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Zhou R, Geng J, Jiang J, Shao B, Lin L, Mu T, Wang B, Liu T. Contamination of dairy products with tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite and implications for human exposure. Food Chem 2024; 448:139144. [PMID: 38579559 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (AO168), an organophosphite antioxidant, can be oxidized to tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (AO168 = O) during the production, processing, and application of plastics. AO168 = O can be further transformed to bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Here, we discovered the contamination of AO168 and its transformation products in dairy products for the first time. More samples contained AO168 (mean concentration: 8.78 ng/g wet weight [ww]), bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (mean:11.1 ng/g ww) and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (mean: 46.8 ng/g ww) than AO168 = O (mean: 40.2 ng/g ww). The concentrations of AO168 and its transformation products were significantly correlated, and differed with the packaging material and storage conditions of the product. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of AO168 and its transformation products were calculated. Although the overall dietary risks were below one, transformation products accounted for 96.7% of the total hazard quotients. The high-exposure EDIs of total AO168 were above the threshold of toxicological concern (300 ng/kg bw/day), and deserve continual monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruize Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Key Technologies of Major Comprehensive Guarantee of Food Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research (Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jianqiang Geng
- Laboratory of Key Technologies of Major Comprehensive Guarantee of Food Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research (Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Laboratory of Key Technologies of Major Comprehensive Guarantee of Food Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research (Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Bing Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China.
| | - Li Lin
- Laboratory of Key Technologies of Major Comprehensive Guarantee of Food Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research (Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Tongna Mu
- Laboratory of Key Technologies of Major Comprehensive Guarantee of Food Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research (Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Baolong Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Laboratory of Key Technologies of Major Comprehensive Guarantee of Food Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research (Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
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Tumu K, Vorst K, Curtzwiler G. Understanding intentionally and non-intentionally added substances and associated threshold of toxicological concern in post-consumer polyolefin for use as food packaging materials. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23620. [PMID: 38187279 PMCID: PMC10770487 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of post-consumer recycled (PCR) polymers in food contact materials (FCMs) can facilitate achieving a circular economy by reducing environmental waste and landfill accumulation. This study aimed to identify potentially harmful substances, including non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) and unapproved intentionally added substances (IAS), in polyolefin samples from material recovery facilities using gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry. Selected phthalates and bisphenols were quantified by targeted gas-chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry. The analysis detected 9 compounds in virgin polymers and 52 different compounds including alcohols, hydrocarbons, phenols in virgin and hydrocarbons, aromatic, phthalates, organic acids, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in PCR polymers. The Cramer classification system was used to assesses the Threshold of Toxicological Concern associated with the detected compounds. The PCR sample showed a slightly higher proportion of Cramer Class III compounds (48.08 %) than the virgin sample (44.44 %), indicating higher toxicity potential. Quantification detected bisphenols only in PCR material including BPA (2.88 ± 0.53 μg/g), BPS (5.12 ± 0.003 μg/g), BPF (3.42 ± 0.01 μg/g), and BADGE (4.638 μg/g). Phthalate concentrations were higher in PCR than virgin samples, with the highest levels detected as DIDP, at 6.18 ± 0.31 μg/g for PCR and 6.04 ± 0.02 for virgin. This study provides critical understanding of the safety and potential risks associated with using PCR polyolefins from different sources in food contact applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairun Tumu
- Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Keith Vorst
- Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Greg Curtzwiler
- Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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3
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Bridson JH, Masterton H, Theobald B, Risani R, Doake F, Wallbank JA, Maday SDM, Lear G, Abbel R, Smith DA, Kingsbury JM, Pantos O, Northcott GL, Gaw S. Leaching and transformation of chemical additives from weathered plastic deployed in the marine environment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 198:115810. [PMID: 38006872 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution causes detrimental environmental impacts, which are increasingly attributed to chemical additives. However, the behaviour of plastic additives in the marine environment is poorly understood. We used a marine deployment experiment to examine the impact of weathering on the extractables profile, analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, of four plastics at two locations over nine months in Aotearoa/New Zealand. The concentration of additives in polyethylene and oxo-degradable polyethylene were strongly influenced by artificial weathering, with deployment location and time less influential. By comparison, polyamide 6 and polyethylene terephthalate were comparatively inert with minimal change in response to artificial weathering or deployment time. Non-target analysis revealed extensive differentiation between non-aged and aged polyethylene after deployment, concordant with the targeted analysis. These observations highlight the need to consider the impact of leaching and weathering on plastic composition when quantifying the potential impact and risk of plastic pollution within receiving environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Bridson
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand; School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Hayden Masterton
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 27 Creyke Road, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Beatrix Theobald
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Regis Risani
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Fraser Doake
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 27 Creyke Road, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Jessica A Wallbank
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Stefan D M Maday
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Gavin Lear
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Robert Abbel
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Dawn A Smith
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Joanne M Kingsbury
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 27 Creyke Road, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Olga Pantos
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 27 Creyke Road, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Grant L Northcott
- Northcott Research Consultants Limited, 20 River Oaks Place, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Sally Gaw
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
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Nwozo OS, Effiong EM, Aja PM, Awuchi CG. Antioxidant, phytochemical, and therapeutic properties of medicinal plants: a review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2157425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Onyenibe Sarah Nwozo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Uganda
| | | | - Patrick Maduabuchi Aja
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Uganda
- Department of Biochemistry, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Chinaza Godswill Awuchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Uganda
- School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Kampala International University, P.O. Box 20000 Kansanga, Kampala, Uganda
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Bou-Maroun E, Dahbi L, Dujourdy L, Ferret PJ, Chagnon MC. Migration Studies and Endocrine Disrupting Activities: Chemical Safety of Cosmetic Plastic Packaging. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4009. [PMID: 37836058 PMCID: PMC10574997 DOI: 10.3390/polym15194009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocrine activity and endocrine disruptor (ED) chemical profiles of eleven plastic packaging materials covering five major polymer types (3PET, 1HDPE, 4LDPE, 2 PP, and 1SAN) were investigated using in vitro cell-based reporter-gene assays and a non-targeted chemical analysis using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). To mimic cosmetic contact, six simulants (acidic, alkaline, neutral water, ethanol 30%, glycerin, and paraffin) were used in migration assays performed by filling the packaging with simulant. After 1 month at 50 °C, simulants were concentrated by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) or Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE). The migration profiles of seven major endocrine disrupting chemicals detected from GC-MS in the different materials and simulants were compared with Estrogen Receptor (ER) and Androgen Receptor (AR) activities. With low extraction of ED chemicals in aqueous simulants, no endocrine activities were recorded in the leachates. Paraffin was shown to be the most extracting simulant of antiandrogenic chemicals, while glycerin has estrogenic activities. Overall, ED chemical migration in paraffin was correlated with hormonal activity. The NIAS 2,4-di-tert-butyl phenol and 7,9-di-tert-butyl1-oxaspiro (4,5) deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione were two major ED chemicals present in all polymers (principally in PP and PE) and in the highest quantity in paraffin simulant. The use of glycerin and liquid paraffin as cosmetic product simulants was demonstrated to be relevant and complementary for the safety assessment of released compounds with endocrine activities in this integrated strategy combining bioassays and analytical chemistry approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Bou-Maroun
- PAM UMR A 02.102, Food and Microbiological Processes, Institut Agro, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 1 Esplanade Erasme, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Laurence Dahbi
- Derttech “Packtox”, NUTOX, INSERM U1231, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (L.D.); (M.-C.C.)
| | - Laurence Dujourdy
- Institut Agro Dijon, Service d’Appui à la Recherche, F-21000 Dijon, France;
| | - Pierre-Jacques Ferret
- Safety Assessment Department, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31035 Toulouse, France;
| | - Marie-Christine Chagnon
- Derttech “Packtox”, NUTOX, INSERM U1231, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (L.D.); (M.-C.C.)
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6
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Meng W, Sun H, Su G. Plastic packaging-associated chemicals and their hazards - An overview of reviews. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138795. [PMID: 37116723 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plastic packaging contains residues from substances used during manufacturing, such as solvents, as well as non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), such as impurities, oligomers, or degradation products. By searching peer-reviewed literature, we found that at least 10,259 chemicals were related to plastic packaging materials, which include chemicals used during manufacturing and/or present in final packaging items. We then summarized and discussed their chemical structures, analytical instruments, migration characteristics, and hazard categories where possible. For plastic packaging chemicals, examination of the literature reveals gas and liquid chromatography hyphenated to a variety of accurate mass analyzers based on the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry is usually used for the identification of unknown migrants coming from plastic packaging. Chemical migration from food packaging is affected by several parameters, including the nature and complexity of the food, contact time, temperature of the system, type of packaging contact layer, and properties of the migrants. A review of the literature reveals that information on adverse effects is only available for approximately 1600 substances. Among them, it appears that additives are more toxic than monomers to wildlife and humans. Neurotoxicity accounted for the highest proportion of toxicity of all types of chemicals, while benzenoids, organic acids, and derivatives were the most toxic types of chemicals. Furthermore, studies have demonstrated that hydrocarbon derivatives, organic nitrogen compounds, and organometallic compounds have the highest proportions of dermatotoxicity, and organohalogen compounds have the highest proportions of hepatotoxicity. The main contributors to skin sensitization are organic salts. This study provides a basis for comprehensively publicizing information on chemicals in plastics, and could be helpful to better understand their potential risks to the environment and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
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7
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Velickova Nikova E, Temkov M, Rocha JM. Occurrence of meso/micro/nano plastics and plastic additives in food from food packaging. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023; 103:41-99. [PMID: 36863841 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the occurrence of plastic constituents in food due to the contact with different types of plastic packaging, films and coatings. The type of mechanisms occurring during the contamination of food by different packaging materials are described, as well as how the type of food and packaging may influences the extent of contamination. The main types of contaminants phenomena are considered and comprehensively discussed, along with the regulations in force for the use of plastic food packaging. In addition, the types of migration phenomena and factors that may influence such migration are comprehensively highlighted. Moreover, migration components related to the packaging polymers (monomers and oligomers) and the packaging additives are individually discussed in terms of chemical structure, adverse effects on foodstuffs, health, migration factors, as well as regulated residual values of such components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Velickova Nikova
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, RN, Macedonia
| | - Mishela Temkov
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, RN, Macedonia
| | - João Miguel Rocha
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Siddiqui SA, Bahmid NA, Salman SHM, Nawaz A, Walayat N, Shekhawat GK, Gvozdenko AA, Blinov AV, Nagdalian AA. Migration of microplastics from plastic packaging into foods and its potential threats on human health. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023; 103:313-359. [PMID: 36863838 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics from food packaging material have risen in number and dispersion in the aquatic system, the terrestrial environment, and the atmosphere in recent decades. Microplastics are of particular concern due to their long-term durability in the environment, their great potential for releasing plastic monomers and additives/chemicals, and their vector-capacity for adsorbing or collecting other pollutants. Consumption of foods containing migrating monomers can lead to accumulation in the body and the build-up of monomers in the body can trigger cancer. The book chapter focuses the commercial plastic food packaging materials and describes their release mechanisms of microplastics from packaging into foods. To prevent the potential risk of microplastics migrated into food products, the factors influencing microplastic to the food products, e.g., high temperatures, ultraviolet and bacteria, have been discussed. Additionally, as many evidences shows that the microplastic components are toxic and carcinogenic, the potential threats and negative effects on human health have also been highlighted. Moreover, future trends is summarized to reduce the microplastic migration by enhancing public awareness as well as improving waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Technical University of Munich, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Straubing, Germany; German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Quakenbrück, Germany.
| | - Nur Alim Bahmid
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Asad Nawaz
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Noman Walayat
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Garima Kanwar Shekhawat
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | | | | | - Andrey Ashotovich Nagdalian
- Food Technology and Engineering Department, North Caucasus Federal University, Stavropol, Russia; Saint Petersburg State Agrarian University, St Petersburg, Russia
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Kim HS, Lee KY, Jung JS, Sin HS, Lee HG, Jang DY, Lee SH, Lim KM, Choi D. Comparison of migration and cumulative risk assessment of antioxidants, antioxidant degradation products, and other non-intentionally added substances from plastic food contact materials. Food Packag Shelf Life 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2023.101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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Chea JD, Yenkie KM, Stanzione JF, Ruiz-Mercado GJ. A generic scenario analysis of end-of-life plastic management: Chemical additives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 441:129902. [PMID: 37155557 PMCID: PMC10125005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plastic growing demand and the increment in global plastics production have raised the number of spent plastics, out of which over 90% are either landfilled or incinerated. Both methods for handling spent plastics are susceptible to releasing toxic substances, damaging air, water, soil, organisms, and public health. Improvements to the existing infrastructure for plastics management are needed to limit chemical additive release and exposure resulting from the end-of-life (EoL) stage. This article analyzes the current plastic waste management infrastructure and identifies chemical additive releases through a material flow analysis. Additionally, we performed a facility-level generic scenario analysis of the current U.S. EoL stage of plastic additives to track and estimate their potential migration, releases, and occupational exposure. Potential scenarios were analyzed through sensitivity analysis to examine the merit of increasing recycling rates, using chemical recycling, and implementing additive extraction post-recycling. Our analyses identified that the current state of plastic EoL management possesses high mass flow intensity toward incineration and landfilling. Although maximizing the plastic recycling rate is a reasonably straightforward goal for enhancing material circularity, the conventional mechanical recycling method requires improvement because major chemical additive release and contamination routes act as obstacles to achieving high-quality plastics for future reuse and should be mitigated through chemical recycling and additive extraction. The potential hazards and risks identified in this research create an opportunity to design a safer closed-loop plastic recycling infrastructure to handle additives strategically and support sustainable materials management efforts to transform the US plastic economy from linear to circular.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Chea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, hosted by Office of Research & Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Kirti M. Yenkie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Joseph F. Stanzione
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Gerardo J. Ruiz-Mercado
- Office of Research & Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
- Chemical Engineering Graduate Program, Universidad del Atlántico, Puerto Colombia 080007, Colombia
- Corresponding author at: Office of Research & Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA. (G.J. Ruiz-Mercado)
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Sun L, Wang X, Wang Z, Zhou S, Wei Y, Huang Y, Li G. Rapid spheronization of irregular polymeric particles via microwave heating without stirring. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.118189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Shin H, Thanakkasaranee S, Sadeghi K, Seo J. Preparation and characterization of ductile PLA/PEG blend films for eco-friendly flexible packaging application. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Kirchkeszner C, Petrovics N, Nyiri Z, Sámuel Szabó B, Eke Z. Role of gas chromatography–single quadrupole mass spectrometry in the identification of compounds migrating from polypropylene-based food contact plastics. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Harper E, Cunningham E, Connolly L. Using in vitro bioassays to guide the development of safer bio-based polymers for use in food packaging. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:936014. [PMID: 36204697 PMCID: PMC9531239 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.936014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Petroleum-based polymers traditionally used for plastic packaging production have been shown to leach dangerous chemicals such as bisphenol-A (BPA). Bio-based polymers are potentially safer alternatives, and many can be sustainably sourced from waste streams in the food industry. This study assesses bio-based polymers undergoing food packaging development for migration of endocrine disrupting leachates at the level of estrogen, androgen and progestagen nuclear receptor transcriptional activity. Reporter gene assays were coupled with migration testing, performed using standardised test conditions for storage and temperature. Test samples include nine bio-based polymers and four inorganic waste additives mixed with a traditional petroleum-based polymer, polypropylene. Thermoplastic starch material, polybutylene succinate, polycaprolactone, polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), two polylactic acid (PLA)/PBAT blends, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and eggshell/polypropylene (10:90) presented no significant reduction in metabolic activity or hormonal activity under any test condition. Polypropylene (PP) presented no hormonal activity. Metabolic activity was reduced in the estrogen responsive cell line after 10 days migration testing of eggshell/polypropylene (0.1:99.9) in MeOH at 40°C, and PP in MeOH and dH20. Estrogenic agonist activity was observed after 10 days in poultry litter ash/polypropylene (10:90) in MeOH at 20°C and 40°C, poultry feather based polymer in MeOH and dH2O at 40°C, and eggshell/polypropylene (40:60) and PLA in dH2O at 40°C. Activity was within a range of 0.26–0.50 ng 17β-estradiol equivalents per ml, equating to an estrogenic potency of 3–∼2800 times less than the estrogenic leachate BPA. Poultry litter ash/polypropylene (10:90) in MeOH for 10 days presented estrogenic activity at 20°C and 40°C within the above range and anti-androgenic activity at 40°C. Progestagenic activity was not observed for any of the compounds under any test condition. Interestingly, lower concentrations of eggshell or PP may eliminate eggshell estrogenicity and PP toxicity. Alternatively eggshell may bind and eliminate the toxic elements of PP. Similarly, PLA estrogenic activity was removed in both PLA/PBAT blends. This study demonstrates the benefits of bioassay guidance in the development of safer and sustainable packaging alternatives to petroleum-based plastics. Manipulating the types of additives and their formulations alongside toxicological testing may further improve safety aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Harper
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Eoin Cunningham
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Connolly
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Lisa Connolly,
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Yan S, Wu G. Thermo-induced chain scission and oxidation of isosorbide-based polycarbonates: Degradation mechanism and stabilization strategies. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Safety assessment of commercial antimicrobial food packaging: Triclosan and microplastics, a closer look. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zhang Y, Liu C, Wu M, Li Z, Li B. Impact of the Incorporation of Nano-Sized Cellulose Formate on the End Quality of Polylactic Acid Composite Film. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 12:nano12010001. [PMID: 35009952 PMCID: PMC8746450 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) films with good sustainable and biodegradable properties have been increasingly explored recently, while the poor mechanical property of PLA limits its further application. Herein, three kinds of nano-sized cellulose formate (NCF: cellulose nanofibril (CNF), cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), and regenerated cellulose formate (CF)) with different properties were fabricated via a one-step formic acid (FA) hydrolysis of tobacco stalk, and the influence of the properties of NCF with different morphologies, crystallinity index (CrI), and degree of substitution (DS) on the end quality of PLA composite film was systematically compared. Results showed that the PLA/CNC film showed the highest increase (106%) of tensile strength compared to the CNF- and CF-based films, which was induced by the rod-like CNC with higher CrI. PLA/CF film showed the largest increase (50%) of elongation at the break and more even surface, which was due to the stronger interfacial interaction between PLA and the CF with higher DS. Moreover, the degradation property of PLA/CNF film was better than that of other composite films. This fundamental study was very beneficial for the development of high-quality, sustainable packaging as an alternative to petroleum-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (M.W.)
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266011, China;
| | - Chao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (M.W.)
| | - Meiyan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (M.W.)
| | - Zhenqiu Li
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266011, China;
| | - Bin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (M.W.)
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18
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Pack EC, Lee KY, Jung JS, Jang DY, Kim HS, Koo YJ, Lee HG, Kim YS, Lim KM, Lee SH, Choi DW. Determination of the migration of plastic additives and non-intentionally added substances into food simulants and the assessment of health risks from convenience food packaging. Food Packag Shelf Life 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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19
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He YJ, Qin Y, Zhang TL, Zhu YY, Wang ZJ, Zhou ZS, Xie TZ, Luo XD. Migration of (non-) intentionally added substances and microplastics from microwavable plastic food containers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:126074. [PMID: 34015709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Microwavable plastic food containers (MPFCs) are extensively used for food storage, cooking, rapid heating and as take-out containers. There is an urgent need to investigate whether MPFCs pose potential health risks, as a result of the migration of chemicals into foods. Herein, 42 intentionally added substances (IAS) and > 100 non-IAS (NIAS) migrating from MPFCs were identified in food simulants according to Regulation (EU). The migration of major IAS and NIAS was higher in 95% ethanol compared to other simulants, and gradually decreased following repeated use. NIAS, including Cramer class III toxic compounds, such as PEG oligomers of N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) alkyl(C8-C18)amines, isomers of hexadecanamide and oleamide, and Irgafos 168 OXO were detected and exceeded the recommended limits in some MPFCs. Furthermore, microplastics (MPs) were detected with high values of over one million particles/L in some MPFCs in a single test, and migration behaviors of MPs in different MPFCs were diverse. Surprisingly, this rigorous migration might result in an annual intake of IAS/NIAS up to 55.15 mg and 150 million MPs particles if take-out food was consumed once a day. Multi-safety evaluation studies on the migration of various chemicals from MPFCs to foodstuffs during food preparation should be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie He
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Yan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Tie-Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Zhao-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Shun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Tian-Zhen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P. R. China
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20
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Sapozhnikova Y, Nuñez A, Johnston J. Screening of chemicals migrating from plastic food contact materials for oven and microwave applications by liquid and gas chromatography - Orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462261. [PMID: 34126375 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of food with chemicals migrating from food contact materials (FCMs) is an important area of food safety. This study was aimed to investigate migration of chemicals from plastic FCMs used for microwave and conventional oven heating. Migration tests were conducted for samples of microwave trays, microwave oven bags, and oven bags. GC- and LC-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS) was used for non-targeted screening and identification of chemicals with mass error <5 ppm. A non-targeted identification approach was validated with isotopically labeled chemicals to establish acceptable criteria for identification of migrated compounds. A total of 74 migrated compounds were tentatively identified: 24 chemicals by GC-Orbitrap MS with electron ionization (EI), plus 35 and 19 by LC-Orbitrap MS electrospray ionization (ESI) with positive and negative polarities, respectively. Four migrated chemicals were identified by more than one instrumental analysis. Both intentionally added substances (IAS), i.e. additives used in the production of polymeric materials and plastics, and non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), i.e. derivatives and degradation/oxidation products of IAS, were identified among the migrated chemicals. The levels of 25 migrated chemicals were significantly different (p < 0.05) between microwave treatments and conventional oven treatments, where 20 migrants had higher levels for microwave compared with 5 for conventional oven treatments. For several identified chemicals, no previous reports on their migration from FCMs were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Sapozhnikova
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA.
| | - Alberto Nuñez
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - John Johnston
- USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service, 2150 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
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21
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Wu X, Liu P, Shi H, Wang H, Huang H, Shi Y, Gao S. Photo aging and fragmentation of polypropylene food packaging materials in artificial seawater. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116456. [PMID: 33039831 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plastic litters in marine environment usually contain varied types and contents of additives that can significantly affect the photochemical aging and fragmentation process of microplastics (MPs). This study investigated the photo aging process of two common polypropylene (PP) food packaging materials (i.e., meal box and tea cup) in artificial seawater within 12 d of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Results revealed that the aging of both plastic materials were critically inhibited compared with pure PP, indicating that PP food packaging materials in natural seawater may share longer aging time than pure ones. GC-MS analysis revealed that antioxidant Irgafos 168 (tris (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite) was the dominant additive in these plastic materials. Photo reaction between Irgafos 168 and hydroperoxide species on the surface of MPs to prevent the formation of hydroxyl radical was the possible mechanism for the inhibiting effects. After antioxidant was exhausted, its photo degradation products could become the dominant contributor to influence the aging process of MPs. This is the first work exploring the role of antioxidant on the aging process of PP MPs in simulated ocean environment. The findings could be of great help for unraveling the effect of antioxidants on the aging-related environmental risk of hydrocarbon plastics in ocean environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Huanhuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hanyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hexinyue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yanqi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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22
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Tsochatzis ED, Mieth A, Alberto Lopes J, Simoneau C. A Salting-out Liquid-Liquid extraction (SALLE) for the analysis of caprolactam and 2,4-di-tert butyl phenol in water and food simulants. Study of the salinity effect to specific migration from food contact materials. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1156:122301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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23
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Dorival-García N, Galbiati F, Kruell R, Kovasy R, Dunne SO, D'Silva K, Bones J. Identification of additives in polymers from single-use bioprocessing bags by accelerated solvent extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Talanta 2020; 219:121198. [PMID: 32887108 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Single-use technologies are increasingly used in biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Despite their advantages, these plastic assemblies draw concern because they are a potential source of contamination due to extractable and leachable compounds (E&Ls). Characterising E&Ls from such materials is a necessary step in establishing their suitability for use. Therefore, there is an urgent need for sensitive methods to identify and quantitatively assess compounds in plastic materials. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) is a powerful technique that can be reliably used for this purpose. In this study, ASE followed by liquid chromatography and Orbitrap-based High Resolution Accurate Mass (HRAM) mass analysis was found to be an efficient and versatile method for the determination of additives in different multilayer polymer systems from single-use bags. ASE optimisation was performed using a design of experiments approach. The type of solvent, temperature, swelling agent addition, static time and number of cycles were the selected variables. Optimum conditions were dependent on the type of plastic film. Ethyl acetate and cyclohexane were selected individually as optimum solvents. Optimum temperatures were 90-100 °C. Pressure was set at 1500 psi and extraction time was 30 min in 2 cycles. Swelling agent addition was necessary with polar extraction solvents. More than 100 additives and degradation products were confidently identified by HRAM MS. Correlations between the type and levels of identified additives and the type of polymer system were established. In addition, degradation behaviour and pathways for some additives can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Dorival-García
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fabrizio Galbiati
- Thermo Fisher Scientific (Schweiz) AG, Neuhofstrasse 11, 4153, Reinach, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Kruell
- Thermo Fisher Scientific GmbH, Im Steingrund 4 - 6, 63303, Dreieich, Germany
| | - Roman Kovasy
- Thermo Fisher Scientific (Schweiz) AG, Neuhofstrasse 11, 4153, Reinach, Switzerland
| | - Simon O Dunne
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Stafford House, 1 Boundary Park, Hemel Hempstead, HP2 7GE, UK
| | - Kyle D'Silva
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Stafford House, 1 Boundary Park, Hemel Hempstead, HP2 7GE, UK
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, Ireland; School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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24
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Ong HT, Samsudin H, Soto-Valdez H. Migration of endocrine-disrupting chemicals into food from plastic packaging materials: an overview of chemical risk assessment, techniques to monitor migration, and international regulations. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:957-979. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1830747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hooi-Theng Ong
- Seberang Perai Selatan District Health Office, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Hayati Samsudin
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Herlinda Soto-Valdez
- Laboratorio de Envases, Centro de Investigaciόn en Alimentaciόn y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo Sonora, Mexico
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25
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Shi J, Xu C, Xiang L, Chen J, Cai Z. Tris(2,4-di- tert-butylphenyl)phosphate: An Unexpected Abundant Toxic Pollutant Found in PM 2.5. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10570-10576. [PMID: 32786564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel pollutant, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate (I168O), was identified in urban fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples in a nontargeted screening based on mass spectrometry for the first time. I168O was detected in all samples collected from two typical cities far away from each other in China. The concentrations of I168O reached up to 851 (median: 153) ng/m3, indicating that it was a widespread and abundant pollutant in the air. The antioxidant Irgafos 168 [I168, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite] popularly added in plastics was the most suspected source for the detected I168O. Simulation studies indicated that heating, UV radiation, and water contact might significantly (p < 0.05) transform I168 to I168O. In particular, I168O might be magnificently evaporated into the air at high temperatures. The outdoor inhalation exposure of I168O may exert substantial health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Caihong Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Fudan Tyndall Centre, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Li Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Fudan Tyndall Centre, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
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26
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Peñalver R, Arroyo-Manzanares N, Campillo N, Viñas P. Targeted and untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of honey samples for determination of migrants from plastic packages. Food Chem 2020; 334:127547. [PMID: 32693334 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plastic food packages usually contain additives which may migrate from the package into the food and then be ingested by the consumer, representing a risk for their health. In this study, targeted and untargeted analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is proposed to monitor any contaminants of this type in honey. The application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) as a preconcentration technique allowed very low detection limits to be reached for all the substances. Fifteen target compounds, including styrene, phthalates, fatty acids, alkylphenols and bisphenol A, were quantified. Untargeted analyses were also carried out, allowing other migrants in the honey samples to be identified, such as two phthalates, four acids, three esters, one aldehyde, one hydrocarbon and two alkyl phenol compounds. The proposed method was seen to be a useful approach for the quantification and identification of potential migrants from plastics in challenging samples such as honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Peñalver
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Natalia Campillo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar Viñas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
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27
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Tao B, Wang G, Yin Z, Pu X, Jiang Y, Zhang L, Cheng J, Li Y, Zhang J. Determination of the Contents of Antioxidants and Their Degradation Products in Sodium Chloride Injection for Blood Transfusion. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2020; 2020:8869576. [PMID: 32655966 PMCID: PMC7327558 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8869576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The infusion bag is mainly made up of polyolefin polymer. Antioxidants are usually added to these polymer materials in the production process to prevent the materials from aging and enhance the stability of the materials. Because of the potential harm of antioxidants to human body, it is necessary to limit the amount of antioxidants migrating to the pharmaceutical solutions. In the present study, we developed and validated the HPLC method for the simultaneous quantification of antioxidants and their degradation products migrating to sodium chloride solution for injection. A total of six antioxidants and six their degradation products were separated and simultaneously determined by using a Waters Symmetry RP18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) and gradient elution of methanol/acetonitrile/acetic acid-water (1 : 99, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detective wavelength was set at 277 nm, and the column temperature was maintained at 35°C. The method was validated in terms of limit of detection (LOD, 0.011-0.151 μg/mL), limit of quantification (LOQ, 0.031-0.393 μg/mL), intraday precision (0.25%-3.17%), interday precision (0.47%-3.48%), linearity (0.1-46.8 μg/mL, r > 0.9994), stability (0.35%-3.29%), and accuracy (80.39%-104.31%). In the extraction experiment, antioxidants, BHT, 1010, 1330, 1076, and 168, and their degradation products, 1310 and DBP, were detected in the packaging materials. Only 1310 was detected in the migration experiment. The maximum daily dosage of sodium chloride for blood transfusion is three bags, and the content of 1310 in long-term testing samples is from 0 to 12 months ranging from 37.44 μg/3 bags to 48.71 μg/3 bags. The daily intake of 1310 did not exceed 48.71 μg, which was much lower than its permitted daily exposure (PDE, 300 μg/day). Therefore, the antioxidants and their degradation products migrating into the drug solution would not cause drug safety risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
- Sichuan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Sichuan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Zongning Yin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaocong Pu
- Sichuan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Sichuan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Luohong Zhang
- Sichuan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Sichuan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yong Li
- Sichuan Taipingyang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- Sichuan Taipingyang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chengdu 611731, China
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28
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Murat P, Harohalli Puttaswamy S, Ferret PJ, Coslédan S, Simon V. Identification of Potential Extractablesand Leachables in Cosmetic Plastic Packagingby Microchambers-Thermal Extraction and Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092115. [PMID: 32366050 PMCID: PMC7248719 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Most container-content interaction studies are carried out through migration tests on end products or simulants involving generally toxic solvents. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying potential leachables from materials used in cosmetic plastic packaging by using two approaches based on solvent-free extraction, i.e., solid-phase microextraction sampling and pyrolyzer/thermal desorption coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Volatile and semi-volatile intentionally and non-intentionally added substances were detected in seven packaging samples made of polypropylene, polyethylene, and styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer. Thirty-five compounds related to the polymers industry or packaging industry were identified, among them phthalates, alkanes, styrene, and cyanide derivates including degradation products, impurities, additives, plasticizers, and monomers. All except eight belong to the Cramer class I. These thermodesorption techniques are complementary to those used for migration tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Murat
- Chimie analytique et Compatibilité, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, 17 allée Camille Soula, 31320 Vigoulet-Auzil, France; (P.M.); (S.C.)
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle (LCA), Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, 31030 Toulouse, France;
| | | | - Pierre-Jacques Ferret
- Safety Assessment Department, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, 3 avenue Hubert Curien, 31035 Toulouse Cedex, France;
| | - Sylvie Coslédan
- Chimie analytique et Compatibilité, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, 17 allée Camille Soula, 31320 Vigoulet-Auzil, France; (P.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Valérie Simon
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle (LCA), Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, 31030 Toulouse, France;
- Correspondence:
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29
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Blázquez-Blázquez E, Cerrada ML, Benavente R, Pérez E. Identification of Additives in Polypropylene and Their Degradation under Solar Exposure Studied by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:9055-9063. [PMID: 32363257 PMCID: PMC7191600 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Additives are absolutely essential in the development of commercial polymeric materials. Accordingly, an exhaustive control of composition and evolution in these additives over time is necessary to validate their performance and safety during their shelf life and, consequently, their ultimate applications. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, GC-MS, is described in the present work to identify and analyze the content of a wide variety of additives, commonly used in industrial polymeric materials. First, the identification under the present experimental protocol of additives with a relatively high molecular weight (Irganox 1330 and Irganox 1010) has been successfully attained. Second, the evolution under solar exposure over time has been analyzed by GC-MS for 11 additives and derived substances, which have been identified in a commercial polypropylene sample, estimating the corresponding depletion times. In addition, the resultant increase of carbonyl groups in the polymeric macrochains along the photo-oxidation has been also determined by infrared spectroscopy. Therefore, GC-MS is found to be a reliable tool for the analysis of the evolution of commonly used polymer additives under specific degradation conditions, which can be very useful in the formulation of improved future additivations.
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30
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Hwang J, Choi D, Han S, Choi J, Hong J. An assessment of the toxicity of polypropylene microplastics in human derived cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 684:657-669. [PMID: 31158627 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution caused by plastic waste is a growing global problem. Discarded plastic products and debris (microplastic particles) in the oceans detrimentally affect marine ecosystems and may impact human. Humans are exposed to plastic debris via the consumption of seafood and drinking water, contact with food packaging, or inhalation of particles. The accumulation of microplastic particles in humans has potential health risks such as cytotoxicity, hypersensitivity, unwanted immune response, and acute response like hemolysis. We investigated the cellular responses of secondary polypropylene microplastics (PP particles) of approximately ~20 μm and 25-200 μm in different condition and size to normal cells, immune cells, blood cells, and murine immune cells by cytokine analysis, ROS assay, polarization assay and proliferation assay. We found that PP particles showed low cytotoxicity effect in size and concentration manner, however, a high concentration, small sized, DMSO method of PP particles stimulated the immune system and enhanced potential hypersensitivity to PP particles via an increase in the levels of cytokines and histamines in PBMCs, Raw 264.7 and HMC-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangsun Hwang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Daheui Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seora Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinkee Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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García Ibarra V, Rodríguez Bernaldo de Quirós A, Paseiro Losada P, Sendón R. Non-target analysis of intentionally and non intentionally added substances from plastic packaging materials and their migration into food simulants. Food Packag Shelf Life 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Alberto Lopes J, Tsochatzis ED, Robouch P, Hoekstra E. Influence of pre-heating of food contact polypropylene cups on its physical structure and on the migration of additives. Food Packag Shelf Life 2019; 20:100305. [PMID: 31608208 PMCID: PMC6777500 DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Laboratories unexpectedly carried out pre-heating of polypropylene beverage cups prior to performing a migration test in a proficiency test. Principal component analysis of the data collected showed that the preheating temperature of the cups contributed to an increased variance of the data and distinguishing pre-heating and non-pre-heating groups. This triggered to study the effect of applying such pre-heating on the physical structure of the material and on the migration of additives to food simulant D1 (ethanol 50% v/v). Several cups were pre-heated at selected temperatures and either analyzed with differential scanning calorimetry to establish the degree of crystallinity or used for the migration test. Six target additives from Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 were quantified in the food simulant using HPLC-FLD and LC-MS. Results show that pre-heating of the beverage cups led to a significant change in the degree of crystallinity, resulting in a change of analyte migration in comparison to the migration results from non-pre-heated cups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Piotr Robouch
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Eddo Hoekstra
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
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Kelly PS, Dorival‐García N, Paré S, Carillo S, Ta C, Alarcon Miguez A, Coleman O, Harper E, Shannon M, Henry M, Connolly L, Clynes M, Meleady P, Bones J, Barron N. Improvements in single‐use bioreactor film material composition leads to robust and reliable Chinese hamster ovary cell performance. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2824. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul S. Kelly
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical CentreUniversity of Limerick Limerick Ireland
| | - Noemi Dorival‐García
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical CentreUniversity of Limerick Limerick Ireland
| | - Samantha Paré
- National Institute for Cellular BiotechnologyDublin City University Dublin Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical CentreUniversity of Limerick Limerick Ireland
| | - Sara Carillo
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical CentreUniversity of Limerick Limerick Ireland
| | - Christine Ta
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical CentreUniversity of Limerick Limerick Ireland
| | | | - Orla Coleman
- National Institute for Cellular BiotechnologyDublin City University Dublin Ireland
| | - Emma Harper
- Institute for Global Food SecuritySchool of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast Northern Ireland UK
| | - Maeve Shannon
- Institute for Global Food SecuritySchool of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast Northern Ireland UK
| | - Michael Henry
- National Institute for Cellular BiotechnologyDublin City University Dublin Ireland
| | - Lisa Connolly
- Institute for Global Food SecuritySchool of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast Northern Ireland UK
| | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular BiotechnologyDublin City University Dublin Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical CentreUniversity of Limerick Limerick Ireland
| | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular BiotechnologyDublin City University Dublin Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical CentreUniversity of Limerick Limerick Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bones
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical CentreUniversity of Limerick Limerick Ireland
| | - Niall Barron
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin Ireland
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess EngineeringUniversity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical CentreUniversity of Limerick Limerick Ireland
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34
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An untargeted evaluation of the volatile and semi-volatile compounds migrating into food simulants from polypropylene food containers by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 195:800-806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Chang Y, Kang K, Park SJ, Choi JC, Kim M, Han J. Experimental and theoretical study of polypropylene: Antioxidant migration with different food simulants and temperatures. J FOOD ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2018.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Peters RJ, Groeneveld I, Sanchez PL, Gebbink W, Gersen A, de Nijs M, van Leeuwen SP. Review of analytical approaches for the identification of non-intentionally added substances in paper and board food contact materials. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Vera P, Canellas E, Nerín C. Identification of non volatile migrant compounds and NIAS in polypropylene films used as food packaging characterized by UPLC-MS/QTOF. Talanta 2018; 188:750-762. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Lu M, Liu P, Zhang S, Yuan W, Ding S, Wang F, Ding Y, Yang M. Anti-aging behavior of amino-containing co-condensed nanosilica in polyethylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Szczepańska N, Kudłak B, Tsakovski S, Yotova G, Nedyalkova M, Simeonov V, Dołęga A, Namieśnik J. Modeling and MANOVA studies on toxicity and endocrine potential of packaging materials exposed to different extraction schemes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 165:294-305. [PMID: 29777920 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The stability of the linings of packaging that is in contact with the goods stored has been of major concern during decades of the development of packaging materials. In this work, an attempt was undertaken to assess the applicability of using two bioassays (Microtox® and XenoScreen YES/YAS) in estimating the stability of packaging (cans, caps, multilayer material) and the impact of their degradation on the toxicity of some simulated media. The assessment of the impact of packaging storage conditions (temperature, disinfection, preservation, extracting and washing solvents) was planned and performed with i) regression modeling of the experimental effects on the ecotoxicity readings, ii) ANOVA and MANOVA estimation of the experimental conditions as significant factors affecting the toxicity results and iii) FTIR analysis of the packages. It is shown that the effects of temperature and extraction solvents could be quantitatively assessed by the agreement between all methods applied. It can be stated that temperature and acidity as well as the alcohol content in the sensitive media have the greatest impact on the toxicity of the extract and thus on the stability of the internal lining and the extractability of xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Szczepańska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., Gdańsk 80-233, Poland
| | - Błażej Kudłak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., Gdańsk 80-233, Poland.
| | - Stefan Tsakovski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier Blvd, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Galina Yotova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier Blvd, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Miroslava Nedyalkova
- Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia "St. Kl. Okhridski", 1, J. Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vasil Simeonov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier Blvd, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Anna Dołęga
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., Gdańsk 80-233, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., Gdańsk 80-233, Poland
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40
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Dorival-García N, Carillo S, Ta C, Roberts D, Comstock K, Lofthouse S, Ciceri E, D'Silva K, Kierans G, Kaisermayer C, Lindeberg A, Bones J. Large-Scale Assessment of Extractables and Leachables in Single-Use Bags for Biomanufacturing. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9006-9015. [PMID: 29943976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Single-use technologies (SUTs) are widely used during biopharmaceutical manufacture as disposable bioreactors or media and buffer storage bags. Despite their advantages, the risk of release of extractable and leachable (E&Ls) substances is considered an important drawback in adopting disposables in the biomanufacturing process. E&Ls may detrimentally affect cell viability or productivity or may persist during purification and present a risk to the patient if remaining in the final drug product. In this study, 34 plastic films from single-use bags (SUBs) for cell cultivation were extracted with selected solvents that represent reasonable worst-case conditions for most typical biomanufacturing applications. SUBs were incubated at small-scale under accelerated-aging conditions that represented standard operational conditions of use. Leachables analysis was performed following dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) for analyte preconcentration and removal of matrix interference. Resulting extracts were characterized by GC-headspace for volatiles, high resolution GC-Orbitrap-MS/MS for semivolatiles, high resolution LC-Orbitrap-MS/MS for nonvolatiles, and ICP-MS for trace elemental analysis. Multivariate statistical analysis of the analytical data revealed significant correlations between the type and concentration of compounds and bags features including brand, manufacturing date and polymer type. The analytical data demonstrates that, over recent years, the nature of E&Ls has been altered due to the implementation of manufacturing changes and new types of polymers and may change further with the future advent of regulations that will limit or ban the use of certain raw materials and additives. The broad E&L database generated herein facilitates toxicological assessments from a biomanufacturing standpoint and provides practical guidelines for confident determination of E&Ls to enable screening and elimination of nonsatisfactory films for single use bioprocessing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Dorival-García
- Characterization and Comparability Laboratory , NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Sara Carillo
- Characterization and Comparability Laboratory , NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Christine Ta
- Characterization and Comparability Laboratory , NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Dominic Roberts
- Thermo Fisher Scientific , Manor Park, Tudor Rd , Cheshire , Runcorn WA7 1TA , United Kingdom
| | - Kate Comstock
- Thermo Fisher Scientific , 355 River Oaks Pkwy , San Jose , California 95134 , United States
| | - Simon Lofthouse
- Thermo Fisher Scientific , Stafford House, Boundary Park , Hemel Hempstead HP2 7GE , United Kingdom
| | - Elena Ciceri
- Thermo Fisher Scientific , Via Milano, 4 , 20090 Rodano , MI , Italy
| | - Kyle D'Silva
- Thermo Fisher Scientific , Stafford House, Boundary Park , Hemel Hempstead HP2 7GE , United Kingdom
| | - Gerald Kierans
- Pfizer Ireland Pharmaceuticals , Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road , Clondalkin , Dublin 22 D22 V8F8 , Ireland
| | - Christian Kaisermayer
- BioMarin International Limited , Shanbally, Ringaskiddy , Co. Cork P43 R298 , Ireland
| | - Anna Lindeberg
- BioMarin International Limited , Shanbally, Ringaskiddy , Co. Cork P43 R298 , Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Characterization and Comparability Laboratory , NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. , Dublin , Ireland.,School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
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41
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Kang K, Chang Y, Choi JC, Park SJ, Han J. Migration Study of Butylated Hydroxytoluene and Irganox 1010 from Polypropylene Treated with Severe Processing Conditions. J Food Sci 2018; 83:1005-1010. [PMID: 29574970 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Safety concerns have emerged over the increased use of polypropylene (PP) in food-packaging markets. Some antioxidants in PP can migrate to foods and cause undesirable effects in humans. In this study, migration behaviors of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and Irganox 1010 (I-1010) in PP sheets were determined according to the US FDA migration test conditions. In particular, we tested the effects of severe conditions of food processing and storage, such as autoclave heating (sterilization at about 121 °C), microwave radiation (700 W), and deep freezing (-30 °C) on migration of antioxidants. Migrant concentrations were higher in 95% ethanol as lipid food simulant, because of the hydrophobic nature of both PP and antioxidants. Autoclave heating treatment increased migrant concentrations compared with other processing conditions. Moreover, increased migrant concentrations by deep freezing condition were attributed to the brittleness of PP at freezing temperature. Regardless of processing conditions, BHT which has a lower molecular weight, migrated faster than I-1010. PRACTICAL APPLICATION The antioxidants with hydrophobic nature such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and Irganox 1010 (I-1010) in polypropylene sheets would be migrated to foods, which is an important issue for industrial production food packaging materials. Migration behavior was promoted by severe processing conditions such as autoclave heating, microwave radiation, freezing, and especially autoclave heating treatment led the highest migration among them. Therefore, control of chemical additive migration from polypropylene food packaging is needed for safe food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungmo Kang
- Dept. of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea Univ., Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjee Chang
- Dept. of Food Biosciences and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea Univ., Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Chun Choi
- Food Additives and Packaging Div., Natl. Inst. of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Jong Park
- Food Additives and Packaging Div., Natl. Inst. of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaejoon Han
- Dept. of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea Univ., Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Dept. of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea Univ., Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Hahladakis JN, Velis CA, Weber R, Iacovidou E, Purnell P. An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 344:179-199. [PMID: 29035713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1255] [Impact Index Per Article: 209.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 60 years plastics production has increased manifold, owing to their inexpensive, multipurpose, durable and lightweight nature. These characteristics have raised the demand for plastic materials that will continue to grow over the coming years. However, with increased plastic materials production, comes increased plastic material wastage creating a number of challenges, as well as opportunities to the waste management industry. The present overview highlights the waste management and pollution challenges, emphasising on the various chemical substances (known as "additives") contained in all plastic products for enhancing polymer properties and prolonging their life. Despite how useful these additives are in the functionality of polymer products, their potential to contaminate soil, air, water and food is widely documented in literature and described herein. These additives can potentially migrate and undesirably lead to human exposure via e.g. food contact materials, such as packaging. They can, also, be released from plastics during the various recycling and recovery processes and from the products produced from recyclates. Thus, sound recycling has to be performed in such a way as to ensure that emission of substances of high concern and contamination of recycled products is avoided, ensuring environmental and human health protection, at all times.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Hahladakis
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Costas A Velis
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Lindenfirststr. 23, D.73527, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Eleni Iacovidou
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Phil Purnell
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom
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43
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Yu HY, Zhang H, Song ML, Zhou Y, Yao J, Ni QQ. From Cellulose Nanospheres, Nanorods to Nanofibers: Various Aspect Ratio Induced Nucleation/Reinforcing Effects on Polylactic Acid for Robust-Barrier Food Packaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:43920-43938. [PMID: 29171751 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The traditional approach toward improving the crystallization rate as well as the mechanical and barrier properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is the incorporation of nanocelluloses (NCs). Unfortunately, little study has been focused on the influence of the differences in NC morphology and dimensions on the PLA property enhancement. Here, by HCOOH/HCl hydrolysis of lyocell fibers, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), and ginger fibers, we unveil the preparation of cellulose nanospheres (CNS), rod-like cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and cellulose nanofibers (CNF) with different aspect ratios, respectively. All the NC surfaces were chemically modified by Fischer esterification with hydrophobic formate groups to improve the NC dispersion in the PLA matrix. This study systematically compared CNS, CNC, and CNF as reinforcing agents to induce different kinds of heterogeneous nucleation and reinforce the effects on the properties of PLA. The incorporation of three NCs can greatly improve the PLA crystallization ability, thermal stability, and mechanical strength of nanocomposites. At the same NC loading level, the PLA/CNS showed the highest crystallinity (19.8 ± 0.4%) with a smaller spherulite size (33 ± 1.5 μm), indicating that CNS, with its high specific surface area, can induce a stronger heterogeneous nucleation effect on the PLA crystallization than CNC or CNF. Instead, compared to PLA, the PLA/CNF nanocomposites gave the largest Young's modulus increase of 350 %, due to the larger aspect ratio/rigidity of CNF and their interlocking or percolation network caused by filler-matrix interfacial bonds. Furthermore, taking these factors of hydrogen bonding interaction, increased crystallinity, and interfacial tortuosity into account, the PLA/CNC nanocomposite films showed the best barrier property against water vapor and lowest migration levels in two liquid food simulates (well below 60 mg kg-1 for required overall migration in packaging) than CNS- and CNF-based films. This comparative study was very beneficial for selecting reasonable nanocelluloses as nucleation/reinforcing agents in robust-barrier packaging biomaterials with outstanding mechanical and thermal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Yong Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, College of Materials and Textile, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Xiasha Higher Education Park 2 Avenue-5, Hangzhou 310018, China
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, College of Materials and Textile, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Xiasha Higher Education Park 2 Avenue-5, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Mei-Li Song
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, College of Materials and Textile, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Xiasha Higher Education Park 2 Avenue-5, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, College of Materials and Textile, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Xiasha Higher Education Park 2 Avenue-5, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Juming Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, College of Materials and Textile, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Xiasha Higher Education Park 2 Avenue-5, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qing-Qing Ni
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, College of Materials and Textile, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Xiasha Higher Education Park 2 Avenue-5, Hangzhou 310018, China
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44
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Dorival-García N, Bones J. Evaluation of solvent systems for optimized extractables studies of single use bioprocessing solutions. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1513:69-77. [PMID: 28739275 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite their advantages, there is concern that single-use systems used in biopharmaceutical manufacture might release potentially toxic substances during standard unit operations that negatively impact cell growth. Characterization of the extractables profile for single-use systems is necessary to know which compounds potentially become leachables under operational cell culture conditions. A key issue in the design of extractables studies is the composition of the model solvent, in particular its pH and polarity. In this study, a new approach, based on design of experiments (DoE), has been applied to determine the composition of the model solvent for extractable profiling of single-use bags (SUBs). Particular focus was placed on the determination of the degradation products of the antioxidant Irgafos 168®, due to evidence that some of these degradation products have cytotoxic effects on CHO cells. Results indicated that 2-propanol:water is the most appropriate solvent for the extraction of highly hydrophobic compounds with polar groups and/or acid-base properties from SUBs. The described DoE approach simplifies the number of experiments, evaluates all possible solvent water mixtures to select the best extraction solvent based on polarity, establishes the influence of each variable and provides information about variable interaction, which represents an important improvement over current best practice. The developed approach was applied to seven SUBs from different vendors and production dates facilitating the identification of potentially non-satisfactory films for cultivation of CHO cell lines under process conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Dorival-García
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, Ireland; School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Cai H, Ji S, Zhang J, Tao G, Peng C, Hou R, Zhang L, Sun Y, Wan X. Migration kinetics of four photo-initiators from paper food packaging to solid food simulants. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1632-1642. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1331470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huimei Cai
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuilin Ji
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Juzhou Zhang
- National Agricultural and sideline products processing food quality supervision and inspection center, Auhui Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hefei, China
| | - Gushuai Tao
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chuanyi Peng
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ruyan Hou
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Identification of leachables observed in the size exclusion chromatograms of a low concentration product stored in prefilled syringes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 139:133-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Fang X, Vitrac O. Predicting diffusion coefficients of chemicals in and through packaging materials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:275-312. [PMID: 25831407 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.849654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Most of the physicochemical properties in polymers such as activity and partition coefficients, diffusion coefficients, and their activation with temperature are accessible to direct calculations from first principles. Such predictions are particularly relevant for food packaging as they can be used (1) to demonstrate the compliance or safety of numerous polymer materials and of their constitutive substances (e.g. additives, residues…), when they are used: as containers, coatings, sealants, gaskets, printing inks, etc. (2) or to predict the indirect contamination of food by pollutants (e.g. from recycled polymers, storage ambiance…) (3) or to assess the plasticization of materials in contact by food constituents (e.g. fat matter, aroma…). This review article summarizes the classical and last mechanistic descriptions of diffusion in polymers and discusses the reliability of semi-empirical approaches used for compliance testing both in EU and US. It is concluded that simulation of diffusion in or through polymers is not limited to worst-case assumptions but could also be applied to real cases for risk assessment, designing packaging with low leaching risk or to synthesize plastic additives with low diffusion rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Fang
- a AgroParisTech, UMR 1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments , Massy , France.,b INRA, UMR 1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments , Massy , France
| | - Olivier Vitrac
- a AgroParisTech, UMR 1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments , Massy , France.,b INRA, UMR 1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments , Massy , France
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Zhang Q, Jiao Q, Leroux F, Tang P, Li D, Feng Y. Antioxidant intercalated Zn-containing layered double hydroxides: preparation, performance and migration properties. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03544b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Zn-containing LDH/PP composition has a high thermal stability and anti-migration ability, and is a highly promising candidate for possible applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Qian Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Fabrice Leroux
- Universite Clermont Auvergne
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand ICCF
- UMR-CNRS n 6296
- F_63171 Aubière
- France
| | - Pinggui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Dianqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Yongjun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- China
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Zhu J, Li L, Zhang S, Li X, Zhang B. Multi-scale structural changes of starch-based material during microwave and conventional heating. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 92:270-277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yang Y, Hu C, Zhong H, Chen X, Chen R, Yam KL. Effects of Ultraviolet (UV) on Degradation of Irgafos 168 and Migration of Its Degradation Products from Polypropylene Films. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7866-7873. [PMID: 27661088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effects of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the degradation of Irgafos 168 and the migration of its two degradation products, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate, from polypropylene (PP) were investigated. A blown film machine was used to extrude PP films containing Irgafos 168, the films were stored in the dark for 45 days, two UV treatments and sunlight exposure were applied to the films, and GC-MS was used for degradation and migration studies. Extrusion, storage, UV treatments, and sunlight exposure significantly affected concentrations of Irgafos 168 and the degradation products. 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol was the major degradation product produced by UV irradiation, but tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate was the major degradation product produced by extrusion, storage, and sunlight exposure. The degradation products have no or little health risk, because migration study and threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) analysis show that experimental maximum migration of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate are only 2 and 53% of the theoretical maximum migration amounts, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueping Yang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Changying Hu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University , Zhuhai, Guangdong 519070, China
| | - Huaining Zhong
- Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangdong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University , New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Rujia Chen
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Kit L Yam
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University , New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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