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Jang Y, Moon JH, Jeon BK, Park HJ, Lee HJ, Lee DY. Comprehensive Evaluation System for Post-Metabolic Activity of Potential Thyroid-Disrupting Chemicals. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:1351-1360. [PMID: 37415082 PMCID: PMC10619556 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2301.01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are compounds that disturb hormonal homeostasis by binding to receptors. EDCs are metabolized through hepatic enzymes, causing altered transcriptional activities of hormone receptors, and thus necessitating the exploration of the potential endocrine-disrupting activities of EDC-derived metabolites. Accordingly, we have developed an integrative workflow for evaluating the post-metabolic activity of potential hazardous compounds. The system facilitates the identification of metabolites that exert hormonal disruption through the integrative application of an MS/MS similarity network and predictive biotransformation based on known hepatic enzymatic reactions. As proof-of-concept, the transcriptional activities of 13 chemicals were evaluated by applying the in vitro metabolic module (S9 fraction). Identified among the tested chemicals were three thyroid hormone receptor (THR) agonistic compounds that showed increased transcriptional activities after phase I+II reactions (T3, 309.1 ± 17.3%; DITPA, 30.7 ± 1.8%; GC-1, 160.6 ± 8.6% to the corresponding parents). The metabolic profiles of these three compounds showed common biotransformation patterns, particularly in the phase II reactions (glucuronide conjugation, sulfation, GSH conjugation, and amino acid conjugation). Data-dependent exploration based on molecular network analysis of T3 profiles revealed that lipids and lipid-like molecules were the most enriched biotransformants. The subsequent subnetwork analysis proposed 14 additional features, including T4 in addition to 9 metabolized compounds that were annotated by prediction system based on possible hepatic enzymatic reaction. The other 10 THR agonistic negative compounds showed unique biotransformation patterns according to structural commonality, which corresponded to previous in vivo studies. Our evaluation system demonstrated highly predictive and accurate performance in determining the potential thyroid-disrupting activity of EDC-derived metabolites and for proposing novel biotransformants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurim Jang
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Moon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Kwan Jeon
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jin Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yup Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, CALS, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Gadagbui BK, York RG, Dourson ML, McGinnis PM, Cope RB. Analysis for data-derived extrapolation factors for procymidone. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 124:104972. [PMID: 34119600 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The derivation of Chemical Specific Adjustment Factors (CSAFs) (IPCS, 2005; U.S. EPA, 2014) depends on the choice of appropriate dose metric. EPA and IPCS guidance was applied to derive a CSAF for developmental toxicity for procymidone (PCM). Although kinetic data were not available in humans at any dose, sufficient toxicokinetic data are available in a surrogate species, primates, and from chimeric mice with both rat and human liver cells to offer insights. Alternative approaches were explored in the derivation of the CSAG based on review of the available kinetic data. The most likely dosimetric adjustment is the Cmax based on the character of the critical effect - reduced anogenital distance and increased incidence of hypospadias in male rats, which likely occurs during a small window of time during development of the rat fetus. Cmax is also the default dosimeter from U.S. EPA (1991). However, in this case, the use of Cmax is also likely more conservative than the use of area under the curve (AUC), which otherwise is the default recommendation of the IPCS (2005). Despite human data, estimated tentative CSAF value is 0.48 (range, 0.22 to 0.74). The use of any of these values would be supported by the available data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rhian B Cope
- Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Sydney, Australia
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Tarui H, Tomigahara Y, Nagahori H, Sugimoto K, Mogi M, Kawamura S, Isobe N, Kaneko H. Species differences in the developmental toxicity of procymidone-Placental transfer of procymidone in pregnant rats, rabbits, and monkeys. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2018; 43:79-87. [PMID: 30363091 PMCID: PMC6140638 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d17-079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To clarify species differences in the developmental toxicity of procymidone (Sumilex®, a fungicide for agricultural use), placental transfer studies were conducted using 14C-labeled procymidone in pregnant rats, rabbits, and monkeys. These studies demonstrated that maternal-to-fetal transfer of the parent compound and its hydroxylated metabolite, which are both weak anti-androgenic agents, occurred more easily than that of other metabolites, with much higher absolute concentrations achieved in the fetal circulation of rats than of rabbits or monkeys. Notably, in rats, the fetal plasma concentration of the hydroxylated metabolite was higher than that of procymidone, especially after repeated oral administration of procymidone. These results suggest that the hydroxylated metabolite is the most relevant metabolite involved in teratogenic activity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Tarui
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical, Co., Ltd
| | | | - Hirohisa Nagahori
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical, Co., Ltd
| | | | | | - Satoshi Kawamura
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical, Co., Ltd
| | - Naohiko Isobe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical, Co., Ltd
| | - Hideo Kaneko
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical, Co., Ltd
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Tomigahara Y, Tarui H, Matsui M, Kurosawa M, Kawamura S, Isobe N. Lack of human relevance for procymidone's developmental toxicity attributable to species difference in its kinetics and metabolism. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2018; 43:114-123. [PMID: 30363160 PMCID: PMC6140727 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d17-085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The agricultural fungicide procymidone can cause external genitalia abnormalities in rats but not monkeys or rabbits. To investigate the relevance of developmental findings in rats to humans, we conducted in vitro plasma protein binding studies, in vitro metabolism (biotransformation) studies using liver S9 fractions and hepatocytes, and in vivo metabolism and excretion studies using chimeric mice with humanized hepatocytes. On the basis of these results, we concluded that the metabolic and excretion profiles of procymidone in humans are similar to those in monkeys and rabbits but differ from those in rats. From the findings of this and previous studies, we judge the developmental toxicity potential of procymidone to be very low in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hirokazu Tarui
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | - Masayoshi Matsui
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | | | - Satoshi Kawamura
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | - Naohiko Isobe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
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Abe J, Tomigahara Y, Tarui H, Omori R, Kawamura S. Identification of Metabolism and Excretion Differences of Procymidone between Rats and Humans Using Chimeric Mice: Implications for Differential Developmental Toxicity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1955-1963. [PMID: 29313347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A metabolite of procymidone, hydroxylated-PCM, causes rat-specific developmental toxicity due to higher exposure to it in rats than in rabbits or monkeys. When procymidone was administered to chimeric mice with rat or human hepatocytes, the plasma level of hydroxylated-PCM was higher than that of procymidone in rat chimeric mice, and the metabolic profile of procymidone in intact rats was well reproduced in rat chimeric mice. In human chimeric mice, the plasma level of hydroxylated-PCM was less, resulting in a much lower exposure. The main excretion route of hydroxylated-PCM-glucuronide was bile (the point that hydroxylated-PCM enters the enterohepatic circulation) in rat chimeric mice, and urine in human chimeric mice. These data suggest that humans, in contrast to rats, extensively form the glucuronide and excrete it in urine, as do rabbits and monkeys. Overall, procymidone's potential for causing teratogenicity in humans must be low compared to that in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Abe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , 1-98, Kasugade-Naka 3-Chome, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tomigahara
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , 1-98, Kasugade-Naka 3-Chome, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tarui
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , 1-98, Kasugade-Naka 3-Chome, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Rie Omori
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , 1-98, Kasugade-Naka 3-Chome, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawamura
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd , 1-98, Kasugade-Naka 3-Chome, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
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Galli CL, Sensi C, Fumagalli A, Parravicini C, Marinovich M, Eberini I. A computational approach to evaluate the androgenic affinity of iprodione, procymidone, vinclozolin and their metabolites. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104822. [PMID: 25111804 PMCID: PMC4128724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our research is aimed at devising and assessing a computational approach to evaluate the affinity of endocrine active substances (EASs) and their metabolites towards the ligand binding domain (LBD) of the androgen receptor (AR) in three distantly related species: human, rat, and zebrafish. We computed the affinity for all the selected molecules following a computational approach based on molecular modelling and docking. Three different classes of molecules with well-known endocrine activity (iprodione, procymidone, vinclozolin, and a selection of their metabolites) were evaluated. Our approach was demonstrated useful as the first step of chemical safety evaluation since ligand-target interaction is a necessary condition for exerting any biological effect. Moreover, a different sensitivity concerning AR LBD was computed for the tested species (rat being the least sensitive of the three). This evidence suggests that, in order not to over-/under-estimate the risks connected with the use of a chemical entity, further in vitro and/or in vivo tests should be carried out only after an accurate evaluation of the most suitable cellular system or animal species. The introduction of in silico approaches to evaluate hazard can accelerate discovery and innovation with a lower economic effort than with a fully wet strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Lodovico Galli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
| | - Cristina Sensi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
| | - Amos Fumagalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
| | - Chiara Parravicini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
| | - Marina Marinovich
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
| | - Ivano Eberini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
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