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Filip E, Woronko K, Stępień E, Czarniecka N. An Overview of Factors Affecting the Functional Quality of Common Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087524. [PMID: 37108683 PMCID: PMC10142556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important crops worldwide, and, as a resilient cereal, it grows in various climatic zones. Due to changing climatic conditions and naturally occurring environmental fluctuations, the priority problem in the cultivation of wheat is to improve the quality of the crop. Biotic and abiotic stressors are known factors leading to the deterioration of wheat grain quality and to crop yield reduction. The current state of knowledge on wheat genetics shows significant progress in the analysis of gluten, starch, and lipid genes responsible for the synthesis of the main nutrients in the endosperm of common wheat grain. By identifying these genes through transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics studies, we influence the creation of high-quality wheat. In this review, previous works were assessed to investigate the significance of genes, puroindolines, starches, lipids, and the impact of environmental factors, as well as their effects on the wheat grain quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Filip
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 13 Wąska, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Karolina Woronko
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 13 Wąska, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Edyta Stępień
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, Adama Mickiewicza 16, 70-383 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Natalia Czarniecka
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 13 Wąska, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland
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Liu Z, Liu D, Fu X, Du X, Zhang Y, Zhen W, Li S, Yang H, He S, Li R. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed the regulatory mechanism of sulfur application in grain yield and protein content in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:935516. [PMID: 36186031 PMCID: PMC9523790 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.935516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur fertilizers play an important role in increasing the yield and improving the dough quality of bread wheat, but their regulatory mechanism remains unclear. In this study, 0 kg·ha-1 (S0) and 60 kg·ha-1 (S60) of sulfur were applied on the anthesis date; subsequently, immature wheat grains at 8, 13, and 18 days post-anthesis (DPA) were subjected to integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to investigate the changes in the gene/metabolite activity in a typical strong-gluten wheat, Gaoyou2018 (GY2018). Our data show that the S60 treatment could significantly increase the grain yield and grain protein content by 13.2 and 3.6%, respectively. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that 10,694 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were induced by S60 from 8 to 18 DPA when compared with their corresponding no-sulfur controls, and most DEGs were mainly involved in lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism pathways. Ninety-seven MYB transcription factors (TFs) were identified as responsive to the S60 treatment; of these, 66 showed significantly differential expression at 13 DPA, and MYB118 might participate in the process of sulfur metabolism by regulating glucosinolate synthesis. In total, 542 significantly enriched differentially expressed (DE) metabolites (DEMs) were identified following the S60 treatment, which mainly included secondary metabolites, carbohydrates, and amino acids. Several metabolites (e.g., glutathione, sucrose, GDP-alpha-D-glucose, and amino acids) exhibited altered abundances following the S60 treatment. The combination of transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses highlighted the important role of amino acid metabolism (especially cysteine, methionine, and glutathione metabolism) and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways after S60 application. Our results provide valuable information enhancing our understanding of the molecular mechanism of the response to sulfur and provide useful clues for grain protein quality formation and yield improvement in bread wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Wheat Breeding Center, Gaocheng Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dongcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoyi Fu
- Wheat Research Center, Shijiazhuang Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiong Du
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yuechen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Wenchao Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Haichuan Yang
- Wheat Breeding Center, Gaocheng Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Suqin He
- Agricultural Technology Promotion Center, Gaocheng Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ruiqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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3
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Li Y, Lu C, Zhu N, Chao J, Hu W, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Liang L, Chen J, Xu D, Gao Y, Zhao J. Mobilization and methylation of mercury with sulfur addition in paddy soil: Implications for integrated water-sulfur management in controlling Hg accumulation in rice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128447. [PMID: 35158248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur-fertilizer is commonly applied in croplands and in immobilizing Hg in contaminated soil. However, there is still great uncertainty and controversy concerning Hg transportability and transformation when supplying sulfur in paddies with complex conditions. Herein, we explored the effect of adding sulfate in paddy soil at different rice growth stages on soil Hg release and MeHg accumulation in rice and uncovered the correlation between sulfur induced MeHg production and the dynamically changed soil Eh, dissolved Fe, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In specific, sulfate addition at early stages (flooding period) triggered the decrease of Eh and increase of DOC and dissolved Fe, which in turn promoted Hg release and favored MeHg generation (increased by 235.19-555.07% vs control). Interestingly, adding sulfate at late stages (drainage condition), as compared with that at early stages, alleviated Hg release and MeHg production accompanied by the increase of Eh and decrease of dissolved Fe and DOC. The microcosmic experiment further confirmed the reduction of sulfate to sulfide promoted the change of Eh, thereby stimulating HgS dissolution in soil extract. The results give clues on the rational application of sulfur-fertilizer and through the water-sulfur fertilizer management considering the correspondingly changed soil conditions to diminish Hg bioavailability and MeHg production in paddies and paddy-like environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Chang Lu
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Nali Zhu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jiang Chao
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Wenjun Hu
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China.
| | - Yongjie Wang
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lichun Liang
- Agricultural and rural Bureau of Dehua County, 362500, Fujian China
| | - Jinkan Chen
- Agricultural and rural Bureau of Dehua County, 362500, Fujian China
| | - Diandou Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Division of Nuclear Technology and Applications, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuxi Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Division of Nuclear Technology and Applications, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiating Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Division of Nuclear Technology and Applications, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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4
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Zhang X, Chu J, Dong S, Zheng F, Bai H, Liu M, Dai X, He M. Chain Terminators and Glutathione Weaken Wheat Dough under Excess Nitrogen Input. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:5357-5368. [PMID: 35442674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An excessive nitrogen (N) supply may weaken dough due to an imbalance between N and sulfur (S) in the grains. However, the mechanism underlying the weakening effect of excessive N supply has yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the N rate × S rate interaction on the ratio of N to S (N/S ratio), grain protein concentration, amount and composition of protein fractions, and dough properties of a bread wheat cultivar. The concentrations of glutathione and modified gliadins with an odd number of cysteine residues (potential chain terminators for glutenins) were also examined. The results revealed that the weakening effect of excess N input is closely associated with an increased gliadin/glutenin ratio, reduced low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit concentrations, and the degree of polymerization of glutenin. More importantly, we found that the increased concentrations of glutathione and chain terminators in grains are involved in the modification of the polymerization degree in glutenins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural of Affairs, Agronomy College of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jinpeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural of Affairs, Agronomy College of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Shuxin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural of Affairs, Agronomy College of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Feina Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural of Affairs, Agronomy College of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Hui Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural of Affairs, Agronomy College of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Manyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural of Affairs, Agronomy College of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xinglong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural of Affairs, Agronomy College of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Mingrong He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural of Affairs, Agronomy College of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, P.R. China
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5
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Arata GJ, Martínez M, Elguezábal C, Rojas D, Cristos D, Dinolfo MI, Arata AF. Effects of sowing date, nitrogen fertilization, and Fusarium graminearum in an Argentinean bread wheat: Integrated analysis of disease parameters, mycotoxin contamination, grain quality, and seed deterioration. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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N Partitioning between Gluten Fractions in a Set of Italian Durum Wheat Cultivars: Role of the Grain N Content. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111684. [PMID: 33217983 PMCID: PMC7698631 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grain protein content constitutes a key quality trait for durum wheat end-products and may also impact grain protein composition. A total of sixteen durum wheat cultivars were analyzed in a field trial during two seasons at two nitrogen (N) levels to evaluate whether and to what extent the variation in total grain N was associated with variation in the quantity of the various protein fractions and grain quality parameters. Genotypic variation in grain N content correlated with the variation in the content of all three protein fractions, although the strength of the correlation with gliadin and albumin-globulin was higher than that with glutenins. Genotypic variation in gliadin and glutenin content was more tightly correlated with the variation in the sulfur (S)-rich protein groups than with the S-poor protein groups and subunits. The variation in the percentage of unextractable polymeric proteins (UPP%) among genotypes was independent of their glutenin allelic composition. The significant genotypic differences in UPP% and in the ratios between protein groups and subunits were not influenced by the corresponding variation in grain N content. The final grain N content can only account for part of the variation in quality parameters and in the partitioning of total grain N between protein fractions since genotypic differences other than grain N content also contribute to these variations.
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7
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Rossmann A, Scherf K, Rühl G, Greef J, Mühling K. Effects of a late N fertiliser dose on storage protein composition and bread volume of two wheat varieties differing in quality. J Cereal Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2020.102944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Dier M, Hüther L, Schulze WX, Erbs M, Köhler P, Weigel HJ, Manderscheid R, Zörb C. Elevated Atmospheric CO 2 Concentration Has Limited Effect on Wheat Grain Quality Regardless of Nitrogen Supply. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3711-3721. [PMID: 32105067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (e[CO2]) can decrease the grain quality of wheat. However, little information exists concerning interactions between e[CO2] and nitrogen fertilization on important grain quality traits. To investigate this, a 2-year free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment was conducted with two CO2 (393 and 600 ppm) and three (deficiency, adequate, and excess) nitrogen levels. Concentrations of flour proteins (albumins/globulins, gliadins, and glutenins) and key minerals (iron, zinc, and sulfur) and baking quality (loaf volume) were markedly increased by increasing nitrogen levels and varied between years. e[CO2] resulted in slightly decreased albumin/globulin and total gluten concentration under all nitrogen conditions, whereas loaf volume and mineral concentrations remained unaffected. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed strong effects of nitrogen supply and year on the grain proteome. Under adequate nitrogen, the grain proteome was affected by e[CO2] with 19 downregulated and 17 upregulated protein spots. The downregulated proteins comprised globulins but no gluten proteins. e[CO2] resulted in decreased crude protein concentration at maximum loaf volume. The present study contrasts with other FACE studies showing markedly stronger negative impacts of e[CO2] on chemical grain quality, and the reasons for that might be differences between genotypes, soil conditions, or the extent of growth stimulation by e[CO2].
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Dier
- Institute of Crop Science, Quality of Plant Products, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 25, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
- Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Bundesallee 65, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Liane Hüther
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 37, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Waltraud X Schulze
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martin Erbs
- German Agricultural Research Alliance-Deutsche Agrarforschungsallianz (DAFA), Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany
- Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Bundesallee 65, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Köhler
- Biotask AG, Schelztorstr. 54-56, D-73728 Esslingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Weigel
- Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Bundesallee 65, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Remy Manderscheid
- Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Bundesallee 65, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Zörb
- Institute of Crop Science, Quality of Plant Products, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 25, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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9
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Xue C, Matros A, Mock HP, Mühling KH. Protein Composition and Baking Quality of Wheat Flour as Affected by Split Nitrogen Application. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:642. [PMID: 31156690 PMCID: PMC6530357 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Baking quality of wheat flour is determined by grain protein concentration (GPC) and its composition and is highly influenced by environmental factors such as nitrogen (N) fertilization management. This study investigated the effect of split N application on grain protein composition and baking quality of two winter wheat cultivars, Tobak and JB Asano, belonging to different baking quality classes. Bread loaf volumes in both cultivars were enhanced by split N application. In contrast, GPC was only significantly increased in JB Asano. Comparative 2-DE revealed that the relative volumes of 21 and 28 unique protein spots were significantly changed by split N application in Tobak and JB Asano, respectively. Specifically, the alterations in relative abundance of certain proteins, i.e., globulins, LMW-GS, α-, and γ-gliadins as well as α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors were more sensitive to split N application. Furthermore, certain proteins identified as globulins and alpha-amylase inhibitors were changed in both wheat cultivars under split N application. These results implied that the functions of these unique proteins might have played important roles in affecting baking quality of wheat flour, especially for cultivars (i.e., Tobak in the present study) the baking quality of which is less dependent on GPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xue
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrea Matros
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Karl-Hermann Mühling
- Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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10
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11
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Wollmer AC, Pitann B, Mühling KH. Grain storage protein concentration and composition of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as affected by waterlogging events during stem elongation or ear emergence. J Cereal Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Geilfus CM. Review on the significance of chlorine for crop yield and quality. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 270:114-122. [PMID: 29576063 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The chloride concentration in the plant determines yield and quality formation for two reasons. First, chlorine is a mineral nutrient and deficiencies thereof induce metabolic problems that interfere with growth. However, due to low requirement of most crops, deficiency of chloride hardly appears in the field. Second, excess of chloride, an event that occurs under chloride-salinity, results in severe physiological dysfunctions impairing both quality and yield formation. The chloride ion can effect quality of plant-based products by conferring a salty taste that decreases market appeal of e.g. fruit juices and beverages. However, most of the quality impairments are based on physiological dysfunctions that arise under conditions of chloride-toxicity: Shelf life of persimmon is shortened due to an autocatalytic ethylene production in fruit tissues. High concentrations of chloride in the soil can increase phyto-availability of the heavy metal cadmium, accumulating in wheat grains above dietary intake thresholds. When crops are cultivated on soils that are moderately salinized by chloride, nitrate fertilization might be a strategy to suppress uptake of chloride by means of an antagonistic anion-anion uptake competition. Overall, knowledge about proteins that catalyse chloride-efflux out of the roots or that restrict xylem loading is needed to engineer more resistant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph-Martin Geilfus
- Controlled Environment Horticulture, Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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13
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Hellemans T, Landschoot S, Dewitte K, Van Bockstaele F, Vermeir P, Eeckhout M, Haesaert G. Impact of Crop Husbandry Practices and Environmental Conditions on Wheat Composition and Quality: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2491-2509. [PMID: 29488761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The increasing interest in the production of bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) with specific quality traits requires a shift from the current breeding goal, being yield, to improved compositional and, consequently, functional traits. Since wheat is a key food crop, this must be attained while maintaining or even further increasing yield. Furthermore, as compositional requirements for specific applications are not well-defined, both protein and gluten content as well as the enzymatic activity remain most important. Given that these traits are majorly impacted by both genotype and environment, it is very complex to predict and ultimately control them. Different strategies, such as applying optimized agronomic practices, can temper these uncontrollable determinants which are equally important to steer wheat quality. As current research on their contribution to specific traits is highly fragmented, this report provides a comprehensive review of the influence of crop husbandry and environmental conditions on wheat yield and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hellemans
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering , Ghent University , Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1 , BE-9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - S Landschoot
- Department of Data-Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering , Ghent University , Coupure Links 653 , BE-9000 Ghent , Belgium
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering , Ghent University , Diepestraat 1 , BE-9820 Bottelare , Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - K Dewitte
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering , Ghent University , Diepestraat 1 , BE-9820 Bottelare , Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - F Van Bockstaele
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering , Ghent University , Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1 , BE-9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - P Vermeir
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering , Ghent University , Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1 , BE-9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - M Eeckhout
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering , Ghent University , Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1 , BE-9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - G Haesaert
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering , Ghent University , Diepestraat 1 , BE-9820 Bottelare , Merelbeke , Belgium
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Koprivova A, Kopriva S. Sulfur metabolism and its manipulation in crops. J Genet Genomics 2016; 43:623-629. [PMID: 27582269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koprivova
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
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15
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Giuliani MM, Palermo C, De Santis MA, Mentana A, Pompa M, Giuzio L, Masci S, Centonze D, Flagella Z. Differential Expression of Durum Wheat Gluten Proteome under Water Stress during Grain Filling. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:6501-12. [PMID: 26138860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stress during grain filling may affect wheat protein composition, thus influencing its final quality. A proteomic approach was used to evaluate changes in storage protein composition under water stress of two Italian durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) cultivars, Ciccio and Svevo. The high-molecular-weight glutenin region increased progressively in both cultivars and under two water regimens. The L48-35 region, corresponding to low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenin subunits, increased slightly during grain development and decreased under water stress in both cultivars. In particular, an s-type LMW related to superior technological quality was down-expressed in the early-mid period in Svevo and in the mid-late period in Ciccio. Finally, the L<35 region, corresponding to gliadin-like proteins, decreased slightly during grain development and increased under stress in both cultivars. Several α-gliadins, associated with immunological potential, increased their expression under water stress, especially in Svevo in the early-mid stage of grain filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Michela Giuliani
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente (SAFE), Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Carmen Palermo
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente (SAFE), Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Michele Andrea De Santis
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente (SAFE), Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Mentana
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente (SAFE), Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Marianna Pompa
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente (SAFE), Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigia Giuzio
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente (SAFE), Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Stefania Masci
- §Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente (SAFE), Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Zina Flagella
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente (SAFE), Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
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Dai Z, Plessis A, Vincent J, Duchateau N, Besson A, Dardevet M, Prodhomme D, Gibon Y, Hilbert G, Pailloux M, Ravel C, Martre P. Transcriptional and metabolic alternations rebalance wheat grain storage protein accumulation under variable nitrogen and sulfur supply. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 83:326-43. [PMID: 25996785 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain storage proteins (GSPs) are major determinants of flour end-use value. Biological and molecular mechanisms underlying the developmental and nutritional determination of GSP accumulation in cereals are as yet poorly understood. Here we timed the accumulation of GSPs during wheat grain maturation relative to changes in metabolite and transcript pools in different conditions of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) availability. We found that the N/S supply ratio modulated the duration of accumulation of S-rich GSPs and the rate of accumulation of S-poor GSPs. These changes are likely to be the result of distinct relationships between N and S allocation, depending on the S content of the GSP. Most developmental and nutritional modifications in GSP synthesis correlated with the abundance of structural gene transcripts. Changes in the expression of transport and metabolism genes altered the concentrations of several free amino acids under variable conditions of N and S supply, and these amino acids seem to be essential in determining GSP expression. The comprehensive data set generated and analyzed here provides insights that will be useful in adapting fertilizer use to variable N and S supply, or for breeding new cultivars with balanced and robust GSP composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwu Dai
- INRA, UMR1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 chemin de Beaulieu, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63 039, France
- UMR1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, Blaise Pascal University, Aubière, F-63 177, France
| | - Anne Plessis
- INRA, UMR1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 chemin de Beaulieu, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63 039, France
- UMR1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, Blaise Pascal University, Aubière, F-63 177, France
| | - Jonathan Vincent
- INRA, UMR1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 chemin de Beaulieu, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63 039, France
- UMR1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, Blaise Pascal University, Aubière, F-63 177, France
- UMR6158 CNRS Laboratoire d'Informatique, de Modélisation et d'Optimisation des Systèmes, Blaise Pascal University, Aubière, F-63 173, France
| | - Nathalie Duchateau
- INRA, UMR1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 chemin de Beaulieu, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63 039, France
- UMR1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, Blaise Pascal University, Aubière, F-63 177, France
| | - Alicia Besson
- INRA, UMR1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 chemin de Beaulieu, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63 039, France
- UMR1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, Blaise Pascal University, Aubière, F-63 177, France
| | - Mireille Dardevet
- INRA, UMR1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 chemin de Beaulieu, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63 039, France
- UMR1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, Blaise Pascal University, Aubière, F-63 177, France
| | - Duyen Prodhomme
- INRA, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33 882, France
| | - Yves Gibon
- INRA, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33 882, France
| | - Ghislaine Hilbert
- INRA, UMR1287 Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33 882, France
| | - Marie Pailloux
- UMR6158 CNRS Laboratoire d'Informatique, de Modélisation et d'Optimisation des Systèmes, Blaise Pascal University, Aubière, F-63 173, France
| | - Catherine Ravel
- INRA, UMR1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 chemin de Beaulieu, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63 039, France
- UMR1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, Blaise Pascal University, Aubière, F-63 177, France
| | - Pierre Martre
- INRA, UMR1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 chemin de Beaulieu, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63 039, France
- UMR1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, Blaise Pascal University, Aubière, F-63 177, France
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RulNet: A Web-Oriented Platform for Regulatory Network Inference, Application to Wheat -Omics Data. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127127. [PMID: 25993562 PMCID: PMC4437996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing amount of –omics data available, a particular effort has to be made to provide suitable analysis tools. A major challenge is that of unraveling the molecular regulatory networks from massive and heterogeneous datasets. Here we describe RulNet, a web-oriented platform dedicated to the inference and analysis of regulatory networks from qualitative and quantitative –omics data by means of rule discovery. Queries for rule discovery can be written in an extended form of the RQL query language, which has a syntax similar to SQL. RulNet also offers users interactive features that progressively adjust and refine the inferred networks. In this paper, we present a functional characterization of RulNet and compare inferred networks with correlation-based approaches. The performance of RulNet has been evaluated using the three benchmark datasets used for the transcriptional network inference challenge DREAM5. Overall, RulNet performed as well as the best methods that participated in this challenge and it was shown to behave more consistently when compared across the three datasets. Finally, we assessed the suitability of RulNet to analyze experimental –omics data and to infer regulatory networks involved in the response to nitrogen and sulfur supply in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains. The results highlight putative actors governing the response to nitrogen and sulfur supply in wheat grains. We evaluate the main characteristics and features of RulNet as an all-in-one solution for RN inference, visualization and editing. Using simple yet powerful RulNet queries allowed RNs involved in the adaptation of wheat grain to N and S supply to be discovered. We demonstrate the effectiveness and suitability of RulNet as a platform for the analysis of RNs involving different types of –omics data. The results are promising since they are consistent with what was previously established by the scientific community.
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Hurkman WJ, Tanaka CK, Vensel WH, Thilmony R, Altenbach SB. Comparative proteomic analysis of the effect of temperature and fertilizer on gliadin and glutenin accumulation in the developing endosperm and flour from Triticum aestivum L. cv. Butte 86. Proteome Sci 2013; 11:8. [PMID: 23432757 PMCID: PMC3599944 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-11-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Flour quality is largely determined by the gluten proteins, a complex mixture of proteins consisting of high molecular weight-glutenin subunits (HMW-GS), low molecular weight-glutenin subunits (LMW-GS), and α-, γ-, and ω-gliadins. Detailed proteomic analyses of the effects of fertilizer and high temperature on individual gliadin and glutenin protein levels are needed to determine how these environmental factors influence flour quality. Results Wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Butte 86) were grown in greenhouses under moderate and high temperature regimens with and without post-anthesis fertilizer. Quantitative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to construct accumulation profiles in developing endosperm for the entire complement of gluten proteins identified previously by tandem mass spectrometry. Amounts of individual gliadins and glutenins were also determined in flour produced under each of the regimens. Under all environmental regimens, most HMW-GS, LMW-GS, γ- and ω-gliadins accumulated rapidly during early stages of grain development and leveled off during middle stages of development. A subset of LMW-GS showed a second distinct profile, accumulating throughout development, while α-gliadins showed a variety of accumulation profiles. In flour, fourteen distinct gluten proteins responded similarly to fertilizer, high temperature, and high temperature plus fertilizer. The majority of HMW-GS and ω-gliadins and some α-gliadins increased while two LMW-GS and a minor γ-gliadin decreased. Fertilizer did not influence gluten protein accumulation under high temperature conditions. Additionally, the effects of fertilizer and high temperature were not additive; very few changes were observed when plants that received fertilizer were subjected to high temperature. Conclusions Although post-anthesis temperature and fertilizer have very different effects on grain development and yield, the two treatments elicit surprisingly similar effects on the accumulation of gluten proteins. The similarity of the responses to the different treatments is likely due to source-sink activities of nitrogen reserves in the wheat plant. Because each protein that showed a response in this study is linked to a gene sequence, the work sets the stage for transgenic studies that will better elucidate the roles of specific proteins in flour quality and in the response to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Hurkman
- U,S, Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA, 94710, USA.
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Z Rb C, Steinfurth D, G Dde V, Niehaus K, M Hling KH. Metabolite profiling of wheat flag leaf and grains during grain filling phase as affected by sulfur fertilisation. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2012; 39:156-166. [PMID: 32480770 DOI: 10.1071/fp11158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing prices for wheat products and fertilisers call for an adjusted agricultural management to maintain yield and to improve product quality. With the increased use of sulfur-free fertilisers in modern cropping systems and the decrease of atmospheric sulfur emissions by industry, sulfur has become a major limiting factor for crop production. The presented data showed that by using GC-MS it was possible to quantitatively detect a set of 72 different metabolites including amino acids, organic acids, sugars, sugar phosphates, and sugar alcohols, phenolic compounds and nucleotides from wheat grains and flag leaves of a pot experiment. A principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a clear separation of flag leaves and grains and a clear separation of non-fertilised and fertilised flag leaves. It could further be shown by PCA, that the low level sulfur fertilisation is also separated from the higher fertilised grains. A considerable influence of the sulfur fertilisation not only on sulfur rich amino acids but also on the sugar metabolism was detected. With increasing sulfur fertilisation six sugars and sugar derivates in the grain such as glucose-6P, galactose, trehalose, cellobiose, melibiose, fumarate, glycerate and the nucleotide uracil were enhanced. Therefore, it was concluded that photosynthesis was limited in developing plants suffering from sulfur deficiency. Late sulfur fertilisation is a procedure that can help to prevent sulfur deficiency. A latent sulfur deficiency at ear emergence can be compensated by late sulfur fertilisation, as wheat plants can replenish sulfate deficits within a short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Z Rb
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald Str. 2, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dorothee Steinfurth
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald Str. 2, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Victoria G Dde
- Department of Proteome and Metabolome Research, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karsten Niehaus
- Department of Proteome and Metabolome Research, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karl H M Hling
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald Str. 2, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
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Steinfurth D, Zörb C, Braukmann F, Mühling KH. Time-dependent distribution of sulphur, sulphate and glutathione in wheat tissues and grain as affected by three sulphur fertilization levels and late S fertilization. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:72-77. [PMID: 22070976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sulphur (S) fertilization has beneficial effects on yield and protein composition of mature wheat kernels. However, to understand the impact of S fertilization on storage protein composition, synthesis of S-containing compounds and their distribution during grain development has to be examined. A pot experiment with Triticum aestivum cultivar Türkis under three S fertilization levels (0 g, 0.1 g und 0.2 g S per pot) and a late S fertilization level at ear emergence was carried out. Stalk and leaves, flag leaves, ears and kernels were harvested separately during grain development at ear emergence, milk ripeness and maturity, and analyzed for elemental S, sulphate, glutathione, and protein concentration. Sulphate is the major S compound in stalk, leaf and ears at the start of grain development, whereas glutathione is more important for synthesis of S-containing proteins in the grain. The discrepancy of S concentration comparing low and high S fertilization became obvious after milk ripeness. The N/S ratios in ears at ear emergence and milk ripeness reflected the later N/S ratio in mature grain. Late S fertilization increased sulphate concentrations in the flag leaf within a short period of about two weeks at ear emergence. Late S fertilization prevented S deficiency in late stages of wheat growth and further enabled equal concentrations of S, glutathione and protein in all wheat organs compared to an S application only at sowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Steinfurth
- Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 2, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
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Altenbach SB, Tanaka CK, Hurkman WJ, Whitehand LC, Vensel WH, Dupont FM. Differential effects of a post-anthesis fertilizer regimen on the wheat flour proteome determined by quantitative 2-DE. Proteome Sci 2011; 9:46. [PMID: 21816081 PMCID: PMC3168407 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-9-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mineral nutrition during wheat grain development has large effects on wheat flour protein content and composition, which in turn affect flour quality and immunogenic potential for a commodity of great economic value. However, it has been difficult to define the precise effects of mineral nutrition on protein composition because of the complexity of the wheat flour proteome. Recent improvements in the identification of flour proteins by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and the availability of a comprehensive proteome map of flour from the US wheat Butte 86 now make it possible to document changes in the proportions of individual flour proteins that result from the application of mineral nutrition. Results Plants of Triticum aestivum 'Butte 86' were grown with or without post-anthesis fertilization (PAF) and quantitative 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) was used to analyze protein composition of the resulting flour. Significant changes in the proportions of 54 unique proteins were observed as a result of the treatment. Most omega-gliadins, high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) and serpins as well as some alpha-gliadins increased in proportion with PAF. In contrast, alpha-amylase/protease inhibitors, farinins, purinins and puroindolines decreased in proportion. Decreases were also observed in several low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS), globulins, defense proteins and enzymes. The ratio of HMW-GS to LMW-GS in the flour increased from 0.61 to 0.95 and the ratio of gliadins to glutenins increased from 1.02 to 1.30 with PAF. Because flour protein content doubled with PAF from 7 to 14%, most protein types actually increased in absolute amount (μg/mg flour protein). Data further suggest that flour proteins change with PAF according to their content of sulfur-containing amino acids Cys + Met. Conclusions A 2-DE approach revealed changes in the wheat flour proteome due to PAF that are important for flour quality and immunogenic potential. The work forms a baseline for further studies of the effects of environmental variables on flour protein composition and provides clues about the regulation of specific flour protein genes. The study also is important for identifying targets for breeding programs and biotechnology efforts aimed at improving flour quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan B Altenbach
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710
| | - Charlene K Tanaka
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710
| | - William J Hurkman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710
| | - Linda C Whitehand
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710
| | - William H Vensel
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710
| | - Frances M Dupont
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710
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Dupont FM, Vensel WH, Tanaka CK, Hurkman WJ, Altenbach SB. Deciphering the complexities of the wheat flour proteome using quantitative two-dimensional electrophoresis, three proteases and tandem mass spectrometry. Proteome Sci 2011; 9:10. [PMID: 21314956 PMCID: PMC3238214 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-9-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat flour is one of the world's major food ingredients, in part because of the unique end-use qualities conferred by the abundant glutamine- and proline-rich gluten proteins. Many wheat flour proteins also present dietary problems for consumers with celiac disease or wheat allergies. Despite the importance of these proteins it has been particularly challenging to use MS/MS to distinguish the many proteins in a flour sample and relate them to gene sequences. RESULTS Grain from the extensively characterized spring wheat cultivar Triticum aestivum 'Butte 86' was milled to white flour from which proteins were extracted, then separated and quantified by 2-DE. Protein spots were identified by separate digestions with three proteases, followed by tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the peptides. The spectra were used to interrogate an improved protein sequence database and results were integrated using the Scaffold program. Inclusion of cultivar specific sequences in the database greatly improved the results, and 233 spots were identified, accounting for 93.1% of normalized spot volume. Identified proteins were assigned to 157 wheat sequences, many for proteins unique to wheat and nearly 40% from Butte 86. Alpha-gliadins accounted for 20.4% of flour protein, low molecular weight glutenin subunits 18.0%, high molecular weight glutenin subunits 17.1%, gamma-gliadins 12.2%, omega-gliadins 10.5%, amylase/protease inhibitors 4.1%, triticins 1.6%, serpins 1.6%, purinins 0.9%, farinins 0.8%, beta-amylase 0.5%, globulins 0.4%, other enzymes and factors 1.9%, and all other 3%. CONCLUSIONS This is the first successful effort to identify the majority of abundant flour proteins for a single wheat cultivar, relate them to individual gene sequences and estimate their relative levels. Many genes for wheat flour proteins are not expressed, so this study represents further progress in describing the expressed wheat genome. Use of cultivar-specific contigs helped to overcome the difficulties of matching peptides to gene sequences for members of highly similar, rapidly evolving storage protein families. Prospects for simplifying this process for routine analyses are discussed. The ability to measure expression levels for individual flour protein genes complements information gained from efforts to sequence the wheat genome and is essential for studies of effects of environment on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Dupont
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany CA 94710, USA
| | - William H Vensel
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany CA 94710, USA
| | - Charlene K Tanaka
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany CA 94710, USA
| | - William J Hurkman
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany CA 94710, USA
| | - Susan B Altenbach
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany CA 94710, USA
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