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Abstract
The field of tissue engineering has advanced over the past decade, but the largest impact on human health should be achieved with the transition of engineered solid organs to the clinic. The number of patients suffering from solid organ disease continues to increase, with over 100 000 patients on the U.S. national waitlist and approximately 730 000 deaths in the United States resulting from end-stage organ disease annually. While flat, tubular, and hollow nontubular engineered organs have already been implanted in patients, in vitro formation of a fully functional solid organ at a translatable scale has not yet been achieved. Thus, one major goal is to bioengineer complex, solid organs for transplantation, composed of patient-specific cells. Among the myriad of approaches attempted to engineer solid organs, 3D bioprinting offers unmatched potential. This review highlights the structural complexity which must be engineered at nano-, micro-, and mesostructural scales to enable organ function. We showcase key advances in bioprinting solid organs with complex vascular networks and functioning microstructures, advances in biomaterials science that have enabled this progress, the regulatory hurdles the field has yet to overcome, and cutting edge technologies that bring us closer to the promise of engineered solid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Jorgensen
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - James J Yoo
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Shi J, Ma X, Gao Y, Fan D, Zhu C, Mi Y, Xue W. Hydroxylation of Human Type III Collagen Alpha Chain by Recombinant Coexpression with a Viral Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase in Escherichia coli. Protein J 2017; 36:322-331. [PMID: 28589291 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-017-9723-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
High-level expression of recombinant collagen by genetic engineering is urgently required. Recombinant collagen is different from natural collagen in its hydroxyproline (Hyp) content and thermal stability. To obtain hydroxylated collagen for applications in biomedicine and biomaterials, the human collagen α1(III) chain was co-expressed with the viral prolyl 4-hydroxylase A085R in Escherichia coli. Unlike previous reports using human prolyl 4-hydroxylase, this study examined the hydroxylation of full-length human collagen α1(III) chain (COL3A1) by viral prolyl 4-hydroxylase. The genes encoding these two proteins were controlled by different promoters, Ptac and PRPL, on a recombinant pKK223-3 plasmid. The sequencing results verified that the target genes were successfully inserted into the recombinant vector. Based on quantitative PCR, SDS-PAGE, and western blotting, successful expression by E. coli BL21(DE3) was detected at the mRNA and protein levels for both loci. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) results suggested that the highest Hyp yield was obtained when the two proteins were induced with 0.5 mM IPTG and heat-shock treatment at 50 °C, corresponding to high enzyme expression and low human collagen α1(III) chain expression levels. A biological activity analysis indicated that the recombinant collagen with the highest hydroxylation level supported the growth of baby hamster kidney cells, similar to observations for native collagen. The production of hydroxylated collagen in this study establishes a new method for collagen hydroxylation and provides a basis for the application of recombinant collagen expressed in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Shi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
- Shanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
- Shanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
- Shanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China.
- Shanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
- Shanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Mi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
- Shanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenjiao Xue
- Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Microbiology, Xi'an, 710043, China
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Bodenberger N, Kubiczek D, Paul P, Preising N, Weber L, Bosch R, Hausmann R, Gottschalk KE, Rosenau F. Beyond bread and beer: whole cell protein extracts from baker's yeast as a bulk source for 3D cell culture matrices. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:1907-1917. [PMID: 27864602 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7982-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present a novel approach to form hydrogels from yeast whole cell protein. Countless hydrogels are available for sophisticated research, but their fabrication is often difficult to reproduce, with the gels being complicated to handle or simply too expensive. The yeast hydrogels presented here are polymerized using a four-armed, amine reactive crosslinker and show a high chemical and thermal resistance. The free water content was determined by measuring swelling ratios for different protein concentrations, and in a freeze-drying approach, pore sizes of up to 100 μm in the gel could be created without destabilizing the 3D network. Elasticity was proofed to be adjustable with the help of atomic force microscopy by merely changing the amount of used protein. Furthermore, the material was tested for possible cell culture applications; diffusion rates in the network are high enough for sufficient supply of human breast cancer cells and adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells with nutrition, and cells showed high viabilities when tested for compatibility with the material. Furthermore, hydrogels could be functionalized with RGD peptide and the optimal concentration for sufficient cell adhesion was determined to be 150 μM. Given that yeast protein is one of the cheapest and easiest available protein sources and that hydrogels are extremely easy to handle, the developed material has highly promising potential for both sophisticated cell culture techniques as well as for larger scale industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Bodenberger
- Centre for Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dennis Kubiczek
- Centre for Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrick Paul
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nico Preising
- Centre for Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lukas Weber
- Centre for Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ramona Bosch
- Bioprocess Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rudolf Hausmann
- Bioprocess Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kay-Eberhard Gottschalk
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Rosenau
- Centre for Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
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Xiao X, Liu Z, Chen Y, Wang G, Li X, Fang Z, Huang S, Liu Z, Yan Y, Xu L. Over-expression of activeCandida rugosa lip1inPichia pastorisvia high cell-density fermentation and its application to resolve racemic ibuprofen. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2016. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2016.1168815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Xu J, Wang LN, Zhu CH, Fan DD, Ma XX, Mi Y, Xing JY. Co-expression of recombinant human prolyl with human collagen α1 (III) chains in two yeast systems. Lett Appl Microbiol 2015; 61:259-66. [PMID: 26031396 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In this study, we co-expressed the human prolyl 4-hydroxylases (P4H) with human collagen α1 (III) (COL3A1) in an inducible system: Pichia pastoris (pPICZB), and one constitutive system: P. pastoris (pGAPZαB). The P4H catalyses the post-translational hydroxylation of proline residues in collagen strands. Conventional protein expression system such as bacteria and yeasts, which lack endogenous P4H, are not efficient for the production of recombinant collagen. In this study, the P4H gene was constructed in pGAPZαB plasmid and pPICZB plasmid respectively. These two plasmids were transformed in P. pastoris #1 that carrying COL3A1. Colony PCR analysis and sequencing after electroporation P. pastoris GS115 showed that the target gene had inserted successfully. The results of reverse transcript-qPCR, SDS-PAGE, Western blotting and LC-MS/MS analysis of the rhCOL3A1 demonstrated that the P4H was expressed successfully. Besides, it is noted that low copy number, constitutive system was suitable for hydroxylated rhCOL3A1. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Successful co-expression of recombinant human collagen α1 (III) (rhCOL3A1) and human prolyl 4-hydroxylases (P4H) in Picha pastoris GS115, simultaneously results in the acquisition of rhCOL3A1 with hydroxylation of proline (Hyp). Further, this experiment also discusses that the high or low copy numbers and different promoters affect the Hyp degree of rhCOL3A1. Selecting more appropriate strains can express high degree Hyp of rhCOL3A1. This work will be helpful to the collagen structure study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of chemical engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - L N Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of chemical engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - C H Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of chemical engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - D D Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of chemical engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - X X Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of chemical engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Y Mi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of chemical engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - J Y Xing
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of chemical engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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Abstract
The biomacromolecule, gelatin, has increasingly been used in biomedicine-beyond its traditional use in food and cosmetics. The appealing advantages of gelatin, such as its cell-adhesive structure, low cost, off-the-shelf availability, high biocompatibility, biodegradability and low immunogenicity, among others, have made it a desirable candidate for the development of biomaterials for tissue engineering and drug delivery. Gelatin can be formulated in the form of nanoparticles, employed as size-controllable porogen, adopted as surface coating agent and mixed with synthetic or natural biopolymers forming composite scaffolds. In this article, we review recent advances in the versatile applications of gelatin within biomedical context and attempt to draw upon its advantages and potential challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Su
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, VIC, 3169, Australia
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, N22-6011, Taipa, Macau, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.
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Yang X, Zhu L, Tada S, Zhou D, Kitajima T, Isoshima T, Yoshida Y, Nakamura M, Yan W, Ito Y. Mussel-inspired human gelatin nanocoating for creating biologically adhesive surfaces. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:2753-65. [PMID: 24920909 PMCID: PMC4045085 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s60624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human gelatin was conjugated with dopamine using carbodiimide as a surface modifier. This dopamine-coupled human gelatin (D-rhG) was characterized by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy, and circular dichroism. D-rhG-coated surface properties were analyzed by physicochemical methods. Additionally, cell attachment and growth on the modified surfaces was assessed using human umbilical endothelial cells. Binding of gelatin onto titanium was significantly enhanced by dopamine conjugation. The thickness of the D-rhG coating depended on the treatment pH; thicker layers were formed at higher pH values, with a maximum thickness of 30 nm. D-rhG enhanced the binding of collagen-binding vascular endothelial growth factor and cell adhesion as compared with gelatin alone, even at the same surface concentration. The D-rhG surface modifier enhanced substrate binding by creating an adhesive nanointerface that increased specific protein binding and cell attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan ; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Zhu
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Seiichi Tada
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Di Zhou
- Emergent Bioengineering Materials Research Team, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, Saitama
| | | | | | - Yasuhiro Yoshida
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan ; Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido
| | - Mariko Nakamura
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan ; Dental Hygiene Program, Kibi International College, Okayama, Japan
| | - Weiqun Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan ; Emergent Bioengineering Materials Research Team, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, Saitama
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Sha C, Yu XW, Lin NX, Zhang M, Xu Y. Enhancement of lipase r27RCL production in Pichia pastoris by regulating gene dosage and co-expression with chaperone protein disulfide isomerase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 53:438-43. [PMID: 24315648 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pichia pastoris has been successfully used in the production of many secreted and intracellular recombinant proteins, but there is still a large room of improvement for this expression system. Two factors drastically influence the lipase r27RCL production from Rhizopus chinensis CCTCC M201021, which are gene dosage and protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Regarding the effect of gene dosage, the enzyme activity for recombinant strain with three copies lipase gene was 1.95-fold higher than that for recombinant strain with only one copy lipase gene. In addition, the lipase production was further improved by co-expression with chaperone PDI involved in the disulfide bond formation in the ER. Overall, the maximum enzyme activity reached 355U/mL by the recombinant strain with one copy chaperone gene PDI plus five copies lipase gene proRCL in shaking flasks, which was 2.74-fold higher than that for the control strain with only one copy lipase gene. Overall, co-expression with PDI vastly increased the capacity for processing proteins of ER in P. pastoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
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