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Choi K. The Structure-property Relationships of Clinically Approved Protease Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:1441-1463. [PMID: 37031455 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230409232655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteases play important roles in the regulation of many physiological processes, and protease inhibitors have become one of the important drug classes. Especially because the development of protease inhibitors often starts from a substrate- based peptidomimetic strategy, many of the initial lead compounds suffer from pharmacokinetic liabilities. OBJECTIVE To reduce drug attrition rates, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics studies are fully integrated into modern drug discovery research, and the structure-property relationship illustrates how the modification of the chemical structure influences the pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties of drug compounds. Understanding the structure- property relationships of clinically approved protease inhibitor drugs and their analogues could provide useful information on the lead-to-candidate optimization strategies. METHODS About 70 inhibitors against human or pathogenic viral proteases have been approved until the end of 2021. In this review, 17 inhibitors are chosen for the structure- property relationship analysis because detailed pharmacological and/or physicochemical data have been disclosed in the medicinal chemistry literature for these inhibitors and their close analogues. RESULTS The compiled data are analyzed primarily focusing on the pharmacokinetic or toxicological deficiencies found in lead compounds and the structural modification strategies used to generate candidate compounds. CONCLUSION The structure-property relationships hereby summarized how the overall druglike properties could be successfully improved by modifying the structure of protease inhibitors. These specific examples are expected to serve as useful references and guidance for developing new protease inhibitor drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihang Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea (ROK)
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2
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de la Rosa-Barrales A, Alvano Pérez-Bautista J, Cruz-Gregorio S, Luisa Meza-León R, Quintero L, Cortezano-Arellano O, Sartillo-Piscil F. Chiron approach and the [4 + 2] Diels-Alder cycloaddition of 2-pyrones for the synthesis of cis-(-)-aminoindan-2-ol. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Athanasiou C, Cournia Z. From Computers to Bedside: Computational Chemistry Contributing to FDA Approval. BIOMOLECULAR SIMULATIONS IN STRUCTURE-BASED DRUG DISCOVERY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527806836.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Athanasiou
- Biomedical Research Foundation; Academy of Athens; 4 Soranou Ephessiou 11527 Athens Greece
| | - Zoe Cournia
- Biomedical Research Foundation; Academy of Athens; 4 Soranou Ephessiou 11527 Athens Greece
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Halder AK. Finding the structural requirements of diverse HIV-1 protease inhibitors using multiple QSAR modelling for lead identification. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 29:911-933. [PMID: 30332922 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2018.1529702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) analysis is widely used in drug discovery for lead identification. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) protease is one of the key targets for the treatment of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). One of the major challenges for the design of HIV-1 protease inhibitors (HIV PRIs) is to increase the inhibitory activities against the enzyme to a level where the problem associated to drug resistance may be considerably delayed. Herein, chemometric analyses were performed with 346 structurally diverse HIV PRIs with experimental bioactivities against a sub-type B mutant to develop highly predictable QSAR models and also to identify the effective structural determinants for higher affinity against HIV PR. The QSAR models were developed using OCHEM-based machine learning tools (ASNN, FSMLR, KNN, RF, MANN and XGBoost), with descriptors calculated by eight different software packages. Simultaneously, a Monte Carlo optimization-based QSAR modelling was performed using SMILES and graph-based descriptors to understand fragment and topochemical contributions. To validate the actual predictability of all these models, an additional set of 104 compounds (also with known experimental activities) with slightly different chemical space were employed. This ligand-based study serves as a crucial benchmark for further development of the HIV protease inhibitors with improved activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Halder
- a School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa
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5
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Nillroth U, Vrang L, Ahlsen G, Besidsky Y, Chattopadhyaya J, Ugi I, Danielson UH. The use of 5′-Phosphate Derivatives of Nucleoside Analogues as Inhibitors of HIV-1 Replication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029500600107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of phosphate esters of nucleoside analogues was synthesized and tested for anti-HIV activity in cell culture. A number of these compounds were potent inhibitors of HIV-replication with ED50 ≥ 10 nM. The most potent compounds were phosphate esters of the most potent nucleosides, 3′-fluoro-3′-deoxythymidine (FLT) and 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT). In cell culture, the inhibition by one of these derivatives was shown to be reversed by thymidine. Also, the AZT analogue was less active against AZT-resistant virus. None of the compounds tested was directly inhibitory of HIV reverse transcriptase. The compounds were found to be labile; the rate of hydrolysis and the identity of the products varied depending on the substituents on the phosphorus atom. Activation of the most active analogue, FLT-5′-(methoxyglycinyl S-(N-methylcarbamoylmethyl))thiophosphate (JCA-304), involved a pH-dependent hydrolysis, which increased with increasing pH. The hydrolysis was not dependent on HIV proteinase, the presence of MT4 cells or enzymatic activity originating from the culture medium. The product of hydrolysis of JCA-304 was the free nucleoside (FLT); FLT-5′-monophosphate was not detected. The corresponding acyclovir analogue was not active against thymidine-kinase-deficient herpes simplex virus in Vero cells. Hydrolysis of FLT-5′-(S-(N-methylcarbamoylmethyl))thiophosphate (JCA-319) was observed in cell culture medium but not in buffer at the same pH. The product was identified as FLT-5′-monophosphate. Neither of these compounds was seen as an intermediate in the hydrolysis of JCA-304. The results suggest that the compounds are prodrugs activated by a non-enzymatic hydrolysis and a cytosolic phosphorylation yielding potent inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase. The cellular stability of substituted 5′-phosphate derivatives cannot be predicted from their behaviour in buffer or from the hydrolysis of closely related analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Nillroth
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, P.O. Box 576, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L. Vrang
- Medivir AB, Lunastigen 7, S-141 44 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - G. Ahlsen
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, P.O. Box 576, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Y. Besidsky
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, P.O. Box 581, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J. Chattopadhyaya
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, P.O. Box 581, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I. Ugi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Technische Universität, München, Germany
| | - U. H. Danielson
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, P.O. Box 576, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Maddess ML, Scott JP, Alorati A, Baxter C, Bremeyer N, Brewer S, Campos K, Cleator E, Dieguez-Vazquez A, Gibb A, Gibson A, Howard M, Keen S, Klapars A, Lee J, Li J, Lynch J, Mullens P, Wallace D, Wilson R. Enantioselective Synthesis of a Highly Substituted Tetrahydrofluorene Derivative as a Potent and Selective Estrogen Receptor Beta Agonist. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op5000489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Maddess
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, United States
| | - Jeremy P. Scott
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Anthony Alorati
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Carl Baxter
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Nadine Bremeyer
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Sarah Brewer
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Kevin Campos
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, United States
| | - Ed Cleator
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Alejandro Dieguez-Vazquez
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Andrew Gibb
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Melissa Howard
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, United States
| | - Stephen Keen
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Artis Klapars
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, United States
| | - Jaemoon Lee
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, United States
| | - Joseph Lynch
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, United States
| | - Peter Mullens
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Debra Wallace
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, United States
| | - Robert Wilson
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
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Kesteleyn B, Amssoms K, Schepens W, Hache G, Verschueren W, Van De Vreken W, Rombauts K, Meurs G, Sterkens P, Stoops B, Baert L, Austin N, Wegner J, Masungi C, Dierynck I, Lundgren S, Jönsson D, Parkes K, Kalayanov G, Wallberg H, Rosenquist A, Samuelsson B, Van Emelen K, Thuring JW. Design and synthesis of HIV-1 protease inhibitors for a long-acting injectable drug application. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012. [PMID: 23177258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs) (1-22), which display high potency against HIV-1 wild-type and multi-PI-resistant HIV-mutant clinical isolates, is described. Lead optimization was initiated from compound 1, a Phe-Phe hydroxyethylene peptidomimetic PI, and was directed towards the discovery of new PIs suitable for a long-acting (LA) injectable drug application. Introducing a heterocyclic 6-methoxy-3-pyridinyl or a 6-(dimethylamino)-3-pyridinyl moiety (R(3)) at the para-position of the P1' benzyl fragment generated compounds with antiviral potency in the low single digit nanomolar range. Halogenation or alkylation of the metabolic hot spots on the various aromatic rings resulted in PIs with high stability against degradation in human liver microsomes and low plasma clearance in rats. Replacing the chromanolamine moiety (R(1)) in the P2 protease binding site by a cyclopentanolamine or a cyclohexanolamine derivative provided a series of high clearance PIs (16-22) with EC(50)s on wild-type HIV-1 in the range of 0.8-1.8 nM. PIs 18 and 22, formulated as nanosuspensions, showed gradual but sustained and complete release from the injection site over two months in rats, and were therefore identified as interesting candidates for a LA injectable drug application for treating HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Kesteleyn
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium.
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Smith AB, Charnley AK, Hirschmann R. Pyrrolinone-based peptidomimetics. "Let the enzyme or receptor be the judge". Acc Chem Res 2011; 44:180-93. [PMID: 21175156 PMCID: PMC3078624 DOI: 10.1021/ar1001186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peptides and proteins, evolved by nature to perform vital biological functions, would constitute ideal candidates for therapeutic intervention were it not for their generally poor pharmacokinetic profiles. Nonpeptide peptidomimetics have thus been pursued because they might overcome these limitations while maintaining both the potency and selectivity of the parent peptide or protein. Since the late 1980s, we have sought to design, synthesize, and evaluate a novel, proteolytically stable nonpeptide peptidomimetic scaffold consisting of a repeating structural unit amenable to iterative construction; a primary concern is maintaining both the appropriate peptide-like side-chains and requisite hydrogen bonding. In this Account, we detail how efforts in the Smith-Hirschmann laboratories culminated in the identification of the 3,5-linked polypyrrolinone scaffold. We developed effective synthetic protocols, both in solution and on solid supports, for iterative construction of diverse polypyrrolinones that present functionalized peptide-like side-chains. As a result of the rigid nature of the pyrrolinone scaffold, control over the backbone conformation could be exerted by modulation of the stereogenicity of the constituent monomers and the network of intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The extended conformation of the homochiral 3,5-linked polypyrrolinone scaffold proved to be an excellent mimic for β-strands and β-sheets. Application to enzyme inhibitor design and synthesis led not only to modest inhibitors of the aspartic acid protease renin and the matrix metalloprotease class of enzymes, but importantly to bioavailable HIV-1 protease inhibitors with subnanomolar binding constants. The design and synthesis of a competent peptide-pyrrolinone hybrid ligand for the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen protein HLA-DR1 further demonstrated the utility of the 3,5-polypyrrolinone motif as a mimic for the extended polyproline type II peptide backbone. Equally important, we sought to define, by synthesis, the additional conformational space accessible to the polypyrrolinone structural motif, with the ultimate goal of accessing pyrrolinone-based turn and helix mimetics. Toward this end, a mono-N-methylated bispyrrolinone was found to adopt an extended helical array in the solid state. Subsequent synthesis of d,l-alternating (heterochiral) tetrapyrrolinones both validated the expected turn conformations in solution and led to a functionally active mimetic of a peptidal β-turn (similar to somatostatin). Finally, the design, synthesis, and structural evaluation of both acyclic and cyclic heterochiral (that is, d,l-alternating) hexapyrrolinones yielded nanotube-like assemblies in the solid state. Taken together, these results illustrate the remarkable potential of the 3,5-linked polypyrrolinone scaffold as β-strand, β-sheet, β-turn, and potentially helical peptidomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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10
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Jiang Y, Wong JH, Fu M, Ng TB, Liu ZK, Wang CR, Li N, Qiao WT, Wen TY, Liu F. Isolation of adenosine, iso-sinensetin and dimethylguanosine with antioxidant and HIV-1 protease inhibiting activities from fruiting bodies of Cordyceps militaris. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 18:189-93. [PMID: 20576416 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
According to previous studies, a close relationship between oxidative stress and AIDS suggests that antioxidants might play an important role in the treatment of AIDS. Cordyceps militaris was selected from nine edible mushrooms by assay of inhibition of erythrocyte hemolysis. Macroporous adsorption resin and HPLC were used to purify three micromolecular compounds named L3a, L3b and L3c. L3a was identified to be adenosine with the molecular formula C(10)H(13)N(5)O(4); L3b was 6,7,2',4',5'-pentamethoxyflavone with the molecular formula C(20)H(20)O(7), and L3c was dimethylguanosine with the molecular formula C(12)H(17)N(5)O(5). The compound 6,7,2',4',5'-pentamethoxyflavone was first isolated from C. militaris. The assay of inhibition of HIV-1 protease (HIV-1 PR) was based on the fact that the expression of this enzyme can inhibit the growth of E. coli. This is a new screening system for HIV-1 PR inhibitors. Both L3a and L3b showed high inhibition to HIV-1 PR. These compounds could be new anti-HIV-1 PR drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Jiang
- Center for AIDS Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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11
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Shimizu M, Hayashi Y, Hamanaka R, Hachiya I. Diastereoselective Approach to an HIV Protease Inhibitor Intermediate Using a Cation-Exchange Resin Mediated Mannich-Type Reaction. HETEROCYCLES 2007. [DOI: 10.3987/com-07-s(u)25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Gallou I, Senanayake CH. cis-1-Amino-2-indanol in Drug Design and Applications to Asymmetric Processes. Chem Rev 2006; 106:2843-74. [PMID: 16836302 DOI: 10.1021/cr050970a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Gallou
- Department of Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, USA
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Prasad CVC, Vig S, Smith DW, Gao Q, Polson CT, Corsa JA, Guss VL, Loo A, Barten DM, Zheng M, Felsenstein KM, Roberts SB. 2,3-Benzodiazepin-1,4-diones as peptidomimetic inhibitors of gamma-secretase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:3535-8. [PMID: 15177468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2003] [Revised: 04/14/2004] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
2,3-Benzodiazepin-1,4-diones were designed as peptidomimetics at the carboxy terminus of hydroxyamides. Inhibition of brain Abeta production was improved by one of the compounds containing constrained modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V C Prasad
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
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Prasad CVC, Wallace OB, Noonan JW, Sloan CP, Lau W, Vig S, Parker MF, Smith DW, Hansel SB, Polson CT, Barten DM, Felsenstein KM, Roberts SB. Hydroxytriamides as potent γ-secretase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1917-21. [PMID: 15050627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2003] [Revised: 01/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Using a cell-based assay, we have identified optimal residues and key recognition elements necessary for inhibition of gamma-secretase. An (S)-hydroxy group or 3,5-difluorophenylacetyl group at the amino terminus and N-methyltertiary amide moiety at the carboxy terminus provided potent gamma-secretase inhibitors with an IC(50) <10 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V C Prasad
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
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Onaran MB, Seto CT. Using a Lipase as a High-Throughput Screening Method for Measuring the Enantiomeric Excess of Allylic Acetates. J Org Chem 2003; 68:8136-41. [PMID: 14535795 DOI: 10.1021/jo035067u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This report describes a high-throughput method for measuring the enantiomeric excess of allylic acetates. Such methods are useful tools for screening libraries of potential catalysts for enantioselective reactions. This technique, which is called EMDee for an enzymatic method for determining enantiomeric excess, uses the lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia to hydrolyze the (R) enantiomer of an allylic acetate, while the (S) enantiomer does not react. The rate of the reaction is monitored by measuring the acetic acid that is produced during the hydrolysis reaction with a pH indicator. Using the Michaelis-Menten equation, the rate of the reaction can be correlated with the concentration of the (R) enantiomer. This method can process 88 samples in less that 30 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Burak Onaran
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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Huff JR, Kahn J. Discovery and clinical development of HIV-1 protease inhibitors. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2001; 56:213-51. [PMID: 11329855 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(01)56007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J R Huff
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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Myers AG, Barbay JK, Zhong B. Asymmetric synthesis of chiral organofluorine compounds: use of nonracemic fluoroiodoacetic acid as a practical electrophile and its application to the synthesis of monofluoro hydroxyethylene dipeptide isosteres within a novel series of HIV protease inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:7207-19. [PMID: 11472148 DOI: 10.1021/ja010113y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two stereoselective routes to a series of diastereomeric inhibitors of HIV protease, monofluorinated analogues of the Merck HIV protease inhibitor indinavir, are described. The two routes feature stereoselective construction of the fluorinated core subunits by asymmetric alkylation reactions. The first-generation syntheses were based on the conjugate addition of the lithium enolate derived from pseudoephedrine alpha-fluoroacetamide to nitroalkene 12, a modestly diastereoselective transformation. A more practical second-generation synthetic route was developed that is based on a novel method for the asymmetric synthesis of organofluorine compounds, by enolate alkylation using optically active fluoroiodoacetic acid as the electrophile in combination with a chiral amide enolate. Resolution of fluoroiodoacetic acid with ephedrine provides either enantiomeric form of the electrophile in > or = 96% ee. Alkylation reactions with this stable and storable chiral fluorinated precursor are shown to proceed in a highly stereospecific manner. With the development of substrate-controlled syn- or anti-selective reductions of alpha-fluoro ketones 44 and 45 (diastereomeric ratios 12:1-84:1), efficient and stereoselective routes to each of the four targeted inhibitors were achieved. The optimized synthetic route to the most potent inhibitor (syn,syn-4, K(i) = 2.0 nM) proceeded in seven steps (87% average yield per step) from aminoindanol hydrocinnamide 40 and (S)-fluoroiodoacetic acid, and allowed for the preparation of more than 1 g of this compound. The inhibition of HIV-1 protease by each of the fluorinated inhibitors was evaluated in vitro, and the variation of potency as a function of inhibitor stereochemistry is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Myers
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6701 Szeged, POB 121, Hungary.
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Oscarsson K, Classon B, Kvarnström I, Hallberg A, Samuelsson B. Solid phase assisted synthesis of HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Expedient entry to unsymmetrical substitution of a C2 symmetric template. CAN J CHEM 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/v00-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A solid phase synthesis has been developed leading up to unsymmetrical HIV-1 protease inhibitors that are not readily available by conventional solution phase chemistry (18ag). To prepare these compounds the hydroxyl group of (1S,2R)-()-cis-1-phthalimido-2-indanol (3) was coupled to a Merrifield resin via a dihydropyrane linker. Cleavage of the phthalimido protecting group and reaction of the liberated amine with the bis-activated symmetrical diacid 15 resulted in the resin bound amide 16. Coupling of 16 with amino acids and amines followed by hydrolysis produced the desired unsymmetrical products 18ag from which potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors were identified, e.g., 18e (ki = 0.1 nM), 18a (ki = 0.2 nM) and 18c (ki = 2 nM).Key words: HIV, inhibitor, protease, solid phase.
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Tomasselli AG, Heinrikson RL. Targeting the HIV-protease in AIDS therapy: a current clinical perspective. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1477:189-214. [PMID: 10708858 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with clinical applications of compounds that inhibit the action of the protease encoded within the genome of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The HIV-protease is essential for viral maturation and represents an important therapeutic target in the fight against AIDS. Following a brief overview of the enzyme structure and function, the article focuses on a number of peptide and non-peptide based HIV-protease inhibitors that are in current clinical use. These drugs are discussed both with respect to their efficacy in treatment of AIDS, and to problems related to insurgence of viral resistance and side effects seen to date in patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Tomasselli
- Department of Protein Science, Pharmacia and Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA
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21
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Abstract
In this paper, an overview of the pharmacokinetics of currently available antiretroviral drugs is provided. Included in this article are the agents zidovudine, stavudine, zalcitabine, lamivudine, didanosine, abacavir, nevirapine, delavirdine, efavirenz, saquinavir, indinavir, ritonavir and nelfinavir. Key pharmacokinetic parameters, drug penetration in body compartments and drug interactions are discussed for each agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard MW Hoetdmans
- Slotervaart Hospital, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Baker CT, Salituro FG, Court JJ, Deininger DD, Kim EE, Li B, Novak PM, Rao BG, Pazhanisamy S, Schairer WC, Tung RD. Design, synthesis, and conformational analysis of a novel series of HIV protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:3631-6. [PMID: 9934484 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A combination of structure-based design and both solution, and solid-phase synthesis were utilized to derive a potent (nM) series of HIV-1 protease inhibitors bearing a structurally novel backbone. Detailed structural analysis of several inhibitors prepared in this series has suggested that rigidification of the P1/P2 region of this class of molecules may result in compounds with improved potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Baker
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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23
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Lin JH, Ostovic D, Vacca JP. The integration of medicinal chemistry, drug metabolism, and pharmaceutical research and development in drug discovery and development. The story of Crixivan, an HIV protease inhibitor. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 1998; 11:233-55. [PMID: 9760683 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47384-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Lin
- Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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24
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Wlodawer A, Vondrasek J. Inhibitors of HIV-1 protease: a major success of structure-assisted drug design. ANNUAL REVIEW OF BIOPHYSICS AND BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 1998; 27:249-84. [PMID: 9646869 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biophys.27.1.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Retroviral protease (PR) from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was identified over a decade ago as a potential target for structure-based drug design. This effort was very successful. Four drugs are already approved, and others are undergoing clinical trials. The techniques utilized in this remarkable example of structure-assisted drug design included crystallography, NMR, computational studies, and advanced chemical synthesis. The development of these drugs is discussed in detail. Other approaches to designing HIV-1 PR inhibitors, based on the concepts of symmetry and on the replacement of a water molecule that had been found tetrahedrally coordinated between the enzyme and the inhibitors, are also discussed. The emergence of drug-induced mutations of HIV-1 PR leads to rapid loss of potency of the existing drugs and to the need to continue the development process. The structural basis of drug resistance and the ways of overcoming this phenomenon are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wlodawer
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, ABL-Basic Research Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21702, USA.
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25
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Abstract
A review on cis-1-aminoindan-2-ol derived asymmetric syntheses is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Steve Fidanze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Chris H Senanayake
- Sepracor Inc, Chemical Research and Development, 111 Locke Drive, Marlbrough, MA 01752, USA Fax +1(312)9960431;
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26
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Garrouste P, Pawlowski M, Tonnaire T, Sicsic S, Dumy P, de Rosny E, Reboud-Ravaux M, Fulcrand P, Martinez J. Synthesis and activity of HIV protease inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(98)80043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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28
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29
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Randad RS, Lubkowska L, Silva AM, Guerin DM, Gulnik SV, Yu B, Erickson JW. Structure-based design of achiral, nonpeptidic hydroxybenzamide as a novel P2/P2' replacement for the symmetry-based HIV protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 1996; 4:1471-80. [PMID: 8894104 DOI: 10.1016/0968-0896(96)00140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A combination of structure-activity studies, kinetic analysis, X-ray crystallographic analysis, and modeling were employed in the design of a novel series of HIV-1 protease (HIV PR) inhibitors. The crystal structure of a complex of HIV PR with SRSS-2,5-bis[N-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)amino]-3,4-dihydroxy-1, 6-diphenylhexane (1) delineated a crucial water-mediated hydrogen bond between the tert-butyloxy group of the inhibitor and the amide hydrogen of Asp29 of the enzyme. Achiral, nonpeptidic 2-hydroxyphenylacetamide and 3-hydroxybenzamide groups were modeled as novel P2/P2' ligands to replace the crystallographic water molecules and to provide direct interactions with the NH groups of the Asp29/129 residues. Indeed, the symmetry-based inhibitors 7 and 19, possessing 3-hydroxy and 3-aminobenzamide, respectively, as a P2/P2' ligand, were potent inhibitors of HIV PR. The benzamides were superior in potency to the phenylacetamides and have four fewer rotatable bonds. An X-ray crystal structure of the HIV PR/7 complex at 2.1 A resolution revealed an asymmetric mode of binding, in which the 3-hydroxy group of the benzamide ring makes the predicted interaction with the backbone NH of Asp29 on one side of the active site only. An unexpected hydrogen bond with the Gly148 carbonyl group, resulting from rotation of the aromatic ring out of the amide plane, was observed on the other side. The inhibitory potencies of the benzamide compounds were found to be sensitive to the nature and position of substituents on the benzamide ring, and can be rationalized on the basis of the structure of the HIV PR/7 complex. These results partly confirm our initial hypothesis and suggest that optimal inhibitor designs should satisfy a requirement for providing polar interactions with Asp29 NH, and should minimize the conformational entropy loss on binding by reducing the number of freely rotatable bonds in inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Randad
- Structural Biochemistry Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, MD 21702, USA
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Stereoselective dioxygenase-catalysed benzylic hydroxylation at prochiral methylene groups in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of enantiopure vicinal aminoindanols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0957-4166(96)00180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Rao BG, Kim EE, Murcko MA. Calculation of solvation and binding free energy differences between VX-478 and its analogs by free energy perturbation and AMSOL methods. J Comput Aided Mol Des 1996; 10:23-30. [PMID: 8786412 DOI: 10.1007/bf00124462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
VX-478 belongs to a novel class of HIV-1 protease inhibitors that are based on N,N-disubstituted benzene sulfonamides. Force field parameters for the N,N-dialkyl benzene sulfonamide moiety have been assembled from the literature and from our own ab initio calculations. These parameters were employed to calculate solvation and binding free energy differences between VX-478 and two analogs. The free energy perturbation method has been used to determine these differences using two approaches. In the first approach, intergroup interaction terms only were included in the calculation of free energies (as in most reports of free energy calculations using AMBER). In the second approach, both the inter- and intragroup interaction terms were included. The results obtained with the two approaches are in excellent agreement with each other and are also in close agreement with the experimental results. The solvation free energies of N,N-dimethyl benzene sulfonamide derivatives (truncated models of the inhibitors), calculated using continuum solvation (AMSOL) methods, are found to be in qualitative agreement with the experimental and free energy perturbation results. The binding and solvation free energy results are discussed in the context of structure-based drug design to show how physicochemical properties (for example aqueous solubilities and bioavailabilities) of these HIV-I protease inhibitors were improved, while maintaining their inhibitory potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Rao
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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32
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Tomasselli AG, Thaisrivongs S, Heinrikson RL. Discovery and design of HIV protease inhibitors as drugs for treatment of aids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1075-8593(96)80106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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33
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Bergman DA, Alewood D, Alewood PF, Andrews JL, Brinkworth RI, Englebretsen DR, Kent SBH. Kinetic properties of HIV-1 protease produced by total chemical synthesis with cysteine residues replaced by isosteric L-?-amino-n-butyric acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00128504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Senanayake CH, Roberts F, DiMichele LM, Ryan KM, Liu J, Fredenburgh LE, Foster BS, Douglas AW, Larsen RD, Verhoeven TR, Reider PJ. The behavior of indene oxide in the ritter reaction: A simple route to cis-aminoindanol. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)00696-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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35
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Abstract
Depending on the stage of their intervention with the viral replicative cycle, human immunodeficiency virus inhibitors could be divided into the following groups: (i) adsorption inhibitors (i.e., CD4 constructs, polysulfates, polysulfonates, polycarboxylates, and polyoxometalates), (ii) fusion inhibitors (i.e., plant lectins, succinylated or aconitylated albumins, and betulinic acid derivatives), (iii) uncoating inhibitors (i.e., bicyclams), (iv) reverse transcription inhibitors acting either competitively with the substrate binding site (i.e., dideoxynucleoside analogs and acyclic nucleoside phosphonates) or allosterically with a nonsubstrate binding site (i.e., non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors), (v) integration inhibitors, (vi) DNA replication inhibitors, (vii) transcription inhibitors (i.e., antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and Tat antagonists), (viii) translation inhibitors (i.e., antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and ribozymes), (ix) maturation inhibitors (i.e., protease inhibitors, myristoylation inhibitors, and glycosylation inhibitors), and finally, (x) budding (assembly/release) inhibitors. Current knowledge, including the therapeutic potential, of these various inhibitors is discussed. In view of their potential clinical the utility, the problem of virus-drug resistance and possible strategies to circumvent this problem are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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36
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Peyrat JF, Chaboche C, Figadère B, Cavé A. A formal stereoselective synthesis of a hydroxyethylene dipeptide isostere. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)00358-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Martin JA, Redshaw S, Thomas GJ. Inhibitors of HIV proteinase. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1995; 32:239-87. [PMID: 8577919 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Martin
- Roche Products Ltd., Welwyn Garden City, Herts, UK
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38
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Dorsey BD, McDaniel SL, Levin RB, Vacca JP, Darke PL, Zuga JA, Emini EA, Schleif WA, Lin JH, Chen IW, Holloway M, Anderson PS, Huff JR. Synthesis and evaluation of pyridyl analogs of L-735,524: Potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Novel conformationally constrained HIV-1 protease inhibitors: rational design, enzyme inhibition, and X-ray structure of an enzyme-inhibtor complex. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)80071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Hungate RW, Chen JL, Starbuck KE, Vacca JP, McDaniel SL, Levin RB, Dorsey BD, Guare JP, Holloway MK, Whitter W. Synthesis, antiviral activity, and bioavailability studies of gamma-lactam derived HIV protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 1994; 2:859-79. [PMID: 7712123 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)82037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of a gamma-lactam in hydroxyethylene isosteres results in modest inhibitors of HIV-1 protease. Additional structural activity studies have produced significantly more potent inhibitors with the introduction of the trisubstituted cyclopentane (see compound 20) as the optimum substituent for the C-terminus. This new amino acid amide surrogate can be readily prepared in large scale from (R)-pulegone. Optimized compounds (36) and (60) are potent antiviral agents and are well absorbed (15-20%) in a dog model after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Hungate
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486
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41
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Vacca JP, Dorsey BD, Schleif WA, Levin RB, McDaniel SL, Darke PL, Zugay J, Quintero JC, Blahy OM, Roth E. L-735,524: an orally bioavailable human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:4096-100. [PMID: 8171040 PMCID: PMC43730 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.9.4096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, numerous inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease have been reported, but few have been studied extensively in humans, primarily as a consequence of poor oral bioavailability in animal models. L-735,524 represents a class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitors, termed hydroxyaminopentane amides, that incorporate a basic amine into the hydroxyethylene inhibitor backbone. L-735,524 is a potent inhibitor of virus replication in cell culture and inhibits the protease-mediated cleavage of the viral precursor polyproteins that results in the production of noninfectious progeny viral particles. The compound is effective against viruses resistant to reverse transcriptase inhibitors and is synergistically active when used in combination with reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Most importantly, L-735,524 exhibits good oral bioavailability and plasma pharmacokinetic profiles in two species of laboratory animals by using clinically acceptable formulations. Accordingly, the compound was selected for evaluation of safety and pharmacokinetic studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Vacca
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486
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42
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Vacca J, Fitzgerald P, Holloway M, Hungate R, Starbuck K, Chen L, Darke P, Anderson P, Huff J. Conformationally constrained HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(94)80025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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Highly diastereoselective reaction of a chiral, non-racemic amide enolate with (S)-glycidyl tosylate. Synthesis of the orally active HIV-1 protease inhibitor L-735,524. Tetrahedron Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)75787-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Vacca
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
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45
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Darke PL, Huff JR. HIV protease as an inhibitor target for the treatment of AIDS. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1994; 25:399-454. [PMID: 8204507 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P L Darke
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ringe
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02254
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47
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Chenera B, DesJarlais RL, Finkelstein JA, Eggleston DS, Meek TD, Tomaszek TA, Dreyer GB. Nonpeptide HIV protease inhibitors designed to replace a bound water. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80749-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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48
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49
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Hui KY, Hermann RB, Manetta JV, Gygi T, Angleton EL. Model peptides to study the effects of P2 and P3 substitutions in statine-containing HIV proteinase inhibitors. FEBS Lett 1993; 327:355-60. [PMID: 8348964 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)81020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Through a series of synthetic model peptides, we have examined the structural requirements of the P2 and P3 residues in statine-based HIV protease (PR) inhibitors. Results agree with the general observations that, the more bulky the P3 aromatic hydrophobic side chain, the more potent is the inhibitor. At P2, an isopropyl side chain is critical in maintaining potency. Three-dimensional modeling demonstrates that the steric bulk of a leucyl residue or the unfavorable energy transfer, from water to enzyme, for a basic amino acid residue at P2 markedly compromises activity. A naphthylalaninyl-valyl P3-P2 substituted analogue inhibits PR with an IC50 value of 6 nM, and was also effective as an antiviral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Hui
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285
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50
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