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Debruyne M, Borgmans S, Radhakrishnan S, Breynaert E, Vrielinck H, Leus K, Laemont A, De Vos J, Rawat KS, Vanlommel S, Rijckaert H, Salemi H, Everaert J, Vanden Bussche F, Poelman D, Morent R, De Geyter N, Van Der Voort P, Van Speybroeck V, Stevens CV. Engineering of Phenylpyridine- and Bipyridine-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Tandem Aerobic Oxidation/Povarov Cyclization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:35092-35106. [PMID: 37462114 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are emerging as a new class of photoactive organic semiconductors, which possess crystalline ordered structures and high surface areas. COFs can be tailor-made toward specific (photocatalytic) applications, and the size and position of their band gaps can be tuned by the choice of building blocks and linkages. However, many types of building blocks are still unexplored as photocatalytic moieties and the scope of reactions photocatalyzed by COFs remains quite limited. In this work, we report the synthesis and application of two bipyridine- or phenylpyridine-based COFs: TpBpyCOF and TpPpyCOF. Due to their good photocatalytic properties, both materials were applied as metal-free photocatalysts for the tandem aerobic oxidation/Povarov cyclization and α-oxidation of N-aryl glycine derivatives, with the bipyridine-based TpBpyCOF exhibiting the highest activity. By expanding the range of reactions that can be photocatalyzed by COFs, this work paves the way toward the more widespread application of COFs as metal-free heterogeneous photocatalysts as a convenient alternative for commonly used homogeneous (metal-based) photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Debruyne
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Sander Borgmans
- Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, Zwijnaarde 9052, Belgium
| | - Sambhu Radhakrishnan
- NMR/X-ray Platform for Convergence Research (NMRCoRe) & Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis: Characterisation and Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f─Box 2461, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Eric Breynaert
- NMR/X-ray Platform for Convergence Research (NMRCoRe) & Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis: Characterisation and Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f─Box 2461, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Henk Vrielinck
- Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S1), Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Karen Leus
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 (B4), Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Andreas Laemont
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Juul De Vos
- Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, Zwijnaarde 9052, Belgium
| | - Kuber Singh Rawat
- Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, Zwijnaarde 9052, Belgium
| | - Siebe Vanlommel
- Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, Zwijnaarde 9052, Belgium
| | - Hannes Rijckaert
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Hadi Salemi
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Jonas Everaert
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Flore Vanden Bussche
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Dirk Poelman
- Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S1), Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Rino Morent
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 (B4), Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Geyter
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 (B4), Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Pascal Van Der Voort
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | | | - Christian V Stevens
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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Adhikari A, Zhang MR, Tiwari AK. Acetamidobenzoxazolone scaffold as a promising translocator protein (18 kDa, TSPO) marker for neuroinflammation imaging: Advancement in last decennial period. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:1519-1533. [PMID: 36074736 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation has been linked to the onset and progression of a wide range of neuropathological disorders. The well-conserved outer mitochondrial membrane 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is perceived as an in vivo neuroinflammation marker. A dearth of a reference region, genetic disparity influencing the ligand's affinity for TSPO, and a substantial signal in the endothelium of the brain veins contributes toward complications in quantifying TSPO positron emission tomography (PET) image. Up to the present time several radiotracers based on different pharmacophore such as (R)[11 C]PK11195, [18 F]DPA714, [11 C]PBR28, [11 C]ER176, and many more have been recognized for envisaging the prominent TSPO level observed in neurological conditions. Recently acetamidobenzoxazolone (ABO) scaffold, a bicyclic ring system composed of a phenyl ring fused to a carbamate and its substituted radiolabelled analogues especially at C-5 position has evidenced encouraging outcomes as next generation of TSPO PET ligands. Diverse ABO framework-based TSPO ligands have been designed embracing imperative aspects such as lipophilicity, metabolic profile, and capability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier apart from least effect of polymorphism (rs6971). Over the years numerous systematic literature reviews compiling different structural class of TSPO ligands characterized on the grounds of their binding affinity and metabolite profile have been reported but none is especially focused toward a fascinating benzoxazolone scaffold. This review exclusively bestows an overview of the recent advancements on ABO derivatives with neuroinflammation imaging potential and emphases on the structural features accountable for visualizing TSPO in-vivo with collation of published reports during last 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupriya Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Anjani Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Giordani A, Menziani MC, Moresco RM, Matarrese M, Paolino M, Saletti M, Giuliani G, Anzini M, Cappelli A. Exploring Translocator Protein (TSPO) Medicinal Chemistry: An Approach for Targeting Radionuclides and Boron Atoms to Mitochondria. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9649-9676. [PMID: 34254805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Translocator protein 18 kDa [TSPO or peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR)] was identified in the search of binding sites for benzodiazepine anxiolytic drugs in peripheral regions. In these areas, binding sites for TSPO ligands were recognized in steroid-producing tissues. TSPO plays an important role in many cellular functions, and its coding sequence is highly conserved across species. TSPO is located predominantly on the membrane of mitochondria and is overexpressed in several solid cancers. TSPO basal expression in the CNS is low, but it becomes high in neurodegenerative conditions. Thus, TSPO constitutes not only as an outstanding drug target but also as a valuable marker for the diagnosis of a number of diseases. The aim of the present article is to show the lesson we have learned from our activity in TSPO medicinal chemistry and in approaching the targeted delivery to mitochondria by means of TSPO ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Giordani
- Rottapharm Biotech S.p.A., Via Valosa di Sopra 9, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Menziani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Moresco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, IBFM-CNR, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Matarrese
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, IBFM-CNR, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Paolino
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Mario Saletti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Germano Giuliani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Anzini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Mokrov GV, Deeva OA, Gudasheva TA. The Ligands of Translocator Protein: Design and Biological Properties. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:217-237. [PMID: 32881658 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200903122025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2020, it is already 43 years since Braestrup and Squires discovered 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO), known until 2006 as "peripheral benzodiazepine receptor". During this time, the functions of this receptor, which is located on the outer membrane of mitochondria, were studied in detail. One of the key functions of TSPO is the transfer of cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane, which is the limiting stage in the synthesis of neurosteroids. TSPO is also involved in the transport of porphyrins, mitochondrial respiration, the opening of mitochondrial pores, apoptosis and cell proliferation. This review presents current information on the structure of TSPO, the mechanism of its participation in neurosteroidogenesis, as well as endogenous and synthetic TSPO ligands. Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of approaches to the design of synthetic ligands and their neuropsychotropic activity in vitro and in vivo. The presented review demonstrates the promise of constructing new neuropsychotropic drugs in the series of TSPO ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigory V Mokrov
- Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, 125315, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Olga A Deeva
- Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, 125315, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana A Gudasheva
- Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, 125315, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Hu J, Ye X, Hao S, Zhao Q, Zhao M, Wei Y, Wu Z, Wang N, Ji X. Amidation Reaction of Quinoline‐3‐carboxylic Acids with Tetraalkylthiuram Disulfides under Simple Conditions: A facile Synthesis of Quinoline‐3‐carboxamides. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Hu
- College of Tobacco Science, Flavors and Fragrance Engineering & Technology Research Center of Henan Province Henan Agricultural University 95, Wenhua Road Zhengzhou 450002 P. R. China
| | - Xiefeng Ye
- College of Tobacco Science, Flavors and Fragrance Engineering & Technology Research Center of Henan Province Henan Agricultural University 95, Wenhua Road Zhengzhou 450002 P. R. China
| | - Shuai Hao
- College of Tobacco Science, Flavors and Fragrance Engineering & Technology Research Center of Henan Province Henan Agricultural University 95, Wenhua Road Zhengzhou 450002 P. R. China
| | - Qianrui Zhao
- College of Tobacco Science, Flavors and Fragrance Engineering & Technology Research Center of Henan Province Henan Agricultural University 95, Wenhua Road Zhengzhou 450002 P. R. China
| | - Mingqin Zhao
- College of Tobacco Science, Flavors and Fragrance Engineering & Technology Research Center of Henan Province Henan Agricultural University 95, Wenhua Road Zhengzhou 450002 P. R. China
| | - Yuewei Wei
- College of Tobacco Science, Flavors and Fragrance Engineering & Technology Research Center of Henan Province Henan Agricultural University 95, Wenhua Road Zhengzhou 450002 P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- College of Tobacco Science, Flavors and Fragrance Engineering & Technology Research Center of Henan Province Henan Agricultural University 95, Wenhua Road Zhengzhou 450002 P. R. China
| | - Na Wang
- Technology Center China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd. 1355, Jinshan Road Wuhan 430040 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Ji
- College of Tobacco Science, Flavors and Fragrance Engineering & Technology Research Center of Henan Province Henan Agricultural University 95, Wenhua Road Zhengzhou 450002 P. R. China
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Gudasheva TA, Deeva OA, Mokrov GV, Dyabina AS, Yarkova MA, Seredenin SB. Design, Synthesis and Anxiolytic Activity Evaluation of N-Acyltryptophanyl- Containing Dipeptides, Potential TSPO Ligands#. Med Chem 2019; 15:383-399. [DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666181119164846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO), previously known as the peripheral- type benzodiazepine receptor, plays a key role for the synthesis of neurosteroids by promoting transport of cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane, which is the ratelimiting step in neurosteroid biosynthesis. Neurosteroids interact with nonbenzodiazepine site of GABAa receptor causing an anxiolytic effect without the side effects.Methods:Using the original peptide drug-based design strategy, the first putative dipeptide ligand of the TSPO N-carbobenzoxy-L-tryptophanyl-L-isoleucine amide (GD-23) was obtained. Molecular docking of GD-23 in the active pocket of the TSPO receptor using Glide software was carried out. The lead compounds GD-23 and its analogues were synthesized using activated succinimide esters coupling method. The anxiolytic activity of GD-23 and its analogues was investigated in vivo, using two validated behavioral tests, illuminated open field and elevated plus-maze.Results:he in vivo studies revealed that the following parameters are necessary for the manifestation of anxiolytic activity of new compounds: the L-configuration of tryptophan, the presence of an amide group at the C-terminus, the specific size of the N-acyl substituent at the Nterminus. Compound GD-23 (N-carbobenzoxy-L-tryptophanyl-L-isoleucine amide) demonstrated a high anxiolytic-like effect in the doses of 0.05–1.0 mg/kg i.p. comparable with that of diazepam. Compound GD-23 was also active in the open field test when was administered orally in the doses of 0.1-5.0 mg/kg. The involvement of TSPO receptor in the mechanism of anxiolytic-like activity of new compounds was proved by the antagonism of compound GD-23 with TSPO selective inhibitor PK11195 as well as with inhibitors of enzymes which are involved in the biosynthesis of neurosteroids, trilostane and finasteride.Conclusion:A series of N-acyl-tryptophanyl-containing dipeptides were designed and synthesized as 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) ligands. Using a drug-based peptide design method a series of the first dipeptide TSPO ligands have been designed and synthesized and their anxiolytic activity has been evaluated. In general, some of the compounds displayed a high level of anxiolytic efficacy comparable with that of diazepam. The involvement of TSPO receptor in the mechanism of anxiolytic activity of new compounds was proved using two methods. On this basis, the N-acyl-Ltryptophanyl- isoleucine amides could potentially be a novel class of TSPO ligands with anxiolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga A. Deeva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution , Russian Federation
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More DA, Shinde GH, Shaikh AC, Muthukrishnan M. Oxone promoted dehydrogenative Povarov cyclization of N-aryl glycine derivatives: an approach towards quinoline fused lactones and lactams. RSC Adv 2019; 9:30277-30291. [PMID: 35530246 PMCID: PMC9072217 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06212b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxone promoted intramolecular dehydrogenative imino Diels–Alder reaction (Povarov cyclization) of alkyne tethered N-aryl glycine esters and amides has been explored, thus affording biologically significant quinoline fused lactones and lactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devidas A. More
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Ganesh H. Shinde
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - Aslam C. Shaikh
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - M. Muthukrishnan
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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Huang JK, Yang Lauderdale TL, Lin CC, Shia KS. Total Synthesis of Tetarimycin A, (±)-Naphthacemycin A 9, and (±)-Fasamycin A: Structure-Activity Relationship Studies against Drug-Resistant Bacteria. J Org Chem 2018; 83:6508-6523. [PMID: 29785848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Making use of a reductive olefin coupling reaction and Michael-Dieckmann condensation as two key operations, we have completed a concise total synthesis of tetarimycin A, (±)-naphthacemycin A9, and (±)-fasamycin A in a highly convergent and practical protocol. Synthetic procedures thus developed have also been applied to provide related analogues for structure-activity relationship studies, thereby coming to the conclusion that the free hydroxyl group at C-10 is essential for exerting inhibitory activities against a panel of Gram-positive bacteria, including drug-resistant strains VRE and MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Kai Huang
- Department of Chemistry , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan, R.O.C
| | | | - Chun-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan, R.O.C
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He Y, Yan B, Tao H, Zhang Y, Li Y. Metal-free photocatalyzed aerobic oxidative Csp3–H functionalization of glycine derivatives: one-step generation of quinoline-fused lactones. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:3816-3823. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00240a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This reaction provides facile access to a series of valuable quinoline-fused lactones at room temperature under an air atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Baorun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Tao
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environmental and Resources
- CAS
- China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- People's Republic of China
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11
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Zhong W, Liu P, Zhang Q, Li D, Lin J. Structure-based QSAR, molecule design and bioassays of protease-activated receptor 1 inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:2853-2867. [PMID: 27809674 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1234413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies were performed on a series of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) inhibitors to identify the key structural features responsible for their biological activity. Induced-fit docking (IFD) was used to explore the active mechanisms of all PAR1 inhibitors at the active pocket of PAR1, and the best plausible conformation was determined by IFD for further QSAR studies. Based on the best plausible conformation, structure-based descriptors and ligand descriptors incorporating the ligand-receptor interaction were calculated. The random forest method was used to select important descriptors and build the 2D-QSAR model. The results of the 2D-QSAR model gave a squared correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.937, a prediction squared correlation coefficient (R2pred) of 0.845 and a mean square error (MSE) of 0.056. Furthermore, a 3D-QSAR model was developed via topomer comparative molecular field analysis (Topomer CoMFA), resulting in an R2 of 0.938, a cross-validated Q2 of 0.503 and a R2pred of 0.758. Based on the developed QSAR model, Topomer search was used for virtual screening of the R2 fragment in lead-like inhibitors from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) database, which contains 260,000 molecules. Eighty-two compounds were designed with different R2 fragments, and four of these compounds were selected for further biological testing. All four compounds showed inhibitory potency against PAR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Zhong
- a State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Pi Liu
- b Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300000 , China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Dongmei Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Jianping Lin
- a State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China.,b Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300000 , China.,c Pharmaceutical Intelligence Platform, Tianjin Joint Academy of Biomedicine and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
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Dong W, Hu B, Gao X, Li Y, Xie X, Zhang Z. Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic Aerobic Oxidation/Povarov Cyclization Reaction: Synthesis of Substituted Quinoline-Fused Lactones. J Org Chem 2016; 81:8770-8776. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wuheng Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bei Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuyuan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaomin Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhaoguo Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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13
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Ma X, Zhu Y, Lü S, Zhang L, Luo L, Jia X. Construction of quinoline-fused lactones and 2,3-disubstituted quinolines via catalytic aerobic sp3 C–H oxidation: application of fragment-reassembly strategy. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Costa B, Da Pozzo E, Giacomelli C, Barresi E, Taliani S, Da Settimo F, Martini C. TSPO ligand residence time: a new parameter to predict compound neurosteroidogenic efficacy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18164. [PMID: 26750656 PMCID: PMC4707509 DOI: 10.1038/srep18164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological activation of the cholesterol-binding Translocator Protein (TSPO) leads to an increase of endogenous steroids and neurosteroids determining benefic pleiotropic effects in several pathological conditions, including anxiety disorders. The relatively poor relationship between TSPO ligand binding affinities and steroidogenic efficacies prompted us to investigate the time (Residence Time, RT) that a number of compounds with phenylindolylglyoxylamide structure (PIGAs) spends in contact with the target. Here, given the poor availability of TSPO ligand kinetic parameters, a kinetic radioligand binding assay was set up and validated for RT determination using a theoretical mathematical model successfully applied to other ligand-target systems. TSPO ligand RT was quantified and the obtained results showed a positive correlation between the period for which a drug interacts with TSPO and the compound ability to stimulate steroidogenesis. Specifically, the TSPO ligand RT significantly fitted both with steroidogenic efficacy (Emax) and with area under the dose-response curve, a parameter combining drug potency and efficacy. A positive relation between RT and anxiolytic activity of three compounds was evidenced. In conclusion, RT could be a relevant parameter to predict the steroidogenic efficacy and the in vivo anxiolytic action of new TSPO ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Costa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 6-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Da Pozzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 6-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Giacomelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 6-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Barresi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 6-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 6-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 6-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 6-56126 Pisa, Italy
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15
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Abstract
The 3D structure of the 18-kDa transmembrane (TM) protein TSPO (translocator protein)/PBR (peripheral benzodiazepine receptor), which contains a binding site for benzodiazepines, is important to better understand its function and regulation by endogenous and synthetic ligands. We have recently determined the structure of mammalian TSPO/PBR in complex with the diagnostic ligand PK11195 [1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide; Jaremko et al. (2014) Science 343: , 1363-1366], providing for the first time atomic-level insight into the conformation of this protein, which is up-regulated in various pathological conditions including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Here, we review the studies which have probed the structural properties of mammalian TSPO/PBR as well as the homologues bacterial tryptophan-rich sensory proteins (TspOs) over the years and provide detailed insight into the 3D structure of mouse TSPO (mTSPO)/PBR in complex with PK11195.
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16
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Blair A, Zmuda F, Malviya G, Tavares AAS, Tamagnan GD, Chalmers AJ, Dewar D, Pimlott SL, Sutherland A. A novel 18F-labelled high affinity agent for PET imaging of the translocator protein. Chem Sci 2015; 6:4772-4777. [PMID: 29142713 PMCID: PMC5667507 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01647a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO) is an important target for imaging focal neuroinflammation in diseases such as brain cancer, stroke and neurodegeneration, but current tracers for non-invasive imaging of TSPO have important limitations. We present the synthesis and evaluation of a novel 3-fluoromethylquinoline-2-carboxamide, AB5186, which was prepared in eight steps using a one-pot two component indium(iii)-catalysed reaction for the rapid and efficient assembly of the 4-phenylquinoline core. Biological assessment and the implementation of a physicochemical study showed AB5186 to have low nanomolar affinity for TSPO, as well as optimal plasma protein binding and membrane permeability properties. Generation of [18F]-AB5186 through 18F incorporation was achieved in good radiochemical yield and subsequent in vitro and ex vivo autoradiography revealed the ability of this compound to bind with specificity to TSPO in mouse glioblastoma xenografts. Initial positron emission tomography imaging of a glioma bearing mouse and a healthy baboon support the potential for [18F]-AB5186 use as a radiotracer for non-invasive TSPO imaging in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Blair
- WestCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , The Joseph Black Building , Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)141 330 5936
| | - Filip Zmuda
- WestCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , The Joseph Black Building , Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)141 330 5936
- Wolfson Whol Cancer Research Centre , Institute of Cancer Sciences , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G61 1QH , UK
| | - Gaurav Malviya
- Nuclear Imaging Facility , The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research , Glasgow G61 1BD , UK
| | - Adriana A S Tavares
- Molecular NeuroImaging, and LLC , 60 Temple Street , New Haven , Connecticut , USA
| | - Gilles D Tamagnan
- Molecular NeuroImaging, and LLC , 60 Temple Street , New Haven , Connecticut , USA
| | - Anthony J Chalmers
- Wolfson Whol Cancer Research Centre , Institute of Cancer Sciences , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G61 1QH , UK
| | - Deborah Dewar
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology , College of Medical , Veterinary and Life Sciences , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK
| | - Sally L Pimlott
- West of Scotland Radionuclide Dispensary , University of Glasgow and North Glasgow University Hospital NHS Trust , Glasgow G11 6NT , UK
| | - Andrew Sutherland
- WestCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , The Joseph Black Building , Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)141 330 5936
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17
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Barresi E, Bruno A, Taliani S, Cosconati S, Da Pozzo E, Salerno S, Simorini F, Daniele S, Giacomelli C, Marini AM, La Motta C, Marinelli L, Cosimelli B, Novellino E, Greco G, Da Settimo F, Martini C. Deepening the Topology of the Translocator Protein Binding Site by Novel N,N-Dialkyl-2-arylindol-3-ylglyoxylamides. J Med Chem 2015; 58:6081-92. [PMID: 26177193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As a continuation of our studies on 2-phenylindol-3-ylglyoxylamides as potent and selective translocator protein (TSPO) ligands, two subsets of novel derivatives, featuring hydrophilic group (OH, NH2, COOH) at the para-position of the pendent 2-phenyl ring (8-16) or different 2-aryl moieties, namely, 3-thienyl, p-biphenyl, 2-naphthyl (23-35), were synthesized and biologically evaluated, some of them showing Ki values in the subnanomolar range and the 2-naphthyl group performance being the best. The resulting SARs confirmed the key role played by interactions taking place between ligands and the lipophilic L1 pocket of the TSPO binding site. Docking simulations were performed on the most potent compound of the present series (29) exploiting the recently available 3D structures of TSPO bound to its standard ligand (PK11195). Our theoretical model was fully consistent with SARs of the newly investigated as well of the previously reported 2-phenylindol-3-ylglyoxylamide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Barresi
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Agostino Bruno
- ‡Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- §DiSTABiF, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Eleonora Da Pozzo
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Salerno
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Simorini
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Daniele
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Giacomelli
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Marini
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Concettina La Motta
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luciana Marinelli
- ‡Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Barbara Cosimelli
- ‡Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- ‡Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Greco
- ‡Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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18
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Design, synthesis and anxiolytic-like activity of 1-arylpyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-3-carboxamides. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3368-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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2-Phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-containing ligands of the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) behave as agonists and antagonists of steroidogenesis in a mouse leydig tumor cell line. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 76:231-7. [PMID: 26002041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ligands of 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) are known for their ability to potently and dose-dependently stimulate steroid biosynthesis in steroidogenic cells. In this study, we investigated a number of 2-phenyl-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine acetamide derivatives, analogs of alpidem, for their ability to bind TSPO and to affect steroidogenesis in a mouse Leydig tumor cell line. We observed that not only some compounds behaved as agonists, stimulating steroidogenesis (e.g., 3 and 4) with EC50 values (15.9 and 6.99μM) close to that determined for FGIN-1-27 used as positive control (7.24μM), but two compounds, namely 5 and 6, which on the other hand are the most lipophilic ones in the investigated series, behaved as antagonists, by significantly inhibiting steroid production at concentrations at least twenty times lower than the cytotoxic ones. To our surprise, the newly synthesized compound 3, which is a strict analog of alpidem bearing at the para position of the 2-phenyl group a methoxy group instead of chlorine, achieved a ten-fold stimulation of the steroid production (for comparison FGIN-1-27 achieved 1.6-fold stimulation). Within the limits of the examined property space, some unprecedented SARs were unveiled, which can help in understanding the key molecular factors underlying the transition from agonism to antagonism in the steroidogenesis process. Besides the substitution pattern and the physicochemical features (mainly hydrogen bonding potential) of the substituents at the positions C(6) and C(8) of the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine nucleus, and at the para position of the 2-phenyl group, the structure-activity relationship analysis suggested lipophilicity, whose increase seems to be generally related to steroidogenesis inhibition, and steric hindrance, which appeared as a stimulation-limiting factor, as two main properties to control in the design or optimization of novel imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-based TSPO ligands endowed with potential in modulating the steroidogenesis process.
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20
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Wang Y, Peng F, Liu J, Huo C, Wang X, Jia X. Radical Cation Salt-Promoted Catalytic Aerobic sp3 C–H Oxidation: Construction of Quinoline-Fused Lactones and Lactams. J Org Chem 2014; 80:609-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502184k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related
Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education and Gansu Key Laboratory
of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Fangfang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related
Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education and Gansu Key Laboratory
of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related
Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education and Gansu Key Laboratory
of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Congde Huo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related
Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education and Gansu Key Laboratory
of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Xicun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related
Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education and Gansu Key Laboratory
of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related
Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education and Gansu Key Laboratory
of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
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21
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Liu G, Middleton RJ, Hatty CR, Kam WW, Chan R, Pham T, Harrison‐Brown M, Dodson E, Veale K, Banati RB. The 18 kDa translocator protein, microglia and neuroinflammation. Brain Pathol 2014; 24:631-53. [PMID: 25345894 PMCID: PMC8029074 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO), previously known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, is expressed in the injured brain. It has become known as an imaging marker of "neuroinflammation" indicating active disease, and is best interpreted as a nondiagnostic biomarker and disease staging tool that refers to histopathology rather than disease etiology. The therapeutic potential of TSPO as a drug target is mostly based on the understanding that it is an outer mitochondrial membrane protein required for the translocation of cholesterol, which thus regulates the rate of steroid synthesis. This pivotal role together with the evolutionary conservation of TSPO has underpinned the belief that any loss or mutation of TSPO should be associated with significant physiological deficits or be outright incompatible with life. However, against prediction, full Tspo knockout mice are viable and across their lifespan do not show the phenotype expected if cholesterol transport and steroid synthesis were significantly impaired. Thus, the "translocation" function of TSPO remains to be better substantiated. Here, we discuss the literature before and after the introduction of the new nomenclature for TSPO and review some of the newer findings. In light of the controversy surrounding the function of TSPO, we emphasize the continued importance of identifying compounds with confirmed selectivity and suggest that TSPO expression is analyzed within specific disease contexts rather than merely equated with the reified concept of "neuroinflammation."
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo‐Jun Liu
- Life SciencesAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganisationNSWAustralia
- Brain & Mind Research InstituteThe University of SydneyNSWAustralia
- Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation SciencesFaculty of Health SciencesThe University of SydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Ryan J. Middleton
- Life SciencesAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganisationNSWAustralia
| | - Claire R. Hatty
- Brain & Mind Research InstituteThe University of SydneyNSWAustralia
- Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation SciencesFaculty of Health SciencesThe University of SydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Winnie Wai‐Ying Kam
- Life SciencesAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganisationNSWAustralia
- Brain & Mind Research InstituteThe University of SydneyNSWAustralia
- Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation SciencesFaculty of Health SciencesThe University of SydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Ronald Chan
- Brain & Mind Research InstituteThe University of SydneyNSWAustralia
- Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation SciencesFaculty of Health SciencesThe University of SydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Tien Pham
- Life SciencesAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganisationNSWAustralia
| | - Meredith Harrison‐Brown
- Life SciencesAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganisationNSWAustralia
- Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation SciencesFaculty of Health SciencesThe University of SydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Eoin Dodson
- Life SciencesAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganisationNSWAustralia
| | - Kelly Veale
- Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation SciencesFaculty of Health SciencesThe University of SydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Richard B. Banati
- Life SciencesAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganisationNSWAustralia
- Brain & Mind Research InstituteThe University of SydneyNSWAustralia
- Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation SciencesFaculty of Health SciencesThe University of SydneyNSWAustralia
- National Imaging Facility and Ramaciotti Brain Imaging CentreSydneyNSWAustralia
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22
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Hinsen K, Vaitinadapoule A, Ostuni MA, Etchebest C, Lacapere JJ. Construction and validation of an atomic model for bacterial TSPO from electron microscopy density, evolutionary constraints, and biochemical and biophysical data. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1848:568-80. [PMID: 25450341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 18 kDa protein TSPO is a highly conserved transmembrane protein found in bacteria, yeast, animals and plants. TSPO is involved in a wide range of physiological functions, among which the transport of several molecules. The atomic structure of monomeric ligand-bound mouse TSPO in detergent has been published recently. A previously published low-resolution structure of Rhodobacter sphaeroides TSPO, obtained from tubular crystals with lipids and observed in cryo-electron microscopy, revealed an oligomeric structure without any ligand. We analyze this electron microscopy density in view of available biochemical and biophysical data, building a matching atomic model for the monomer and then the entire crystal. We compare its intra- and inter-molecular contacts with those predicted by amino acid covariation in TSPO proteins from evolutionary sequence analysis. The arrangement of the five transmembrane helices in a monomer of our model is different from that observed for the mouse TSPO. We analyze possible ligand binding sites for protoporphyrin, for the high-affinity ligand PK 11195, and for cholesterol in TSPO monomers and/or oligomers, and we discuss possible functional implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Hinsen
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CNRS), Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans Cedex, France; Synchrotron SOLEIL, Division Expériences, Saint Aubin, B.P. 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | - Aurore Vaitinadapoule
- INSERM, UMR-S1134, 6 rue Alexandre Cabanel, Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), Paris, France; GR-Ex, Laboratoire d'Excellence, Paris, France; National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Dynamique des Structures et des Interactions des des Macromolécules Biologiques, France.
| | - Mariano A Ostuni
- INSERM, UMR-S1134, 6 rue Alexandre Cabanel, Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), Paris, France; GR-Ex, Laboratoire d'Excellence, Paris, France.
| | - Catherine Etchebest
- INSERM, UMR-S1134, 6 rue Alexandre Cabanel, Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), Paris, France; GR-Ex, Laboratoire d'Excellence, Paris, France; Dynamique des Structures et des Interactions des des Macromolécules Biologiques, France.
| | - Jean-Jacques Lacapere
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Laboratoire de Biomolécules (LBM), 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure - PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7203 LBM, F-75005 Paris, France.
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23
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Anticonvulsant evaluation of clubbed indole-1,2,4-triazine derivatives: A synthetic approach. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 80:509-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Castellano S, Taliani S, Viviano M, Milite C, Da Pozzo E, Costa B, Barresi E, Bruno A, Cosconati S, Marinelli L, Greco G, Novellino E, Sbardella G, Da Settimo F, Martini C. Structure–Activity Relationship Refinement and Further Assessment of 4-Phenylquinazoline-2-carboxamide Translocator Protein Ligands as Antiproliferative Agents in Human Glioblastoma Tumors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2413-28. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401721h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Castellano
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Viviano
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Ciro Milite
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Eleonora Da Pozzo
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Costa
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Barresi
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Agostino Bruno
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- DiSTABiF, Seconda Universitá di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Luciana Marinelli
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Greco
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sbardella
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Universitá di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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25
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Jiang H, Cheng Y, Wang R, Zhang Y, Yu S. Synthesis of isoquinolines via visible light-promoted insertion of vinyl isocyanides with diaryliodonium salts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:6164-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01122h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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26
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Yamaguchi T, Asanuma M, Nakanishi S, Saito Y, Okazaki M, Dodo K, Sodeoka M. Turn-ON fluorescent affinity labeling using a small bifunctional O-nitrobenzoxadiazole unit. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52704b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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27
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Fukaya T, Kodo T, Ishiyama T, Nishikawa H, Baba S, Masumoto S. Design, synthesis and structure–activity relationship of novel tricyclic benzimidazolone derivatives as potent 18kDa translocator protein (TSPO) ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:1257-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Blair A, Stevenson L, Dewar D, Pimlott SL, Sutherland A. Structure–activity relationships of novel iodinated quinoline-2-carboxamides for targeting the translocator protein. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00249g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Nothdurfter C, Baghai TC, Schüle C, Rupprecht R. Translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) as a therapeutic target for anxiety and neurologic disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2012; 262 Suppl 2:S107-12. [PMID: 22923187 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-012-0352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The translocator protein (18 kD) (TSPO) plays a crucial role for the synthesis of neurosteroids by promoting the transport of cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane, which is the rate-limiting step in neurosteroidogenesis. Neurosteroids are allosteric modulators of GABA(A) receptor function, which plays an important role in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. The TSPO ligand XBD173 enhances GABAergic neurotransmission by promoting neurosteroidogenesis without direct effects at the GABA(A) receptor. In humans, XBD173 shows potent antipanic efficacy without sedation and withdrawal after 7 days of treatment. XBD173 therefore appears to be a promising compound for rapid anxiolytic efficacy with a favorable side-effect profile. Furthermore, TSPO ligands show neuroprotective and antiinflammatory effects in experimental models of peripheral neuropathies and traumatic brain injury. These compounds might therefore also be valuable for the treatment of neurologic diseases with inflammation-related pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Nothdurfter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 84, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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30
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Design, synthesis and structure–activity relationships of novel benzoxazolone derivatives as 18kDa translocator protein (TSPO) ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5568-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Lee YS, Siméon FG, Briard E, Pike VW. Solution structures of the prototypical 18 kDa translocator protein ligand, PK 11195, elucidated with 1H/13C NMR spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:325-35. [PMID: 22860199 DOI: 10.1021/cn3000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eighteen kilodalton translocator protein (TSPO) is an important target for drug discovery and for clinical molecular imaging of brain and peripheral inflammatory processes. PK 11195 [1a; 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinoline carboxamide] is the major prototypical high-affinity ligand for TSPO. Elucidation of the solution structure of 1a is of interest for understanding small-molecule ligand interactions with the lipophilic binding site of TSPO. Dynamic (1)H/(13)C NMR spectroscopy of 1a revealed four quite stable but interconverting rotamers, due to amide bond and 2-chlorophenyl group rotation. These rotamers have been neglected in previous descriptions of the structure of 1a and of the binding of 1a to TSPO. Here, we used quantum chemistry at the level of B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p) to calculate (13)C and (1)H chemical shifts for the rotamers of 1a and for the very weak TSPO ligand, N-desmethyl-PK 11195 (1b). These data, plus experimental NMR data, were then used to characterize the structures of rotamers of 1a and 1b in organic solution. Energy barriers for both the amide bond and 2'-chlorophenyl group rotation of 1a were determined from dynamic (1)H NMR to be similar (ca.17 to 18 kcal/mol), and they compared well with those calculated at the level of B3LYP/6-31G*. Furthermore, the computed barrier for Z to E rotation is considerably lower in 1a(18.7 kcal/mol) than in 1b (25.4 kcal/mol). NMR (NOE) unequivocally demonstrated that the E rotamer of 1a is the more stable in solution by about 0.4 kcal/mol. These detailed structural findings will aid future TSPO ligand design and support the notion that TSPO prefers to bind ligands as amide E-rotamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sok Lee
- Center for Molecular Modeling,
Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Building 12a, Room 2049,
Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Fabrice G. Siméon
- PET Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
Section, Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room B3
C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Emmanuelle Briard
- PET Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
Section, Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room B3
C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Victor W. Pike
- PET Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
Section, Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room B3
C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Nothdurfter C, Rammes G, Baghai TC, Schüle C, Schumacher M, Papadopoulos V, Rupprecht R. Translocator protein (18 kDa) as a target for novel anxiolytics with a favourable side-effect profile. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:82-92. [PMID: 21609361 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are frequent and highly disabling diseases with considerable socio-economic impact. In the treatment of anxiety disorders, benzodiazepines (BZDs) as direct modulators of the GABA(A) receptor are used as emergency medication because of their rapid onset of action. However, BZDs act also as sedatives and rather quickly induce tolerance and abuse liability associated with withdrawal symptoms. Antidepressants with anxiolytic properties are also applied as first line long-term treatment of anxiety disorders. However, the onset of action of antidepressants takes several weeks. Obviously, novel pharmacological approaches are needed that combine a rapid anxiolytic efficacy with the lack of tolerance induction, abuse liability and withdrawal symptoms. Neurosteroids are potent allosteric modulators of GABA(A) receptor function. The translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) plays an important role for the synthesis of neurosteroids by promoting the transport of cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane, which is the rate-limiting step in neurosteroidogenesis. Etifoxine not only exerts anxiolytic effects as a TSPO ligand by enhancing neurosteroidogenesis, but also acts as a weak direct GABA(A) receptor enhancer. The TSPO ligand XBD173 enhances GABAergic neurotransmission via the promotion of neurosteroidogenesis without direct effects at the GABA(A) receptor. XBD173 counteracts pharmacologically-induced panic in rodents in the absence of sedation and tolerance development. Also in humans, XBD173 displays antipanic activity and does not cause sedation and withdrawal symptoms after 7 days of treatment. XBD173 therefore appears to be a promising candidate for fast-acting anxiolytic drugs with less severe side-effects than BZDs. In this review, we focus on the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders and TSPO ligands as a novel pharmacological approach in the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nothdurfter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Rupprecht R, Papadopoulos V, Rammes G, Baghai TC, Fan J, Akula N, Groyer G, Adams D, Schumacher M. Translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) as a therapeutic target for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011; 9:971-88. [PMID: 21119734 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 701] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) is localized primarily in the outer mitochondrial membrane of steroid-synthesizing cells, including those in the central and peripheral nervous system. One of its main functions is the transport of the substrate cholesterol into mitochondria, a prerequisite for steroid synthesis. TSPO expression may constitute a biomarker of brain inflammation and reactive gliosis that could be monitored by using TSPO ligands as neuroimaging agents. Moreover, initial clinical trials have indicated that TSPO ligands might be valuable in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. This Review focuses on the biology and pathophysiology of TSPO and the potential of currently available TSPO ligands for the diagnosis and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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Cappelli A, Valenti S, Mancini A, Giuliani G, Anzini M, Altieri S, Bortolussi S, Ferrari C, Clerici AM, Zonta C, Carraro F, Filippi I, Giorgi G, Donati A, Ristori S, Vomero S, Concas A, Biggio G. Carborane-Conjugated 2-Quinolinecarboxamide Ligands of the Translocator Protein for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:2213-21. [DOI: 10.1021/bc100195s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica, Università di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Laboratorio di Chirurgia Sperimentale, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy,
| | - Salvatore Valenti
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica, Università di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Laboratorio di Chirurgia Sperimentale, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy,
| | - Alessandra Mancini
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica, Università di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Laboratorio di Chirurgia Sperimentale, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy,
| | - Germano Giuliani
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica, Università di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Laboratorio di Chirurgia Sperimentale, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy,
| | - Maurizio Anzini
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica, Università di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Laboratorio di Chirurgia Sperimentale, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy,
| | - Saverio Altieri
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica, Università di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Laboratorio di Chirurgia Sperimentale, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy,
| | - Silva Bortolussi
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica, Università di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Laboratorio di Chirurgia Sperimentale, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy,
| | - Cinzia Ferrari
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica, Università di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Laboratorio di Chirurgia Sperimentale, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy,
| | - Anna Maria Clerici
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica, Università di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Laboratorio di Chirurgia Sperimentale, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy,
| | - Cecilia Zonta
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica, Università di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Laboratorio di Chirurgia Sperimentale, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy,
| | - Fabio Carraro
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica, Università di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Laboratorio di Chirurgia Sperimentale, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy,
| | - Irene Filippi
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica, Università di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Laboratorio di Chirurgia Sperimentale, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy,
| | - Gianluca Giorgi
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica, Università di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Laboratorio di Chirurgia Sperimentale, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy,
| | - Alessandro Donati
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica, Università di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Laboratorio di Chirurgia Sperimentale, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy,
| | - Sandra Ristori
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica, Università di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Laboratorio di Chirurgia Sperimentale, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy,
| | - Salvatore Vomero
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica, Università di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Laboratorio di Chirurgia Sperimentale, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy,
| | - Alessandra Concas
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica, Università di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Laboratorio di Chirurgia Sperimentale, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy,
| | - Giovanni Biggio
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica, Università di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pavia, Via Ugo Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Laboratorio di Chirurgia Sperimentale, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy,
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Three-dimensional structure of TspO by electron cryomicroscopy of helical crystals. Structure 2010; 18:677-87. [PMID: 20541505 PMCID: PMC2911597 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The 18 kDa TSPO protein is a polytopic mitochondrial outer membrane protein involved in a wide range of physiological functions and pathologies, including neurodegeneration and cancer. The pharmacology of TSPO has been extensively studied, but little is known about its biochemistry, oligomeric state, and structure. We have expressed, purified, and characterized a homologous protein, TspO from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, and reconstituted it as helical crystals. Using electron cryomicroscopy and single-particle helical reconstruction, we have determined a three-dimensional structure of TspO at 10 Å resolution. The structure suggests that monomeric TspO comprises five transmembrane α helices that form a homodimer, which is consistent with the dimeric state observed in detergent solution. Furthermore, the arrangement of transmembrane domains of individual TspO subunits indicates a possibility of two substrate translocation pathways per dimer. The structure provides the first insight into the molecular architecture of TSPO/PBR protein family that will serve as a framework for future studies.
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Du J, Xi L, Lei B, Lu J, Li J, Liu H, Yao X. Structure-based quantitative structure-activity relationship studies of checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitors. J Comput Chem 2010; 31:2783-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Stevenson L, Tavares AAS, Brunet A, McGonagle FI, Dewar D, Pimlott SL, Sutherland A. New iodinated quinoline-2-carboxamides for SPECT imaging of the translocator protein. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 20:954-7. [PMID: 20045646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of developing new SPECT imaging agents for the translocator protein (TSPO), a small library of iodinated quinoline-2-carboxamides have been prepared and tested for binding affinity with TSPO. N,N-Diethyl-3-iodomethyl-4-phenylquinoline-2-carboxamide was found to have excellent affinity (K(i) 12.0 nM), comparable to that of the widely used TSPO imaging agent PK11195.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Stevenson
- WestCHEM, Department of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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Roopan SM, Khan FN, Vijetha M, Hathwar VR, Ng SW. Ethyl 2,6-dichloro-4-phenyl-quinoline-3-carboxyl-ate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o2982. [PMID: 21578722 PMCID: PMC2971778 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536809045334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C18H13Cl2NO2, the quinoline ring system is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation 0.009 Å), and the phenyl and carboxylate planes are twisted away from it by 59.2 (1) and 65.9 (2)°, respectively.
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Tuccinardi T, Taliani S, Bellandi M, Da Settimo F, Da Pozzo E, Martini C, Martinelli A. A Virtual Screening Study of the 18 kDa Translocator Protein using Pharmacophore Models Combined with 3D-QSAR Studies. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1686-94. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Scarf AM, Ittner LM, Kassiou M. The Translocator Protein (18 kDa): Central Nervous System Disease and Drug Design. J Med Chem 2009; 52:581-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8011678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alana M. Scarf
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, 100 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, and School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Lars M. Ittner
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, 100 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, and School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, 100 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, and School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Cappelli A, Giuliani G, Anzini M, Riitano D, Giorgi G, Vomero S. Design, synthesis, and structure–affinity relationship studies in NK1 receptor ligands based on azole-fused quinolinecarboxamide moieties. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6850-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cappelli A, Mancini A, Sudati F, Valenti S, Anzini M, Belloli S, Moresco RM, Matarrese M, Vaghi M, Fabro A, Fazio F, Vomero S. Synthesis and biological characterization of novel 2-quinolinecarboxamide ligands of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptors bearing technetium-99m or rhenium. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:1143-53. [PMID: 18510350 DOI: 10.1021/bc700437g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Potential receptor imaging agents based on Tc-99m for the in vivo visualization of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) have been designed on the basis of the information provided by the previously published structure-affinity relationship studies, which suggested the existence of tolerance to voluminous substituents in the receptor area interacting with 3-position of the quinoline nucleus of 2-quinolinecarboxamides 5. In the first step of the investigation, the stereoelectronic features of the above-indicated receptor area were also probed by means of 4-phenyl-3-[(1-piperazinyl)methyl]-2-quinolinecarboxamide derivatives bearing different substituents on the terminal piperazine nitrogen atom (compounds 6a-f). The structure-affinity relationship data confirmed the existence of a tolerance to bulky lipophilic substituents and stimulated the design of bifunctional ligands based on the 4-phenyl-3-[(1-piperazinyl)methyl]-2-quinolinecarboxamide moiety (compounds 6h,j,k,m). The submicromolar PBR affinity of rhenium complexes 6j,m suggests that the presence of their metal-ligand moieties with encaged rhenium is fairly compatible with the interaction with the PBR binding site. Thus, in order to obtain information on the in vivo behavior of these bifunctional ligands, (99m)Tc-labeled compounds 6h,k were synthesized and evaluated in preliminary biodistribution and single photon emission tomography (SPET) studies. The results suggest that both tracers do not present a clear preferential distribution in tissues rich in PBR, probably because of their molecular dimensions, which may hamper both the intracellular diffusion toward PBR and the interaction with the binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Roy K, Toropov A, Raska I. QSAR Modeling of PeripheralVersus Central Benzodiazepine Receptor Binding Affinity of 2-Phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridineacetamides using Optimal Descriptors Calculated with SMILES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200630072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Cappelli A, Matarrese M, Moresco RM, Valenti S, Anzini M, Vomero S, Turolla EA, Belloli S, Simonelli P, Filannino MA, Lecchi M, Fazio F. Synthesis, labeling, and biological evaluation of halogenated 2-quinolinecarboxamides as potential radioligands for the visualization of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:4055-66. [PMID: 16495062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The previous exploration of the structure-affinity relationships concerning 4-phenyl-2-quinolinecarboxamide peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) ligands 6 showed as an interesting result the importance of the presence of a chlorine atom in the methylene carbon at position 3 of the quinoline nucleus. The subnanomolar PBR affinity shown by N-benzyl-3-chloromethyl-N-methyl-4-phenyl-2-quinolinecarboxamide (6b) suggested its chlorine atom to be replaced with other halogens in order to optimize the interaction of the quinolinecarboxamide derivatives with PBR and to develop suitable candidates for positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies. The binding studies led to the discovery of fluoromethyl derivative 6a, which showed an IC50 value of 0.11 nM and is, therefore, one of the most potent PBR ligands so far described. Fluoromethyl derivative 6a has been labeled with 11C (t1/2=20.4 min, beta+=99.8%) starting from the corresponding des-methyl precursor (14) using [11C]CH3I in the presence of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in DMF with a 35-40% radiochemical yield (corrected for decay) and 1.5 Ci/micromol of specific radioactivity. Ex vivo rat biodistribution and inhibition (following intravenous pre-administration of PK11195) studies showed that [11C]6a rapidly and specifically accumulated in PBR-rich tissues such as heart, lung, kidney, spleen, and adrenal, and at a lower level in other peripheral organs and in the brain. The images obtained in mouse with small animal YAP-(S)PET essentially confirmed the result of the ex vivo biodistribution experiments. The biological data suggest that [11C]6a is a promising radioligand for peripheral benzodiazepine receptor PET imaging in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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46
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Selleri S, Gratteri P, Costagli C, Bonaccini C, Costanzo A, Melani F, Guerrini G, Ciciani G, Costa B, Spinetti F, Martini C, Bruni F. Insight into 2-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl acetamides as peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligands: Synthesis, biological evaluation and 3D-QSAR investigation. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:4821-34. [PMID: 15975799 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Revised: 05/04/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present paper reports the synthesis and binding studies of new 2-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl acetamides as selective Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor (PBR) ligands. The variability of substituents at the 3-position was investigated and a 3D-QSAR model was proposed to evaluate the effect of different substitutions on the acetamide moiety. In addition, a subset of the novel compounds showing high affinity for PBR was tested for their ability to modulate the steroid biosynthesis in C6 glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Selleri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, Via U. Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto F.no Firenze, Italy
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47
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Meurice N, Maggiora GM, Vercauteren DP. Evaluating molecular similarity using reduced representations of the electron density. J Mol Model 2005; 11:237-47. [PMID: 15889291 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-005-0264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A model system of four benzodiazepine-like ligands for the central benzodiazepine receptors (CBRs) and peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs)is examined using a genetic algorithm procedure (GAGS) designed for evaluating molecular similarity. The method is based on the alignment of reduced representations generated from the critical points of the electron density computed at medium crystallographic resolution. The results are further characterized by a comparison with alignments produced by MIMIC, a field-based superimposition method that matches both steric and electrostatic molecular fields. The alignments produced by the two methods are generally seen to be consistent. The relationships of the compounds' binding affinities for both CBRs and PBRs to the alignments determined by GAGS yield a set of structural features required for significant binding to benzodiazepine receptors. Benefits of using reduced representations for evaluating molecular similarities and for constructing pharmacophore models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Meurice
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, College of Pharmacy, 1703 E. Mable, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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48
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Trapani G, Laquintana V, Denora N, Trapani A, Lopedota A, Latrofa A, Franco M, Serra M, Pisu MG, Floris I, Sanna E, Biggio G, Liso G. Structure−Activity Relationships and Effects on Neuroactive Steroid Synthesis in a Series of 2-Phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridineacetamide Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptors Ligands. J Med Chem 2004; 48:292-305. [PMID: 15634024 DOI: 10.1021/jm049610q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 36 imidazopyridineacetamides (2-37) were designed and synthesized to evaluate the effects of structural changes on the amide nitrogen at both central (CBRs) and peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs). These changes include variations in the length and number of the alkyl groups as well as introduction of different aromatic, heteroaromatic, and conformationally constrained groups. The affinities of these compounds for CBRs and PBRs were determined, and the results indicate that bulkiness of the substituents, their branching, and length beyond an optimal value may cause hindrance to the ligand in its interaction with the receptor. The presence of aromatic or conformationally constrained substituents on the carboxamide nitrogen can be conducive to high affinity and selectivity. Furthermore, the ability of a subset of the most active ligands to stimulate synthesis of neuroactive steroids in plasma and brain was evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Compound 3 exhibited very marked effects on the peripheral and central synthesis of neuroactive steroids, while 36 (potent at subnanomolar level) showed a slight ability to affect neuroactive steroid content in the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Trapani
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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Campagna F, Palluotto F, Carotti A, Maciocco E. Synthesis, central and peripheral benzodiazepine receptor affinity of pyrazole and pyrazole-containing polycyclic derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:849-56. [PMID: 15544788 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2004.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 05/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of new pyrazole-condensed 6,5,5 tricyclic compounds were synthesized and tested to evaluate their binding affinities at both central (CBR) and peripheral (PBR) benzodiazepine receptors. Some 1-aryl-5-phenylpyrazole derivatives were also prepared and tested for comparison with their corresponding rigid tricyclic analogs. Among the newly synthesized 1-aryl-1,4-dihydro-indeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles bearing both an ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a carbonyl function at the position 4, compound 4b emerged as a new potent (IC(50) = 26.4 nM) and selective CBR ligand. The 4-oxo-1-aryl-1,4-dihydro-indeno[1,2-c]pyrazole diethylamide derivative 14a was instead identified as a relatively potent (IC(50) = 124 nM) but highly selective PBR ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Campagna
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Università di Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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50
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Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Garg R, Hansch C. Comparative Quantitative Structure−Activity Relationship Studies (QSAR) on Non-Benzodiazepine Compounds Binding to Benzodiazepine Receptor (BzR). Chem Rev 2004; 104:3751-94. [PMID: 15352779 DOI: 10.1021/cr0304469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Hadjipavlou-Litina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
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