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Fan P, Zhang S, Wang Y, Li T, Zhang H, Zhang P, Huang S. Nanopore analysis of salvianolic acids in herbal medicines. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1970. [PMID: 38443335 PMCID: PMC10915175 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural herbs, which contain pharmacologically active compounds, have been used historically as medicines. Conventionally, the analysis of chemical components in herbal medicines requires time-consuming sample separation and state-of-the-art analytical instruments. Nanopore, a versatile single molecule sensor, might be suitable to identify bioactive compounds in natural herbs. Here, a phenylboronic acid appended Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A (MspA) nanopore is used as a sensor for herbal medicines. A variety of bioactive compounds based on salvianolic acids, including caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, protocatechualdehyde, salvianic acid A, rosmarinic acid, lithospermic acid, salvianolic acid A and salvianolic acid B are identified. Using a custom machine learning algorithm, analyte identification is performed with an accuracy of 99.0%. This sensing principle is further used with natural herbs such as Salvia miltiorrhiza, Rosemary and Prunella vulgaris. No complex sample separation or purification is required and the sensing device is highly portable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Shanyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
- Institute for the Environment and Health, Nanjing University Suzhou Campus, 215163, Suzhou, China
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Panke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
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Lee HG, Hur J, Won JP, Seo HG. Ginseng (Panax ginseng) leaf extract modulates the expression of heme oxygenase-1 to attenuate osteoclast differentiation. Fitoterapia 2024; 173:105831. [PMID: 38278423 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is an aging disease characterized by an imbalance between bone formation and resorption. However, drugs that inhibit bone resorption have various adverse effects. Ginseng (Panax ginseng), a prominent herbal medicine in East Asia for >2000 years, is renowned for its manifold beneficial properties, including antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-adipogenic activities. Despite its long history of use, the pharmacological functions of ginseng leaves are not yet fully comprehended. In this study, we evaluated the potential effects of ginseng leaf extract (GLE) on receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining revealed that GLE had significant anti-osteoclastogenic activity. GLE significantly reduced mRNA levels of osteoclast differentiation markers including TRAP, nuclear factor of activated T cell cytoplasmic 1, and cathepsin K. It also suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and secretion of high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) in RANKL-treated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, GLE upregulated dose- and time-dependently the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), eventually suppressing ROS production and HMGB1 secretion. This effects of GLE were significantly reversed by Tin Protoporphyrin IX dichloride, an inhibitor of HO-1, and HO-1 shRNA, indicating that HO-1 potently inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by inhibiting ROS production and HMGB1 secretion. Taken together, these observations suggest that GLE could have therapeutic potential as a natural product-derived medicine for the treatment of bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Gyoon Lee
- Department of Animal Food Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Hur
- Department of Animal Food Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Pil Won
- Department of Animal Food Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Geuk Seo
- Department of Animal Food Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Characterization of ginsenoside structural isomers from mixtures using in situ methylation with direct analysis in real-time ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:887-897. [PMID: 36571591 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04482-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of structural isomers of bioactive molecules is important for recognizing their functions, but it has been challenging due to their highly similar structures. As the main bioactive constituents of Panax ginseng, ginsenosides have different structural isomers attributed to the aglycone structure and glycosylation sites as well as stereochemistry of sugar groups attached. This work demonstrated a simple and robust in situ methylation reaction with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) using ambient ionization source of direct analysis in real time (DART) to characterize saponin structural isomers. The DART ion source provides favorable conditions to methylate hydroxyl groups of ginsenoside instantaneously with TMAH, and it can ionize the methylated products at the same time. Methylated ginsenoside stereoisomers even with subtle structure differences generated very different mass signals from full-scan MS and tandem MS. High-resolution mass spectrometry aided the assignment of molecular structures of the various precursor and fragment ions from different ginsenosides, which provided structural information for both the aglycone skeleton and the sugar moieties in ginsenosides. The presented method was successfully used for the identification of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng, and saponin isomers were characterized without the need for chromatographic separation and/or tedious offline sample pretreatment.
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The Untapped Potential of Ginsenosides and American Ginseng Berry in Promoting Mental Health via the Gut-Brain Axis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122523. [PMID: 35745252 PMCID: PMC9227060 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the popularity of the ginseng (Panax) root in health research and on the market, the ginseng berry’s potential remains relatively unexplored. Implementing ginseng berry cultivations and designing berry-derived products could improve the accessibility to mental health-promoting nutraceuticals. Indeed, the berry could have a higher concentration of neuroprotective and antidepressant compounds than the root, which has already been the subject of research demonstrating its efficacy in the context of neuroprotection and mental health. In this review, data on the berry’s application in supporting mental health via the gut–brain axis is compiled and discussed.
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Li L, Liu Y, Yu H, Li Z, Lin H, Wu F, Tan L, Wang C, Li P, Liu J. Comprehensive phytochemicals analysis and anti-myocardial ischemia activity of total saponins of American ginseng berry. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14042. [PMID: 34981530 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
American ginseng berry (AGB) is a new medicinal source. Total saponins of American ginseng berry (TSAGB) are the main active ingredients. The effects and active saponins of TSAGB on myocardial ischemia (MI) rats were evaluated for the first time. First, there were 69 saponins identified or tentatively characterized by Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS) combined with UNIFI platform, among which, about 28 saponins were first identified in AGB. Second, MI model was established by ligating left coronary artery. It has been demonstrated that TSAGB could prevent the ST-segment elevation, reduce myocardial infarct size and levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and elevate the superoxide dismutase (SOD) level. Finally, network pharmacology combined with molecular docking to screen out four active saponins (ginsenoside Re, Rb3 , Rg3 , and PF11 ) and five key targets (SOD1, LDHA, CKB, GOT2, and ROS1) closely related to MI. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study enriches the chemical composition of TSAGB, and provides a basis for clarifying the pharmacological substances for anti-myocardial ischemia. TSAGB might be a potential anti-myocardial ischemia agent. The effect might be related to alleviating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Yunhe Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Hongqiang Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Fulin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Luying Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Pingya Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China.,Research Centre of Natural Drugs, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinping Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China.,Research Centre of Natural Drugs, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Zhu GX, Zuo JL, Xu L, Li SQ. Ginsenosides in vascular remodeling: Cellular and molecular mechanisms of their therapeutic action. Pharmacol Res 2021; 169:105647. [PMID: 33964471 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is mounting that abnormal vascular remodeling (VR) is a vital pathological event that precedes many cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This provides us with a new research perspective that VR can be a pivotal target for CVD treatment and prevention. However, the current drugs for treating CVD do not fundamentally reverse VR and repair vascular function. The reason may be that a complicated regulatory network is formed between the various signaling pathways involved in VR. Recently, ginsenoside, the main active substance of ginseng, has become increasingly the focus of many researchers for its multiple targets, multiple pathways, and few side effects. Several data have revealed that ginsenosides can improve VR caused by vasodilation dysfunction, abnormal vascular structure and blood pressure. This review is intended to discuss the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of ginsenosides in some diseases involved in VR. Besides, we herein also give a new and contradictory insight into intracellular and molecular signaling of ginsenosides in all kinds of vascular cells. Most importantly, we also discuss the feasibility of ginsenosides Rb1/Rg1/Rg3 in drug development by combining the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ginsenosides, and provide a pharmacological basis for the development of ginsenosides in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Xuan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
| | - Jian-Li Zuo
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 410016, China
| | - Lin Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Shu-Qing Li
- The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518067, China
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7
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Jing J, Zhang R, Wang Y, Tang S, Yang H, Du L, Lin B, Shao L, Zhang F, Xue P. Less polar ginsenosides have better protective effects on mice infected by Listeria monocytogenes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 213:112065. [PMID: 33636464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes widely exists in the natural environment and does great harm, which can cause worldwide public safety problem. Infection with L. monocytogenes can cause rapid death of Kupffer cell (KCs) in liver tissue and liver damage. American ginseng saponins is a natural compound in plants, which has great potential in inhibiting L. monocytogenes infection. Therefore, American ginseng stem-leaf saponins (AGS) and American ginseng heat-transformed saponins (HTS) were used as raw materials to study their bacteriostatic experiments in vivo and in vitro. In this experiment, female Kunming mice were randomly divided into five groups: control group, negative group, AGS group, HTS group (10 mg/kg/day in an equal volume via gastric administration) and penicillin group, each group containing six mice. Profiles AGS and HTS components were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The bacteriostatic effect of AGS and HTS on L. monocytogenes was evaluated by inhibition zone test, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The bacteriostatic effect of AGS and HTS pretreatment on mice infected with L. monocytogenes were studies by animal experimental. The results showed that the content of polar saponins in AGS was 0.81 ± 0.003 mg/mg, less polar saponins was 0.08 ± 0.02 mg/mg, the content of polar saponins in HTS was 0.10 ± 0.01 mg/mg, less polar saponins was 0.76 ± 0.02 mg/mg. The in vitro bacteriostatic diameter of HTS (16.6 ± 0.8 mm) is large than that of AGS (10.2 ± 1.2 mm). AGS and HTS pretreatment could reduce the colony numbers in the livers of mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes. The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ in the livers of mice in the pretreatment group were significantly lower than those in the negative group. There were obvious leukoplakia, calcification and other liver damage on the liver surface in the negative control group, and obvious inflammatory cell infiltration in HE sections. AGS and HTS pretreatment can reduce liver injury caused by L. monocytogenes and protect the liver. Compared with AGS, HTS has higher content of less polar saponins and better bacteriostatic effect in vitro. The count of bacterial in liver tissue of HTS group was significantly lower, the survival rate was significantly higher than that of AGS group. Less polar saponins had better bacteriostatic effect. Collectively, less polar saponins pretreatment has a protective effect on mice infected with L. monocytogenes, to which alleviated liver damage, improved anti-inflammatory ability and immunity of the body, protected liver may contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Jing
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhai Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaojian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanchao Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic of China
| | - Lidong Du
- Clinical Medical Colleges, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingjie Lin
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Shao
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengxiang Zhang
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Xue
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic of China.
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Evaluation of Metabolite Profiles of Ginseng Berry Pomace Obtained after Different Pressure Treatments and Their Correlation with the Antioxidant Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020284. [PMID: 33429987 PMCID: PMC7827211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng berry pomace (GBP) is a byproduct of ginseng berry processing and is rich in numerous bioactive components, including ginsenosides and their derivatives. The application of GBP as a beneficial biomaterial is currently limited. In this study, we aimed to evaluate their potential as a promising source of bioactive compounds using metabolite profiling. The GBP obtained after different ultra-high-pressure (UHP) treatments was analyzed by GC-TOF-MS and UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS. In multivariate analyses, we observed a clear demarcation between the control and UHP-treated groups. The results demonstrated that the relative abundance of primary metabolites and a few ginsenosides was higher in the control, whereas UHP treatment contained higher levels of fatty acids and sugars. Furthermore, GBPs were fractionated using different solvents, followed by UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS analyses. The heatmap revealed that phenolics (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol) and fewer polar ginsenosides (e.g., F4, Rh2) were abundant in the ethyl acetate fraction, whereas the levels of lignans (e.g., 7-hydroxysecoisolariciresinol, syringaresinol) and fatty acids (e.g., trihydroxy-octadecenoic acid, oxo-dihydroxy-octadecenoic acid) were high in chloroform. Correlation analysis showed that phenolics, less polar ginsenosides, and fatty acids were positively correlated with the antioxidant activity of GBP. Our study highlights GBP as a functional ingredient for the development of high-quality ginseng berry products.
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Wang CZ, Wan JY, Wan J, Wang S, Luo Y, Zeng J, Yao H, Zhang CF, Zhang QH, Sawadogo WR, Xu M, Du W, Qi LW, Li P, Yuan CS. Human intestinal microbiota derived metabolism signature from a North American native botanical Oplopanax horridus with UPLC/Q-TOF-MS analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4911. [PMID: 32496571 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Oplopanax horridus, widely distributed in North America, is an herbal medicine traditionally used by Pacific indigenous peoples for various medical conditions. After oral ingestion, constituents in O. horridus extract (OhE) could be converted to their metabolites by the enteric microbiome before absorption. In this study, in order to mimic gut environment, the OhE was biotransformed using the enteric microbiome of healthy human subjects. For accurate and reliable data collection with optimized approaches in sample preparation and analytical conditions, ultra-performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry were used to characterize parent constituents and their metabolites. In the extract, 20 parent compounds were identified including polyynes, sesquiterpenes, monoterpeondids, phenylpropanoids and phenolic acids. After the biotransformation, a total of 78 metabolites were identified, of which 37 belonged to polyynes metabolites. The common biotransformation pathways are hydroxylation, acetylization, methylation and demethylation. Based on the pathway distributions, the metabolism signature of OhE has been explored. The metabolism pathways of OhE compounds are dependent on their structural classifications and hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties. In summary, with comprehensive analysis, we systematically investigated human microbiome-derived OhE metabolites. The enteric microbial metabolism signature provides novel information for future effective use of O. horridus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jin-Yi Wan
- National Institute of Chinese Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxuan Wan
- National Institute of Chinese Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shilei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jinxiang Zeng
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Haiqiang Yao
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chun-Feng Zhang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qi-Hui Zhang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wamtinga Richard Sawadogo
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ming Xu
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wei Du
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lian-Wen Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Zhang F, Tang S, Zhao L, Yang X, Yao Y, Hou Z, Xue P. Stem-leaves of Panax as a rich and sustainable source of less-polar ginsenosides: comparison of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng, American ginseng and Panax notoginseng prepared by heating and acid treatment. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:163-175. [PMID: 33437168 PMCID: PMC7790872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenosides, which have strong biological activities, can be divided into polar or less-polar ginsenosides. Methods This study evaluated the phytochemical diversity of the saponins in Panax ginseng (PG) root, American ginseng (AG) root, and Panax notoginseng (NG) root; the stem-leaves from Panax ginseng (SPG) root, American ginseng (SAG) root, and Panax notoginseng (SNG) root as well as the saponins obtained following heating and acidification [transformed Panax ginseng (TPG), transformed American ginseng (TAG), transformed Panax notoginseng (TNG), transformed stem-leaves from Panax ginseng (TSPG), transformed stem-leaves from American ginseng (TSAG), and transformed stem-leaves from Panax notoginseng (TSNG)]. The diversity was determined through the simultaneous quantification of the 16 major ginsenosides. Results The content of ginsenosides in NG was found to be higher than those in AG and PG, and the content in SPG was greater than those in SNG and SAG. After transformation, the contents of polar ginsenosides in the raw saponins decreased, and contents of less-polar compounds increased. TNG had the highest levels of ginsenosides, which is consistent with the transformation of ginseng root. The contents of saponins in the stem-leaves were higher than those in the roots. The transformation rate of SNG was higher than those of the other samples, and the loss ratios of total ginsenosides from NG (6%) and SNG (4%) were the lowest among the tested materials. In addition to the conversion temperature, time, and pH, the crude protein content also affects the conversion to rare saponins. The proteins in Panax notoginseng allowed the highest conversion rate. Conclusion Thus, the industrial preparation of less-polar ginsenosides from SNG is more efficient and cheaper.
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Key Words
- AG, American ginseng
- NG, Panax notoginseng
- PG, Panax ginseng
- SAG, the stem-leaves from American ginseng
- SNG, the stem-leaves from Panax notoginseng
- SPG, the stem-leaves from Panax ginseng
- TAG, transformed American ginseng
- TNG, transformed Panax notoginseng
- TPG, transformed Panax ginseng
- TSAG, transformed stem-leaves from American ginseng
- TSNG, transformed stem-leaves from Panax notoginseng
- TSPG, transformed stem-leaves from Panax ginseng
- acid transformation
- less-polar ginsenosides
- root ginsenosides
- stem-leaf ginsenosides
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxiang Zhang
- School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Shaojian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiushi Yang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohua Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Peng Xue
- School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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Liu X, Jiang Y, Fu W, Yu X, Sui D. Combination of the ginsenosides Rb3 and Rb2 exerts protective effects against myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. Int J Mol Med 2019; 45:519-531. [PMID: 31789417 PMCID: PMC6984776 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb3 (G-Rb3) has been demonstrated to alleviate myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI); however, it is difficult to separate G-Rb2 from its isomer G-Rb3. The current study aimed to compare the cardioprotective effects of G-Rb3 and the concomitant use of G-Rb3 and G-Rb2 (G-Rb3/Rb2) on MIRI in rats. A rat model of MIRI was established by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery and the rats were randomly divided into five groups. Prior to MIRI, G-Rb3/Rb2 (20 mg/kg), G-Rb3 (20 mg/kg) and diltiazem (DLZ; 20 mg/kg, as a positive control) were orally administered to the rats once a day for 3 consecutive days. After 30 min of ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion, cardiac function, infarct size, cardiac marker enzymes, antioxidative parameters, inflammatory factors, histopathological changes, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein and caspase-3 expression were determined using a multi-channel physiological recording system, nitrotetrazolium blue chloride, biochemical kits, radioimmunoassay kits, hematoxylin and eosin, terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay, immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, respectively. The results indicated that treatment with G-Rb3/Rb2 significantly protected rats against MIRI, as shown by improved cardiac function, reduced myocardial ischemic area, decreased serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase MB, decreased serum concentrations of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, decreased malondialdehyde concentration in myocardial tissues, increased activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in myocardial tissues, reduced histopathological changes in myocardial tissues, reduced number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes, and changes in the expression levels of caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax. In addition, the effects of treatment with G-Rb3/Rb2, G-Rb3 or DLZ were equivalent. The protective effects of G-Rb3/Rb2 on MIRI were similar to those of G-Rb3 in terms of oxidative stress, inflammatory factors and inhibition of cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Therefore, G-Rb3/Rb2 may be developed as a concomitant treatment for MIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yichuan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Wenwen Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Dayun Sui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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12
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Park SE, Seo SH, Kim EJ, Park DH, Park KM, Cho SS, Son HS. Metabolomic Approach for Discrimination of Cultivation Age and Ripening Stage in Ginseng Berry Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2019; 24:E3837. [PMID: 31653085 PMCID: PMC6864821 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze metabolic differences of ginseng berries according to cultivation age and ripening stage using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics method. Ginseng berries were harvested every week during five different ripening stages of three-year-old and four-year-old ginseng. Using identified metabolites, a random forest machine learning approach was applied to obtain predictive models for the classification of cultivation age or ripening stage. Principal component analysis (PCA) score plot showed a clear separation by ripening stage, indicating that continuous metabolic changes occurred until the fifth ripening stage. Three-year-old ginseng berries had higher levels of valine, glutamic acid, and tryptophan, but lower levels of lactic acid and galactose than four-year-old ginseng berries at fully ripened stage. Metabolic pathways affected by different cultivation age were involved in amino acid metabolism pathways. A random forest machine learning approach extracted some important metabolites for predicting cultivation age or ripening stage with low error rate. This study demonstrates that different cultivation ages or ripening stages of ginseng berry can be successfully discriminated using a GC-MS-based metabolomic approach together with random forest analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Eun Park
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Korea.
| | - Seung-Ho Seo
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Korea.
| | - Eun-Ju Kim
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Korea.
| | - Dae-Hun Park
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Mok Park
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Korea.
| | - Seung-Sik Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Mokpo 58554, Korea.
| | - Hong-Seok Son
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Korea.
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Comparative Analysis of Panax ginseng Berries from Seven Cultivars Using UPLC-QTOF/MS and NMR-Based Metabolic Profiling. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090424. [PMID: 31466413 PMCID: PMC6770912 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The commercial use of Panax ginseng berries is increasing as P. ginseng berries are known to contain large amounts of ginsenosides, and many pharmacological activities have been reported for the various ginsenosides. For the proper use of P. ginseng berries, it is necessary to study efficient and accurate quality control and the profiling of the overall composition of each cultivar. Ginseng berry samples from seven cultivars (Eumseung, Chung-buk Province, Republic of Korea) were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) for profiling of the ginsenosides, and high-resolution magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HR-MAS NMR) spectroscopy for profiling of the primary metabolites. Comparing twenty-six ginsenoside profiles between the variant representatives and between the violet-stem variant, Kumpoong and Sunwon were classified. In the case of primary metabolites, the cultivars Kumpoong and Gopoong were classified. As a result of correlation analyses of the primary and secondary metabolites, in the Gopoong cultivar, the metabolism was found to lean toward energy metabolism rather than ginsenoside synthesis, and accumulation of osmolytes was low. The Gopoong cultivar had higher levels of most of the amino acids, such as arginine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, threonine, and valine, and it contained the highest level of choline and the lowest level of myo-inositol. Except for these, there were no significant differences of primary metabolites. In the Kumpoong cultivar, the protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides, ginsenoside Re and ginsenoside Rg2, were much lower than in the other cultivars, while the other PPT-type ginsenosides were inversely found in much higher amounts than in other cultivars. The Sunwon cultivar showed that variations of PPT-type ginsenosides were significantly different between samples. However, the median values of PPT-type ginsenosides of Sunwon showed similar levels to those of Kumpoong. The difference in primary metabolites used for metabolism for survival was found to be small in our results. Our data demonstrated the characteristics of each cultivar using profiling data of the primary and secondary metabolites, especially for Gopoong, Kumpoong, and Sunwon. These profiling data provided important information for further research and commercial use.
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Lee DY, Kim MJ, Yoon D, Lee YS, Kim GS, Yoo YC. Ginseng Berry Prevents Alcohol-Induced Liver Damage by Improving the Anti-Inflammatory System Damage in Mice and Quality Control of Active Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143522. [PMID: 31323789 PMCID: PMC6678525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ginseng berry contains a variety of biologically active compounds and has a higher ginsenoside content than its roots. This study focused on the hepatoprotective activity of ginseng berry extract prepared by enzyme treatment (EGB) compared to the non-enzyme-treated ginseng berry extract (GB) and quality control of EGB. The feeding effect of EGB on alcohol-induced liver damage (AILD) was investigated by measuring the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) compared with those of EtOH-fed mice. Furthermore, cytokine levels in the culture supernatants of EGB- or GB-treated RAW 264.7 cells were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The developed method was applied to the simultaneous quantification of four major ginsenosides in EGB using UPLC-QTOF/MS. Treatment with EGB at a dose of 0.5 or 1 mg/mouse significantly suppressed the AST and ALT levels in mice with AILD. Enzyme-treated ginseng berry was also found to suppress the production of inflammatory mediators like nitric oxide (NO), tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, showing higher activity than that of GB. The amount of ginsenoside Re, F5, F3, and Rd in the EGB obtained using UPLC-QTOF/MS was 45.9, 3.3, 4.0, and 6.2 mg/g, respectively. These results suggest that EGB has a potential effect on AILD, and its hepatoprotective effect provides beneficial insights into developing new candidates for the prevention and cure of AILD. Also, this study demonstrated the utility of UPLC-QTOF/MS-based major compounds for quality control (QC) of EGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Young Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea
| | - Min-Jee Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Dahye Yoon
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea
| | - Young-Seob Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea
| | - Geum-Soog Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea
| | - Yung Choon Yoo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
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Xu XY, Wang Z, Ren S, Leng J, Hu JN, Liu Z, Chen C, Li W. Improved protective effects of American ginseng berry against acetaminophen-induced liver toxicity through TNF-α-mediated caspase-3/-8/-9 signaling pathways. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 51:128-138. [PMID: 30466610 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Similar to the leaves of P. Quinquefolius, American ginseng berry (AGB) is another important part of P. Quinquefolius with alternative therapeutic potential. The liver protection capabilities of the former have been demonstrated previously, however, the later has not yet been evaluated. PURPOSE Based on our previous observation, the present work was designed to evaluate the hepatic protective effects for novel mechanisms of AGB in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury in vivo. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS All mice were divided into four groups as follows: normal group, APAP group and APAP + AGB (150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) groups. AGB were orally administered for one week before exposure to APAP (250 mg/kg). Severe liver injury was observed and hepatotoxicity was evaluated after 24 h through evaluating the biochemical markers, protein expressions levels and liver histopathology. RESULTS Our study results clearly demonstrated that AGB pretreatment ameliorated APAP-induced hepatic injury as evidenced by decreasing plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) compared to the APAP group. Western blotting analysis showed that pretreatment with AGB decreased the expressions levels of TNF-α and nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB p65) in liver tissues. Meanwhile, the protein expression levels of caspases, cytochrome c, and Bax were elevated by AGB treatment for seven days, while the protein expression level of Bcl-2 was inhibited comparison with that in APAP group. Furthermore, supplement of AGB resulted in increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH), while decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the expression levels of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and cytochrome P450 E1 (CYP2E1). The results of histopathological staining demonstrated that AGB pretreatment inhibited APAP-induced hepatocyte infiltration, congestion, and necrosis. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that AGB pretreatment protected liver cells against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity through inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation responses via TNF-α-mediated caspase-3/-8/-9 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Yue Xu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Shen Ren
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jing Leng
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jun-Nan Hu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun 130118, China.
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16
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Lee JW, Ji SH, Choi BR, Choi DJ, Lee YG, Kim HG, Kim GS, Kim K, Lee YH, Baek NI, Lee DY. UPLC-QTOF/MS-Based Metabolomics Applied for the Quality Evaluation of Four Processed Panax ginseng Products. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23082062. [PMID: 30126124 PMCID: PMC6222836 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the food industry and herbal markets, it is critical to control the quality of processed Panax ginseng products. In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS)-based metabolomics was applied for the quality evaluation of white ginseng (WG), tae-geuk ginseng (TG), red ginseng (RG), and black ginseng (BG). Diverse metabolites including ginsenosides were profiled by UPLC-QTOF/MS, and the datasets of WG, TG, RG, and BG were then subjected to multivariate analyses. In principal component analysis (PCA), four processed ginseng products were well-differentiated, and several ginsenosides were identified as major components of each product. S-plot also characterized the metabolic changes between two processed ginseng products, and the major ginsenosides of each product were found as follows: WG (M-Rb1, M-Rb2, M-Rc, Re, Rg1), TG (Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg1), RG (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg1), and BG (Rd, Rk1, Rg5, Rg3). Furthermore, the quantitative contents of ginsenosides were evaluated from the four processed ginseng products. Finally, it was indicated that the proposed metabolomics approach was useful for the quality evaluation and control of processed ginseng products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Seung-Heon Ji
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Bo-Ram Choi
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Doo Jin Choi
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Yeong-Geun Lee
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Hyoung-Geun Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Geum-Soog Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Kyuil Kim
- Institute of JinAn Red Ginseng, JinAn 55442, Korea.
| | - Youn-Hyung Lee
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Nam-In Baek
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Dae Young Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
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17
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Comprehensive Profiling and Quantification of Ginsenosides in the Root, Stem, Leaf, and Berry of Panax ginseng by UPLC-QTOF/MS. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122147. [PMID: 29207539 PMCID: PMC6149965 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective production and usage of ginsenosides, given their distinct pharmacological effects, are receiving increasing amounts of attention. As the ginsenosides content differs in different parts of Panax ginseng, we wanted to assess and compare the ginsenosides content in the ginseng roots, leave, stems, and berries. To extract the ginsenosides, 70% (v/v) methanol was used. The optimal ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) method was used to profile various ginsenosides from the different parts of P. ginseng. The datasets were then subjected to multivariate analysis including principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). A UPLC-QTOF/MS method with an in-house library was constructed to profile 58 ginsenosides. With this method, a total of 39 ginsenosides were successfully identified and quantified in the ginseng roots, leave, stem, and berries. PCA and HCA characterized the different ginsenosides compositions from the different parts. The quantitative ginsenoside contents were also characterized from each plant part. The results of this study indicate that the UPLC-QTOF/MS method can be an effective tool to characterize various ginsenosides from the different parts of P. ginseng.
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18
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Vinh LB, Lee Y, Han YK, Kang JS, Park JU, Kim YR, Yang SY, Kim YH. Two new dammarane-type triterpene saponins from Korean red ginseng and their anti-inflammatory effects. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:5149-5153. [PMID: 29100799 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng has been the subject of extensive research on potential medicinal materials. The goal of this study was search the chemical constituents and biological activities of processed Panax ginseng, Korean red ginseng. Our efforts led to the isolation eleven compounds (1-11) including two new compounds 1 and 2 from Korean red ginseng using various chromatographic techniques. Chemical structures of isolated compounds were demonstrated by spectroscopic methods (1D-, 2D-NMR, and HR-ESI-MS). The anti-inflammatory effects of the compounds were investigated by inhibiting IL-6 and TNF-α secretion in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, the effects of the compounds on the expression of COX-2 and iNOS were examined by Western blotting. Compound 1 significantly reduced the level of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α secretion in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells and the expression of COX-2 and iNOS inflammatory enzymes in the cells. These results suggested that compound 1, a new ginsenoside might useful in treatment of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Ba Vinh
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Yunjeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon 34128, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Kyong Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seong Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Up Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ran Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Young Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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A Strategy for Simultaneous Isolation of Less Polar Ginsenosides, Including a Pair of New 20-Methoxyl Isomers, from Flower Buds of Panax ginseng. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030442. [PMID: 28287442 PMCID: PMC6155238 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to simultaneously isolate the less polar ginsenosides from the flower buds of Panax ginseng (FBPG). Five ginsenosides, including a pair of new 20-methoxyl isomers, were extracted from FBPG and purified through a five-step integrated strategy, by combining ultrasonic extraction, Diaion Hp-20 macroporous resin column enrichment, solid phase extraction (SPE), reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis and preparation, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. The quantification of the five ginsenosides was also discussed by a developed method with validations within acceptable limits. Ginsenoside Rg5 showed content of about 1% in FBPG. The results indicated that FBPG might have many different ginsenosides with diverse chemical structures, and the less polar ginsenosides were also important to the quality control and standardization of FBPG.
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20
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Nabuurs MH, McCallum JL, Brown DC, Kirby CW. NMR characterization of novel pyranoanthocyanins derived from the pulp of Panax quinquefolius L. (North American ginseng). MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2017; 55:177-182. [PMID: 26537015 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Three major pigments (one natural and two derived) were determined to be present in the berry pulp of Panax quinquefolius L. (North American ginseng). The first was a simple anthocyanin (pelargonidin 3-O-lathyroside) along with two novel pyranoanthocyanins, structurally similar to those recently discovered in Staghorn sumac. The three anthocyanins were structurally characterized using NMR (1 H, gCOSY, gHSQC, gHMBC, TOCSY, ROESY, and 13 C DEPTq135) and High Resolution MS. All three anthocyanins had the disaccharide lathyrose (2-O-(β-D-xylopyranosyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside) attached at the 3-O position. In the tradition of naming novel anthocyanin aglycones based on botanical origin, the new pyranoanthocyanin aglycones have been given the common names Panaxidin A (pelaragonidin-4-vinylcatechol) and Panaxidin B (pelargonidin-4-vinylphenol). Copyright © 2015 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Nabuurs
- Crops and Livestock Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Jason L McCallum
- Crops and Livestock Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Daniel C Brown
- Canadian Centre of Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, St. Boniface Hospital, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Christopher W Kirby
- Crops and Livestock Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
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Singh P, Singh H, Ahn S, Castro-Aceituno V, Jiménez Z, Simu SY, Kim YJ, Yang DC. Pharmacological importance, characterization and applications of gold and silver nanoparticles synthesized by Panax ginseng fresh leaves. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:1415-1424. [PMID: 27855495 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1243547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we showed the rapid and eco-friendly synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles within 3 and 45 min by fresh leaves extract of herbal medicinal plant Panax ginseng. In addition, we characterized the nanoparticles in terms of shape, size, morphology and stability by FE-TEM, EDX, elemental mapping, SEAD, XRD and particles size analysis. In addition of this, we showed their antimicrobial, anti-coagulant, and biofilm inhibition activity of nanoparticles. Continuing our previous study, here we highlight the further characterization and biomedical applications of P. ginseng leaf-mediated gold and silver nanoparticles. We characterized the nanoparticles further in terms of active functional group and capping layer, surface charge, and temperature stability. Based on these factors, we explored the nanoparticles for antioxidant efficacy, biocompatibility in HaCaT cells, 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes cells, for anticancer efficacy in A549 lung cancer and B16BL6 skin melenoma cancer cell lines and for anti-inflammation efficacy in RAW 264.7 cell lines. Based on our findings, we suggest that the P. ginseng-mediated gold nanoparticles have high antioxidant activity and highly biocompatibility in HaCaT cells, 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes cells, RAW 264.7 cells lines and could be considered for future drug delivery carriers. The silver nanoparticles also showed high potent antioxidant efficacy, additionally it showed high anticancer effect in A549 lung cancer and B16BL6 skin melenoma cancer cell lines as compared to precursor salts. Moreover, both gold and silver nanoparticles have anti-inflammatory efficacies in RAW 264.7 cells. Thus, the study may provide useful insights of P. ginseng leaves extract-mediated biocompatible gold and silver nanoparticles and improving their applicability in designing nanoparticles carrier systems for drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- a Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology , Ginseng Bank College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea.,b Graduate School of Biotechnology College of life science, Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Hina Singh
- a Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology , Ginseng Bank College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Sungeun Ahn
- a Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology , Ginseng Bank College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Verónica Castro-Aceituno
- a Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology , Ginseng Bank College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Zuly Jiménez
- b Graduate School of Biotechnology College of life science, Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Shakina Yesmin Simu
- b Graduate School of Biotechnology College of life science, Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ju Kim
- a Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology , Ginseng Bank College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- a Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology , Ginseng Bank College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea.,b Graduate School of Biotechnology College of life science, Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
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Lee MY, Singh D, Kim SH, Lee SJ, Lee CH. Ultrahigh Pressure Processing Produces Alterations in the Metabolite Profiles of Panax ginseng. Molecules 2016; 21:E816. [PMID: 27338333 PMCID: PMC6273588 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrahigh pressure (UHP) treatments are non-thermal processing methods that have customarily been employed to enhance the quality and productivity of plant consumables. We aimed to evaluate the effects of UHP treatments on ginseng samples (white ginseng: WG; UHP-treated WG: UWG; red ginseng: RG; UHP-treated RG: URG; ginseng berries: GB; and UHP-treated GB: UGB) using metabolite profiling based on ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-linear trap quadrupole-ion trap-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-LTQ-IT-MS/MS) and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS). Multivariate data analyses revealed a clear demarcation among the GB and UGB samples, and the phenotypic evaluations correlated the highest antioxidant activities and the total phenolic and flavonoid compositions with the UGB samples. Overall, eight amino acids, seven organic acids, seven sugars and sugar derivatives, two fatty acids, three notoginsenosides, three malonylginsenosides, and three ginsenosides, were identified as significantly discriminant metabolites between the GB and UGB samples, with relatively higher proportions in the latter. Ideally, these metabolites can be used as quality biomarkers for the assessment of ginseng products and our results indicate that UHP treatment likely led to an elevation in the proportions of total extractable metabolites in ginseng samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Youn Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Digar Singh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Sung Han Kim
- Nutrex Technology Co., Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13494, Korea.
| | - Sang Jun Lee
- Holistic Bio Co., Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13494, Korea.
| | - Choong Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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Isolation, Purification and Quantification of Ginsenoside F₅ and F₃ Isomeric Compounds from Crude Extracts of Flower Buds of Panax ginseng. Molecules 2016; 21:315. [PMID: 27005606 PMCID: PMC6273083 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the isolation, purification and quantification of ginsenoside F5 and F3 isomeric compounds from crude extracts of flower buds of Panax ginseng (CEFBPG) was investigated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) for the first time. The satisfied separation at analytical scale was achieved using a Zorbax Eclipse XDB C-18 column with a ternary mobile phase of acetonitrile–water–phosphoric acid (28:71:1) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min within 40 min. UV detection was set at 203 nm. Ginsenoside F5 and F3 was 4.21 mg and 5.13 mg in 1 g flower buds of P. ginseng (FBPG), respectively. The preparation of ginsenoside F5 and F3 at semi-preparative scale was performed by using a Daisogel C-18 column and gradient elution system of acetonitrile–water (32:68 → 28:72) at a flow rate of 10 mL/min with a sample load of 20–30 mg, and yielded ginsenosides in purity of more than 96%. Their structures were characterized by NMR and high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS). All the method validations showed acceptable limits. The results indicate a new source to obtain ginsenoside F5 and F3, and show that the method developed here appears to be reliable for simultaneously preparing them from CEFBPG.
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Chien YS, Yu ZR, Koo M, Wang BJ. Supercritical fluid extractive fractionation: Study of the antioxidant activities ofPanax ginseng. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2016.1140202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Han SH, Jekal SJ. Effect of Smilax China L. Extract on Cultured NIH3T3 Fibroblasts Damaged by Mercury as Allergic Contact Dermatitis Inducer. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2015.47.4.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hee Han
- Department of Nursing, Wonkwang Health Science University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Seung-Joo Jekal
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Wonkwang Health Science University, Iksan 54538, Korea
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Singh P, Kim YJ, Yang DC. A strategic approach for rapid synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles by Panax ginseng leaves. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 44:1949-1957. [PMID: 26698271 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1115410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The study highlights the synthesis of gold nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles by fresh leaves of Panax ginseng, an herbal medicinal plant. The reduction of auric chloride and silver nitrate led to the formation of gold and silver nanoparticles within 3 and 45 min, at 80°C, respectively. The developed methodology was rapid, facile, ecofriendly and the utmost significant is quite economical, which did not require subsequent processing for reduction or stabilization of nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were further characterized by Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) which showed the relevant peak for gold and silver nanoparticles at 578 and 420 nm, correspondingly. Field-emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM) displayed the spherical shape of monodispersed nanoparticles. FE-TEM revealed that the gold nanoparticles were 10-20 nm and silver nanoparticles were 5-15 nm. The energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and elemental mapping results indicated the maximum distribution of gold and silver elements in the respective nanoproducts, which further corresponds the purity. Further, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirm the crystalline nature of synthesized nanoparticles. The biosynthesized AgNPs served as an efficient antimicrobial agent at 3 μg concentration against many pathogenic strains for instance, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus. In addition, AgNPs showed complete inhibition of biofilm formation by S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 4 μg/ml concentration. Moreover, the AuNPs and AgNPs found as a potent anticoagulant agent. Thus, the study claims the rapid synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles by fresh P. ginseng leaf extract and its biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- a Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology , Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University , Seocheon-dong, Giheung-gu , Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ju Kim
- a Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology , Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University , Seocheon-dong, Giheung-gu , Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- a Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology , Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University , Seocheon-dong, Giheung-gu , Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea.,b Graduate School of Biotechnology , College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
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Wang Y, Choi HK, Brinckmann JA, Jiang X, Huang L. Chemical analysis of Panax quinquefolius (North American ginseng): A review. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1426:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wu W, Lu Z, Teng Y, Guo Y, Liu S. Structural Characterization of Ginsenosides from Flower Buds of Panax ginseng by RRLC-Q-TOF MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 54:136-43. [PMID: 26270079 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng flower bud as a part of Panax ginseng has received much attention as a valuable functional food with medicinal potential. A few studies focused on systematic and comprehensive studies on its major ingredients. This study aims to rapidly characterize ginsenosides in ginseng flower buds and provide scientific basis for developing functional food, exploiting pharmaceutical effects and making full use of ginseng resources. A rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RRLC-Q-TOF-MS) method was developed for rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of ginsenosides in ginseng flower buds. The compounds were identified by comparing retention time of the reference standards, accurate mass measurement and the fragment ions obtained from RRLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analyses. A total of 14 kinds of ginsenosides were identified and 5 kinds of malonyl-ginsenosides were first tentatively identified in ginseng flower buds. Ten kinds of main ginsenosides were quantitatively analyzed. The developed RRLC-Q-TOF-MS method was demonstrated as an effective analytical means for rapid characterization of the ginsenosides in flower buds of P. ginseng. The research result is valuable for quality control, assessment of authenticity and stability evaluation of ginseng flower buds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Ziyan Lu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Yaran Teng
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Yingying Guo
- Jilin Province Product Quality Supervision Test Institute, Changchun 130103, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun 130117, China Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
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13-week subchronic toxicity study of a novel ginsenoside composition from ginseng leaves in rats. Lab Anim Res 2014; 30:112-22. [PMID: 25324872 PMCID: PMC4188830 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2014.30.3.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UG0712 is a new ginsenoside extract processed from ginseng leaves. A subchronic toxicity study of UG0712 was conducted in male and female SD rats. Rats were treated with UG0712 at doses of 100, 400 and 1,600 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks, and observed followed by 4-week recovery period at a highest dose. No-treatment-related effects were observed regarding the mortality, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis and histopathology. Although the changes in clinical sign, body weight, organ weight, hematology, and serum biochemistry were observed, they were temporal and pharmacological effects. Based on the present experiment conditions, the no observed adverse effect level was considered to be more than 1,600 mg/kg/day in both sexes of rats.
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30
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Yu C, Wang CZ, Zhou CJ, Wang B, Han L, Zhang CF, Wu XH, Yuan CS. Adulteration and cultivation region identification of American ginseng using HPLC coupled with multivariate analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 99:8-15. [PMID: 25044150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) is originally grown in North America. Due to price difference and supply shortage, American ginseng recently has been cultivated in northern China. Further, in the market, some Asian ginsengs are labeled as American ginseng. In this study, forty-three American ginseng samples cultivated in the USA, Canada or China were collected and 14 ginseng saponins were determined using HPLC. HPLC coupled with hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis was developed to identify the species. Subsequently, an HPLC-linear discriminant analysis was established to discriminate cultivation regions of American ginseng. This method was successfully applied to identify the sources of 6 commercial American ginseng samples. Two of them were identified as Asian ginseng, while 4 others were identified as American ginseng, which were cultivated in the USA (3) and China (1). Our newly developed method can be used to identify American ginseng with different cultivation regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhao Yu
- School of Life Science and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, JS 223003, China; Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Chun-Jie Zhou
- School of Life Science and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, JS 223003, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Huai'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huai'an, JS 223001, China
| | - Lide Han
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chun-Feng Zhang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xiao-Hui Wu
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Lee KH, Morris-Natschke S, Qian K, Dong Y, Yang X, Zhou T, Belding E, Wu SF, Wada K, Akiyama T. Recent Progress of Research on Herbal Products Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine: the Herbs belonging to The Divine Husbandman's Herbal Foundation Canon ( Shén Nóng Běn Cǎo Jīng). J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 2:6-26. [PMID: 24716110 PMCID: PMC3943012 DOI: 10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This article will review selected herbal products from Chinese Materia Medica that are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine. The herbs come from the upper, middle, and lower class medicines as listed in The Divine Husbandman's Herbal Foundation Canon (神農本草經 Shén Nóng Běn Cǎo Jīng). The review will focus on the active constituents of the herbs and their bioactivities, with emphasis on the most recent progress in research for the period of 2003 to 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568 USA ; Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Susan Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568 USA
| | - Keduo Qian
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568 USA
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568 USA
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568 USA
| | - Ting Zhou
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568 USA
| | - Eileen Belding
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568 USA
| | - Shou-Fang Wu
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568 USA
| | - Koji Wada
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568 USA
| | - Toshiyuki Akiyama
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568 USA
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Wang L, Zhao SJ, Cao HJ, Sun Y. The isolation and characterization of dammarenediol synthase gene from Panax quinquefolius and its heterologous co-expression with cytochrome P450 gene PqD12H in yeast. Funct Integr Genomics 2014; 14:545-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-014-0384-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Shen H, Leung WI, Ruan JQ, Li SL, Lei JPC, Wang YT, Yan R. Biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1 via the gypenoside pathway by human gut bacteria. Chin Med 2013; 8:22. [PMID: 24267405 PMCID: PMC4175505 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-8-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial conversion of ginsenosides is crucial for the health-promoting effects of ginsenosides. Previous studies on the biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) by gut bacteria have focused on the ginsenoside Rd (Rd) pathway (Rb1 → Rd → ginsenoside F2 (F2) → compound K (Cpd K)). This study aims to examine the gypenoside pathway in human gut bacteria in vitro. Methods The metabolic pathways of ginsenoside Rb1 and its metabolites ginsenoside Rd and gypenoside XVII in human gut bacteria were investigated by incubating the compounds anaerobically with pooled or individual gut bacteria samples from healthy volunteers. Ginsenoside Rb1, the metabolites generated by human gut bacteria, and degraded products in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) were qualitatively analyzed using an LC/MSD Trap system in the negative ion mode and quantitatively determined by HPLC-UV analysis. Results When incubated anaerobically with pooled gut bacteria, Rb1 generated five metabolites, namely Rd, F2, Cpd K, and the rare gypenosides XVII (G-XVII) and LXXV (G-LXXV). The gypenoside pathway (Rb1 → G-XVII → G-LXXV → Cpd K) was rapid, intermediate, and minor, and finally converted Rb1 to Cpd K via G-XVII → F2 (major)/G-LXXV (minor). Both the Rd and gypenoside pathways exhibited great inter-individual variations in age-and sex-independent manners (P > 0.05). Rb1 was highly acid-labile and degraded rapidly to form F2, ginsenoside Rg3, ginsenoside Rh2, and Cpd K, but did not generate the gypenosides in SGF. The formation of the gypenosides might be explained by the involvement of a gut bacteria-mediated enzymatic process. Conclusions Rb1 was metabolized to G-XVII, F2 (major) or G-LXXL (minor), and finally Cpd K by human gut bacteria in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis & Metabolomics, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weng-Im Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jian-Qing Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Song-Lin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis & Metabolomics, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Yi-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ru Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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Astragaloside content in the periderm, cortex, and xylem of Astragalus membranaceus root. J Nat Med 2013; 67:850-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-013-0741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Influence of sulphur-fumigation on the quality of white ginseng: A quantitative evaluation of major ginsenosides by high performance liquid chromatography. Food Chem 2012; 135:1141-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Wang CZ, Calway T, Yuan CS. Herbal medicines as adjuvants for cancer therapeutics. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 40:657-69. [PMID: 22809022 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x12500498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, many patients, including cancer patients, concurrently take prescription drugs and herbal supplements. Co-administration of prescription medicines and herbal supplements may have negative outcomes via pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic herb-drug interactions. However, multiple constituents in botanicals may also yield beneficial pharmacological activities. Botanicals could possess effective anticancer compounds that may be used as adjuvants to existing chemotherapy to improve efficacy and/or reduce drug-induced toxicity. Herbal medicines, such as ginseng, potentiated the effects of chemotherapeutic agents via synergistic activities, supported by cell cycle evaluations, apoptotic observations, and computer-based docking analysis. Since botanicals are nearly always administrated orally, the role of intestinal microbiota in metabolizing ginseng constituents is presented. Controlled clinical studies are warranted to verify the clinical utility of the botanicals in cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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Han JY, Hwang HS, Choi SW, Kim HJ, Choi YE. Cytochrome P450 CYP716A53v2 Catalyzes the Formation of Protopanaxatriol from Protopanaxadiol During Ginsenoside Biosynthesis in Panax Ginseng. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 53:1535-45. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Qi LW, Wang HY, Zhang H, Wang CZ, Li P, Yuan CS. Diagnostic ion filtering to characterize ginseng saponins by rapid liquid chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1230:93-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Liu ZQ. Chemical Insights into Ginseng as a Resource for Natural Antioxidants. Chem Rev 2012; 112:3329-55. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100174k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Qun Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College
of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun
130021, China
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Wang CZ, Kim KE, Du GJ, Qi LW, Wen XD, Li P, Bauer BA, Bissonnette MB, Musch MW, Chang EB, Yuan CS. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of ginsenoside metabolites in human plasma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 39:1161-71. [PMID: 22083988 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x11009470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
American ginseng is a commonly used herbal medicine in the United States. When ginseng is taken orally, its active components, ginsenosides, are reportedly biotransformed by intestinal microbiota. Previous pharmacokinetic evaluations of ginseng in humans have focused on its parent constituents. However, the metabolites, especially those transformed by intestinal microbiota, have not been carefully studied. We used an ultra-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/TOF-MS) method to determine 15 ginsenosides and/or metabolites and their bioavailability in humans. Six healthy human subjects received a single oral dose of 10 g of American ginseng root powder, after which samples of their blood were collected at 0, 2, 4, 7, 9 and 12 h for measurement of ginsenoside/metabolite levels in plasma. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rd, Rg2 and compound K (C-K) were detected in human plasma samples at different time points. The Rb1 concentration peak was 19.90 ± 5.43 ng/ml at 4 h. C-K was detected from 7 h to 12 h with 7.32 ± 1.35 ng/ml at 12 h. Since the last time point was at 12 h, C-K peak level was not observed. The areas under the concentration curves (AUC) from 0 to 12 h were 155.0 ± 19.5 ng⋅h/ml for Rb1 and 26.4 ± 6.4 ng⋅h/ml for C-K, respectively. The gradual decrease of Rb1 levels and the delayed increase in levels of C-K observed in human subjects supported previous reports that enteric microbiota played a key role in transforming Rb1 to C-K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Characterization of a novel ginsenoside-hydrolyzing α-l-arabinofuranosidase, AbfA, from Rhodanobacter ginsenosidimutans Gsoil 3054T. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 94:673-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3614-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dougherty U, Mustafi R, Wang Y, Musch MW, Wang CZ, Konda VJ, Kulkarni A, Hart J, Dawson G, Kim KE, Yuan CS, Chang EB, Bissonnette M. American ginseng suppresses Western diet-promoted tumorigenesis in model of inflammation-associated colon cancer: role of EGFR. Altern Ther Health Med 2011; 11:111. [PMID: 22070864 PMCID: PMC3227598 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Western diets increase colon cancer risk. Epidemiological evidence and experimental studies suggest that ginseng can inhibit colon cancer development. In this study we asked if ginseng could inhibit Western diet (20% fat) promoted colonic tumorigenesis and if compound K, a microbial metabolite of ginseng could suppress colon cancer xenograft growth. Methods Mice were initiated with azoxymethane (AOM) and, two weeks later fed a Western diet (WD, 20% fat) alone, or WD supplemented with 250-ppm ginseng. After 1 wk, mice received 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 5 days and were sacrificed 12 wks after AOM. Tumors were harvested and cell proliferation measured by Ki67 staining and apoptosis by TUNEL assay. Levels of EGF-related signaling molecules and apoptosis regulators were determined by Western blotting. Anti-tumor effects of intraperitoneal compound K were examined using a tumor xenograft model and compound K absorption measured following oral ginseng gavage by UPLC-mass spectrometry. Effects of dietary ginseng on microbial diversity were measured by analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA. Results Ginseng significantly inhibited colonic inflammation and tumorigenesis and concomitantly reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis. The EGFR cascade was up-regulated in colonic tumors and ginseng significantly reduced EGFR and ErbB2 activation and Cox-2 expression. Dietary ginseng altered colonic microbial diversity, and bacterial suppression with metronidazole reduced serum compound K following ginseng gavage. Furthermore, compound K significantly inhibited tumor xenograft growth. Conclusions Ginseng inhibited colonic inflammation and tumorigenesis promoted by Western diet. We speculate that the ginseng metabolite compound K contributes to the chemopreventive effects of this agent in colonic tumorigenesis.
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Xie JT, Du GJ, McEntee E, Aung HH, He H, Mehendale SR, Wang CZ, Yuan CS. Effects of Triterpenoid Glycosides from Fresh Ginseng Berry on SW480 Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Line. Cancer Res Treat 2011; 43:49-55. [PMID: 21509163 PMCID: PMC3072535 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2011.43.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The pharmacological activities, notably the anticancer properties, of bioactive constituents fromfresh American ginseng berry have not yet been well studied. In this study, we investigated the antiproliferative effects of fresh American ginseng berry extract (AGBE) and its representative triterpenoid glycosides using the human colorectal cancer cell line SW480. Materials and Methods Using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the contents of 8 ginsenosides in AGBE were determined. The cell growth inhibitory effects of AGBE and three triterpenoid glycosides (ginsenosides Rb3, Re, and Rg3) were evaluated by proliferation assay and 3H-thymidine incorporation assay. Cell cycle and apoptotic effects were analyzed by using flow cytometry after staining with propidium iodide and annexin V. Results HPLC analysis data showed that AGBE has a distinct ginsenoside profile. AGBE inhibited SW480 cell growth significantly in a time-dependent (24-96 hours) and concentration-dependent (0.1-1.0 mg/mL) manner. Ginsenosides Rb3, Re, and Rg3 also possess significant antiproliferative activities on SW480 cells. 3H-thymidine incorporation assay indicated that AGBE and ginsenosides Rb3, Re, and Rg3 might inhibit the transferring and duplication of DNA in SW480 cells. Flow cytometric assay data suggested that AGBE arrested SW480 cells in S and G2/M phases, and significantly induced cell apoptosis. Conclusion AGBE and ginsenosides Rb3, Re, and Rg3 possessed significant antiproliferative effects and induced changes of morphological appearance on SW480 cells. The mechanisms of the antiproliferation of AGBE and tested ginsenosides involved could be cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Tian Xie
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
Ginseng occupies a prominent position in the list of best-selling natural products in the world. Because of its complex constituents, multidisciplinary techniques are needed to validate the analytical methods that support ginseng's use worldwide. In the past decade, rapid development of technology has advanced many aspects of ginseng research. The aim of this review is to illustrate the recent advances in the isolation and analysis of ginseng, and to highlight new applications and challenges. Emphasis is placed on recent trends and emerging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Wen Qi
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
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Xie JT, Wang CZ, Zhang B, Mehendale SR, Li XL, Sun S, Han AH, Du W, He TC, Yuan CS. In vitro and in vivo anticancer effects of American ginseng berry: exploring representative compounds. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 32:1552-8. [PMID: 19721231 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.1552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng roots, including the steamed roots, have been demonstrated to possess anticancer properties. However, there have been limited published studies on the cancer preventive effects of American ginseng. In this study, the in vitro and in vivo anti-colorectal cancer effects of American ginseng berry extracts, and their representative bioactive compounds were evaluated. The ginsenoside content in unsteamed American ginseng berry extract (AGE) and steamed berry extract (S-AGE) were determined by HPLC. In comparison to AGE, S-AGE showed significantly stronger antiproliferative effects on HCT-116, SW-480 and HT-29 human colorectal cancer cells. Antiproliferative effects of representative constituents in AGE and S-AGE, ginsenosides Rb3 and Rg3, were also evaluated, showing that Rg3 had a positive effect. Using flow cytometric analyses, we found that S-AGE arrests cancer cells in G1-phase and significantly induces cell apoptosis. Using xenograft mice, we conducted an in vivo antitumor study using S-AGE after HCT-116 cell inoculation. We observed that 50 mg/kg of S-AGE showed significant antitumor effects. Our results suggested that S-AGE inhibited the colorectal cancer growth both in vitro and in vivo, and this inhibition might be achieved through cell cycle arrest and induced apoptosis in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Tian Xie
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Wang H, Peng D, Xie J. Ginseng leaf-stem: bioactive constituents and pharmacological functions. Chin Med 2009; 4:20. [PMID: 19849852 PMCID: PMC2770043 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-4-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng root is used more often than other parts such as leaf stem although extracts from ginseng leaf-stem also contain similar active ingredients with pharmacological functions. Ginseng's leaf-stems are more readily available at a lower cost than its root. This article reviews the pharmacological effects of ginseng leaf-stem on some diseases and adverse effects due to excessive consumption. Ginseng leaf-stem extract contains numerous active ingredients, such as ginsenosides, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, flavonoids, volatile oils, polyacetylenic alcohols, peptides, amino acids and fatty acids. The extract contains larger amounts of the same active ingredients than the root. These active ingredients produce multifaceted pharmacological effects on the central nervous system, as well as on the cardiovascular, reproductive and metabolic systems. Ginseng leaf-stem extract also has anti-fatigue, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant and anti-aging properties. In normal use, ginseng leaf-stem extract is quite safe; adverse effects occur only when it is over dosed or is of poor quality. Extracts from ginseng root and leaf-stem have similar multifaceted pharmacological activities (for example central nervous and cardiovascular systems). In terms of costs and source availability, however, ginseng leaf-stem has advantages over its root. Further research will facilitate a wider use of ginseng leaf-stem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Wang
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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48
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Kim YK, Yoo DS, Xu H, Park NI, Kim HH, Choi JE, Park SU. Ginsenoside Content of Berries and Roots of Three Typical Korean Ginseng (Panax Ginseng) Cultivars. Nat Prod Commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0900400704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ginsenoside content of berries and roots of three cultivars of Korean ginseng have been investigated. For all cultivars, ginsenoside Re was the most abundant ginsenoside in roots and berries. However, berries produced more total ginsenosides, and berry the ginsenoside profile differed from that of roots. The ginsenoside Re content of berries was 4-6 times more than that of roots. Averaged across all cultivars, the amounts of the five ginsenosides in berries was Re > Rc ≈ Rg1 ≈ Rb1 ≈ Rd. For roots, the amounts were Re > Rg1 > Rb1 > Rc >Rd. Roots of the Yunpoong cultivar had the greatest ginsenoside content, followed by roots of the Chunpoong cultivar and the Gumpoong cultivar. The total amount of ginsenosides (especially Rb1, Re, and Rg1) was greatest in the Yunpoong cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Kyoung Kim
- Division of Plant Science and Resources, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-754, Korea
| | - Dae Seok Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-754, Korea
| | - Hui Xu
- Division of Plant Science and Resources, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-754, Korea
| | - Nam Il Park
- Division of Plant Science and Resources, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-754, Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Kim
- Geumsan Ginseng & Medicinal Crop Experimental Station, Geumsan-gun, Chungnam 312-804, Korea
| | - Jae Eul Choi
- Division of Plant Science and Resources, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-754, Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Division of Plant Science and Resources, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-754, Korea
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Wang CZ, Li XL, Wang QF, Mehendale SR, Fishbein AB, Han AH, Sun S, Yuan CS. The mitochondrial pathway is involved in American ginseng-induced apoptosis of SW-480 colon cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2009; 21:577-84. [PMID: 19212614 DOI: 10.3892/or_00000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous effective anticancer drugs have been developed from botanical sources, and there remains a significant untapped resource in herbal medicines. In this study, we evaluated the chemical composition of extracts from American ginseng after steaming, the antiproliferative effects of the ginsenosides in the extracts on SW-480 human colorectal cancer cells, and their apoptotic mechanisms. American ginseng roots were steamed at 120 degrees C for 2 or 4 h. Representative ginsenosides in the unsteamed and steamed extracts were determined using HPLC. The antiproliferative effects of the ginsenosides Rb1, Rg3 and Rh2 on SW-480 cells were determined by the MTS method. The effect of extract steamed for 4 h on apoptosis of SW-480 cell was assayed by flow cytometry after staining with annexin V/PI. The expression of 84 apoptotic-related genes, including TNF, mitochondria and p53 pathways, was determined using real-time quantitative PCR array analysis. The mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsim) was analyzed after staining with FC-1. Steaming of American ginseng increased Rg3 and Rh2 content and antiproliferative activity significantly. The quantitative PCR array data demonstrated that multiple genes in mitochondrial pathway are involved in American ginseng-induced apoptosis of SW-480 cells and the expression profiling was validated by the cellular functional assay. The mitochondrial pathway may play a key role in American ginseng-mediated cancer cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Xie JT, Wang CZ, Li XL, Ni M, Fishbein A, Yuan CS. Anti-diabetic effect of American ginseng may not be linked to antioxidant activity: comparison between American ginseng and Scutellaria baicalensis using an ob/ob mice model. Fitoterapia 2009; 80:306-11. [PMID: 19358881 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidants have been considered as a useful remedy in diabetes therapeutics, and thus, herbal medicines with antioxidant properties may play major role in treating diabetes. In this report, we performed a comparative study using American ginseng and Scutellaria baicalensis to test whether the anti-diabetic effect of American ginseng is associated with its antioxidant activity. We used a simple water extraction procedure to prepare American ginseng root extract (AGE) and S. baicalensis extract (SbE), and utilized these two antioxidant herbs to evaluate their anti-diabetic effect in obese diabetic ob/ob mice. HPLC analysis was used to identify major constituents in the AGE and SbE. After 12 days of daily intraperitoneal injection, AGE at 300 mg/kg showed significant effects on fasting blood glucose levels (P<0.01) and glucose tolerance test (P<0.01) compared to vehicle-treated mice. Animal body weights also reduced significantly after 12-day treatment (P<0.01). However, SbE, a very strong antioxidant extract, administered at 5-50 mg/kg (based on our previous studies without adverse events) for 12 days did not show any significant effects on blood glucose and body weight changes. No effects were shown when baicalein, an effective antioxidant constituent in SbE, was administered at 1-5 mg/kg. It appears that the anti-diabetic effect of American ginseng may not be linked to its antioxidant actions. The mechanisms of American ginseng's effects on reducing high blood glucose levels and body weight remain to be investigated in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Tian Xie
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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