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Jahnke W, Paladini J, Habazettl JM, Wiget A, Loo A, Cowan Jacob SW, Grzesiek S, Manley PW. Correspondence on “Synergy and Antagonism between Allosteric and Active‐Site Inhibitors of Abl Tyrosine Kinase”**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Jahnke
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | | | | | - Andrea Wiget
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) 5070 Frick Switzerland
| | - Alice Loo
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | | | | | - Paul W. Manley
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research 4002 Basel Switzerland
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2
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Jahnke W, Paladini J, Habazettl JM, Wiget A, Loo A, Cowan Jacob SW, Grzesiek S, Manley PW. Correspondence on “Synergy and Antagonism between Allosteric and Active‐Site Inhibitors of Abl Tyrosine Kinase”**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117276. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Jahnke
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | | | | | - Andrea Wiget
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) 5070 Frick Switzerland
| | - Alice Loo
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | | | | | - Paul W. Manley
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research 4002 Basel Switzerland
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3
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Liu C, Lu H, Wang H, Loo A, Zhang X, Yang G, Kowal C, Delach S, Wang Y, Goldoni S, Hastings WD, Wong K, Gao H, Meyer MJ, Moody SE, LaMarche MJ, Engelman JA, Williams JA, Hammerman PS, Abrams TJ, Mohseni M, Caponigro G, Hao HX. Combinations with Allosteric SHP2 Inhibitor TNO155 to Block Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 27:342-354. [PMID: 33046519 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-2718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE SHP2 inhibitors offer an appealing and novel approach to inhibit receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, which is the oncogenic driver in many tumors or is frequently feedback activated in response to targeted therapies including RTK inhibitors and MAPK inhibitors. We seek to evaluate the efficacy and synergistic mechanisms of combinations with a novel SHP2 inhibitor, TNO155, to inform their clinical development. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The combinations of TNO155 with EGFR inhibitors (EGFRi), BRAFi, KRASG12Ci, CDK4/6i, and anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) antibody were tested in appropriate cancer models in vitro and in vivo, and their effects on downstream signaling were examined. RESULTS In EGFR-mutant lung cancer models, combination benefit of TNO155 and the EGFRi nazartinib was observed, coincident with sustained ERK inhibition. In BRAFV600E colorectal cancer models, TNO155 synergized with BRAF plus MEK inhibitors by blocking ERK feedback activation by different RTKs. In KRASG12C cancer cells, TNO155 effectively blocked the feedback activation of wild-type KRAS or other RAS isoforms induced by KRASG12Ci and greatly enhanced efficacy. In addition, TNO155 and the CDK4/6 inhibitor ribociclib showed combination benefit in a large panel of lung and colorectal cancer patient-derived xenografts, including those with KRAS mutations. Finally, TNO155 effectively inhibited RAS activation by colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor, which is critical for the maturation of immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages, and showed combination activity with anti-PD-1 antibody. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest TNO155 is an effective agent for blocking both tumor-promoting and immune-suppressive RTK signaling in RTK- and MAPK-driven cancers and their tumor microenvironment. Our data provide the rationale for evaluating these combinations clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Hengyu Lu
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Hongyun Wang
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Alice Loo
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Xiamei Zhang
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Guizhi Yang
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Colleen Kowal
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Scott Delach
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ye Wang
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Silvia Goldoni
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - William D Hastings
- Exploratory Immuno-Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Karrie Wong
- Exploratory Immuno-Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Hui Gao
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew J Meyer
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Susan E Moody
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew J LaMarche
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A Engelman
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Juliet A Williams
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Peter S Hammerman
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Tinya J Abrams
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Morvarid Mohseni
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Giordano Caponigro
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
| | - Huai-Xiang Hao
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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4
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Palmer AC, Plana D, Gao H, Korn JM, Yang G, Green J, Zhang X, Velazquez R, McLaughlin ME, Ruddy DA, Kowal C, Muszynski J, Bullock C, Rivera S, Rakiec DP, Elliott G, Fordjour P, Meyer R, Loo A, Kurth E, Engelman JA, Bitter H, Sellers WR, Williams JA, Sorger PK. A Proof of Concept for Biomarker-Guided Targeted Therapy against Ovarian Cancer Based on Patient-Derived Tumor Xenografts. Cancer Res 2020; 80:4278-4287. [PMID: 32747364 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Advanced ovarian cancers are a leading cause of cancer-related death in women and are currently treated with surgery and chemotherapy. This standard of care is often temporarily successful but exhibits a high rate of relapse, after which, treatment options are few. Here we investigate whether biomarker-guided use of multiple targeted therapies, including small molecules and antibody-drug conjugates, is a viable alternative. A panel of patient-derived ovarian cancer xenografts (PDX), similar in genetics and chemotherapy responsiveness to human tumors, was exposed to 21 monotherapies and combination therapies. Three monotherapies and one combination were found to be active in different subsets of PDX. Analysis of gene expression data identified biomarkers associated with responsiveness to each of the three targeted therapies, none of which directly inhibits an oncogenic driver. While no single treatment had as high a response rate as chemotherapy, nearly 90% of PDXs were eligible for and responded to at least one biomarker-guided treatment, including tumors resistant to standard chemotherapy. The distribution of biomarker positivity in The Cancer Genome Atlas data suggests the potential for a similar precision approach in human patients. SIGNIFICANCE: This study exploits a panel of patient-derived xenografts to demonstrate that most ovarian tumors can be matched to effective biomarker-guided treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Palmer
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pharmacology, Computational Medicine Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Deborah Plana
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Hui Gao
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Joshua M Korn
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Guizhi Yang
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - John Green
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Xiamei Zhang
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Roberto Velazquez
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Margaret E McLaughlin
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David A Ruddy
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Colleen Kowal
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Julie Muszynski
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Caroline Bullock
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Stacy Rivera
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel P Rakiec
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - GiNell Elliott
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Paul Fordjour
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ronald Meyer
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Alice Loo
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Esther Kurth
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A Engelman
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Hans Bitter
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - William R Sellers
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Juliet A Williams
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
| | - Peter K Sorger
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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5
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Fassl A, Brain C, Abu-Remaileh M, Stukan I, Butter D, Stepien P, Feit AS, Bergholz J, Michowski W, Otto T, Sheng Q, Loo A, Michael W, Tiedt R, DeAngelis C, Schiff R, Jiang B, Jovanovic B, Nowak K, Ericsson M, Cameron M, Gray N, Dillon D, Zhao JJ, Sabatini DM, Jeselsohn R, Brown M, Polyak K, Sicinski P. Increased lysosomal biomass is responsible for the resistance of triple-negative breast cancers to CDK4/6 inhibition. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eabb2210. [PMID: 32704543 PMCID: PMC7360435 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6 have been approved for treatment of hormone receptor-positive breast cancers. In contrast, triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are resistant to CDK4/6 inhibition. Here, we demonstrate that a subset of TNBC critically requires CDK4/6 for proliferation, and yet, these TNBC are resistant to CDK4/6 inhibition due to sequestration of CDK4/6 inhibitors into tumor cell lysosomes. This sequestration is caused by enhanced lysosomal biogenesis and increased lysosomal numbers in TNBC cells. We developed new CDK4/6 inhibitor compounds that evade the lysosomal sequestration and are efficacious against resistant TNBC. We also show that coadministration of lysosomotropic or lysosome-destabilizing compounds (an antibiotic azithromycin, an antidepressant siramesine, an antimalaria compound chloroquine) renders resistant tumor cells sensitive to currently used CDK4/6 inhibitors. Lastly, coinhibition of CDK2 arrested proliferation of CDK4/6 inhibitor-resistant cells. These observations may extend the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors to TNBCs that are refractory to current anti-CDK4/6 therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fassl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher Brain
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Monther Abu-Remaileh
- Whitehead Institutes for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, 290 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Iga Stukan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Deborah Butter
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Piotr Stepien
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Avery S. Feit
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Johann Bergholz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wojciech Michowski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tobias Otto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qing Sheng
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alice Loo
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Walter Michael
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ralph Tiedt
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, 4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carmine DeAngelis
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rachel Schiff
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Baishan Jiang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bojana Jovanovic
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karolina Nowak
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Maria Ericsson
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Cameron
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Nathanael Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Deborah Dillon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jean J. Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David M. Sabatini
- Whitehead Institutes for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rinath Jeselsohn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Myles Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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6
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Kim S, Tiedt R, Loo A, Horn T, Delach S, Kovats S, Haas K, Engstler BS, Cao A, Pinzon-Ortiz M, Mulford I, Acker MG, Chopra R, Brain C, Tomaso ED, Sellers WR, Caponigro G. Correction: The potent and selective cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 inhibitor ribociclib (LEE011) is a versatile combination partner in preclinical cancer models. Oncotarget 2020; 11:1289. [PMID: 32292577 PMCID: PMC7147087 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26215.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunkyu Kim
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ralph Tiedt
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel, Switzerland, USA
| | - Alice Loo
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Horn
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scott Delach
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steven Kovats
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kristy Haas
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Alexander Cao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maria Pinzon-Ortiz
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Iain Mulford
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael G Acker
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rajiv Chopra
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Brain
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Global Discovery Chemistry, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emmanuelle di Tomaso
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William R Sellers
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Giordano Caponigro
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
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7
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Ye LF, Reznik E, Korn JM, Lin F, Yang G, Malesky K, Gao H, Loo A, Pagliarini R, Mikkelsen T, Lo DC, deCarvalho AC, Stockwell BR. Patient-derived glioblastoma cultures as a tool for small-molecule drug discovery. Oncotarget 2020; 11:443-451. [PMID: 32064048 PMCID: PMC6996910 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a compelling need for new therapeutic strategies for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Preclinical target and therapeutic discovery for GBMs is primarily conducted using cell lines grown in serum-containing media, such as U-87 MG, which do not reflect the gene expression profiles of tumors found in GBM patients. To address this lack of representative models, we sought to develop a panel of patient-derived GBM models and characterize their genomic features, using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and growth characteristics, both when grown as neurospheres in culture, and grown orthotopically as xenografts in mice. When we compared these with commonly used GBM cell lines in the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE), we found these patient-derived models to have greater diversity in gene expression and to better correspond to GBMs directly sequenced from patient tumor samples. We also evaluated the potential of these models for targeted therapy, by using the genomic characterization to identify small molecules that inhibit the growth of distinct subsets of GBMs, paving the way for precision medicines for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling F Ye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Eduard Reznik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Joshua M Korn
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Fallon Lin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Guizhi Yang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kimberly Malesky
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hui Gao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alice Loo
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Tom Mikkelsen
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Donald C Lo
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ana C deCarvalho
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Brent R Stockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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8
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Gaither LA, Yip CLT, Wang C, Toy W, Sheng Q, Chen J, Mishina Y, Das R, Peukert S, Loo A, Chandarlapaty S, Crystal A, Abrams TJ. Abstract 922: Preclinical anticancer activity of LSZ102, a novel oral selective estrogen receptor degrader targeting wild-type and mutant ER. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) blockade is a well-established therapeutic approach in ER+ breast cancer. A novel oral selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD), LSZ102, is in development. LSZ102 induces proteasome-mediated degradation of both wild type and mutant ERα in MCF-7 cells. LSZ102 also inhibits transcription of ERα target genes and results in a decrease in cell proliferation in a dose dependent manner. Expression of ERα Y537S results in a shift in inhibition of cell proliferation upon incubation with either LSZ102 or fulvestrant; however, the shift with LSZ102 was less severe. Similarly, LSZ102 induced a more pronounced level of ERα degradation than fulvestrant in the Y537S mutant MCF7 cells. Overall, LSZ102 is effective in the wild type and Y537S ERα mutant setting in vitro. In vivo, LSZ102 treatment of ER+ breast cancer xenografts resulted in inhibition of ERα regulated transcripts and a decrease in ERα protein levels. In the MCF7 xenograft model, expression of ERα Y537S resulted in reduced activity by fulvestrant, but not by LSZ102. In vivo, LSZ102 exhibited single agent and combination efficacy upon co-administration with the CDK4/6 inhibitor ribociclib and the alpha-specific PI3K inhibitor alpelisib. LSZ102 is currently in a Phase I clinical trial in patients with ER+ breast cancer in which it is tested as a single agent, and in combination with either ribociclib or alpelisib.
Citation Format: L. Alex Gaither, Choi Lai Tiong Yip, Chunrong Wang, Weiyi Toy, Qing Sheng, Jinyun Chen, Yuji Mishina, Rita Das, Stefan Peukert, Alice Loo, Sarat Chandarlapaty, Adam Crystal, Tinya J. Abrams. Preclinical anticancer activity of LSZ102, a novel oral selective estrogen receptor degrader targeting wild-type and mutant ER [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 922.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Weiyi Toy
- 2Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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9
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Loo A, Bivins A, John V, Becker S, Evanchec S, George A, Hernandez V, Mullaney J, Tolentino L, Yoo R, Nagarnaik P, Labhasetwar P, Brown J. Development and field testing of low-cost, quantal microbial assays with volunteer reporting as scalable means of drinking water safety estimation. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 126:1944-1954. [PMID: 30884047 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate a low-cost water quality test for at-scale drinking water safety estimation in rural India. METHODS AND RESULTS Within a longitudinal study to characterize variability in household drinking water safety in rural Maharashtra, we piloted a low-cost presence-absence (LCPA) microbial test designed to be used by volunteer residents in rural areas. In comparing the LCPA results with standard laboratory methods for enumeration of Escherichia coli, we found that LCPA tests using modified mTec media were highly sensitive in detecting drinking water of moderate risk (88% of tests were positive at E. coli counts of 11-100 CFU per 100 ml) and high risk (96% of tests were positive at E. coli counts of 101 + CFU per 100 ml). The LCPA tests demonstrated low specificity for E. coli specifically, due to concurrent detection of Klebsiella: 38% of LCPA tests were positive even when E. coli was not detected in a 100 ml sample by membrane filtration, suggesting the test would be conservative in risk estimation. We also found that 47% of participants in rural villages in India were willing to conduct tests and return results after a brief training, with 45% of active participants sending their water testing results via short message service. CONCLUSIONS Given their low cost (~US$0.50 as piloted) and open-source format, such tests may provide a compelling alternative to standard methods for rapid water quality assessments, especially in resource-limited settings. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The lack of availability of water quality data constrains efforts to monitor, evaluate and improve the safety of water and sanitation infrastructure in underserved settings. Current water testing methods are not scalable because of laboratory and cost constraints. Our findings indicate the LCPA or similar low-cost microbial tests could be useful in rapid water safety estimation, including via crowdsourcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Loo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A Bivins
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - V John
- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India
| | - S Becker
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S Evanchec
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A George
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - V Hernandez
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Mullaney
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - L Tolentino
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - R Yoo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - P Nagarnaik
- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India
| | - P Labhasetwar
- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India
| | - J Brown
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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10
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Kim S, Tiedt R, Loo A, Horn T, Delach S, Kovats S, Haas K, Engstler BS, Cao A, Pinzon-Ortiz M, Mulford I, Acker MG, Chopra R, Brain C, di Tomaso E, Sellers WR, Caponigro G. The potent and selective cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 inhibitor ribociclib (LEE011) is a versatile combination partner in preclinical cancer models. Oncotarget 2018; 9:35226-35240. [PMID: 30443290 PMCID: PMC6219668 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) is associated with robust antitumor activity. Ribociclib (LEE011) is an orally bioavailable CDK4/6 inhibitor that is approved for the treatment of hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative advanced breast cancer, in combination with an aromatase inhibitor, and is currently being evaluated in several additional trials. Here, we report the preclinical profile of ribociclib. When tested across a large panel of kinase active site binding assays, ribociclib and palbociclib were highly selective for CDK4, while abemaciclib showed affinity to several other kinases. Both ribociclib and abemaciclib showed slightly higher potency in CDK4-dependent cells than in CDK6-dependent cells, while palbociclib did not show such a difference. Profiling CDK4/6 inhibitors in large-scale cancer cell line screens in vitro confirmed that RB1 loss of function is a negative predictor of sensitivity. We also found that routinely used cellular viability assays measuring adenosine triphosphate levels as a proxy for cell numbers underestimated the effects of CDK4/6 inhibition, which contrasts with assays that assess cell number more directly. Robust antitumor efficacy and combination benefit was detected when ribociclib was added to encorafenib, nazartinib, or endocrine therapies in patient-derived xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunkyu Kim
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ralph Tiedt
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel, Switzerland, USA
| | - Alice Loo
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Horn
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scott Delach
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steven Kovats
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kristy Haas
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Alexander Cao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maria Pinzon-Ortiz
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Iain Mulford
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael G Acker
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rajiv Chopra
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Brain
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Global Discovery Chemistry, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emmanuelle di Tomaso
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William R Sellers
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Giordano Caponigro
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
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11
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Schoepfer J, Jahnke W, Berellini G, Buonamici S, Cotesta S, Cowan-Jacob SW, Dodd S, Drueckes P, Fabbro D, Gabriel T, Groell JM, Grotzfeld RM, Hassan AQ, Henry C, Iyer V, Jones D, Lombardo F, Loo A, Manley PW, Pellé X, Rummel G, Salem B, Warmuth M, Wylie AA, Zoller T, Marzinzik AL, Furet P. Discovery of Asciminib (ABL001), an Allosteric Inhibitor of the Tyrosine Kinase Activity of BCR-ABL1. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8120-8135. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Schoepfer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Jahnke
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Simona Cotesta
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra W. Cowan-Jacob
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Dodd
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter Drueckes
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Tobias Gabriel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Groell
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert M. Grotzfeld
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Chrystèle Henry
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Darryl Jones
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Alice Loo
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Paul W. Manley
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Pellé
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Rummel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bahaa Salem
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Thomas Zoller
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas L. Marzinzik
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Furet
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Burks HE, Abrams T, Kirby CA, Baird J, Fekete A, Hamann LG, Kim S, Lombardo F, Loo A, Lubicka D, Macchi K, McDonnell DP, Mishina Y, Norris JD, Nunez J, Saran C, Sun Y, Thomsen NM, Wang C, Wang J, Peukert S. Discovery of an Acrylic Acid Based Tetrahydroisoquinoline as an Orally Bioavailable Selective Estrogen Receptor Degrader for ERα+ Breast Cancer. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2790-2818. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather E. Burks
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tinya Abrams
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christina A. Kirby
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jason Baird
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alexander Fekete
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lawrence G. Hamann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sunkyu Kim
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Franco Lombardo
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alice Loo
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Danuta Lubicka
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kaitlin Macchi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Donald P. McDonnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John D. Norris
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Jill Nunez
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chitra Saran
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yingchuan Sun
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Noel M. Thomsen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chunrong Wang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jianling Wang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stefan Peukert
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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13
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Chen Y, Chen J, Loo A, Mclaughlin M, Pagliarini R, Zhou W. Abstract 682: Identification of HSP90 inhibitor sensitizers through pooled RNA interference screen. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Key words: HSF1, cancer cells, HSP90 inhibitor, Melanoma, HCC, DEDD2.
The molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) facilitates the appropriate folding of various oncogenic proteins and is necessary for the survival of some cancer cells. HSP90 is therefore an attractive drug target, but the efficacy of HSP90 inhibitor may be limited by HSP90 inhibition induced feedback mechanisms. To identify genes that modulate the efficacy of HSP90 inhibition on tumor cell growth, we performed a large-scale RNA interference (RNAi) genetic screen with a collection of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) vectors targeting 1,000 human genes in A375. A barcoding technique was used to identify genes whose suppression caused resistance or sensitivity to two separate concentrations of NVP-AUY922. 163 and 360 shRNA constructs were significantly depleted form either low- or high-dose NVP-AUY922 treated samples (FDR<=0.15). Among those shRNA hits, 84 hits (including 81 genes) were common shRNA hits as shown in Venn diagram and sensitizing genes or rescuing genes were also shown. Among of these shRNA hits, HSF1 and heat shock protein 90 alpha, class B member 1(HSP90AB1) knockdown scored as the most top sensitizers to HSP90 inhibition in A375 cells, and are known to regulate the cell response to heat shock conditions, which may reflect the potential feedback mechanism of HSP90 inhibition. Taking together, HSF1 is identified as a sensitizer of HSP90 inhibitor through pooled shRNA screening. A striking combinational effect was observed when HSF1 knockdown plus with HSP90 inhibitors treatment in various cancer cell lines: A375, A2058 and HCT116 and tumor mouse models. Interestingly, HSF1 is highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patient samples and HCC is sensitive to combinational treatment, indicating a potential indication for the combinational treatment. To understand the mechanism of the combinational effect, we identified that a HSF1-target gene DEDD2 is involved in attenuating the effect of HSP90 inhibitors. Thus, the transcriptional activities of HSF1 induced by HSP90 inhibitors provide a feedback mechanism of limiting the HSP90 inhibitor's activity, and targeting HSF1 may provide a new avenue to enhance HSP90 inhibitors activity in human cancers.
Citation Format: Yaoyu Chen, Jinyun Chen, Alice Loo, Margaret Mclaughlin, Raymond Pagliarini, Wenlai Zhou. Identification of HSP90 inhibitor sensitizers through pooled RNA interference screen. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 682. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-682
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14
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Zhang YX, Sicinska E, Czaplinski JT, Remillard SP, Moss S, Wang Y, Brain C, Loo A, Snyder EL, Demetri GD, Kim S, Kung AL, Wagner AJ. Antiproliferative effects of CDK4/6 inhibition in CDK4-amplified human liposarcoma in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2184-93. [PMID: 25028469 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Well-differentiated/dedifferentiated liposarcomas (WD/DDLPS) are among the most common subtypes of soft tissue sarcomas. Conventional systemic chemotherapy has limited efficacy and novel therapeutic strategies are needed to achieve better outcomes for patients. The cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) gene is highly amplified in more than 95% of WD/DDLPS. In this study, we explored the role of CDK4 and the effects of NVP-LEE011 (LEE011), a novel selective inhibitor of CDK4/CDK6, on a panel of human liposarcoma cell lines and primary tumor xenografts. We found that both CDK4 knockdown by siRNA and inhibition by LEE011 diminished retinoblastoma (RB) phosphorylation and dramatically decreased liposarcoma cell growth. Cell-cycle analysis demonstrated arrest at G0-G1. siRNA-mediated knockdown of RB rescued the inhibitory effects of LEE011, demonstrating that LEE011 decreased proliferation through RB. Oral administration of LEE011 to mice bearing human liposarcoma xenografts resulted in approximately 50% reduction in tumor (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake with decreased tumor biomarkers, including RB phosphorylation and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in vivo. Continued treatment inhibited tumor growth or induced regression without detrimental effects on mouse weight. After prolonged continuous dosing, reestablishment of RB phosphorylation and cell-cycle progression was noted. These findings validate the critical role of CDK4 in maintaining liposarcoma proliferation through its ability to inactivate RB function, and suggest its potential function in the regulation of survival and metabolism of liposarcoma, supporting the rationale for clinical development of LEE011 for the treatment of WD/DDLPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xiang Zhang
- Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber/Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ewa Sicinska
- Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber/Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey T Czaplinski
- Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber/Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen P Remillard
- Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber/Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samuel Moss
- Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber/Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christopher Brain
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Alice Loo
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Eric L Snyder
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - George D Demetri
- Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber/Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sunkyu Kim
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew L Kung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Andrew J Wagner
- Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber/Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
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15
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Chen Y, Chen J, Loo A, Jaeger S, Bagdasarian L, Yu J, Chung F, Korn J, Ruddy D, Guo R, McLaughlin ME, Feng F, Zhu P, Stegmeier F, Pagliarini R, Porter D, Zhou W. Targeting HSF1 sensitizes cancer cells to HSP90 inhibition. Oncotarget 2014; 4:816-29. [PMID: 23615731 PMCID: PMC3757240 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) facilitates the appropriate folding of various oncogenic proteins and is necessary for the survival of some cancer cells. HSP90 is therefore an attractive drug target, but the efficacy of HSP90 inhibitor may be limited by HSP90 inhibition induced feedback mechanisms. Through pooled RNA interference screens, we identified that heat shock factor 1(HSF1) is a sensitizer of HSP90 inhibitor. A striking combinational effect was observed when HSF1 knockdown plus with HSP90 inhibitors treatment in various cancer cell lines and tumor mouse models. Interestingly, HSF1 is highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patient samples and HCC is sensitive to combinational treatment, indicating a potential indication for the combinational treatment. To understand the mechanism of the combinational effect, we identified that a HSF1-target gene DEDD2 is involved in attenuating the effect of HSP90 inhibitors. Thus, the transcriptional activities of HSF1 induced by HSP90 inhibitors provide a feedback mechanism of limiting the HSP90 inhibitor's activity, and targeting HSF1 may provide a new avenue to enhance HSP90 inhibitors activity in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyu Chen
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
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16
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Parker MF, Barten DM, Bergstrom CP, Bronson JJ, Corsa JA, Dee MF, Gai Y, Guss VL, Higgins MA, Keavy DJ, Loo A, Mate RA, Marcin LR, McElhone KE, Polson CT, Roberts SB, Macor JE. 2-(N-Benzyl-N-phenylsulfonamido)alkyl amide derivatives as γ-secretase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6828-31. [PMID: 23046960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of (N-benzyl-N-phenylsulfonamido)alkyl amides were developed from classic and parallel synthesis strategies. Compounds with good in vitro and in vivo γ-secretase activity were identified and described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Parker
- Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization and Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States.
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17
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Cho YS, Angove H, Brain C, Chen CHT, Cheng H, Cheng R, Chopra R, Chung K, Congreve M, Dagostin C, Davis DJ, Feltell R, Giraldes J, Hiscock SD, Kim S, Kovats S, Lagu B, Lewry K, Loo A, Lu Y, Luzzio M, Maniara W, McMenamin R, Mortenson PN, Benning R, O'Reilly M, Rees DC, Shen J, Smith T, Wang Y, Williams G, Woolford AJA, Wrona W, Xu M, Yang F, Howard S. Fragment-Based Discovery of 7-Azabenzimidazoles as Potent, Highly Selective, and Orally Active CDK4/6 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:445-9. [PMID: 24900493 DOI: 10.1021/ml200241a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we describe the discovery of potent and highly selective inhibitors of both CDK4 and CDK6 via structure-guided optimization of a fragment-based screening hit. CDK6 X-ray crystallography and pharmacokinetic data steered efforts in identifying compound 6, which showed >1000-fold selectivity for CDK4 over CDKs 1 and 2 in an enzymatic assay. Furthermore, 6 demonstrated in vivo inhibition of pRb-phosphorylation and oral efficacy in a Jeko-1 mouse xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Shin Cho
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hayley Angove
- Astex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge,
CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Brain
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christine Hiu-Tung Chen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hong Cheng
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Robert Cheng
- Astex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge,
CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Rajiv Chopra
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kristy Chung
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Miles Congreve
- Astex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge,
CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio Dagostin
- Astex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge,
CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah J. Davis
- Astex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge,
CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Feltell
- Astex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge,
CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - John Giraldes
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Steven D. Hiscock
- Astex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge,
CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Sunkyu Kim
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Steven Kovats
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bharat Lagu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kim Lewry
- Astex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge,
CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Loo
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yipin Lu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Luzzio
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wiesia Maniara
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rachel McMenamin
- Astex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge,
CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul N. Mortenson
- Astex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge,
CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Rajdeep Benning
- Astex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge,
CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Marc O'Reilly
- Astex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge,
CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Rees
- Astex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge,
CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Junqing Shen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Troy Smith
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yaping Wang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Glyn Williams
- Astex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge,
CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Alison J.-A. Woolford
- Astex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge,
CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Wojciech Wrona
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mei Xu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Fan Yang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Steven Howard
- Astex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge,
CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
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18
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Naylor TL, Tang H, Ratsch BA, Enns A, Loo A, Chen L, Lenz P, Waters NJ, Schuler W, Dörken B, Yao YM, Warmuth M, Lenz G, Stegmeier F. Protein kinase C inhibitor sotrastaurin selectively inhibits the growth of CD79 mutant diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Cancer Res 2011; 71:2643-53. [PMID: 21324920 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The activated B-cell-like (ABC) subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) correlates with poor prognosis. The ABC subtype of DLBCL is associated with constitutive activation of the NF-κB pathway, and oncogenic lesions have been identified in its regulators, including CARD11/CARMA1 (caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 11), A20/TNFAIP3, and CD79A/B. In this study, we offer evidence of therapeutic potential for the selective PKC (protein kinase C) inhibitor sotrastaurin (STN) in preclinical models of DLBCL. A significant fraction of ABC DLBCL cell lines exhibited strong sensitivity to STN, and we found that the molecular nature of NF-κB pathway lesions predicted responsiveness. CD79A/B mutations correlated with STN sensitivity, whereas CARD11 mutations rendered ABC DLBCL cell lines insensitive. Growth inhibitory effects of PKC inhibition correlated with NF-κB pathway inhibition and were mediated by induction of G₁-phase cell-cycle arrest and/or cell death. We found that STN produced significant antitumor effects in a mouse xenograft model of CD79A/B-mutated DLBCL. Collectively, our findings offer a strong rationale for the clinical evaluation of STN in ABC DLBCL patients who harbor CD79 mutations also illustrating the necessity to stratify DLBCL patients according to their genetic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Naylor
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Jagani Z, Wiederschain D, Loo A, He D, Mosher R, Fordjour P, Monahan J, Morrissey M, Yao YM, Lengauer C, Warmuth M, Sellers WR, Dorsch M. The Polycomb group protein Bmi-1 is essential for the growth of multiple myeloma cells. Cancer Res 2010; 70:5528-38. [PMID: 20530672 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-4229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bmi-1 is a member of the Polycomb group family of proteins that function in the epigenetic silencing of genes governing self-renewal, differentiation, and proliferation. Bmi-1 was first identified through its ability to accelerate c-Myc-induced lymphomagenesis. Subsequent studies have further supported an oncogenic role for Bmi-1 in several cancers including those of the breast, lung, prostate, and brain. Using a stable and inducible shRNA system to silence Bmi-1 gene expression, we show a novel role for Bmi-1 in regulating the growth and clonogenic capacity of multiple myeloma cells both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, to elucidate novel gene targets controlled by Bmi-1, global transcriptional profiling studies were performed in the setting of induced loss of Bmi-1 function. We found that the expression of the proapoptotic gene Bim is negatively regulated by Bmi-1 and that Bim knockdown functionally rescues the apoptotic phenotype induced upon loss of Bmi-1. Therefore, these studies not only highlight Bmi-1 as a cancer-dependent factor in multiple myeloma, but also elucidate a novel antiapoptotic mechanism for Bmi-1 function involving the suppression of Bim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Jagani
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Beroukhim R, Mermel CH, Porter D, Wei G, Raychaudhuri S, Donovan J, Barretina J, Boehm JS, Dobson J, Urashima M, Mc Henry KT, Pinchback RM, Ligon AH, Cho YJ, Haery L, Greulich H, Reich M, Winckler W, Lawrence MS, Weir BA, Tanaka KE, Chiang DY, Bass AJ, Loo A, Hoffman C, Prensner J, Liefeld T, Gao Q, Yecies D, Signoretti S, Maher E, Kaye FJ, Sasaki H, Tepper JE, Fletcher JA, Tabernero J, Baselga J, Tsao MS, Demichelis F, Rubin MA, Janne PA, Daly MJ, Nucera C, Levine RL, Ebert BL, Gabriel S, Rustgi AK, Antonescu CR, Ladanyi M, Letai A, Garraway LA, Loda M, Beer DG, True LD, Okamoto A, Pomeroy SL, Singer S, Golub TR, Lander ES, Getz G, Sellers WR, Meyerson M. The landscape of somatic copy-number alteration across human cancers. Nature 2010; 463:899-905. [PMID: 20164920 PMCID: PMC2826709 DOI: 10.1038/nature08822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2804] [Impact Index Per Article: 200.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A powerful way to discover key genes playing causal roles in oncogenesis is to identify genomic regions that undergo frequent alteration in human cancers. Here, we report high-resolution analyses of somatic copy-number alterations (SCNAs) from 3131 cancer specimens, belonging largely to 26 histological types. We identify 158 regions of focal SCNA that are altered at significant frequency across multiple cancer types, of which 122 cannot be explained by the presence of a known cancer target gene located within these regions. Several gene families are enriched among these regions of focal SCNA, including the BCL2 family of apoptosis regulators and the NF-κB pathway. We show that cancer cells harboring amplifications surrounding the MCL1 and BCL2L1 anti-apoptotic genes depend upon expression of these genes for survival. Finally, we demonstrate that a large majority of SCNAs identified in individual cancer types are present in multiple cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameen Beroukhim
- Cancer Program and Medical and Population Genetics Group, The Broad Institute of M.I.T. and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center
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21
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Mc Henry KT, Donovan J, Loo A, Fisher DE, Zawel L, Porter D. Abstract B22: Dynamics of cancer cell survival dependency on Bcl-2 family members. Mol Cancer Ther 2009. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-09-b22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Apoptosis is regulated through the interactions of the Bcl-2 family of proteins. Overexpression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members plays a key role in promoting survival for cells undergoing various insults that would normally trigger cell death. Consequently, these proteins are believed to serve as contributing factors to the processes of tumor initiation, tumor progression and the development of resistance to therapeutics. ABT-263, an antagonist of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-w, is currently being tested in clinical trials. Some cancer cells express high amounts of Mcl-1, another Bcl-2 family anti-apoptotic protein that shares pro-survival function with Bcl-2 but is not targeted by ABT-263. Preclinical data indicates Mcl-1 overexpressing cells are not sensitive to ABT-263. To understand this mechanism of Mcl-1 dependence, A2058 melanoma cells were infected with a lentivirus encoding inducible shRNA against Mcl-1. Upon induction of MCL1 knockdown, massive cell death occurred. Interestingly, a small subset of the cell population managed to survive. Subsequent western blot analysis confirmed a sustained depletion of Mcl-1. Further study indicated A2058 cells deficient in Mcl-1 survived by upregulating expression of Bcl-2, a process we term “switching dependency”. In addition, these cells became sensitized to ABT-263 treatment. An A2058 xenograft model indicates that combined knockdown of both Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 significantly inhibited tumor growth when compared to tumors treated with ABT-263 lacking either protein individually. Real-time kinetic studies reveal a rapid sensitization of A2058 cells to ABT-263 upon sh-RNA induction. To understand whether de novo protein synthesis of Bcl-2 plays a mechanistic role in dependency switching, A2058 sh-Mcl-1 cells were treated with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Kinetic analysis indicates that de novo protein synthesis is not required for dependency switching. Real-time quantitative PCR was then employed to determine if a relationship exists between the decrease in Mcl-1 mRNA, and subsequent sensitivity to ABT-263, is a consequence of a change in Bcl-2 mRNA levels. Surprisingly, the results indicate as the loss of Mcl-1 message occurs, there is no concurrent change in Bcl-2 mRNA. Taken together these data indicate that dependency switching, and therefore survival, occurs without de novo Bcl-2 protein synthesis or alterations in protein turnover. Furthermore, dependency switching is a possible mechanism cancer cells employ to develop resistance toward various anti-cancer therapies with novel implications for both the concept of oncogene addiction and development of targeted cancer therapeutics. Therefore there is an immediate need for elucidation of this novel cancer resistance mechanism.
Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):B22.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerry Donovan
- 1 Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Alice Loo
- 1 Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Leigh Zawel
- 1 Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Dale Porter
- 1 Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA
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22
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Wee S, Jagani Z, Xiang KX, Loo A, Dorsch M, Yao YM, Sellers WR, Lengauer C, Stegmeier F. PI3K pathway activation mediates resistance to MEK inhibitors in KRAS mutant cancers. Cancer Res 2009; 69:4286-93. [PMID: 19401449 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The RAS pathway is one of the most frequently deregulated pathways in cancer. RAS signals through multiple effector pathways, including the RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK)/ERK MAPK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT signaling cascades. The oncogenic potential of these effector pathways is illustrated by the frequent occurrence of activating mutations in BRAF and PIK3CA as well as loss-of-function mutations in the tumor suppressor PTEN, a negative regulator of PI3K. Previous studies have found that whereas BRAF mutant cancers are highly sensitive to MEK inhibition, RAS mutant cancers exhibit a more variable response. The molecular mechanisms responsible for this heterogeneous response remain unclear. In this study, we show that PI3K pathway activation strongly influences the sensitivity of RAS mutant cells to MEK inhibitors. Activating mutations in PIK3CA reduce the sensitivity to MEK inhibition, whereas PTEN mutations seem to cause complete resistance. We further show that down-regulation of PIK3CA resensitizes cells with co-occurring KRAS and PIK3CA mutations to MEK inhibition. At the molecular level, the dual inhibition of both pathways seems to be required for complete inhibition of the downstream mammalian target of rapamycin effector pathway and results in the induction of cell death. Finally, we show that whereas inactivation of either the MEK or PI3K pathway leads to partial tumor growth inhibition, targeted inhibition of both pathways is required to achieve tumor stasis. Our study provides molecular insights that help explain the heterogeneous response of KRAS mutant cancers to MEK pathway inhibition and presents a strong rationale for the clinical testing of combination MEK and PI3K targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Wee
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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23
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Wiederschain D, Wee S, Chen L, Loo A, Yang G, Huang A, Chen Y, Caponigro G, Yao YM, Lengauer C, Sellers WR, Benson JD. Single-vector inducible lentiviral RNAi system for oncology target validation. Cell Cycle 2009; 8:498-504. [PMID: 19177017 DOI: 10.4161/cc.8.3.7701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of RNA interference (RNAi) has enabled loss-of-function studies in mammalian cancer cells and has hence become critical for identifying and validating cancer drug targets. Current transient siRNA and stable shRNA systems, however, have limited utility in accurately assessing the cancer dependency due to their short-lived effects and limited in vivo utility, respectively. In this study, a single-vector lentiviral, Tet-inducible shRNA system (pLKO-Tet-On) was generated to allow for the rapid generation of multiple stable cell lines with regulatable shRNA expression. We demonstrate the advantages and versatility of this system by targeting two polycomb group proteins, Bmi-1 and Mel-18, in a number of cancer cell lines. Our data show that pLKO-Tet-On-mediated knockdown is tightly regulated by the inducer tetracycline and its derivative, doxycycline, in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, target gene expression is fully restored upon withdrawal of the inducing agent. An additional, 17 distinct gene products have been targeted by inducible shRNAs with robust regulation in all cases. Importantly, we functionally validate the ability of the pLKO-Tet-On vector to reversibly silence targeted transcripts in vivo. The versatile and robust inducible lentiviral RNAi system reported herein can therefore serve as a powerful tool to rapidly reveal tumor cell dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Wiederschain
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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24
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Parker MF, Bronson JJ, Barten DM, Corsa JA, Du W, Felsenstein KM, Guss VL, Izzarelli D, Loo A, McElhone KE, Marcin LR, Padmanabha R, Pak R, Polson CT, Toyn JH, Varma S, Wang J, Wong V, Zheng M, Roberts SB. Amino-caprolactam derivatives as gamma-secretase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5790-5. [PMID: 17869509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of amino-caprolactam sulfonamides were developed from a screening hit. Compounds with good in vitro and in vivo gamma-secretase activity are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Parker
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
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25
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Prasad CVC, Zheng M, Vig S, Bergstrom C, Smith DW, Gao Q, Yeola S, Polson CT, Corsa JA, Guss VL, Loo A, Wang J, Sleczka BG, Dangler C, Robertson BJ, Hendrick JP, Roberts SB, Barten DM. Discovery of (S)-2-((S)-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyacetamido)-N-((S,Z)-3-methyl-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-3H-benzo[d][1,2]diazepin-5-yl)propanamide (BMS-433796): a gamma-secretase inhibitor with Abeta lowering activity in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4006-11. [PMID: 17502137 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report on the design of benzodiazepinones as peptidomimetics at the carboxy terminus of hydroxyamides. Structure-activity relationships of diazepinones were investigated and orally active gamma-secretase inhibitors were synthesized. Active metabolites contributing to Abeta reduction were identified by analysis of plasma samples from Tg2576 mice. In particular, (S)-2-((S)-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyacetamido)-N-((S,Z)-3-methyl-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-3H-benzo[d][1,2]diazepin-5-yl)propanamide (BMS-433796) was identified with an acceptable pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile. Chronic dosing of BMS-433796 in Tg2576 mice suggested a narrow therapeutic window and Notch-mediated toxicity at higher doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V C Prasad
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
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26
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Prasad CVC, Vig S, Smith DW, Gao Q, Polson CT, Corsa JA, Guss VL, Loo A, Barten DM, Zheng M, Felsenstein KM, Roberts SB. 2,3-Benzodiazepin-1,4-diones as peptidomimetic inhibitors of gamma-secretase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:3535-8. [PMID: 15177468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2003] [Revised: 04/14/2004] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
2,3-Benzodiazepin-1,4-diones were designed as peptidomimetics at the carboxy terminus of hydroxyamides. Inhibition of brain Abeta production was improved by one of the compounds containing constrained modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V C Prasad
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
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27
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Kidon M, Lim S, Loo A, Wee A, Ling S, Liew W, Chiang W, Chew F. Coconut allergy in two children of Asian origins and identification of the IgE binding components. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.12.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Barten DM, Guss VL, Corsa JA, Loo A, Hansel SB, Zheng M, Munoz B, Srinivasan K, Wang B, Robertson BJ, Polson CT, Wang J, Roberts SB, Hendrick JP, Anderson JJ, Loy JK, Denton R, Verdoorn TA, Smith DW, Felsenstein KM. Dynamics of {beta}-amyloid reductions in brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and plasma of {beta}-amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice treated with a {gamma}-secretase inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 312:635-43. [PMID: 15452193 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.075408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
gamma-Secretase inhibitors are one promising approach to the development of a therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease (AD). gamma-Secretase inhibitors reduce brain beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta), which is believed to be a major contributor in the etiology of AD. Transgenic mice overexpressing the human beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) are valuable models to examine the dynamics of Abeta changes with gamma-secretase inhibitors in plaque-free and plaque-bearing animals. BMS-299897 2-[(1R)-1-[[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfony](2,5-difluorophenyl)amino]ethyl]-5-fluorobenzenepropanoic acid, a gamma-secretase inhibitor, showed dose- and time dependent reductions of Abeta in brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and plasma in young transgenic mice, with a significant correlation between brain and CSF Abeta levels. Because CSF and brain interstitial fluid are distinct compartments in composition and location, this correlation could not be assumed. In contrast, aged transgenic mice with large accumulations of Abeta in plaques showed reductions in CSF Abeta in the absence of measurable changes in plaque Abeta in the brain after up to 2 weeks of treatment. Hence, CSF Abeta levels were a valuable measure of gamma-secretase activity in the central nervous system in either the presence or absence of plaques. Transgenic mice were also used to examine potential side effects due to Notch inhibition. BMS-299897 was 15-fold more effective at preventing the cleavage of APP than of Notch in vitro. No changes in the maturation of CD8(+) thymocytes or of intestinal goblet cells were observed in mice treated with BMS-299897, showing that it is possible for gamma-secretase inhibitors to reduce brain Abeta without causing Notch-mediated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Barten
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5100, 3CD-405, 5 Research Pkwy., Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
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29
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Grady KL, Meyer PM, Dressler D, Mattea A, Chillcott S, Loo A, White-Williams C, Todd B, Ormaza S, Kaan A, Costanzo MR, Piccione W. Longitudinal change in quality of life and impact on survival after left ventricular assist device implantation. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 77:1321-7. [PMID: 15063260 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2003.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The HeartMate vented electric left ventricular assist device has been approved for use as destination therapy. Thus, the study of quality-of-life outcomes, as well as morbidity and mortality, is imperative. The purpose of our study was to describe change with time (from 1 month to 1 year) in patients who received a HeartMate vented electric left ventricular assist device as a bridge to heart transplantation and to identify quality-of-life predictors of survival after left ventricular assist device implantation. METHODS A nonrandom sample of 78 patients who received a HeartMate vented electric left ventricular assist device (primarily middle-aged, white married males) who had quality-of-life data at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, or 12 months after implant was the subject of this report. The sample size decreased with time primarily because of heart transplantation. Patients completed the following booklets of questionnaires: Quality of Life Index, Rating Question Form, Heart Failure Symptom Checklist, and Sickness Impact Profile. Analyses included both descriptive analyses and modeling procedures (mixed-effects models and Cox proportional hazards models). RESULTS Quality-of-life outcomes were fairly good and stable from 1 month to 1 year after HeartMate vented electric left ventricular assist device implantation. Both positive and negative changes were detected in all quality-of-life domains (physical and occupational function, social interaction, somatic sensation, and psychological state) after left ventricular assist device insertion. Items from the physical domain of quality of life, specifically walking and dressing oneself, were significantly associated with the risk of dying after left ventricular assist device implantation. CONCLUSIONS Identifying poor quality-of-life outcomes within 1 year after left ventricular assist device implantation provides direction to develop strategies to improve outcomes. Physical and occupational rehabilitation, psychosocial intervention, and monitoring symptom distress and physical disability may contribute to improved quality-of-life outcomes and survival after left ventricular assist device implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Grady
- Section of Cardiology, Rush Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Program, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612-3824, USA.
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30
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Grady KL, Meyer PM, Dressler D, White-Williams C, Kaan A, Mattea A, Ormaza S, Chillcott S, Loo A, Todd B, Costanzo MR, Piccione W. Change in quality of life from after left ventricular assist device implantation to after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003; 22:1254-67. [PMID: 14585387 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-2498(02)01226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND No studies have analyzed quality of life (QOL) from before to after heart transplantation in patients with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD). Therefore, the purpose of this longitudinal, multi-site study was to compare QOL outcomes of patients listed for heart transplantation who required a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) at 3 months after implantation of an LVAD vs 3 months after heart transplantation. METHODS A non-random sample of 40 patients (predominantly middle-aged, married, white men), who had paired data at both 3 months after LVAD implantation and 3 months after heart transplantation, were investigated. Patients completed self-report questionnaires (with acceptable reliability and validity) at both time periods, including the Quality of Life Index, Rating Question Form, Heart Failure Symptom Checklist, Sickness Impact Profile, LVAD Stressor Scale (completed only after LVAD implant), Heart Transplant Stressor Scale (completed only after heart transplant) and Jalowiec Coping Scale. Descriptive analyses and comparative analyses using paired t-tests were performed with statistical significance set at 0.01. RESULTS Patients were significantly more satisfied with their lives overall and with their health and functioning at 3 months after heart transplantation as compared with 3 months after LVAD implantation. Mobility, self-care ability, physical ability and overall functional ability improved from 3 months after LVAD implant to 3 months after heart transplant. There was significantly less symptom distress after LVAD implant as compared with after heart transplant for the neurologic, dermatologic and physical sub-scales. Work/school/financial stress was significantly lower after heart transplant vs after LVAD implant. In contrast, 2 other areas of stress were significantly lower after LVAD implant vs after heart transplant: self-care stress and hospital/clinic-related stress. CONCLUSIONS Differences were found in QOL outcomes at 3 months after LVAD implant as compared with 3 months after heart transplant. Our findings point out specific areas of concern with respect to QOL after LVAD implant and post-transplant, some of which are amenable to health-care provider interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Grady
- Section of Cardiology, Rush Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Program, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612-3824, USA
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Grady KL, Meyer PM, Mattea A, Dressler D, Ormaza S, White-Williams C, Chillcott S, Kaan A, Loo A, Todd B, Klemme A, Piccione W, Costanzo MR. Change in quality of life from before to after discharge following left ventricular assist device implantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003; 22:322-33. [PMID: 12633700 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-2498(02)00668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quality of life (QOL) outcomes after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation from before to after hospital discharge have been examined only in a very small sample of patients. The purposes of this study are to describe change in QOL from before to after hospital discharge in LVAD patients and to determine whether being discharged with an LVAD predicts better QOL than being hospitalized with an LVAD. METHODS A non-random sample of 62 LVAD patients (approximately 50 years old, male, white, married, fairly well-educated) completed self-report questionnaires at >or=2 timepoints post-implant. The questionnaires (Quality of Life Index, Rating Question Form, Heart Failure Symptom Checklist, Sickness Impact Profile, LVAD Stressor Scale, Jalowiec Coping Scale), which were collated into booklets, had acceptable reliability and validity. Longitudinal analyses were performed in 2 steps using 1-sample t-tests and linear mixed effects modeling. RESULTS Perception of QOL and health status were fairly good both before and after discharge of LVAD patients. Discharge predicted increased satisfaction with socioeconomic areas of life; decreased overall and psychologic stress and stress related to family and friends, self-care and work/school/finances; and decreased physical and self-care disability. CONCLUSIONS QOL outcomes improved from before to after hospital discharge in LVAD patients awaiting heart transplantation. As LVADs potentially become available as destination therapy, in addition to being successful bridges to heart transplantation, QOL outcomes will become more important to study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Grady
- Rush-Presbyterian-St Luke's Medical Center, Professional Building II, Suite 439, 1725 West Harrison Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-3824, USA
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Grady KL, Meyer P, Mattea A, Dressler D, Ormaza S, White-Williams C, Chillcott S, Kaan A, Todd B, Loo A, Klemme AL, Piccione W, Costanzo MR. Predictors of Quality of Life at 1 Month After Implantation of a Left Ventricular Assist Device. Am J Crit Care 2002. [DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2002.11.4.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
• Objectives To describe quality-of-life outcomes; determine relationships between quality of life and demographic, physical, psychosocial, and clinical variables; and identify predictors of quality of life at 1 month after implantation of a left ventricular assist device.
• Methods Patients who received either an implantable pneumatic (n = 38) or a vented electric (n = 54) left ventricular assist device as a bridge to heart transplantation between August 1, 1994, and August 31, 1999, completed 6 instruments used to measure quality of life and factors related to quality of life. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, Mann-Whitney U tests, and forward, stepwise multiple regression.
• Results Overall satisfaction with quality of life was quite high as determined from the total score on the Quality of Life Index (mean = 0.69). Patients were very satisfied with the implantation and thought that they would do well after future heart transplant surgery. Patients had a moderate level of stress. Significant predictors of overall quality of life were psychological symptoms, stress, and race; these accounted for 46% of variance in quality of life.
• Conclusions Patients were satisfied with their quality of life at 1 month after implantation of a left ventricular assist device. However, they were least satisfied with their health and functioning and yet were optimistic about how well they thought they would do after heart transplantation. Psychological factors were the strongest predictors of satisfaction with overall quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L. Grady
- Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, Chicago, Ill (KLG, PM, AM, WP, MRC), St. Luke’s Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wis (DD), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn (SO), University of Alabama, Birmingham, Ala (CW-W), Sharp Memorial Hospital, San Diego, Calif (SC), St. Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia (AK), Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa (BT), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (AL), and Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Va (ALK)
| | - Peter Meyer
- Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, Chicago, Ill (KLG, PM, AM, WP, MRC), St. Luke’s Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wis (DD), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn (SO), University of Alabama, Birmingham, Ala (CW-W), Sharp Memorial Hospital, San Diego, Calif (SC), St. Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia (AK), Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa (BT), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (AL), and Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Va (ALK)
| | - Annette Mattea
- Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, Chicago, Ill (KLG, PM, AM, WP, MRC), St. Luke’s Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wis (DD), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn (SO), University of Alabama, Birmingham, Ala (CW-W), Sharp Memorial Hospital, San Diego, Calif (SC), St. Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia (AK), Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa (BT), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (AL), and Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Va (ALK)
| | - Diane Dressler
- Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, Chicago, Ill (KLG, PM, AM, WP, MRC), St. Luke’s Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wis (DD), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn (SO), University of Alabama, Birmingham, Ala (CW-W), Sharp Memorial Hospital, San Diego, Calif (SC), St. Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia (AK), Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa (BT), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (AL), and Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Va (ALK)
| | - Sophia Ormaza
- Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, Chicago, Ill (KLG, PM, AM, WP, MRC), St. Luke’s Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wis (DD), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn (SO), University of Alabama, Birmingham, Ala (CW-W), Sharp Memorial Hospital, San Diego, Calif (SC), St. Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia (AK), Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa (BT), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (AL), and Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Va (ALK)
| | - Connie White-Williams
- Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, Chicago, Ill (KLG, PM, AM, WP, MRC), St. Luke’s Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wis (DD), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn (SO), University of Alabama, Birmingham, Ala (CW-W), Sharp Memorial Hospital, San Diego, Calif (SC), St. Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia (AK), Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa (BT), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (AL), and Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Va (ALK)
| | - Suzanne Chillcott
- Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, Chicago, Ill (KLG, PM, AM, WP, MRC), St. Luke’s Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wis (DD), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn (SO), University of Alabama, Birmingham, Ala (CW-W), Sharp Memorial Hospital, San Diego, Calif (SC), St. Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia (AK), Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa (BT), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (AL), and Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Va (ALK)
| | - Annemarie Kaan
- Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, Chicago, Ill (KLG, PM, AM, WP, MRC), St. Luke’s Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wis (DD), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn (SO), University of Alabama, Birmingham, Ala (CW-W), Sharp Memorial Hospital, San Diego, Calif (SC), St. Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia (AK), Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa (BT), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (AL), and Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Va (ALK)
| | - Barbara Todd
- Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, Chicago, Ill (KLG, PM, AM, WP, MRC), St. Luke’s Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wis (DD), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn (SO), University of Alabama, Birmingham, Ala (CW-W), Sharp Memorial Hospital, San Diego, Calif (SC), St. Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia (AK), Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa (BT), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (AL), and Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Va (ALK)
| | - Alice Loo
- Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, Chicago, Ill (KLG, PM, AM, WP, MRC), St. Luke’s Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wis (DD), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn (SO), University of Alabama, Birmingham, Ala (CW-W), Sharp Memorial Hospital, San Diego, Calif (SC), St. Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia (AK), Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa (BT), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (AL), and Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Va (ALK)
| | - Annette L. Klemme
- Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, Chicago, Ill (KLG, PM, AM, WP, MRC), St. Luke’s Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wis (DD), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn (SO), University of Alabama, Birmingham, Ala (CW-W), Sharp Memorial Hospital, San Diego, Calif (SC), St. Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia (AK), Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa (BT), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (AL), and Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Va (ALK)
| | - William Piccione
- Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, Chicago, Ill (KLG, PM, AM, WP, MRC), St. Luke’s Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wis (DD), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn (SO), University of Alabama, Birmingham, Ala (CW-W), Sharp Memorial Hospital, San Diego, Calif (SC), St. Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia (AK), Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa (BT), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (AL), and Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Va (ALK)
| | - Maria Rosa Costanzo
- Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, Chicago, Ill (KLG, PM, AM, WP, MRC), St. Luke’s Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wis (DD), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn (SO), University of Alabama, Birmingham, Ala (CW-W), Sharp Memorial Hospital, San Diego, Calif (SC), St. Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia (AK), Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa (BT), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (AL), and Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Va (ALK)
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Grady KL, Meyer P, Mattea A, Dressler D, Ormaza S, White-Williams C, Chillcott S, Kaan A, Todd B, Loo A, Klemme AL, Piccione W, Costanzo MR. Predictors of quality of life at 1 month after implantation of a left ventricular assist device. Am J Crit Care 2002; 11:345-52. [PMID: 12102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe quality-of-life outcomes; determine relationships between quality of life and demographic, physical, psychosocial, and clinical variables; and identify predictors of quality of life at 1 month after implantation of a left ventricular assist device. METHODS Patients who received either an implantable pneumatic (n = 38) or a vented electric (n = 54) left ventricular assist device as a bridge to heart transplantation between August 1, 1994, and August 31, 1999, completed 6 instruments used to measure quality of life andfactors related to quality of life. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, Mann-Whitney U tests, and forward, stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS Overall satisfaction with quality of life was quite high as determined from the total score on the Quality of Life Index (mean = 0.69). Patients were very satisfied with the implantation and thought that they would do well after future heart transplant surgery. Patients had a moderate level of stress. Significant predictors of overall quality of life were psychological symptoms, stress, and race; these accounted for 46% of variance in quality of life. CONCLUSIONS Patients were satisfied with their quality of life at 1 month after implantation of a left ventricular assist device. However, they were least satisfied with their health and functioning and yet were optimistic about how well they thought they would do after heart transplantation. Psychological factors were the strongest predictors of satisfaction with overall quality of life.
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Lai JS, Loo A, Tham CC, Ho SY, Lam DS. Preoperative latanoprost to prevent ocular hypertension after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation. J Cataract Refract Surg 2001; 27:1792-5. [PMID: 11709253 DOI: 10.1016/s0886-3350(01)00902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of latanoprost given 2 hours preoperatively to prevent ocular hypertension in the early period after phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC IOL) implantation. SETTING Departments of Ophthalmology, United Christian Hospital and Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China. METHODS Sixty-four eyes of 64 patients with uncomplicated cataract having phacoemulsification with PC IOL implantation were included in this prospective randomized double-masked clinical trial. The eyes were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: application of latanoprost 0.005% 2 hours before surgery or no latanoprost (control). Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured 3 and 24 hours postoperatively. The anterior chamber was examined for the level of cells and flare using a slitlamp biomicroscope. The level of significance was 5%. RESULTS The decrease in the mean IOP was not statistically significantly different between eyes receiving latanoprost 2 hours preoperatively and control eyes 3 hours (P =.843) and 24 hours (P =.721) postoperatively. CONCLUSION A single application of latanoprost given 2 hours before phacoemulsification and PC IOL implantation did not produce a statistically significant IOP-lowering effect when compared with a control group in the first 24 hours after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Lai
- Department of Ophtahlmology, United Christian Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Loo A, Fitt AW, Ramchandani M, Kirkby GR. Pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil in the management of combined rhegmatogenous retinal and choroidal detachment. Eye (Lond) 2001; 15:612-5. [PMID: 11702972 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2001.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment combined with spontaneous pre-operative choroidal detachment (RDCD) represents a rare but specific entity, which has in the past been associated with a poor prognosis. This study was designed to determine the efficacy of pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil injection in the management of this very difficult vitreoretinal problem. METHODS A retrospective analysis was carried out of 13 eyes of 13 consecutive patients who underwent vitrectomy and silicone oil exchange. RESULTS In a total of 10 eyes (77%) the first procedure produced anatomical success. Two eyes required a further procedure to achieve retinal reattachment, producing a final anatomical success rate of 92%. CONCLUSION Pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil exchange is an effective technique for managing RDCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Loo
- Vitreoretinal Surgery Unit, Birmingham & Midland Eye Centre, UK
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Lai JS, Chua JK, Loo A, Ho SY, Lam DS. Effect of intracameral acetylcholine on latanoprost in preventing ocular hypertension after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation. J Cataract Refract Surg 2001; 27:700-5. [PMID: 11377899 DOI: 10.1016/s0886-3350(00)00729-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of intracameral acetylcholine on latanoprost in preventing ocular hypertension in the early period after phacoemulsification with posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC IOL) implantation. SETTING Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China. METHODS Patients with uncomplicated cataract having phacoemulsification with PC IOL implantation were included in this prospective randomized double-masked clinical trial. The eyes were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups based on postoperative application of latanoprost 0.005% alone (Group 1), latanoprost 0.005% with intracameral acetylcholine (Group 2), intracameral acetylcholine alone (Group 3), and no medication (controls (Group 4). Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured 3 and 24 hours postoperatively. The anterior chamber was examined for the level of cells and flare using slitlamp biomicroscopy. RESULTS Three and 24 hours after surgery, the decrease in mean IOP in eyes receiving latanoprost alone was not statistically significantly different from that in control eyes (P >.05). Eyes receiving intracameral acetylcholine alone had a significant decrease in the mean IOP at 3 hours (P <.05) but not at 24 hours compared to control eyes (P >.05). There were no significant differences in the mean postoperative IOP decrease between eyes receiving latanoprost with intracameral acetylcholine and those receiving intracameral acetylcholine alone (P >.05). CONCLUSIONS A single application of latanoprost did not significantly lower IOP in the first 24 hours after phacoemulsification with PC IOL implantation. Eyes receiving intracameral acetylcholine alone had a significantly greater decrease in IOP than control eyes at 3 hours but not at 24 hours. The addition of intracameral acetylcholine to latanoprost did not enhance or reduce latanoprost's IOP-lowering effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, United Christian Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Grady KL, Meyer P, Mattea A, Dressler D, Ormaza S, White-Williams C, Chillcott S, Kaan A, Loo A, Todd B, Klemme A, Piccione W, Costanzo M. Change in physical and psychosocial domains of quality of life from before to after discharge post left ventricular assist device implantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001; 20:203. [PMID: 11250362 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-2498(00)00434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K L. Grady
- 1Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; 2St. Luke's Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA; 3University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; 4University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA; 5Sharp Memorial Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA; 6St.Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia, USA; 7University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; 8Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; 9Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA, USA
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Manuchehri K, Loo A, Ramchandani M, Kirkby GR. Acute suprachoroidal haemorrhage in a patient treated with streptokinase for myocardial infarction. Eye (Lond) 1999; 13 ( Pt 5):685-6. [PMID: 10696335 DOI: 10.1038/eye.1999.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Kirkby GR, Benson MT, Callear AB, Loo A. Local anaesthesia for vitreoretinal surgery: a case-control study of 200 cases. Eye (Lond) 1999; 13 ( Pt 1):122-3. [PMID: 10396402 DOI: 10.1038/eye.1999.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Abstract
We have previously shown that enteral and parenteral supplementation of nucleotides (NT) accelerates healing of small-bowel ulcers in rats with indomethacin-induced ileitis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether dietary NT supplementation would similarly affect ulcer healing in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to receive either nucleotide-free (NF) or NT-supplemented diets. After 2 d of prefeeding, colitis was induced by including 40 g/L of DSS in drinking water for 3 d, followed thereafter by tap water. Rats from each group were killed at 7 and 12 d after induction of colitis. Additional rats were also used for both the groups as controls (untreated groups). The length of colon was measured and evaluated by histological score. Colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was assessed. In a separate series of experiments, rats were studied at 0, 4, 7, and 12 d for interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in rectal dialysate and plasma. Ulceration predominated in the distal colon in DSS-treated rats. There was no significant difference between the histological scores of the NF and NT-supplemented groups either at 7 or 12 d. MPO activity at 7 and 12 d was significantly higher in the NT-supplemented compared to NF group (7 d: 1013 +/- 172 vs. 409.9 +/- 103.2; 12 d: 471.9 +/- 112.4 vs. 223.6 +/- 21.6 units. min-1. g colon-1). IL-1beta concentration in rectal dialysate was significantly higher at 7 d in both groups compared to 0 and 4 d. At 12 d it continued to be significantly elevated in the NT-supplemented group and was greater than in the NT-free group. Our data on the proinflammatory cytokine, in conjunction with MPO activity, strongly suggest that NT supplementation aggravates the severity of DSS-induced colitis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sukumar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine. State University of New York Health Science Center, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Abstract
We investigated the expression, characterization and distribution of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes in isolated rabbit parietal cells (PC). Cellular extracts of PC were analyzed by Western blot using isozyme-specific antibodies. The Ca2+-independent PKC-epsilon was detected in cytosolic, membrane and cytoskeletal fractions of basal and histamine-stimulated PC, whereas the Ca2+-dependent PKC-alpha was confined to the cytosolic and membrane fractions. Cytosolic and membrane fractions were partially purified by DEAE cellulose column chromatography with elution of increasing NaCl concentration. Eluates of 0.15 M and 0.3 M NaCl PC fractions were identified as PKC-alpha and -epsilon isoforms, respectively. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA) treatment of PC for 15, 30 and 60 sec decreased significantly cytosolic PKC-alpha and increased membrane-associated PKC-alpha. In contrast to the distribution of PKC-alpha, TPA did not alter membrane or cytosolic level of PKC-epsilon. Comparison of the dose-response curves between TPA-induced hydrogen (H+) secretion, as measured by aminopyrine (AP) uptake, and the membrane-associated PKC-alpha suggests that translocation of PKC-alpha is not involved in the H+ secretory process in PC. Furthermore, a PKC inhibitor, staurosporine, produced a concentration-dependent enhancement of histamine-stimulated H+ secretion. These findings suggest that PKC-alpha plays a negative modulatory role, rather than an obligatory role, in H+ secretion. The localization and distribution of PKC-epsilon into the cytoskeletal fraction of PC also suggests that this isozyme may be involved in the cellular regulation of reversible morphological transformation during stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nandi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, State University of New York Health Science Center, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Sukumar P, Loo A, Magur E, Nandi J, Oler A, Levine RA. Dietary supplementation of nucleotides and arginine promotes healing of small bowel ulcers in experimental ulcerative ileitis. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42:1530-6. [PMID: 9246059 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018887331672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that intravenous total parenteral nutrition supplemented with nucleosides and nucleotides (NS/NT) promoted ulcer healing in rats with indomethacin-induced ileitis. The present study evaluated whether dietary NT supplementation would similarly affect ulcer healing in this model. Female Lewis rats were randomized into either control or experimental groups receiving yeast RNA containing NT or arginine, glutamine, fish oil, guar gum, or a combination of yeast RNA+arginine diets. Ileitis was induced by two doses of indomethacin (7.5 mg/kg) administered subcutaneously 24 hr apart. Ulcer number and length were determined at 4, 8, and 14 days after induction of ileitis. Ileal villous and crypt length, crypt-villous ratio, and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling were studied in the control and yeast RNA-supplemented diet groups. Ileal ulceration was present in all groups at 4 and 8 days and was almost healed by 14 days. Rats receiving yeast RNA, arginine, and yeast RNA + arginine diets showed a significant decrease in ulcer number (56%, 28%, and 34%, respectively) and length (67%, 41%, and 48%, respectively) compared to controls at 8 but not at 4 days. Glutamine, fish oil, and guar gum had no effect on ulcer healing at 4, 8, or 14 days. Among the histological parameters, a significant decrease in crypt length in the yeast RNA-supplemented group at 8 days suggested an acceleration of the healing process and restoration to a near-normal crypt-villous architecture. We conclude that the yeast RNA, arginine, and yeast RNA + arginine diets accelerated ulcer healing, as indicated by decreased ulcer number and length. We postulate that the underlying mechanism(s) contributing to ulcer healing may be related, in part, to increased cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sukumar
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Health Science Center, Syracuse, USA
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Wood CM, Jones CA, Loo A. Paediatric examination spectacles in the assessment of ptosis. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1996. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1475-1313.1996.96849908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
We describe a patient whose serum gave consistently low results for thyroxin as measured with the Abbott TDx but normal results by radioimmunoassay. Further clinical and laboratory studies did not support the low TDx results. Anti-thyroxin antibodies did not explain the discordant results, and we found no evidence of heterophilic antibodies in the patient's serum. We were unable to identify the cause of the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Levine
- Clinical Laboratory, VA Medical Center, Martinez, CA 94553
| | - R Noth
- Clinical Laboratory, VA Medical Center, Martinez, CA 94553
| | - A Loo
- Clinical Laboratory, VA Medical Center, Martinez, CA 94553
| | - I J Chopra
- Clinical Laboratory, VA Medical Center, Martinez, CA 94553
| | - G G Klee
- Clinical Laboratory, VA Medical Center, Martinez, CA 94553
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Levine S, Noth R, Loo A, Chopra IJ, Klee GG. Anomalous serum thyroxin measurements with the Abbott TDx procedure. Clin Chem 1990; 36:1838-40. [PMID: 2119915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe a patient whose serum gave consistently low results for thyroxin as measured with the Abbott TDx but normal results by radioimmunoassay. Further clinical and laboratory studies did not support the low TDx results. Anti-thyroxin antibodies did not explain the discordant results, and we found no evidence of heterophilic antibodies in the patient's serum. We were unable to identify the cause of the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Levine
- Clinical Laboratory, VA Medical Center, Martinez, CA 94553
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Loo A. Assessing mentally disordered offenders. Nurs Times 1984; 80:44-46. [PMID: 6562553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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