured concentration is higher than 20% of the background level. In addition, experimental data demonstrated that two-step calibration strategy proposed here is a promising and reliable alternative strategy to quantify endogenous BAs in biological sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinni Yang
- China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control & Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Educational, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiachun Lin
- China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control & Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Educational, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Anhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control & Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Educational, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control & Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Educational, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control & Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Educational, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control & Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Educational, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haijuan Dong
- The Public Laboratory Platform of China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control & Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Educational, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zunjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control & Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Educational, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Min Wang
- China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Rui Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control & Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Educational, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Mezler M, Jones RS, Sangaraju D, Goldman DC, Hoffmann M, Heikkinen AT, Mannila J, Chang JH, Foquet L, Pusalkar S, Chothe PP, Scheer N. Analysis of the Bile Acid Composition in a Fibroblast Growth Factor 19-Expressing Liver-Humanized Mouse Model and Its Use for CYP3A4-Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction Studies. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1391-1402. [PMID: 37524541 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous biomedical applications have been described for liver-humanized mouse models, such as in drug metabolism or drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies. However, the strong enlargement of the bile acid (BA) pool due to lack of recognition of murine intestine-derived fibroblast growth factor-15 by human hepatocytes and a resulting upregulation in the rate-controlling enzyme for BA synthesis, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 7A1, may pose a challenge in interpreting the results obtained from such mice. To address this challenge, the human fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF19) gene was inserted into the Fah-/- , Rag2-/- , Il2rg-/- NOD (FRGN) mouse model, allowing repopulation with human hepatocytes capable of responding to FGF19. While a decrease in CYP7A1 expression in human hepatocytes from humanized FRGN19 mice (huFRGN19) and a concomitant reduction in BA production was previously shown, a detailed analysis of the BA pool in these animals has not been elucidated. Furthermore, there are sparse data on the use of this model to assess potential clinical DDI. In the present work, the change in BA composition in huFRGN19 compared with huFRGN control animals was systematically evaluated, and the ability of the model to recapitulate a clinically described CYP3A4-mediated DDI was assessed. In addition to a massive reduction in the total amount of BA, FGF19 expression in huFRGN19 mice resulted in significant changes in the profile of various primary, secondary, and sulfated BAs in serum and feces. Moreover, as observed clinically, administration of the pregnane X receptor agonist rifampicin reduced the oral exposure of the CYP3A4 substrate triazolam. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Transgenic expression of FGF19 normalizes the unphysiologically high level of bile acids in a chimeric liver-humanized mouse model and leads to massive changes in bile acid composition. These adaptations could overcome one of the potential impediments in the use of these mouse models for drug-drug interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mezler
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany (M.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.S.J., D.S., J.C.C.); Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (D.C.G., L.F.); Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (M.H.); Symeres Finland Oy, Oulu, Finland, operating under Admescope brand (A.T.H., J.M.); Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.P., P.P.C.); and FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany (N.S.)
| | - Robert S Jones
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany (M.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.S.J., D.S., J.C.C.); Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (D.C.G., L.F.); Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (M.H.); Symeres Finland Oy, Oulu, Finland, operating under Admescope brand (A.T.H., J.M.); Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.P., P.P.C.); and FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany (N.S.)
| | - Dewakar Sangaraju
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany (M.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.S.J., D.S., J.C.C.); Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (D.C.G., L.F.); Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (M.H.); Symeres Finland Oy, Oulu, Finland, operating under Admescope brand (A.T.H., J.M.); Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.P., P.P.C.); and FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany (N.S.)
| | - Devorah C Goldman
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany (M.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.S.J., D.S., J.C.C.); Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (D.C.G., L.F.); Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (M.H.); Symeres Finland Oy, Oulu, Finland, operating under Admescope brand (A.T.H., J.M.); Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.P., P.P.C.); and FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany (N.S.)
| | - Matthew Hoffmann
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany (M.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.S.J., D.S., J.C.C.); Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (D.C.G., L.F.); Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (M.H.); Symeres Finland Oy, Oulu, Finland, operating under Admescope brand (A.T.H., J.M.); Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.P., P.P.C.); and FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany (N.S.)
| | - Aki T Heikkinen
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany (M.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.S.J., D.S., J.C.C.); Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (D.C.G., L.F.); Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (M.H.); Symeres Finland Oy, Oulu, Finland, operating under Admescope brand (A.T.H., J.M.); Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.P., P.P.C.); and FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany (N.S.)
| | - Janne Mannila
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany (M.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.S.J., D.S., J.C.C.); Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (D.C.G., L.F.); Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (M.H.); Symeres Finland Oy, Oulu, Finland, operating under Admescope brand (A.T.H., J.M.); Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.P., P.P.C.); and FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany (N.S.)
| | - Jae H Chang
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany (M.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.S.J., D.S., J.C.C.); Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (D.C.G., L.F.); Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (M.H.); Symeres Finland Oy, Oulu, Finland, operating under Admescope brand (A.T.H., J.M.); Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.P., P.P.C.); and FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany (N.S.)
| | - Lander Foquet
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany (M.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.S.J., D.S., J.C.C.); Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (D.C.G., L.F.); Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (M.H.); Symeres Finland Oy, Oulu, Finland, operating under Admescope brand (A.T.H., J.M.); Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.P., P.P.C.); and FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany (N.S.)
| | - Sandeepraj Pusalkar
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany (M.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.S.J., D.S., J.C.C.); Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (D.C.G., L.F.); Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (M.H.); Symeres Finland Oy, Oulu, Finland, operating under Admescope brand (A.T.H., J.M.); Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.P., P.P.C.); and FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany (N.S.)
| | - Paresh P Chothe
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany (M.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.S.J., D.S., J.C.C.); Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (D.C.G., L.F.); Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (M.H.); Symeres Finland Oy, Oulu, Finland, operating under Admescope brand (A.T.H., J.M.); Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.P., P.P.C.); and FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany (N.S.)
| | - Nico Scheer
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany (M.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.S.J., D.S., J.C.C.); Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (D.C.G., L.F.); Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (M.H.); Symeres Finland Oy, Oulu, Finland, operating under Admescope brand (A.T.H., J.M.); Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.P., P.P.C.); and FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany (N.S.)
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7
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Uher M, Mičuda S, Kacerovský M, Hroch M. An alternative approach to validation of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods for the quantification of endogenous compounds. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464173. [PMID: 37392639 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the progress in the quantification of xenobiotics, the development and validation of methods designed for endogenous substances still remain challenging due to the natural presence of the analytes in a biological matrix, leading to the inability to obtain a blank sample. Several generally recognized procedures are described to solve this issue, like using surrogate or analyte-depleted matrices or surrogate analytes. However, the workflows used do not always meet the requirements for developing a reliable analytical method or are cost-intensive. This study aimed to design an alternative approach for preparing validation reference samples using authentic analytical standards while preserving the nature of the biological matrix and solving the problem with the inherent presence of analyzed compounds in a studied matrix. The methodology used is based on the standard-addition type procedure. However, unlike the original method, the addition is modified according to a previously measured basal concentration of monitored substances in the pooled biological sample to obtain a predefined concentration in reference samples according to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) validation guideline. The study shows the advantages of described approach on an example of LC-MS/MS analysis of 15 bile acids in human plasma and compares it with other methods commonly used in this field. The method was successfully validated according to the EMA guideline with lower limit of quantification of 5 nmol/L and linearity in the range of 5 - 2000 nmol/L. Finally, the method was used in a metabolomic study on a cohort of pregnant women (n = 28) to confirm intrahepatic cholestasis, the major liver disease observed in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Uher
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Šimkova 870, Hradec Králové 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Mičuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Šimkova 870, Hradec Králové 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Kacerovský
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Hroch
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Šimkova 870, Hradec Králové 500 03, Czech Republic.
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8
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Qiu S, Cai Y, Yao H, Lin C, Xie Y, Tang S, Zhang A. Small molecule metabolites: discovery of biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:132. [PMID: 36941259 PMCID: PMC10026263 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic abnormalities lead to the dysfunction of metabolic pathways and metabolite accumulation or deficiency which is well-recognized hallmarks of diseases. Metabolite signatures that have close proximity to subject's phenotypic informative dimension, are useful for predicting diagnosis and prognosis of diseases as well as monitoring treatments. The lack of early biomarkers could lead to poor diagnosis and serious outcomes. Therefore, noninvasive diagnosis and monitoring methods with high specificity and selectivity are desperately needed. Small molecule metabolites-based metabolomics has become a specialized tool for metabolic biomarker and pathway analysis, for revealing possible mechanisms of human various diseases and deciphering therapeutic potentials. It could help identify functional biomarkers related to phenotypic variation and delineate biochemical pathways changes as early indicators of pathological dysfunction and damage prior to disease development. Recently, scientists have established a large number of metabolic profiles to reveal the underlying mechanisms and metabolic networks for therapeutic target exploration in biomedicine. This review summarized the metabolic analysis on the potential value of small-molecule candidate metabolites as biomarkers with clinical events, which may lead to better diagnosis, prognosis, drug screening and treatment. We also discuss challenges that need to be addressed to fuel the next wave of breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Qiu
- International Advanced Functional Omics Platform, Scientific Experiment Center, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), College of Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Xueyuan Road 3, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Ying Cai
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hong Yao
- First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Chunsheng Lin
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yiqiang Xie
- International Advanced Functional Omics Platform, Scientific Experiment Center, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), College of Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Xueyuan Road 3, Haikou, 571199, China.
| | - Songqi Tang
- International Advanced Functional Omics Platform, Scientific Experiment Center, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), College of Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Xueyuan Road 3, Haikou, 571199, China.
| | - Aihua Zhang
- International Advanced Functional Omics Platform, Scientific Experiment Center, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), College of Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Xueyuan Road 3, Haikou, 571199, China.
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China.
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9
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Mar JS, Ota N, Pokorzynski ND, Peng Y, Jaochico A, Sangaraju D, Skippington E, Lekkerkerker AN, Rothenberg ME, Tan MW, Yi T, Keir ME. IL-22 alters gut microbiota composition and function to increase aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity in mice and humans. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:47. [PMID: 36894983 PMCID: PMC9997005 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-22 is induced by aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling and plays a critical role in gastrointestinal barrier function through effects on antimicrobial protein production, mucus secretion, and epithelial cell differentiation and proliferation, giving it the potential to modulate the microbiome through these direct and indirect effects. Furthermore, the microbiome can in turn influence IL-22 production through the synthesis of L-tryptophan (L-Trp)-derived AhR ligands, creating the prospect of a host-microbiome feedback loop. We evaluated the impact IL-22 may have on the gut microbiome and its ability to activate host AhR signaling by observing changes in gut microbiome composition, function, and AhR ligand production following exogenous IL-22 treatment in both mice and humans. RESULTS Microbiome alterations were observed across the gastrointestinal tract of IL-22-treated mice, accompanied by an increased microbial functional capacity for L-Trp metabolism. Bacterially derived indole derivatives were increased in stool from IL-22-treated mice and correlated with increased fecal AhR activity. In humans, reduced fecal concentrations of indole derivatives in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients compared to healthy volunteers were accompanied by a trend towards reduced fecal AhR activity. Following exogenous IL-22 treatment in UC patients, both fecal AhR activity and concentrations of indole derivatives increased over time compared to placebo-treated UC patients. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings indicate IL-22 shapes gut microbiome composition and function, which leads to increased AhR signaling and suggests exogenous IL-22 modulation of the microbiome may have functional significance in a disease setting. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S. Mar
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
- Present address: Biomarker Discovery OMNI, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Naruhisa Ota
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
- Present address: Biomarker Discovery OMNI, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Nick D. Pokorzynski
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
- Present address: Biomarker Discovery OMNI, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Yutian Peng
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Allan Jaochico
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Dewakar Sangaraju
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Elizabeth Skippington
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
- Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Annemarie N. Lekkerkerker
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
- OMNI Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Michael E. Rothenberg
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
- Early Clinical Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Man-Wah Tan
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Tangsheng Yi
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
- Present address: Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Mary E. Keir
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
- Present address: Biomarker Discovery OMNI, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA USA
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10
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Yoshida K, Jaochico A, Mao J, Sangaraju D. Glycochenodeoxycholate and glycodeoxycholate 3-O-glucuronides, but not hexadecanedioate and tetradecanedioate, detected weak inhibition of OATP1B caused by GDC-0810 in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 89:1903-1907. [PMID: 36735594 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous biomarkers of drug transporters are promising tools to evaluate in vivo transporter function and potential alterations in the pharmacokinetics of their substrates. We have previously reported that coproporphyrin I/III captured the weak inhibition of OATP1B transporters by GDC-0810. In this study, we measured plasma concentrations of additional biomarkers, namely fatty acids, bile acids and their sulphate or glucuronide conjugates in the presence and absence of GDC-0810. Concentrations of hexadecanedioate and tetradecanedioate did not increase in the presence of GDC-0810. Among bile acids and their conjugates, glycochenodeoxycholate and glycodeoxycholate 3-O-glucuronides (GCDCA-3G and GDCA-3G) showed Cmax increases with geometric mean ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.58 (1.13-2.22) and 1.49 (1.21-1.83), consistent with previous reports from low-dose rifampin co-administration and pharmacogenetic studies. These results suggest that GCDCA-3G and GDCA-3G are two more promising biomarkers that may capture weak OATP1B inhibition in addition to coproporphyrin I/III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Yoshida
- Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Allan Jaochico
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jialin Mao
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dewakar Sangaraju
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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11
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Quantitative Profiling of Bile Acids in Feces of Humans and Rodents by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12070633. [PMID: 35888757 PMCID: PMC9323729 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12070633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, sensitive, and reliable quantification and identification method was developed and validated for simultaneous analysis of 58 bile acids (BAs) in human and rodent (mouse and rat) fecal samples. The method involves an extraction step with a 5% ammonium–ethanol aqueous solution; the BAs were quantified by high-resolution mass spectrometry (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, UPLC–Q-TOF). The recoveries were 80.05–120.83%, with coefficient variations (CVs) of 0.01–9.82% for three biological species. The limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0.01–0.24 μg/kg, and the limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged from 0.03 to 0.81 μg/kg. In addition, the analytical method was used to identify and quantify BAs in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, C57BL/6 mice, and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The fecal BA profile and analysis of BA indices in these samples provide valuable information for further BA metabolic disorder research.
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12
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Sangaraju D, Katavolos P, Liang X, Chou C, Zabka TS, Dean B, Maher J. Establishment of baseline profiles of 50 bile acids in preclinical toxicity species: A comprehensive assessment of translational differences and study design considerations for biomarker development. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 443:116008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Borbora A, Dupont RL, Xu Y, Wang X, Manna U. Dually reactive multilayer coatings enable orthogonal manipulation of underwater superoleophobicity and oil adhesion via post-functionalization. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:991-1001. [PMID: 34985064 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01598b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fish scale-inspired underwater superoleophobic coatings with low oil adhesion can be achieved through the creation of hierarchical surface topography on water-compatible materials (including polymeric hydrogels, metal oxides, and electrostatic multilayers). While promising, these method do not allow for the underwater superoleophobicity and oil adhesion to be independently tuned, limiting their potential applications. Here we report the design of a conceptually novel class of coatings, dually reactive multilayer coatings, whose underwater superoleophobicity and oil adhesion can be independently tuned through the orthogonal functionalization of two types of reactive moieties at ambient conditions. Moreover, the cooperative assembly of amphiphiles on the modified underwater superoleophobic coating gives rise to a switchable oil adhesion while retaining the extreme oil-repellency (advancing oil contact angle >165°). Interestingly, the reversible change in the oil adhesion of the underwater superoleophobic coatings depends on the interplay between the molecular structure and concentration of the amphiphiles and the pH of the aqueous solution. Building on these findings, we developed superoleophobic sensors that enable the real-time and naked eye identification of (1) the charge of synthetic ionic surfactants and (2) the concentration of bile acids. Overall, the results reported in this work provide design principles by which molecular self-assembly and oil adhesion can be coupled at underwater superoleophobic surfaces, and hint at principles by which physiologically important amphiphiles and metabolites can be rapidly sensed with the naked eye using our novel class of superoleophobic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angana Borbora
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India.
| | - Robert L Dupont
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Wang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Sustainability Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Uttam Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India.
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India
- School of Health Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India
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14
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Lai Z, Choudhury FK, Tang D, Liang X, Dean B, Misaghi S, Sangaraju D. LC-HRMS based Targeted Metabolomics for High-throughput and Quantitative Analysis of 21 Growth Inhibition Related Metabolites in CHO Cell Fed-Batch Cultures. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5348. [PMID: 35083760 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have been widely used in the biopharmaceutical industry for production of therapeutic proteins. CHO cells in fed-batch cultures produce various amino acid-derived intermediate metabolites. These small molecule metabolic byproducts have proven to be critical to cell growth, culture performance, and more interestingly antibody drug productivity. Herein, we developed a liquid chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) based targeted metabolomics approach for comprehensive quantification of total 21 growth inhibition related metabolites generated from 14 different amino acids in CHO cell fed-batch cultures. High throughput derivatization procedures, matrix-matched calibration curves, stable isotope-labeled internal standards, and accurate mass Full MS scan were utilized in order to achieve our goal for wide scope of metabolite screening as well as validity and reliability of metabolite quantification. We further present a novel analytical strategy for extending the assay's dynamic range by utilizing naturally occurring isotope M+1 ion as a quantification analogue in the circumstances where the principal M ion is beyond its calibration range. The integrated method was qualified for selectivity, sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, isotope analysis and other analytical aspects to demonstrate assay robustness. We then applied this metabolomics approach to characterize metabolites of interest in a CHO cell based monoclonal antibody (mAb) production process with fed-batch bioreactor culture mode. Absolute quantification combined with multivariate statistical analysis illustrated that our target analytes derived from amino acids, especially from branched-chain amino acids, closely correlated with cell viability and significantly differentiated cellular stages in production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijuan Lai
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Feroza K Choudhury
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Danming Tang
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiaorong Liang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brian Dean
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shahram Misaghi
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dewakar Sangaraju
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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15
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Habler K, Koeppl B, Bracher F, Vogeser M. Targeted profiling of 24 sulfated and non-sulfated bile acids in urine using two-dimensional isotope dilution UHPLC-MS/MS. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 60:220-228. [PMID: 34798689 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bile acids serve as biomarkers for liver function and are indicators for cholestatic and hepatobiliary diseases like hepatitis, cirrhosis, and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). Sulfation and renal excretion of bile acids are important elimination steps. The power of ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) allows specific profiling of primary and secondary bile acids as well as their sulfated counterparts. METHODS Twenty-four sulfated and non-sulfated primary and secondary bile acids were quantified in urine with 15 corresponding stable isotope labeled internal standards by using two-dimensional UHPLC-MS/MS. The sample preparation was based on a simple dilution with a methanolic zinc sulfate solution followed by an automated online solid phase extraction clean up. RESULTS The validation results of the method fulfilled the criteria of the European Medicine Agency (EMA) "Guideline on bioanalytical method validation". To verify fitness for purpose, 40 urine samples were analyzed which showed an average of 86% sulfation, 9.1% taurine-conjugation, 14% non-conjugation, and 77% glycine-conjugation rates. CONCLUSIONS Lossless one-pot sample preparation, automated sample purification, and high number of internal standards are major innovations of the presented profiling method, which may allow diagnostic application of BA profiling in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Habler
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Koeppl
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Vogeser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
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