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Liu M, Liu Y, Wang X. Discrimination between the Triglyceride Form and the Ethyl Ester Form of Fish Oil Using Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2024; 13:1128. [PMID: 38611433 PMCID: PMC11012042 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the triglyceride form is the natural form of fish oil found in fish, the ethyl ester form of fish oil, which is used during processing to save costs, is also present on the market. In this study, fatty acids and lipids were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-LIT/MS), respectively, according to developed methods. The identification of fatty acids was based on the mass spectral characteristics and equivalent chain lengths. However, the fatty acid contents of both forms of fish oils are quite similar. The application of the LC-LIT/MS method for the structural characterization of triacylglycerols (TAGs) and the mechanism of LIT/MS fragmentation are also discussed. Neutral losses of CH2=CH2 (m/z 28) and CH3CH2OH (m/z 46), which are LIT/MS characteristics of ethyl ester from fish oil, were found for the first time. The triglyceride form of fish oils was easily and accurately identified using fingerprint chromatography. In conclusion, lipid analysis combined with LC-LIT/MS showed an improved capability to distinguish between types of fish oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxuan Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (M.L.); (Y.L.)
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuchong Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (M.L.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiupin Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (M.L.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
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Seethaler B, Lehnert K, Yahiaoui-Doktor M, Basrai M, Vetter W, Kiechle M, Bischoff SC. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids improve intestinal barrier integrity-albeit to a lesser degree than short-chain fatty acids: an exploratory analysis of the randomized controlled LIBRE trial. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:2779-2791. [PMID: 37318580 PMCID: PMC10468946 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with beneficial health effects, including gastrointestinal disorders. Preclinical studies suggest that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), found in Mediterranean foods like nuts and fish, improve intestinal barrier integrity. Here, we assessed possible effects of n-3 PUFAs on barrier integrity in a randomized controlled trial. METHODS We studied 68 women from the open-label LIBRE trial (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02087592) who followed either a Mediterranean diet (intervention group, IG) or a standard diet (control group, CG). Study visits comprised baseline, month 3, and month 12. Barrier integrity was assessed by plasma lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) and fecal zonulin; fatty acids by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Median and interquartile ranges are shown. RESULTS Adherence to the Mediterranean diet increased the proportion of the n-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (IG + 1.5% [0.9;2.5, p < 0.001]/ + 0.3% [- 0.1;0.9, p < 0.050] after 3/12 months; CG + 0.9% [0.5;1.6, p < 0.001]/ ± 0%) and decreased plasma LBP (IG - 0.3 µg/ml [- 0.6;0.1, p < 0.010]/ - 0.3 µg/ml [- 1.1; - 0.1, p < 0.001]; CG - 0.2 µg/ml [- 0.8; - 0.1, p < 0.001]/ ± 0 µg/ml) and fecal zonulin levels (IG - 76 ng/mg [- 164; - 12, p < 0.010]/ - 74 ng/mg [- 197;15, p < 0.001]; CG - 59 ng/mg [- 186;15, p < 0.050]/ + 10 ng/mg [- 117;24, p > 0.050]). Plasma DHA and LBP (R2: 0.14-0.42; all p < 0.070), as well as plasma DHA and fecal zonulin (R2: 0.18-0.48; all p < 0.050) were found to be inversely associated in bi- and multivariate analyses. Further multivariate analyses showed that the effect of DHA on barrier integrity was less pronounced than the effect of fecal short-chain fatty acids on barrier integrity. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that n-3 PUFAs can improve intestinal barrier integrity. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER The trial was registered prospectively at ClinicalTrials.gov (reference: NCT02087592).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Seethaler
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katja Lehnert
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maryam Yahiaoui-Doktor
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maryam Basrai
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marion Kiechle
- Department of Gynecology, Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich and Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan C Bischoff
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany.
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3
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Kopp L, Schweinlin A, Tingö L, Hutchinson AN, Feit V, Jähnichen T, Lehnert K, Vetter W, Rings A, Jensen MG, Brummer RJ, Bischoff SC. Potential Modulation of Inflammation and Physical Function by Combined Probiotics, Omega-3 Supplementation and Vitamin D Supplementation in Overweight/Obese Patients with Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108567. [PMID: 37239916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by low-grade inflammation and increased gut permeability. Here, we aim to evaluate the effect of a nutritional supplement on these parameters in subjects with overweight and obesity. A double-blinded, randomized clinical trial was conducted in 76 adults with overweight or obesity (BMI 28 to 40) and low-grade inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) between 2 and 10 mg/L). The intervention consisted of a daily intake of a multi-strain probiotic of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, 640 mg of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs), and 200 IU of vitamin D (n = 37) or placebo (n = 39), administered for 8 weeks. hs-CRP levels did not change post-intervention, other than an unexpected slight increase observed in the treatment group. Interleukin (IL)-6 levels decreased in the treatment group (p = 0.018). The plasma fatty acid (FA) levels of the arachidonic acid (AA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio and n-6/n-3 ratio (p < 0.001) decreased, and physical function and mobility improved in the treatment group (p = 0.006). The results suggest that hs-CRP may not be the most useful inflammatory marker, but probiotics, n-3 FAs, and vitamin D, as non-pharmaceutical supplements, may exert modest effects on inflammation, plasma FA levels, and physical function in patients with overweight and obesity and associated low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Kopp
- Department of Nutritional Medicine and Prevention, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anna Schweinlin
- Department of Nutritional Medicine and Prevention, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lina Tingö
- Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 70362 Örebro, Sweden
- Food and Health Programme, Örebro University, 70362 Örebro, Sweden
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ashley N Hutchinson
- Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 70362 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Viktoria Feit
- Department of Nutritional Medicine and Prevention, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tabea Jähnichen
- Department of Nutritional Medicine and Prevention, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katja Lehnert
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Rings
- Department of Nutritional Medicine and Prevention, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Robert J Brummer
- Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 70362 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Stephan C Bischoff
- Department of Nutritional Medicine and Prevention, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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4
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Targeted quantitation of furan fatty acids in edible oils by gas chromatography/triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-TQ/MS). Food Chem 2023; 404:134521. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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5
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Furan fatty acids in enriched ω-3 fish oil: Oxidation kinetics with and without added monomethyl furan fatty acid as potential natural antioxidant. Food Chem 2020; 327:127087. [PMID: 32454277 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the lipid oxidation reactions of furan fatty acids, long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and tocopherols in an enriched ω-3 fish oil to better understand their degradation kinetics. Furthermore, the influence of an added monomethyl furan fatty acid 9-(3-methyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl) nonanoic acid (9M5) at 50-250 µM on the oxidation reactions was evaluated. The results showed that the fish oil was rich in monomethyl and dimethyl furan fatty acids (c = 1.3 g/100 g lipids). Upon oxidation of the fish oil, the dimethyl furan fatty acids degraded faster than the monomethyl ones, but also faster than tocopherols. The addition of 9M5 revealed antioxidant activity: It inhibited the degradation of the ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the formation of primary and secondary lipid oxidation products, and slowed down the degradation of the furan fatty acids and tocopherols. This research offers new insights into the importance of furan fatty acids in lipid oxidation reactions.
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Key Words
- 11-(3,4-dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl) undecanoic acid (PubChem CID: 13963867)
- 11-(3,4-dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl) undecanoic acid (PubChem CID: 13963866)
- 11-(3-methyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl) undecanoic acid (PubChem CID: 11056824)
- 13-(3,4-dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl) tridecanoic acid (PubChem CID: 71374382)
- 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (PubChem CID: 445580)
- 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (PubChem CID: 446284)
- 9-(3,4-dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl) nonanoic acid (PubChem CID: 13963865)
- 9-(3,4-dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl) nonanoic acid (PubChem CID: 13963864)
- 9-(3-methyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl) nonanoic acid (PubChem CID: 3085134)
- Fish oil
- Furan fatty acids
- Lipid oxidation
- Natural antioxidants
- Oxidation products
- Propanal (PubChem CID: 527)
- Tocopherol
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Abstract
Dairy fat is one of the most complex natural fats because of its fatty acid (FA) composition. Ruminant dairy fat contains more than 400 different FA varying in carbon chain length, and degree, position and configuration of unsaturation. The following article reviews the different methods available to analyze FA (both total and free) in milk and dairy products. The most widely used methodology for separating and analyzing dairy FA is gas chromatography, coupled to a flame ionization detector (CG-FID). Alternatively, gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) is also used. After lipid extraction, total FA (TFA) are commonly converted into their methyl esters (fatty acid methyl esters, FAME) prior to chromatographic analysis. In contrast, free FA (FFA) can be analyzed after conversion to FAME or directly as FFA after extraction from the product. One of the key questions when analyzing FAME from TFA is the selection of a proper column for separating them, which depends mainly on the objective of the analysis. Quantification is best achieved by the internal standard method. Recently, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), Raman spectroscopy (RS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have been reported as promising techniques to analyze FA in milk and dairy products.
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7
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Jensen S, Ragnarsdottir O, Johannsson R. Marine Sources of Furan Fatty Acids. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2018.1561569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ragnar Johannsson
- Aquaculture, Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Reykjavik, Iceland
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8
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Hebestreit K, Yahiaoui-Doktor M, Engel C, Vetter W, Siniatchkin M, Erickson N, Halle M, Kiechle M, Bischoff SC. Validation of the German version of the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) questionnaire. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:341. [PMID: 28521737 PMCID: PMC5437541 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Health benefits of the Mediterranean Diet (MD) have been shown in different at-risk populations. A German translation of the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) from the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) consortium was used in the LIBRE study, investigating effects of lifestyle-intervention on women with BRCA1/2 mutations. The purpose of the present study is to validate the MEDAS German version. Methods LIBRE is a multicentre (three university hospitals during this pilot phase), unblinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Women with a BRCA1/2 mutation of age 18 or over who provided written consent were eligible for the trial. As part of the assessment, all were given a full-length Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and MEDAS at baseline and after 3 months. Data derived from FFQ was compared to MEDAS in order to evaluate agreement or concordance between the two questionnaires. Additionally, the association of dietary intake biomarkers in the blood (β-carotene, omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP)) with some MEDAS items was analyzed using t-Tests and a multivariate regression. Results The participants of the LIBRE pilot study were 68 in total (33 Intervention, 35 Control). Only participants who completed both questionnaires were included in this analysis (baseline: 66, month three: 54). The concordance between these two questionnaires varied between the items (Intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.91 for pulses at the highest and −0.33 for sugar-sweetened drinks). Mean MEDAS scores (sum of all items) were 9% higher than their FFQ counter-parts at baseline and 15% after 3 months. Higher fish consumption (at least 3 portions) was associated with lower omega-6 fatty acid levels (p = 0.026) and higher omega-3 fatty acid levels (p = 0.037), both results being statistically significant. Conclusions We conclude that the German MEDAS in its current version could be a useful tool in clinical trials and in practice to assess adherence to MD. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, registered on March 12, 2014, identifier: NCT02087592. World Health Organization Trial Registration, registered on 3 August 2015, identifier: NCT02087592.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hebestreit
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maryam Yahiaoui-Doktor
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Haertelstrasse 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Engel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Haertelstrasse 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute for Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Siniatchkin
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Sociology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Preusserstr. 1-9, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicole Erickson
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC LMU), Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Campus Großhadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Halle
- Else Kroener-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.,Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Kiechle
- Department of Gynecology and Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Women's Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar der, Technical University Munich (TUM), Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Stephan C Bischoff
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
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Truzzi C, Illuminati S, Annibaldi A, Antonucci M, Scarponi G. Quantification of fatty acids in the muscle of Antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: Optimization of the analytical methodology. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 173:116-123. [PMID: 28107709 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work presents data on the quantification of fatty acids (FAs, in terms of mass unit per tissue weight) in the muscle of Trematomus bernacchii, a key species in Antarctica, often used as bioindicator for contamination studies. Modifications in fatty acids content should be considered a useful biomarker to study how contaminants affect Antarctic biota. Until now, very few studies quantified fatty acids of muscle of T. bernacchii, and only as percentage of a single fatty acid on total lipids. To perform the quantification of fatty acids, we used an analytical method based on a fast microwave-assisted extraction of lipids from a lyophilized sample, a base-catalyzed trans-esterification of lipid extract to obtain Fatty Acids Methyl Esters (FAMEs), and a separation and identification of FAMEs by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. With the optimized and validated method, a fast and accurate separation of Fatty Acids Methyl Esters was performed in 43 min. The linearity was checked up to about 320 μg mL-1; limit of detection and limit of quantification are in the range 4-22 μg mL-1 and 13-66 μg mL-1, respectively. The optimized method showed a good accuracy and precision. Major fatty acids were 14:0, 16:0, 16:1n7, 18:1n9, 18:1n7, 20:1n9, 20:5n3 and 22:6n3. Quantified FAs compute for about 47 mg g-1 tissue dry weight (dw), with 9.1 ± 0.1 mg g-1 dw of saturated FAs, 25.5 ± 0.1 mg g-1 dw of mono-unsaturated FAs, and 12.2 ± 0.1 mg g-1 dw of poly-unsaturated FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Truzzi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - S Illuminati
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - A Annibaldi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - M Antonucci
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - G Scarponi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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Canonico L, Ashoor S, Taccari M, Comitini F, Antonucci M, Truzzi C, Scarponi G, Ciani M. Conversion of raw glycerol to microbial lipids by new Metschnikowia and Yarrowia lipolytica strains. ANN MICROBIOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-016-1228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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11
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Vetter W, Ulms K, Wendlinger C, van Rijn J. Novel non-methylated furan fatty acids in fish from a zero discharge aquaculture system. NFS JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Kaffarnik S, Kayademir Y, Heid C, Vetter W. Concentrations of Volatile 4-Alkyl-Branched Fatty Acids in Sheep and Goat Milk and Dairy Products. J Food Sci 2014; 79:C2209-14. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kaffarnik
- Inst. of Food Chemistry (170b); Univ. of Hohenheim; Garbenstraße 28 D-70593 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Yasemin Kayademir
- Inst. of Food Chemistry (170b); Univ. of Hohenheim; Garbenstraße 28 D-70593 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Carolina Heid
- Inst. of Food Chemistry (170b); Univ. of Hohenheim; Garbenstraße 28 D-70593 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Inst. of Food Chemistry (170b); Univ. of Hohenheim; Garbenstraße 28 D-70593 Stuttgart Germany
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14
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Bendig P, Maier L, Lehnert K, Knapp H, Vetter W. Mass spectra of methyl esters of brominated fatty acids and their presence in soft drinks and cocktail syrups. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1083-1089. [PMID: 23592212 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Brominated vegetable oil (BVO) is frequently used as a solubility transmitter in soft drinks. Being banned in Europe and Japan but permitted in the United States and Canada, there is a need for analytical methods suitable for use in food control. Brominated fatty acids in BVO are usually determined by gas chromatography (GC) after their conversion into the corresponding methyl esters. METHODS GC with mass spectrometry (MS) was used to record the electron ionization (EI) and negative ion chemical ionization (NICI) mass spectra of relevant brominated fatty acid methyl esters synthesized for this purpose. Brominated fatty acids obtained from transesterified BVO from soft drink and syrup samples were also analyzed. RESULTS GC/NICI-MS was the most sensitive method for the detection of brominated fatty acids but GC/EI-MS was found to be more suited for quantification due to the formation of more selective fragment ions in the higher mass range. Suitable ions were selected for determination of the methyl esters of brominated fatty acids in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Artifacts produced by the transesterification of BVO with boron trifluoride were observed and discussed. BVO was also quantified in three syrup samples commercially produced for use in cocktails/long drinks. In one of the syrup samples that tested positive, BVO was not labelled in the ingredient list. Bromination experiments produced evidence that one or more Br2 -18:0 isomers identified as a shoulder peak of threo-9,10-dibromooctadecanoic acid in several soft drink and syrup samples originated from the bromination of partly hydrogenated plant oil. CONCLUSIONS BVO was determined for the first time in syrup samples. Attention should be paid to the problem of BVO occurring unlabeled in soft drinks and cocktail syrups imported from North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bendig
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Stuttgart, Germany
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Schröder M, Vetter W. Detection of 430 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters from a Transesterified Butter Sample. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-013-2218-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Eibisch M, Riemer T, Fuchs B, Schiller J. Differently saturated fatty acids can be differentiated by 31P NMR subsequent to derivatization with 2-chloro-4,4,5,5-tetramethyldioxaphospholane: a cautionary note. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:2696-2700. [PMID: 23414224 DOI: 10.1021/jf305186x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of free fatty acid (FFA) mixtures is a very important but, even nowadays, challenging task. This particularly applies as the so far most commonly used technique-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)-is tedious and time-consuming. It has been convincingly shown ( Spyros, A.; Dais, P. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000, 48, 802 - 5) that FFA may be analyzed by (31)P NMR subsequent to derivatization with 2-chloro-4,4,5,5-tetramethyldioxaphospholane (CTDP). However, it was also indicated that differently unsaturated FFAs result in the same (31)P NMR chemical shift and cannot be differentiated. Therefore, only the overall fatty acid content of a sample can be determined by the CTDP assay. In contrast, we will show here by using high-field NMR (600 MHz spectrometer, i.e., 242.884 MHz for (31)P) that the CTDP assay may be used to differentiate FFAs that have pronounced differences in their double bond contents: saturated fatty acids (16:0), moderately unsaturated (18:1, 18:2), highly unsaturated (20:4), and extremely unsaturated fatty acids (22:6) result in slightly different chemical shifts. The same applies for oxidized fatty acids. Finally, it will also be shown that the CTDP derivatization products decompose in a time-dependent manner. Therefore, all investigations must adhere to a strict time regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Eibisch
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
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Devle H, Vetti I, Naess-Andresen CF, Rukke EO, Vegarud G, Ekeberg D. A comparative study of fatty acid profiles in ruminant and non-ruminant milk. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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A rapid GC–MS method for quantification of positional and geometric isomers of fatty acid methyl esters. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 897:98-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Vetter W, Laure S, Wendlinger C, Mattes A, Smith AWT, Knight DW. Determination of Furan Fatty Acids in Food Samples. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-012-2038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Rosenfelder N, Lehnert K, Kaffarnik S, Torres JPM, Vianna M, Vetter W. Thorough analysis of polyhalogenated compounds in ray liver samples off the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:379-389. [PMID: 21833632 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0569-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Five liver samples of two different ray species (Gymnura altavela and Zapteryx brevirostris) off the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were analyzed for their pollution with anthropogenic and naturally occurring organohalogen compounds. MATERIAL AND METHODS The samples were extracted with accelerated solvent extraction, and after a clean-up procedure, organohalogen compounds were separated by a modified group separation on activated silica. Subsequent analyses were done by targeted and non-targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the electron capture negative ion mode. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION "Classic" organohalogen compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and technical 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-di(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) were detected and quantified. PCBs generally exceeded the parts per million level and represented up to 90% of the total contamination of the ray livers. High concentrations were also detected for p,p'-DDE. Non-targeted full scan investigations lead to the detection of an abundant trichlorinated compound which was identified as a new DDT metabolite in biota. Different PBDE congeners and several halogenated natural products were quantified as well. In addition, polychlorinated terphenyls were identified and analyzed in the two species. Moreover, both ray species showed different fatty acid patterns and stable carbon isotope signatures. CONCLUSIONS The two ray species showed high concentrations of organohalogen compounds in their liver tissue. Varied δ (13)C values by up to 3.1‰ indicated that the two ray species were living in different habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Rosenfelder
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr.28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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21
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Isolation of 6,9,12,15-Hexadecatetraenoic Fatty Acid (16:4n-1) Methyl Ester from Transesterified Fish Oil by HSCCC. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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22
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Dreiucker J, Vetter W. Fatty acids patterns in camel, moose, cow and human milk as determined with GC/MS after silver ion solid phase extraction. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Schlosser S, Vetter W. Fatty acids and polar lipid content of cheese and mould‐contaminated cheese. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Schlosser
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Stuttgart, Germany
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24
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Paul D, Kumar R, Nanduri B, French T, Pendarvis K, Brown A, Lawrence ML, Burgess SC. Proteome and membrane fatty acid analyses on Oligotropha carboxidovorans OM5 grown under chemolithoautotrophic and heterotrophic conditions. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17111. [PMID: 21386900 PMCID: PMC3046131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligotropha carboxidovorans OM5 T. (DSM 1227, ATCC 49405) is a chemolithoautotrophic bacterium able to utilize CO and H2 to derive energy for fixation of CO2. Thus, it is capable of growth using syngas, which is a mixture of varying amounts of CO and H2 generated by organic waste gasification. O. carboxidovorans is capable also of heterotrophic growth in standard bacteriologic media. Here we characterize how the O. carboxidovorans proteome adapts to different lifestyles of chemolithoautotrophy and heterotrophy. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis of O. carboxidovorans grown with acetate or with syngas showed that the bacterium changes membrane fatty acid composition. Quantitative shotgun proteomic analysis of O. carboxidovorans grown in the presence of acetate and syngas showed production of proteins encoded on the megaplasmid for assimilating CO and H2 as well as proteins encoded on the chromosome that might have contributed to fatty acid and acetate metabolism. We found that adaptation to chemolithoautotrophic growth involved adaptations in cell envelope, oxidative homeostasis, and metabolic pathways such as glyoxylate shunt and amino acid/cofactor biosynthetic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Paul
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
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25
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Hauff S, Chefetz B, Shechter M, Vetter W. Determination of hydroxylated fatty acids from the biopolymer of tomato cutin and their fate during incubation in soil. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2010; 21:582-589. [PMID: 20799277 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The plant cuticle is a thin, predominantly lipid layer that covers all primary aerial surfaces of vascular plants. The monomeric building blocks of the cutin biopolymer are mainly ω-hydroxy fatty acids. OBJECTIVE Analysis of ω-hydroxy fatty acids from cutin isolated from tomato fruits at different stages of decomposition in soil. Different derivatives and mass spectrometric techniques were used for peak identification and evaluation. METHODOLOGY Preparation of purified cutin involving dewaxing and HCl treatment. Incubation of purified cutin for 20 months in soil. Pentafluorobenzoyl derivatives were used for GC/MS operated in the electron capture negative ion (ECNI) mode and trimethylsilyl ethers for GC/MS operated in the electron ionisation (EI) mode for analysis of ω-hydroxy fatty acids. RESULTS Six ω-hydroxy fatty acids were detected in the purified cutin, three of which were identified as degradation products of 9,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid as a consequence of the HCl treatment involved in the purification step. Incubation of the isolated cutin in soil was accompanied with decrease in concentration of all hydroxyl fatty acids. CONCLUSION We produced evidence that the HCl treatment only affected free hydroxyl groups and thus could be used for proportioning free and bound OH-groups on cutin fatty acids. The method enabled a direct quantification of the ω-hydroxy fatty acids throughout the incubation phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Hauff
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Garbenstr. 28, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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26
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GC/EI-MS Determination of the Diastereomer Distribution of Phytanic Acid in Food Samples. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-010-1682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Socha AM, Sello JK. Efficient conversion of triacylglycerols and fatty acids to biodiesel in a microwave reactor using metal triflate catalysts. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:4753-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00014k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Hauff S, Vetter W. Quantitation of cis- and trans-monounsaturated fatty acids in dairy products and cod liver oil by mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:3423-3430. [PMID: 19323583 DOI: 10.1021/jf803665u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) are important constituents of dietary fats. While cis-configurated isomers belong to the classic fatty acids of food, trans-fatty acids are suspected to pose a risk to human health. In either case, a thorough assessment of both positional and geometrical isomers of MUFAs is an important task in food and life sciences. For this purpose, a method suitable for routine analysis was developed. After lipid extraction and conversion of fatty acids into corresponding fatty acid methyl esters, cis and trans isomers of MUFAs were separated on silver-ion-impregnated cartridges. Fractions containing either cis- or trans-MUFAs were determined by gas chromatography-electron ionization mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring (GC/EI-MS-SIM) mode using [M-32](+) as quantification ions and [M-74](+) as well as M(+) as qualifier ions. A total of 14 MUFAs were available as reference standards, but a total of 40 MUFAs (22 cis and 18 trans isomers) were identified with high selectivity in samples of cheese, goat fat, human milk, and cod liver oil. The 18:1 and 16:1 isomers contributed most to both the cis- and trans-MUFAs. Application of internal standards allowed for the quantification of MUFAs only in the food samples. The amount of trans-fatty acids was determined to be 0.9- 4.3 g/100 g, with the lowest levels in human milk fat and the highest levels in Roquefort cheese. After exclusion of oleic acid, the concentrations of trans- and cis-MUFAs were at the same level in samples from ruminants and human milk fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Hauff
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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30
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Hejazi L, Ebrahimi D, Guilhaus M, Hibbert DB. Determination of the Composition of Fatty Acid Mixtures Using GC × FI-MS: A Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Separation Approach. Anal Chem 2009; 81:1450-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802277c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Hejazi
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, and Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Diako Ebrahimi
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, and Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Michael Guilhaus
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, and Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - D. Brynn Hibbert
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, and Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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31
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Vetter W, Thurnhofer S. Analysis of fatty acids by mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/lite.200700062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Vetter W, Gaul S, Thurnhofer S, Mayer K. Stable carbon isotope ratios of methyl-branched fatty acids are different to those of straight-chain fatty acids in dairy products. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:597-604. [PMID: 17639356 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methyl-branched fatty acids (MBFAs) are the dominant form of fatty acid found in many bacteria. They are also found at low levels in a range of foodstuffs, where their presence has been linked to bacterial sources. In this study we evaluated the potential of compound-specific isotope analysis to obtain insights into the stable carbon isotope ratios (delta(13)C values in per thousand) of individual MBFAs and to compare them to the stable carbon isotope ratios of straight-chain fatty acids in food. Due to their low abundance in foodstuffs, the MBFAs were enriched prior to gas chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometric (GC-IRMS) analysis. After transesterification, urea complexation was used to suppress the 16:0 and 18:0 methyl esters that were dominant in the samples. Following that, silver-ion high performance liquid chromatography was used to separate the saturated from the unsaturated fatty acids. The resulting solutions of saturated fatty acids obtained from suet, goat's milk, butter, and human milk were studied by GC-IRMS. The delta(13)C values of fatty acids with 12-17 carbons ranged from -25.4 per thousand to -37.6 per thousand. In all samples, MBFAs were most depleted in carbon-13, followed by the odd-chain fatty acids 15:0 and 17:0. 14:0 and 16:0 contained the highest proportions of carbon-13. The results from this study illustrate that MBFAs have distinctive delta(13)C values and must originate from other sources and/or from very different substrates. These measurements support the initial hypothesis that delta(13)C values can be used to attribute MBFAs to particular sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 28, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Thurnhofer S, Hottinger G, Vetter W. Enantioselective Determination of Anteiso Fatty Acids in Food Samples. Anal Chem 2007; 79:4696-701. [PMID: 17508720 DOI: 10.1021/ac0702894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anteiso fatty acids (aFAs)-long-chain carboxylic acids with a methyl branch on the (n - 2)-carbon-are among the most simple fatty acids that are chiral. The most frequently occurring aFAs in food are 12-methyltetradecanoic acid (a15:0) and 14-methylhexadecanoic acid (a17:0), structures where the asymmetric carbon is more than 10 carbons separated from the polar head group. Previously, only enantioseparation of 4-methyl-substituted carboxylic fatty acids has been reported by gas chromatography. Here we present the first direct partial enantioresolution of synthesized racemic a15:0-a17:0 on a capillary column coated with 50% heptakis(6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-2,3-di-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin diluted in OV1701. Synthesized (S)-(+)-enantiomers were used to demonstrate that the elution order was (R)- prior to (S)-enantiomers. Using this system, food samples (butter, goat's milk fat, suet, human milk, seal oil, cod liver oil) known to contain aFAs were analyzed. Prior to the enantioselective gas chromatography, unsaturated fatty acids were preseparated by urea complexation, silver ion high performance liquid chromatography (Ag+-HPLC), or both from food samples. The fractions of the food samples enriched with methyl-branched fatty acids were then analyzed by GC/MS in the SIM mode. The measurements confirmed that the (S)-enantiomer of a15:0 (ee >96%), a16:0, and a17:0 (ee >90%, respectively) dominated in all samples. While the (R)-enantiomers could not be identified in samples from ruminants and human milk, their presence could be established in cod liver and seal oil (ee <86%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Thurnhofer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Exclusive quantification of methyl-branched fatty acids and minor 18:1-isomers in foodstuff by GC/MS in the SIM mode using 10,11-dichloroundecanoic acid and fatty acid ethyl esters as internal standards. Eur Food Res Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-007-0619-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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35
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Pérez-Serradilla JA, Ortiz MC, Sarabia L, de Castro MDL. Focused microwave-assisted Soxhlet extraction of acorn oil for determination of the fatty acid profile by GC–MS. Comparison with conventional and standard methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:451-62. [PMID: 17393149 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A study of the feasibility of focused microwave-assisted Soxhlet extraction of acorn oil and comparison of results from analysis of trans fatty acids in the oil thus obtained with those for oils obtained by use of other methods commonly used for oil extraction are reported here. The proposed method was optimized by means of a 21-experiment screening design to determine, by means of a reduced number of experiments, which factors affect both extraction efficiency and the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids in the oil. The proposed method enables total extraction of the fatty acids in 30 min, which is much less than the time required by the Folch (4.5 h), Soxhlet (16 h), and ISO (8 h) reference methods and the stirring-extraction method (56 h). The efficiency of extraction achieved by use of the proposed method is statistically equivalent to that achieved by use of the other methods; the composition of the extracts obtained by use of the proposed method and the Folch and stirring reference methods are also statistically similar. No trans fatty acids were present in the extracts obtained by use of the Folch, stirring, and proposed methods but they were detected in the extracts obtained by use of both the Soxhlet and ISO methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Pérez-Serradilla
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, Annex C-3, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
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Synthesis of (S)-(+)-enantiomers of food-relevant (n-5)-monoenoic and saturated anteiso-fatty acids by a Wittig reaction. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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