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Theobald B, Risani R, Donaldson L, Bridson JH, Kingsbury JM, Pantos O, Weaver L, Lear G, Pochon X, Zaiko A, Smith DA, Anderson R, Davy B, Davy S, Doake F, Masterton H, Audrezet F, Maday SDM, Wallbank JA, Barbier M, Greene AF, Parker K, Harris J, Northcott GL, Abbel R. An investigation into the stability and degradation of plastics in aquatic environments using a large-scale field-deployment study. Sci Total Environ 2024; 917:170301. [PMID: 38272094 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The fragmentation of plastic debris is a key pathway to the formation of microplastic pollution. These disintegration processes depend on the materials' physical and chemical characteristics, but insight into these interrelationships is still limited, especially under natural conditions. Five plastics of known polymer/additive compositions and processing histories were deployed in aquatic environments and recovered after six and twelve months. The polymer types used were linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), oxo-degradable LLDPE (oxoLLDPE), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), polyamide-6 (PA6), and poly(lactic acid) (PLA). Four geographically distinct locations across Aotearoa/New Zealand were chosen: three marine sites and a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Accelerated UV-weathering under controlled laboratory conditions was also carried out to evaluate artificial ageing as a model for plastic degradation in the natural environment. The samples' physical characteristics and surface microstructures were studied for each deployment location and exposure time. The strongest effects were found for oxoLLDPE upon artificial ageing, with increased crystallinity, intense surface cracking, and substantial deterioration of its mechanical properties. However, no changes to the same extent were found after recovery of the deployed material. In the deployment environments, the chemical nature of the plastics was the most relevant factor determining their behaviours. Few significant differences between the four aquatic locations were identified, except for PA6, where indications for biological surface degradation were found only in seawater, not the WWTP. In some cases, artificial ageing reasonably mimicked the changes which some plastic properties underwent in aquatic environments, but generally, it was no reliable model for natural degradation processes. The findings from this study have implications for the understanding of the initial phases of plastic degradation in aquatic environments, eventually leading to microplastics formation. They can also guide the interpretation of accelerated laboratory ageing for the fate of aquatic plastic pollution, and for the testing of aged plastic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James H Bridson
- Scion, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand; University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Joanne M Kingsbury
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Olga Pantos
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Louise Weaver
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Gavin Lear
- University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Xavier Pochon
- University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Ben Davy
- Scion, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand
| | | | - Fraser Doake
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Hayden Masterton
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - François Audrezet
- University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
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2
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Greene AF, Abbel R, Vaidya AA, Tanjay Q, Chen Y, Risani R, Saggese T, Barbier M, Petcu M, West M, Theobald B, Gaugler E, Parker K. Environmentally Benign Fast-Degrading Conductive Composites. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:455-465. [PMID: 38147683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
An environmentally benign conductive composite that rapidly degrades in the presence of warm water via enzyme-mediated hydrolysis is described. This represents the first time that hydrolytic enzymes have been immobilized onto eco-friendly conductive carbon sources with the express purpose of degrading the encapsulating biodegradable plastic. Amano Lipase (AL)-functionalized carbon nanofibers (CNF) were compounded with polycaprolactone (PCL) to produce the composite film CNFAL-PCL (thickness ∼ 600 μm; CNFAL = 20.0 wt %). To serve as controls, films of the same thickness were also produced, including CNF-AL5-PCL (CNF mixed with AL and PCL; CNF = 19.2 wt % and AL = 5.00 wt %), CNF-PCL (CNF = 19.2 wt %), ALx-PCL (AL = x = 1.00 or 5.00 wt %), and PCL. The electrical performance of the CNF-containing composites was measured, and conductivities of 14.0 ± 2, 22.0 ± 5, and 31.0 ± 6 S/m were observed for CNFAL-PCL, CNF-AL5-PCL, and CNF-PCL, respectively. CNFAL-PCL and control films were degraded in phosphate buffer (2.00 mg/mL film/buffer) at 50 °C, and their average percent weight loss (Wtavg%) was recorded over time. After 3 h CNFAL-PCL degraded to a Wtavg% of 90.0% and had completely degraded after 8 h. This was considerably faster than CNF-AL5-PCL, which achieved a total Wtavg% of 34.0% after 16 days, and CNF-PCL, which was with a Wtavg% of 7.00% after 16 days. Scanning electron microscopy experiments (SEM) found that CNFAL-PCL has more open pores on its surface and that it fractures faster during degradation experiments which exposes the interior enzyme to water. An electrode made from CNFAL-PCL was fabricated and attached to an AL5-PCL support to form a fast-degrading thermal sensor. The resistance was measured over five cycles where the temperature was varied between 15.0-50.0 °C. The sensor was then degraded fully in buffer at 50 °C over a 48 h period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique F Greene
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Robert Abbel
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Alankar A Vaidya
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Queenie Tanjay
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Yi Chen
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Regis Risani
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Taryn Saggese
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Maxime Barbier
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Miruna Petcu
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Mark West
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Beatrix Theobald
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Eva Gaugler
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Kate Parker
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
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3
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Bridson JH, Masterton H, Theobald B, Risani R, Doake F, Wallbank JA, Maday SDM, Lear G, Abbel R, Smith DA, Kingsbury JM, Pantos O, Northcott GL, Gaw S. Leaching and transformation of chemical additives from weathered plastic deployed in the marine environment. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 198:115810. [PMID: 38006872 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution causes detrimental environmental impacts, which are increasingly attributed to chemical additives. However, the behaviour of plastic additives in the marine environment is poorly understood. We used a marine deployment experiment to examine the impact of weathering on the extractables profile, analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, of four plastics at two locations over nine months in Aotearoa/New Zealand. The concentration of additives in polyethylene and oxo-degradable polyethylene were strongly influenced by artificial weathering, with deployment location and time less influential. By comparison, polyamide 6 and polyethylene terephthalate were comparatively inert with minimal change in response to artificial weathering or deployment time. Non-target analysis revealed extensive differentiation between non-aged and aged polyethylene after deployment, concordant with the targeted analysis. These observations highlight the need to consider the impact of leaching and weathering on plastic composition when quantifying the potential impact and risk of plastic pollution within receiving environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Bridson
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand; School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Hayden Masterton
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 27 Creyke Road, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Beatrix Theobald
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Regis Risani
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Fraser Doake
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 27 Creyke Road, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Jessica A Wallbank
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Stefan D M Maday
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Gavin Lear
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Robert Abbel
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Dawn A Smith
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Joanne M Kingsbury
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 27 Creyke Road, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Olga Pantos
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 27 Creyke Road, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Grant L Northcott
- Northcott Research Consultants Limited, 20 River Oaks Place, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Sally Gaw
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
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Bridson JH, Abbel R, Smith DA, Northcott GL, Gaw S. Impact of accelerated weathering on the leaching kinetics of stabiliser additives from microplastics. J Hazard Mater 2023; 459:132303. [PMID: 37595471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The release of additives from microplastics is known to harm organisms. In the environment, microplastics are exposed to weathering processes which are suspected to influence additive leaching kinetics, the extent and mechanism of which remain poorly understood. We examined the impact of weathering on stabiliser additive leaching kinetics using environmentally relevant accelerated weathering and leaching procedures. Nine binary polymer-additive formulations were specifically prepared, weathered, analysed, and evaluated for their leaching characteristics. Cumulative additive release (Ce) varied widely between formulations, ranging from 0.009 to 1162 µg/g. Values of Ce generally increased by polymer type in the order polyethylene terephthalate < polyamide 6 < polyethylene. The change in leaching kinetics after accelerated weathering was incongruous across the nine formulations, with a significant change in Ce only observed for three out of nine formulations. Physicochemical characterisation of the microplastics demonstrated that additive blooming was the primary mechanism influencing the leaching response to weathering. These findings highlight the dependency of additive fate on the polymer type, additive chemistry, and the extent of weathering exposure. This has significant implications for risk assessment and mitigation, where the general assumption that polymer weathering increases additive leaching may be too simplistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Bridson
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand; School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Robert Abbel
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Dawn A Smith
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Grant L Northcott
- Northcott Research Consultants Limited, 20 River Oaks Place, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Sally Gaw
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
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5
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Choi J, Visagie I, Chen Y, Abbel R, Parker K. NFC-Enabled Dual-Channel Flexible Printed Sensor Tag. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:6765. [PMID: 37571546 PMCID: PMC10422541 DOI: 10.3390/s23156765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Wireless sensor tags in flexible formats have numerous applications; some are commercially available for specific target applications. However, most of these wireless sensor tags have been used for single-sensing applications. In this study, we designed a printed circuit board (PCB) module (13 mm × 13 mm) for near-field communication-enabled sensor tags with both electrical resistance and capacitance read-out channels that enables dual-channel sensing. As part of the wireless sensor tag, a square antenna pattern was printed directly on a flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrate and integrated into the PCB module to demonstrate a dual-channel temperature and ethylene gas sensor. The temperature and ethylene sensors were printed using a positive temperature coefficient ink and a tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticle ink, respectively. With dual sensing capabilities, this type of sensor tag can be used in smart packaging for the quality monitoring of fresh produce (e.g., bananas) by tracking temperature and ethylene concentration in the storage/transport environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyun Choi
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Private Bag 3230, Waikato Mail Centre, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
| | - Ian Visagie
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Private Bag 3230, Waikato Mail Centre, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
| | - Yi Chen
- Scion, New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd., Tītokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand; (R.A.); (K.P.)
| | - Robert Abbel
- Scion, New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd., Tītokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand; (R.A.); (K.P.)
| | - Kate Parker
- Scion, New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd., Tītokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand; (R.A.); (K.P.)
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6
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Laroche O, Pantos O, Kingsbury JM, Zaiko A, Wallbank J, Lear G, Thompson-Laing J, Audrezet F, Maday S, Doake F, Abbel R, Barbier M, Masterton H, Risani R, Smith D, Theobald B, Weaver L, Pochon X. A spatio-temporal analysis of marine diatom communities associated with pristine and aged plastics. Biofouling 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37341323 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2023.2226069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Complex microbial communities colonize plastic substrates over time, strongly influencing their fate and potential impacts on marine ecosystems. Among the first colonizers, diatoms play an important role in the development of this 'plastiphere'. We investigated 936 biofouling samples and the factors influencing diatom communities associated with plastic colonization. These factors included geographic location (up to 800 km apart), duration of substrate submersion (1 to 52 weeks), plastics (5 polymer types) and impact of artificial ageing with UV light. Diatom communities colonizing plastic debris were primarily determined by their geographic location and submersion time, with the strongest changes occurring within two weeks of submersion. Several taxa were identified as early colonizers (e.g. Cylindrotheca, Navicula and Nitzschia spp.) with known strong adhesion capabilities. To a lesser extent, plastic-type and UV-ageing significantly affected community composition, with 14 taxa showing substrate-specificity. This study highlights the role of plastics types-state for colonization in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga Pantos
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Joanne M Kingsbury
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Anastasija Zaiko
- Biosecurity Group, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
- Sequench Ltd, Nelson, New Zealand
| | - Jessica Wallbank
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gavin Lear
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Francois Audrezet
- Biosecurity Group, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stefan Maday
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fraser Doake
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Robert Abbel
- Scion, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Maxime Barbier
- Scion, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Hayden Masterton
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Regis Risani
- Scion, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Louise Weaver
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Xavier Pochon
- Biosecurity Group, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Bridson JH, Abbel R, Smith DA, Northcott GL, Gaw S. Solving a microplastic dilemma? Evaluating additive release with a dynamic leaching method for microplastic assessment (DyLeMMA). MethodsX 2023; 10:102221. [PMID: 37255577 PMCID: PMC10225925 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microplastics and plastic additives are contaminants of emerging environmental concern. Static leaching methods are commonly applied to assess the rate and extent of additive release from microplastics. However, this approach may not be representative of environmental conditions where near infinite dilution or percolation commonly occur. We evaluated three different approaches for assessing additive leaching under environmentally relevant sink conditions, culminating in the refinement and validation of DyLeMMA (Dynamic Leaching Method for Microplastic Assessment). Analysis was performed using a high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method enabling targeted quantification of additives and screening for non-intentionally added substances. Using four different plastics, sink conditions were maintained over the duration of the test, thereby avoiding solubility limited release and ensuring environmental relevance. Background contamination from ubiquitous additive chemicals was minimised, thereby providing good sensitivity and specificity. Resulting data, in the form of additive release curves, should prove suitable for fitting to release models and derivation of parameters describing additive leaching from microplastics.Key attributes of DyLeMMA:•Environmentally relevant dynamic leaching method for microplastics, demonstrated to maintain sink conditions over the test duration,•Simple, fast, and cost-effective approach without complication of using a solid phase sink,•Provide data suitable for understanding microplastic leaching kinetics and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H. Bridson
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Robert Abbel
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Dawn A. Smith
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Grant L. Northcott
- Northcott Research Consultants Limited, 20 River Oaks Place, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Sally Gaw
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
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Chen Y, Fang F, Abbel R, Patel M, Parker K. Rapid Fabrication of Renewable Carbon Fibres by Plasma Arc Discharge and Their Humidity Sensing Properties. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21051911. [PMID: 33803332 PMCID: PMC7967239 DOI: 10.3390/s21051911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Submicron-sized carbon fibres have been attracting research interest due to their outstanding mechanical and electrical properties. However, the non-renewable resources and their complex fabrication processes limit the scalability and pose difficulties for the utilisation of these materials. Here, we investigate the use of plasma arc technology to convert renewable electrospun lignin fibres into a new kind of carbon fibre with a globular and porous microstructure. The influence of arc currents (up to 60 A) on the structural and morphological properties of as-prepared carbon fibres is discussed. Owing to the catalyst-free synthesis, high purity micro-structured carbon fibres with nanocrystalline graphitic domains are produced. Furthermore, the humidity sensing characteristics of the treated fibres at room temperature (23 °C) are demonstrated. Sensors produced from these carbon fibres exhibit good humidity response and repeatability in the range of 30% to 80% relative humidity (RH) and an excellent sensitivity (0.81/%RH) in the high RH regime (60–80%). These results demonstrate that the plasma arc technology has great potential for the development of sustainable, lignin-based carbon fibres for a broad range of application in electronics, sensors and energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Scion, 49 Sala Street, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand; (R.A.); (M.P.); (K.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Fang Fang
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, 30 Gracefield, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand;
| | - Robert Abbel
- Scion, 49 Sala Street, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand; (R.A.); (M.P.); (K.P.)
| | - Meeta Patel
- Scion, 49 Sala Street, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand; (R.A.); (M.P.); (K.P.)
| | - Kate Parker
- Scion, 49 Sala Street, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand; (R.A.); (M.P.); (K.P.)
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9
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Takemoto A, Araki T, Noda Y, Uemura T, Yoshimoto S, Abbel R, Rentrop C, van den Brand J, Sekitani T. Fine printing method of silver nanowire electrodes with alignment and accumulation. Nanotechnology 2019; 30:37LT03. [PMID: 31212258 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab2aad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional metal nanowires offer great potential in printing transparent electrodes for next-generation optoelectronic devices such as flexible displays and flexible solar cells. Printing fine patterns of metal nanowires with widths <100 μm is critical for their practical use in the devices. However, the fine printing of metal nanowires onto polymer substrates remains a major challenge owing to their unintended alignment. This paper reports on a fine-printing method for transparent silver nanowires (AgNWs) electrodes miniaturized to a width of 50 μm on ultrathin (1 μm) polymer substrate, giving a high yield of >90%. In this method, the AgNW dispersion, which is swept by a glass rod, is spontaneously deposited to the hydrophilic areas patterned on a hydrophobic-coated substrate. The alignment and accumulation of AgNWs at the pattern periphery are enhanced by employing a high sweeping rate of >3.2 mm s-1, improving electrical conductivity and pattern definition. The more aligned and more accumulated AgNWs lower the sheet resistance by a factor of up to 6.8. In addition, a high pattern accuracy ≤ 3.6 μm, which is the deviation from the pattern designs, is achieved. Quantitative analyses are implemented on the nanowire alignment to understand the nanowire geometry. This fine-printing method of the AgNW electrodes will provide great opportunities for realizing flexible and high-performance optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashuya Takemoto
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, 567-0047, Japan. Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan. Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, AIST-Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
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Prakasam V, Di Giacomo F, Abbel R, Tordera D, Sessolo M, Gelinck G, Bolink HJ. Efficient Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes: Effect of Composition, Morphology, and Transport Layers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:41586-41591. [PMID: 30387594 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b15718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic metal halide perovskites are emerging as novel materials for light-emitting applications due to their high color purity, band gap tunability, straightforward synthesis, and inexpensive precursors. In this work, we improve the performance of three-dimensional perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) by tuning the emissive layer composition and thickness and by using small-molecule transport layers. Additionally, we correlate PeLED efficiencies to the perovskite structure and morphology. The results show that the PeLEDs containing perovskites with an excess of methylammonium bromide (MABr) to lead bromide (PbBr2) in a 2:1 ratio and a layer thickness of 80 nm have the highest performance. The optimized device exhibits a peak luminance of 17 600 cd/m2 and an external quantum efficiency of 3.9%. Structural and morphological studies reveal a reduction in crystallite size and surface roughness with decreasing perovskite layer thickness and increasing ratio of MABr to PbBr2. Balanced charge injection, spatial charge confinement, and reduction in nonradiative sites can explain the enhanced performance by virtue of favorable morphology and transport layer choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittal Prakasam
- Holst Centre , High Tech Campus 31 , 5656 AE Eindhoven , The Netherlands
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular , Universidad de Valencia , C/Catedrático J. Beltrán 2 , 46980 Paterna , Spain
| | - Francesco Di Giacomo
- TNO, partner in Solliance , High Tech Campus 21 , 5656 AE Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Robert Abbel
- Holst Centre , High Tech Campus 31 , 5656 AE Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Tordera
- Holst Centre , High Tech Campus 31 , 5656 AE Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Michele Sessolo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular , Universidad de Valencia , C/Catedrático J. Beltrán 2 , 46980 Paterna , Spain
| | - Gerwin Gelinck
- Holst Centre , High Tech Campus 31 , 5656 AE Eindhoven , The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Physics , Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Henk J Bolink
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular , Universidad de Valencia , C/Catedrático J. Beltrán 2 , 46980 Paterna , Spain
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Chen H, Yeh TH, He J, Zhang C, Abbel R, Hamblin MR, Huang Y, Lanzafame RJ, Stadler I, Celli J, Liu SW, Wu ST, Dong Y. Flexible quantum dot light-emitting devices for targeted photomedical applications. J Soc Inf Disp 2018; 26:296-303. [PMID: 30416331 PMCID: PMC6223313 DOI: 10.1002/jsid.650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dot light-emitting devices (QLEDs), originally developed for displays, were recently demonstrated to be promising light sources for various photomedical applications, including photodynamic therapy cancer cell treatment and photobimodulation cell metabolism enhancement. With exceptional emission wavelength tunability and potential flexibility, QLEDs could enable wearable, targeted photomedicine with maximized absorption of different medical photosensitizers. In this paper, we report, for the first time, the in vitro study to demonstrate that QLEDs-based photodynamic therapy can effectively kill Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, an antibiotic-resistant bacterium. We then present successful synthesis of highly efficient quantum dots with narrow spectra and specific peak wavelengths to match the absorption peaks of different photosensitizers for targeted photomedicine. Flexible QLEDs with a peak external quantum efficiency of 8.2% and a luminance of over 20,000 cd/m2 at a low driving voltage of 6 V were achieved. The tunable, flexible QLEDs could be employed for oral cancer treatment or diabetic wound repairs in the near future. These results represent one fresh stride toward realizing QLEDs' long-term goal to enable the wide clinical adoption of photomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA. Nanoscience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Tzu-Hung Yeh
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City, Taiwan. Organic Electronics Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Juan He
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Caicai Zhang
- Nanoscience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA. Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Michael R Hamblin
- Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yingying Huang
- Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raymond J Lanzafame
- Raymond J Lanzafame MD PLLC, Rochester, NY, USA. Laser Surgical Research Laboratory, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Istvan Stadler
- Laser Surgical Research Laboratory, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Celli
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shun-Wei Liu
- Organic Electronics Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Tson Wu
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Yajie Dong
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA. Nanoscience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA. Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Polino G, Shanmugam S, Bex GJP, Abbel R, Brunetti F, Di Carlo A, Andriessen R, Galagan Y. Photonic Flash Sintering of Ink-Jet-Printed Back Electrodes for Organic Photovoltaic Applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:2325-2335. [PMID: 26704172 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b11394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A study of the photonic flash sintering of a silver nanoparticle ink printed as the back electrode for organic solar cells is presented. A number of sintering settings with different intensities and pulse durations have been tested on both full-area and grid-based silver electrodes, using the complete emission spectrum of the flash lamps from UV-A to NIR. However, none of these settings was able to produce functional devices with performances comparable to those of reference cells prepared using thermally sintered ink. Different degradation mechanisms were detected in the devices with a flash-sintered back electrode. The P3HT:PCBM photoactive layer appears to be highly heat-sensitive and turned out to be severely damaged by the high temperatures generated in the silver layer during the sintering. In addition, UV-induced photochemical degradation of the functional materials was identified as another possible source of performance deterioration in the devices with grid-based electrodes. Reducing the light intensity does not provide a proper solution because in this case the Ag electrode is not sintered sufficiently. For both types of devices, with full-area and grid-based electrodes, these problems could be solved by excluding the short wavelength contribution from the flash light spectrum using a filter. Optimized sintering parameters allowed manufacture of OPV devices with performance equal to those of the reference devices. Photonic flash sintering of the top electrode in organic solar cells was demonstrated for the first time. It reveals the great potential of this sintering method for the future roll-to-roll manufacturing of organic solar cells from solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Polino
- Holst Centre , High Tech Campus 31, 5656AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Santhosh Shanmugam
- Holst Centre - Solliance , High Tech Campus 21, 5656AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Guy J P Bex
- Holst Centre , High Tech Campus 31, 5656AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Abbel
- Holst Centre , High Tech Campus 31, 5656AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Brunetti
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Di Carlo
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ronn Andriessen
- Holst Centre - Solliance , High Tech Campus 21, 5656AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yulia Galagan
- Holst Centre - Solliance , High Tech Campus 21, 5656AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The inkjet printing of graphene is a cost-effective, and versatile deposition technique for both transparent and non-transparent conductive films. Printing graphene on paper is aimed at low-end, high-volume applications, i.e., in electromagnetic shielding, photovoltaics or, e.g., as a replacement for the metal in antennas of radio-frequency identification devices, thereby improving their recyclability and biocompatibility. Here, we present a comparison of two graphene inks, one prepared by the solubilization of expanded graphite in the presence of a surface active polymer, and the other by covalent graphene functionalization followed by redispersion in a solvent but without a surfactant. The non-oxidative functionalization of graphite in the form of a donor-type graphite intercalation compound was carried out by a Birch-type alkylation, where graphene can be viewed as a macrocarbanion. To increase the amount of functionalization we employed a graphite precursor with a high edge to bulk carbon ratio, thus, allowing us to achieve up to six weight percent of functional groups. The functionalized graphene can be readily dispersed at concentrations of up to 3 mg ml(-1) in non-toxic organic solvents, and is colloidally stable for more than 2 months. The two inks are readily inkjet printable with good to satisfactory spreading. Analysis of the sheet resistance of the deposited films demonstrated that the inks based on expanded graphite outperform the functionalized graphene inks, possibly due to the significantly larger graphene sheet size in the former, which minimizes the number of sheet-to-sheet contacts along the conductive path. We found that the sheet resistance of printed large-area films decreased with an increase of the number of printed layers. Conductivity levels reached approximately 1-2 kΩ □(-1) for 15 printing passes, which roughly equals a film thickness of 800 nm for expanded graphite based inks, and 2 MΩ □(-1) for 15 printing passes of functionalized graphene, having a film thickness of 900 nm. Our results show that ink preparation and inkjet printing of graphene-based inks is simple and efficient, and therefore has a high potential to compete with other conductive ink formulations for large-area printing of conductive films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Arapov
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry, Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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Inui T, Mandamparambil R, Araki T, Abbel R, Koga H, Nogi M, Suganuma K. Laser-induced forward transfer of high-viscosity silver precursor ink for non-contact printed electronics. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14119b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-contact printing of high-viscosity silver precursor inks was achieved to provide highly conductive lines by a laser-induced forward transfer technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Inui
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research
- Osaka University
- Ibaraki
- Japan
| | | | - Teppei Araki
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research
- Osaka University
- Ibaraki
- Japan
| | - Robert Abbel
- Holst Centre-TNO
- 5656 AE Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Hirotaka Koga
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research
- Osaka University
- Ibaraki
- Japan
| | - Masaya Nogi
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research
- Osaka University
- Ibaraki
- Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suganuma
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research
- Osaka University
- Ibaraki
- Japan
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Abbel R, Teunissen P, Rubingh E, Lammeren TV, Cauchois R, Everaars M, Valeton J, Geijn SVD, Groen P. Industrial-scale inkjet printed electronics manufacturing—production up-scaling from concept tools to a roll-to-roll pilot line. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1088/2053-1613/1/015002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
Die DöRiNGsche Berechnung der Sättigungsmagnetisierung dünner Schichten wird auf zwei weitere Schichttypen ausgedehnt. Zunächst wird eine Schicht mit einfach-kubischer Gitterstruktur und (101)-Lage der Oberfläche betrachtet und dann eine Schicht des kubisch-raumzentrierten Gitters mit (001)-Oberfläche. Dabei treten zwei neue Effekte auf: Einmal ist die Komponente des Ausbreitungsvektors senkrecht zur Oberfläche mit den anderen Komponenten gekoppelt. Zum anderen treten in beiden Fällen Oberflächenwellen auf. Zur Berechnung der Sättigungsmagnetisierung werden Näherungsannahmen gemacht, die denselben Gültigkeitsanspruch haben wie das T3/2-Gesetz. Es zeigt sich, daß bei fester Schichtlagenzahl die auf den Wert des kompakten Materials bezogene Sättigungsmagnetisierung etwas tiefer liegt als die der einfach-kubischen (001)-Schicht. Weiterhin wird untersucht, wie sich die von RADO für das kompakte Material gewonnene Abhängigkeit der lokalen Magnetisierung von dem Abstand zur Oberfläche ändert, wenn die endliche Dicke einer Schicht berücksichtigt wird.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Abbel
- Aus dem Institut für Theoretische Physik der Justus Liebig-Universität Gießen
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17
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Kaeser A, Fischer I, Abbel R, Besenius P, Dasgupta D, Gillisen MAJ, Portale G, Stevens AL, Herz LM, Schenning APHJ. Side chains control dynamics and self-sorting in fluorescent organic nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2013; 7:408-416. [PMID: 23256849 DOI: 10.1021/nn305477u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To develop fluorescent organic nanoparticles with tailored properties for imaging and sensing, full control over the size, fluorescence, stability, dynamics, and supramolecular organization of these particles is crucial. We have designed, synthesized, and fully characterized 12 nonionic fluorene co-oligomers that formed self-assembled fluorescent nanoparticles in water. In these series of molecules, the ratio of hydrophilic ethylene glycol and hydrophobic alkyl side chains was systematically altered to investigate its role on the above-mentioned properties. The nanoparticles consisting of π-conjugated oligomers containing polar ethylene glycol side chains were less stable and larger in size, while nanoparticles self-assembled from oligomers containing nonpolar pendant chains were more stable, smaller, and generally had a higher fluorescence quantum yield. Furthermore, the dynamics of the molecules between the nanoparticles was enhanced if the number of hydrophilic side chains increased. Energy transfer studies between naphthalene and benzothiadiazole fluorene co-oligomers with the same side chains showed no exchange of molecules between the particles for the apolar molecules. For the more polar systems, the exchange of molecules between nanoparticles took place at room temperature or after annealing. Self-assembled nanoparticles consisting of π-conjugated oligomers having different side chains caused self-sorting, resulting either in the formation of domains within particles or the formation of separate nanoparticles. Our results show that we can control the stability, fluorescence, dynamics, and self-sorting properties of the nanoparticles by simply changing the nature of the side chains of the π-conjugated oligomers. These findings are not only important for the field of self-assembled nanoparticles but also for the construction of well-defined multicomponent supramolecular materials in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Kaeser
- Laboratory of Functional Organic Materials and Devices, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Schmid SA, Abbel R, Schenning APHJ, Meijer EW, Herz LM. Energy transfer processes along a supramolecular chain of π-conjugated molecules. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2012; 370:3787-801. [PMID: 22753826 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the energy transfer dynamics in a supramolecular linear polymer chain comprising oligofluorene (OF) energy donor units linked by quadruple hydrogen-bonding groups, and oligophenylene (OPV) chain ends that act as energy acceptors. Using femtosecond spectroscopy, we followed the dynamics of energy transfer from the main chain of OF units to the OPV chain ends and simulated these data taking a Monte Carlo approach that included different extents of electronic wave function delocalization for the energy donor and acceptor. Best correlations between experimental and theoretical results were obtained for the assumption of electronic coupling occurring between a localized donor dipole moment and a delocalized acceptor moment. These findings emphasize that geometric relaxation following initial excitation of the donor needs to be taken into account, as it leads to a localization of the donor's excited state wave function prior to energy transfer. In addition, our simulations show that the energy transfer from the main chain to the ends is dominated by an interplay between slow and spatially limited exciton migration along the OF segments comprising the main chain and the comparatively faster hetero-transfer to the end-cap acceptors from directly adjoining OF segments. These results clearly support the description of host-guest energy transfer in linear polymer chains as a two-step mechanism with exciton diffusion in the host being a prerequisite to energy transfer to the guest.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Schmid
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
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Perelaer J, Abbel R, Wünscher S, Jani R, van Lammeren T, Schubert US. Roll-to-roll compatible sintering of inkjet printed features by photonic and microwave exposure: from non-conductive ink to 40% bulk silver conductivity in less than 15 seconds. Adv Mater 2012; 24:2620-5. [PMID: 22488908 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201104417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jolke Perelaer
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry-IOMC and Jena Center for Soft Matter-JCSM, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Abbel R, van den Boomen J, van Lammeren T, de Koning T, Valeton JJP, Meinders ER. Current Collecting Grids for R2R Processed Organic Solar Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/opl.2011.827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTExposure to highly focussed flash light (photonic flash sintering) has been developed as a technology to successfully cure printed metal inks on temperature sensitive plastic substrates. In contrast to the traditional approach of thermal oven sintering, conductivities up to 30 % of the value of bulk silver can be achieved within a few seconds without foil deformation. The compatibility of this technology with R2R production has been demonstrated with line speeds up to 5 m/min. As a consequence, our approach is expected to enable the high throughput fabrication of current collecting grids for organic solar cells in order to replace transparent electrodes based on metal oxides such as ITO. Additionally, our new sintering technology has enabled us to process a new generation of conductive inks, based on copper complexes, which cannot be processed by oven sintering.
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Gilot J, Abbel R, Lakhwani G, Meijer EW, Schenning APHJ, Meskers SCJ. Polymer photovoltaic cells sensitive to the circular polarization of light. Adv Mater 2010; 22:E131-E134. [PMID: 20641093 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200903995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gilot
- Eindhoven University of Technology, MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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22
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Schmid SA, Abbel R, Schenning APH, Meijer EW, Sijbesma RP, Herz LM. Analyzing the molecular weight distribution in supramolecular polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:17696-704. [PMID: 19904986 DOI: 10.1021/ja9080452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the formation process of supramolecular linear polymer chains and its influence on the resulting chain length distribution function. For this purpose, we explored the migration of excitation energy between oligofluorene units coupled together through quadruple hydrogen-bonding groups to form linear chains that are terminated by oligophenylene vinylene end-caps acting as energy traps. The energy transfer dynamics from the main chain to the chain end was monitored experimentally using time-resolved PL spectroscopy and compared to an equivalent Monte Carlo simulation incorporating information on the structure of the chains, the transition transfer rates, and various weight distribution trial functions. We find that the assumption of a Flory distribution of chain lengths leads to excellent agreement between experimental and simulated data for a wide range of end-cap concentrations. On the other hand, both a Poisson function and a simplified assumption of a monodisperse distribution significantly underestimate the presence of long chains in the ensemble. Our results therefore show that supramolecular polymerization is a steplike process equivalent to polycondensation reactions in linear covalent polymers. These findings emphasize that equal reactivity of the supramolecular building blocks leads to a dynamic growth process for the supramolecular chain involving all chain components at all times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan A Schmid
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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23
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Abbel R, van der Weegen R, Pisula W, Surin M, Leclère P, Lazzaroni R, Meijer E, Schenning A. Multicolour Self-Assembled Fluorene Co-Oligomers: From Molecules to the Solid State via White-Light-Emitting Organogels. Chemistry 2009; 15:9737-46. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abbel R, Grenier C, Pouderoijen MJ, Stouwdam JW, Leclère PELG, Sijbesma RP, Meijer EW, Schenning APHJ. White-light emitting hydrogen-bonded supramolecular copolymers based on pi-conjugated oligomers. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:833-43. [PMID: 19093865 DOI: 10.1021/ja807996y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three different pi-conjugated oligomers (a blue-emitting oligofluorene, a green-emitting oligo(phenylene vinylene), and a red-emitting perylene bisimide) have been functionalized with self-complementary quadruple hydrogen bonding ureidopyrimidinone (UPy) units at both ends. The molecules self-assemble in solution and in the bulk, forming supramolecular polymers. When mixed together in solution, random noncovalent copolymers are formed that contain all three types of chromophores, resulting in energy transfer upon excitation of the oligofluorene energy donor. At a certain mixing ratio, a white emissive supramolecular polymer can be created in solution. In contrast to their unfunctionalized counterparts, bis-UPy-chromophores can easily be deposited as smooth thin films on surfaces by spin coating. No phase separation is observed in these films, and energy transfer is much more efficient than in solution, giving rise to white fluorescence at much lower ratios of energy acceptor to donor. Light emitting diodes based on these supramolecular polymers have been prepared from all three types of pure materials, yielding blue, green, and red devices, respectively. At appropriate mixing ratios of these three compounds, white electroluminescence is observed. This approach yields a toolbox of molecules that can be easily used to construct pi-conjugated supramolecular polymers with a variety of compositions, high solution viscosities, and tuneable emission colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Abbel
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Abbel R, Wolffs M, Bovee RAA, van Dongen JLJ, Lou X, Henze O, Feast WJ, Meijer EW, Schenning APHJ. Side-Chain Degradation of Ultrapure π-Conjugated Oligomers: Implications for Organic Electronics. Adv Mater 2009; 21:597-602. [PMID: 21161989 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200802416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Abbel
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P. O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven (The Netherlands)
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Abbel R, van der Weegen R, Meijer EW, Schenning APHJ. Multicolour self-assembled particles of fluorene-based bolaamphiphiles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:1697-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b822943k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Abbel
- Molecular Science and Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albertus P. H. J. Schenning
- Molecular Science and Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Molecular Science and Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] A coupling protocol has been developed which allows the synthesis of oligo(p-benzamide)s on solid support. Aromatic carboxylic acids are activated in situ with thionyl chloride and used to acylate secondary aromatic amines. N-p-Methoxy benzyl (PMB) as well as N-hexyl protected monomers were investigated. Heterosequences of both monomers were synthesized. Such nanoscale objects are important building blocks for supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M König
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Institut für Organische Chemie, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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Schleuss TW, Abbel R, Gross M, Schollmeyer D, Frey H, Maskos M, Berger R, Kilbinger AFM. Hockey-Puck Micelles from Oligo(p-benzamide)-b-PEG Rod–Coil Block Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:2969-75. [PMID: 16568479 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200503514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias W Schleuss
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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Schleuss TW, Abbel R, Gross M, Schollmeyer D, Frey H, Maskos M, Berger R, Kilbinger AFM. Hockeypuck-Micellen aus Oligo(p-benzamid)-b-PEG-Stab-Knäuel-Blockcopolymeren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200503514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abbel R, Schleuss TW, Frey H, Kilbinger AFM. Rod-Length Dependent Aggregation in a Series of Oligo(p-benzamide)-Block-Poly(ethylene glycol) Rod-Coil Copolymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200500259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
A set of fluorene oligomers has been synthesized by stepwise palladium-catalyzed (Suzuki) couplings of fluorene monomers. Ureidopyrimidinones (UPy), functional groups that can dimerize via quadruple hydrogen bonds, were attached to both ends of the oligofluorenes. The resulting bis-UPy-terminated oligomers self-assemble into supramolecular chain polymers. For comparison, oligofluorenes of the same oligomer lengths but without terminal hydrogen-bonding groups were synthesized. Chains of hydrogen-bonded fluorenes can be simply endcapped by a variety of chain stoppers, molecules that have one UPy group. In this manner, we have endcapped the hydrogen-bonded fluorene chains with either oligo(p-phenylenevinylene) or perylene bisimide. Energy-transfer experiments in solution and the solid state demonstrate that oligofluorenes can donate energy to a variety of energy acceptors, but that this energy transfer occurs most effectively when the donor fluorene is hydrogen-bonded to the acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Dudek
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Abbel R, Frey H, Schollmeyer D, Kilbinger AFM. Soluble Oligoaramide Precursors?A Novel Class of Building Blocks for Rod-Coil Architectures. Chemistry 2005; 11:2170-6. [PMID: 15714532 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200401085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new synthetic route is described that allows the reversible conversion of the inherently insoluble oligo-p-benzamides into soluble materials through the formation of imidoyl chlorides. Syntheses of the corresponding dimer, trimer, and tetramer are reported; these compounds can easily be purified by crystallization and are accessible on the multigram scale. Structural proof was obtained by single-crystal X-ray structures of the trimer and tetramer precursors. They can be selectively functionalized into amides or esters at the terminal carboxylic acid group followed by hydrolysis of the imidoyl chlorides to the parent amides. This new class of compounds gives access to strongly aggregating rigid rodlike materials in few synthetic steps, as is demonstrated by the preparation of poly(ethylene glycol)-co-oligo(p-benzamide) rod-coil block copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Abbel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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Abdur-Rashid K, Abbel R, Hadzovic A, Lough AJ, Morris RH. Chemistry of Ruthenium(II) Monohydride and Dihydride Complexes Containing Pyridyl Donor Ligands Including Catalytic Ketone H2-Hydrogenation1. Inorg Chem 2005; 44:2483-92. [PMID: 15792487 DOI: 10.1021/ic0489387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study we determine the changes to the properties of dihydride catalysts for ketone H2-hydrogenation by successively replacing the amine donors in the known dach complex RuH2(PPh3)2(dach) (2a), dach = 1,2-(R,R)-diaminocyclohexane, with one pyridyl group in the corresponding 2-(aminomethyl)pyridine (ampy) complexes RuH2(PPh3)2(ampy) (2b) and with two pyridyl groups in the complexes RuH2(PPh3)2(bipy) (2c) and RuH2(PPh3)2(phen) (2d). The ruthenium monohydride complex, (OC-6-54)-RuHCl(PPh3)2(ampy), (1b with Cl trans to H) was prepared by the addition of 1 equiv of ampy to RuHCl(PPh3)3 in THF. Treatment of the monohydride complex with K[BH(sec-Bu)3] in THF or KOtBu/H2 in toluene resulted in the formation of a mixture of at least two isomers of the highly reactive, air-sensitive ruthenium dihydride complex 2b. One is the cis dihydride (OC-6-14)-2b or more simply c,t-2b with trans PPh3 groups and another is the cis dihydride c,c-2b (OC-6-42) that has PPh3 trans to H and PPh3 trans to N(pyridyl). The isomer c,c-2b slowly converts to c,t-2b in solution. The reaction of 1b with KOtBu under Ar results in the formation of a mixture that includes a complex with an imino ligand HN=CH-2-py while the same reaction under H2 leads to c,c-2b and then c,t-2b. The dach complex c,t-2a, reacts with ampy, 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy), and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) in refluxing THF to form the substituted cis-dihydride complexes c,t-2b, (OC-6-13)-RuH2(PPh3)2(bipy) (c,t-2c with trans PPh3 groups) and (OC-6-13)-RuH2(PPh3)2(phen), c,t-2d, respectively. The dihydrides containing amino groups and cis-PPh3 groups, i.e., c,c-2a or c,c-2b, are active precatalysts for the H2-hydrogenation of acetophenone (neat or in benzene) under mild reaction conditions, whereas those with trans-PPh3 groups, c,t-2a and c,t-2b are much less active. The combination of ampy complex 1b and KOtBu also provides a catalyst in benzene that is more active than the corresponding dach system. The complexes without amino groups c,t-2c and c,t-2d are air-stable and inactive as hydrogenation catalysts under comparable conditions. The mechanism of hydrogenation of ketones catalyzed by isomers of 2a,b is thought to be similar and to proceed via a trans-dihydride complex, t,c-2a or t,c-2b, and an amido complex, neither of which are directly observed for the ampy complexes. The dihydride complex c,t-2b reacts with formic acid to give (OC-6-45)-RuH(OCHO)(PPh3)2(ampy), 3b, with formate trans to hydride. The structures of 1b, c,t-2b, c,t-2c, and 3b have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaluddin Abdur-Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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Abbel R, Abdur-Rashid K, Faatz M, Hadzovic A, Lough AJ, Morris RH. A Succession of Isomers of Ruthenium Dihydride Complexes. Which One Is the Ketone Hydrogenation Catalyst? J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:1870-82. [PMID: 15701022 DOI: 10.1021/ja039396f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of RuHCl(PPh(3))(2)(diamine) (1a, diamine = (R,R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, (R,R)-dach; 1b, diamine = ethylenediamine, en) with KO(t)Bu in benzene quickly generates solutions of the amido-amine complexes RuH(PPh(3))(2)(NHC(6)H(10)NH(2)), (2a'), and RuH(PPh(3))(2)(NHCH(2)CH(2)NH(2)), (2b'), respectively. These solutions react with dihydrogen to first produce the trans-dihydrides (OC-6-22)-Ru(H)(2)(PPh(3))(2)(diamine) (t,c-3a, t,c-3b). Cold solutions (-20 degrees C) containing trans-dihydride t,c-3a react with acetophenone under Ar to give (S)-1-phenylethanol (63% ee). Complexes t,c-3 have lifetimes of less than 10 min at 20 degrees and then isomerize to the cis-dihydride, cis-bisphosphine isomers (OC-6-32)-Ru(H)(2)(PPh(3))(2)(diamine) (Delta/Lambda-c,c-3a, c,c-3b). A solution containing mainly Delta/Lambda-c,c-3a reacts with acetophenone under Ar to give (S)-1-phenylethanol in 20% ee, whereas it is an active precatalyst for its hydrogenation under 5 atm H(2) to give 1-phenylethanol with an ee of 50-60%. Complexes c,c-3 isomerize to the cis-dihydride, trans-bisphosphine complexes (OC-6-13)-Ru(H)(2)(PPh(3))(2)(diamine) (c,t-3a, c,t-3b) with half-lives of 40 min and 1 h, respectively. A mixture of Delta/Lambda-c,c-3a and c,t-3a can also be obtained by reaction of 1a with KBH(Bu(sec))(3). A solution of complex c,t-3a in benzene under Ar reacts very slowly with acetophenone. These results indicate that the trans-dihydrides t,c-3a or t,c-3b along with the corresponding amido-amine complexes 2a' or 2b' are the active hydrogenation catalysts in benzene, while the cis-dihydrides c,c-3a or c,c-3b serve as precatalysts. The complexes RuCl(2)(PPh(3))(2)((R,R)-dach) or 1a, when activated by KO(t)Bu, are also sources of the active catalysts. A study of the kinetics of the hydrogenation of acetophenone in benzene catalyzed by 3a indicates a rate law: rate = k[c,c-3a](initial)[H(2)] with k = 7.5 M(-1) s(-1). The turnover-limiting step appears to be the reaction of 2a' with dihydrogen as it is for RuH(NHCMe(2)CMe(2)NH(2))(PPh(3))(2) (2c'). The catalysts are more active in 2-propanol, even without added base, and the kinetic behavior is complicated. The basic cis-dihydride c,t-3a reacts with [NEt(3)H]BPh(4) to produce the dihydrogen complex (OC-14)-[Ru(eta(2)-H(2))(H)(PPh(3))(2)((R,R)-dach)]BPh(4) (4) and with diphenylphosphinic acid to give the complex RuH(O(2)PPh(2))(PPh(3))(2)((R,R)-dach) (5). The structure of 5 models aspects of the transition state structure for the ketone hydrogenation step. Complex 2b' decomposes rapidly under Ar to give dihydrides 3b along with a dinuclear complex (PPh(3))(2)HRu(mu-eta(2);eta(4)-NHCHCHNH)RuH(PPh(3))(2) (6) containing a rare, bridging 1,4-diazabutadiene group. The formation of an imine by beta-hydride elimination from the amido-amine ligand of 2a' under Ar might explain some loss of enantioselectivity of the catalyst. The structures of complexes 1a, 5, and 6 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Abbel
- Davenport Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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