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In Silico Peptide Ligation: Iterative Residue Docking and Linking as a New Approach to Predict Protein-Peptide Interactions. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071351. [PMID: 30959812 PMCID: PMC6480567 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide–protein interactions are corner-stones of living functions involved in essential mechanisms, such as cell signaling. Given the difficulty of obtaining direct experimental structural biology data, prediction of those interactions is of crucial interest for the rational development of new drugs, notably to fight diseases, such as cancer or Alzheimer’s disease. Because of the high flexibility of natural unconstrained linear peptides, prediction of their binding mode in a protein cavity remains challenging. Several theoretical approaches have been developed in the last decade to address this issue. Nevertheless, improvements are needed, such as the conformation prediction of peptide side-chains, which are dependent on peptide length and flexibility. Here, we present a novel in silico method, Iterative Residue Docking and Linking (IRDL), to efficiently predict peptide–protein interactions. In order to reduce the conformational space, this innovative method splits peptides into several short segments. Then, it uses the performance of intramolecular covalent docking to rebuild, sequentially, the complete peptide in the active site of its protein target. Once the peptide is constructed, a rescoring step is applied in order to correctly rank all IRDL solutions. Applied on a set of 11 crystallized peptide–protein complexes, the IRDL method shows promising results, since it is able to retrieve experimental binding conformations with a Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) below 2 Å in the top five ranked solutions. For some complexes, IRDL method outperforms two other docking protocols evaluated in this study. Hence, IRDL is a new tool that could be used in drug design projects to predict peptide–protein interactions.
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Inoue Y, Hatayama T, Kawasaki-Takasuka T, Agou T, Kubota T, Yamazaki T. Stereoselective aldol reactions using pseudo C 2 symmetric 1-benzyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9913-9916. [PMID: 30123902 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05458d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Crossed aldol reactions of the CF3-containing pseudo C2 symmetric cyclic imide 3 were carried out by way of the corresponding boron bisenolate to stereoselectively furnish the desired products 4 and this procedure allowed the preferential construction of the diastereomers of the compounds previously obtained from the acyclic counterpart 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Inoue
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Hatayama
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Kawasaki-Takasuka
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Agou
- Department of Biomolecular Functional Engineering, Ibaraki University, Nakanarusawa 4-12-1, Hitachi 316-8511, Japan
| | - Toshio Kubota
- Department of Biomolecular Functional Engineering, Ibaraki University, Nakanarusawa 4-12-1, Hitachi 316-8511, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamazaki
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei 184-8588, Japan.
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Belliotti TR, Capiris T, Ekhato IV, Kinsora JJ, Field MJ, Heffner TG, Meltzer LT, Schwarz JB, Taylor CP, Thorpe AJ, Vartanian MG, Wise LD, Zhi-Su T, Weber ML, Wustrow DJ. Structure-activity relationships of pregabalin and analogues that target the alpha(2)-delta protein. J Med Chem 2005; 48:2294-307. [PMID: 15801823 DOI: 10.1021/jm049762l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pregabalin exhibits robust activity in preclinical assays indicative of potential antiepileptic, anxiolytic, and antihyperalgesic clinical efficacy. It binds with high affinity to the alpha(2)-delta subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels and is a substrate of the system L neutral amino acid transporter. A series of pregabalin analogues were prepared and evaluated for their alpha(2)-delta binding affinity as demonstrated by their ability to inhibit binding of [(3)H]gabapentin to pig brain membranes and for their potency to inhibit the uptake of [(3)H]leucine into CHO cells, a measure of their ability to compete with the endogenous substrate at the system L transporter. Compounds were also assessed in vivo for their ability to promote anxiolytic, analgesic, and anticonvulsant actions. These studies suggest that distinct structure activity relationships exist for alpha(2)-delta binding and system L transport inhibition. However, both interactions appear to play an important role in the in vivo profile of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Belliotti
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, Ann Arbor Campus, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
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Tretiakova AP, Albert RH, Jameson BA. A rational design approach for developing immunomodulators based on CD4 and CD8. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2003; 19:175-203. [PMID: 12520878 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2002.10648029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Tretiakova
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, MCP Hahnemann University, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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Thaisrivongs S, Strohbach JW. Structure-based discovery of Tipranavir disodium (PNU-140690E): a potent, orally bioavailable, nonpeptidic HIV protease inhibitor. Biopolymers 2000; 51:51-8. [PMID: 10380352 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0282(1999)51:1<51::aid-bip6>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to develop therapeutically relevant HIV protease inhibitors as medicinal agents in confronting the AIDS crisis have been aided by the wealth of fundamental information acquired during related drug discovery campaigns against other aspartyl proteases. This knowledge base was brought to full force with the broad screening identification of small, nonpeptidic, inhibitory molecules as templates for chemical elaboration. Significantly, the ability to collect crystallographic data on the inhibitor-enzyme complexes in a rapid fashion afforded the opportunity for a structure-based approach to drug discovery. Iterative cycles of synthesis, biological testing, and structural information gathering followed by prudent design modifications afforded compounds suitable for clinical evaluation. Displaying high enzymatic inhibition (Ki = 8 pM), potent in vitro antiviral cell culture activity (IC90 = 100 nM), and a useful pharmacokinetic profile, PNU-140690E (Tipranavir disodium) has entered into clinical studies. Promising results from these early trials supported further evaluation of this compound in HIV-infected individuals. PNU-140690E is currently under extensive clinical study.
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Hilgeroth A, Langner A. Bioanalysis of syn dimeric HIV-1 protease inhibitor N-benzyl 4-aryl-1,4-dihydropyridine H19: metabolic and cytotoxic properties in Hep G2 cells. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2000; 333:195-7. [PMID: 10909192 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4184(20006)333:6<195::aid-ardp195>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Syn dimeric N-benzyl 4-aryl-1,4-dihydropyridine H19 is a nonpeptidic HIV-1 protease inhibitor of the dihydroxyethylene type representing novel C2-symmetric inhibitors. Great interest was focussed on the extent of metabolism of these novel inhibitory structures as their functional groups are similar to certain peptidic and non-peptidic HIV-1 protease inhibitors with poor bioavailability due to extensive metabolism. Thus, early characterization of metabolic and toxic properties decisively determines the future prospects of those novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Both metabolism and toxicity were evaluated in Hep G2 monolayers. While no phase-I metabolites were found the extent of conjugation in phase-II of biotransformation was poor. Moreover, cytotoxic evaluation of protein and DNA decrease and, furthermore, of membrane toxicity characterized the novel inhibitors as non-toxic. Consequently, the favourable poor metabolism and non-toxic properties encourage further development of these novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hilgeroth
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
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Tomasselli AG, Heinrikson RL. Targeting the HIV-protease in AIDS therapy: a current clinical perspective. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1477:189-214. [PMID: 10708858 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with clinical applications of compounds that inhibit the action of the protease encoded within the genome of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The HIV-protease is essential for viral maturation and represents an important therapeutic target in the fight against AIDS. Following a brief overview of the enzyme structure and function, the article focuses on a number of peptide and non-peptide based HIV-protease inhibitors that are in current clinical use. These drugs are discussed both with respect to their efficacy in treatment of AIDS, and to problems related to insurgence of viral resistance and side effects seen to date in patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Tomasselli
- Department of Protein Science, Pharmacia and Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA
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Benedetti F, Magnan M, Miertus S, Norbedo S, Parat D, Tossi A. Stereoselective synthesis of non symmetric dihydroxyethylene dipeptide isosteres via epoxy alcohols derived from alpha-amino acids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:3027-30. [PMID: 10571169 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
(1R,2R,3S,4S)-4-Amino-3-hydroxy-1,2-epoxybutanes, accessible in four steps from L-aminoesters, react regio- and stereoselectively with diethyl aluminum cyanide to give (1R,2S,3S,4S)-4-amino-2,3-dihydroxynitriles. Hydrolysis yields hydroxylactones equivalent to 2,3-dihydroxy-4-aminoacids. The sequence provides a novel approach to dihydroxyethylene isosteres potentially useful for new HIV-protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biofisica e Chimica delle Macromolecole, Università di Trieste, Italy.
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Padbury GE, Zipp GL, Schwende FJ, Zhao Z, Koeplinger KA, Chong KT, Raub TJ, Thaisrivongs S. Factors impacting the delivery of therapeutic levels of pyrone-based HIV protease inhibitors. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 1998; 11:211-32. [PMID: 9760682 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47384-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G E Padbury
- Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007, USA
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11
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Wang YF, Yakovlevsky K, Margolin AL. An efficient synthesis of chiral amino acid and peptide alkylamides via CLEC-subtilisin catalyzed coupling and in situ resolution. Tetrahedron Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(96)01119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tomasselli AG, Thaisrivongs S, Heinrikson RL. Discovery and design of HIV protease inhibitors as drugs for treatment of aids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1075-8593(96)80106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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14
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Partaledis JA, Yamaguchi K, Tisdale M, Blair EE, Falcione C, Maschera B, Myers RE, Pazhanisamy S, Futer O, Cullinan AB. In vitro selection and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates with reduced sensitivity to hydroxyethylamino sulfonamide inhibitors of HIV-1 aspartyl protease. J Virol 1995; 69:5228-35. [PMID: 7636964 PMCID: PMC189353 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.9.5228-5235.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants with reduced sensitivity to the hydroxyethylamino sulfonamide protease inhibitors VB-11,328 and VX-478 have been selected in vitro by two independent serial passage protocols with HIV-1 in CEM-SS and MT-4 cell lines. Virus populations with greater than 100-fold-increased resistance to both inhibitors compared with the parental virus have been obtained. DNA sequence analyses of the protease genes from VB-11,328- and VX-478-resistant variants reveal a sequential accumulation of point mutations, with similar resistance patterns occurring for the two inhibitors. The deduced amino acid substitutions in the resistant protease are Leu-10-->Phe, Met-46-->Ile, Ile-47-->Val, and Ile-50-->Val. This is the first observation in HIV protease resistance studies of an Ile-50-->Val mutation, a mutation that appears to arise uniquely against the sulfonamide inhibitor class. When the substitutions observed were introduced as single mutations into an HIV-1 infectious clone (HXB2), only the Ile-50-->Val mutant showed reduced sensitivity (two- to threefold) to VB-11,328 and VX-478. A triple protease mutant infectious clone carrying the mutations Met-46-->Ile, Ile-47-->Val, and Ile-50-->Val, however, showed much greater reduction in sensitivity (14- to 20-fold) to VB-11,328 and VX-478. The same mutations were studied in recombinant HIV protease. The mutant protease Ile-50-->Val displays a much lower affinity for the inhibitors than the parent enzyme (< or = 80-fold). The protease triply mutated at Met-46-->Ile, Ile-47-->Val, and Ile-50-->Val shows an even greater decrease in inhibitor binding (< or = 270-fold). The sulfonamide-resistant HIV protease variants remain sensitive to inhibitors from other chemical classes (Ro 31-8959 and L-735,524), suggesting possibilities for clinical use of HIV protease inhibitors in combination or serially.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Partaledis
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4211, USA
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Vaillancourt M, Sauvé G, Cohen E. Antiviral properties of simple difunctionalized enols targeted to the HIV-1 protease. Antiviral Res 1995; 27:205-18. [PMID: 8540744 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(95)00014-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease catalyses the specific cleavage of the virion structural polyproteins p55gag and p160gag-pol and is, therefore, essential for viral maturation. We have previously reported a series of low molecular weight non-peptidic enol-based compounds that inhibit the HIV-1 protease activity in a competitive fashion (Vaillancourt et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2 (1994) 343-355). Here we demonstrate that VS-215 and VS-261, two of these non-peptidic inhibitors, impair viral polyprotein maturation and exhibit antiviral activity in infected MT4 cells. The ID50 for these two compounds ranged between 24 and 50 microM whereas their TD50 ranged between 60 and 200 microM depending on the cell lines used. The calculated therapeutic index of these two inhibitors both had values of 2.5 even though they were shown to be non cytotoxic at their ID50. Their calculated permeability index ranged between 0.09 and 0.79 suggesting that these enol-based inhibitors efficiently reach the site of protease activity. These results provide new information on the therapeutic potential of this new class of protease inhibitors and emphasize the usefulness of enol chemistry in the development of anti-HIV-1 protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vaillancourt
- Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Chen HG, Tustin JM, Wuts PG, Sawyer TK, Smith CW. Stereoselective synthesis of Xaa psi[CH2CH(OH)]Yaa dipeptidomimetics and their inclusion in HIV-1 protease inhibitors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1995; 45:1-10. [PMID: 7775003 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1995.tb01561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Two stereoselective syntheses of a new pseudodipeptide isostere, the right-hand hydroxyethylene dipeptidomimetic (Xaa psi[CH2CH(OH)]Yaa), are presented. In one method readily available amino acids are used as starting materials for Evans chiral aldol condensation chemistry. The second method relies on the synthesis of an anti-aldol product for the hydroxyethylene isostere via an E-selective ethyl hydrocinnamate enolization, and thus allows for the synthesis of isosteres having side chains other than those available from amino acids. Both methods are illustrated by the chiral synthesis of Boc-Phe psi[CH2CH(OH)]Phe. Two diastereomers, (S,S,R) and (S,R,R), are incorporated into an HIV-1 protease inhibitor template which yields potent inhibitors of HIV-1 protease when the pseudodipeptide isostere is Phe psi[CH(OH)CH2]Phe or Phe psi[CH(OH)CH(OH)]Phe. The resulting Phe psi[CH2CH(OH)]Phe-containing inhibitors possess modest potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Chen
- Upjohn Laboratories, Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
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Martin JA, Redshaw S, Thomas GJ. Inhibitors of HIV proteinase. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1995; 32:239-87. [PMID: 8577919 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Martin
- Roche Products Ltd., Welwyn Garden City, Herts, UK
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Verlinde CL, Merritt EA, Van den Akker F, Kim H, Feil I, Delboni LF, Mande SC, Sarfaty S, Petra PH, Hol WG. Protein crystallography and infectious diseases. Protein Sci 1994; 3:1670-86. [PMID: 7849584 PMCID: PMC2142599 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560031006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The current rapid growth in the number of known 3-dimensional protein structures is producing a database of structures that is increasingly useful as a starting point for the development of new medically relevant molecules such as drugs, therapeutic proteins, and vaccines. This development is beautifully illustrated in the recent book, Protein structure: New approaches to disease and therapy (Perutz, 1992). There is a great and growing promise for the design of molecules for the treatment or prevention of a wide variety of diseases, an endeavor made possible by the insights derived from the structure and function of crucial proteins from pathogenic organisms and from man. We present here 2 illustrations of structure-based drug design. The first is the prospect of developing antitrypanosomal drugs based on crystallographic, ligand-binding, and molecular modeling studies of glycolytic glycosomal enzymes from Trypanosomatidae. These unicellular organisms are responsible for several tropical diseases, including African and American trypanosomiases, as well as various forms of leishmaniasis. Because the target enzymes are also present in the human host, this project is a pioneering study in selective design. The second illustrative case is the prospect of designing anti-cholera drugs based on detailed analysis of the structure of cholera toxin and the closely related Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. Such potential drugs can be targeted either at inhibiting the toxin's receptor binding site or at blocking the toxin's intracellular catalytic activity. Study of the Vibrio cholerae and E. coli toxins serves at the same time as an example of a general approach to structure-based vaccine design. These toxins exhibit a remarkable ability to stimulate the mucosal immune system, and early results have suggested that this property can be maintained by engineered fusion proteins based on the native toxin structure. The challenge is thus to incorporate selected epitopes from foreign pathogens into the native framework of the toxin such that crucial features of both the epitope and the toxin are maintained. That is, the modified toxin must continue to evoke a strong mucosal immune response, and this response must be directed against an epitope conformation characteristic of the original pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Verlinde
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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Martin LN, Soike KF, Murphey-Corb M, Bohm RP, Roberts ED, Kakuk TJ, Thaisrivongs S, Vidmar TJ, Ruwart MJ, Davio SR. Effects of U-75875, a peptidomimetic inhibitor of retroviral proteases, on simian immunodeficiency virus infection in rhesus monkeys. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38:1277-83. [PMID: 7522427 PMCID: PMC188198 DOI: 10.1128/aac.38.6.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
U-75875 inhibits human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) proteases and blocks Gag-Pol protein processing and viral maturation and replication in vitro. Rhesus monkeys were treated with vehicle alone or with formulated U-75875 at doses of 7 or 20 mg/kg of body weight per day for 26 days by continuous intravenous infusion beginning 6 h prior to intravenous inoculation with 10 monkey 50% infectious doses of SIV Delta B670, and the monkeys were monitored until death. The effects of treatment on the level of SIV p26 antigenemia, the infectious virus titer in serum, and the level of proviral DNA in blood mononuclear cells evaluated by PCR were assessed. SIV infection of the controls resulted in an initial viral antigenemia that began 5 to 10 days postinoculation (p.i.), reached peak values on days 10 to 14 p.i., and lasted for more than 15 days. Proviral DNA was detectable in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by 7 to 11 days p.i., reached the mean peak level by 11 days p.i., and remained at high levels through day 24 p.i. Infectious virus was detected in serum from all of the infected controls by 24 days p.i. Treatment with U-75875 for 26 days resulted in a dose-related delay in the day of the peak level of antigenemia (P = 0.034). The level of proviral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells at 11 days p.i. was significantly decreased in a dose-related fashion in the treated monkeys ( P </- 0.048), with a delay in the attainment of the peak level of proviral DNA in the treated groups. The titer of infectious virus in the serum of the group treated with 20 mg/kg/day was significantly decreased on day 24 p.i. compared with that in the serum of controls ( P = 0.046). Treatment with formulated U-75875 was well tolerated in rhesus monkeys and resulted in an inhibitory effect of SIV in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Martin
- Tulane Regional Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana 70433
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Vaillancourt M, Vanasse B, Le Berre N, Cohen E, Sauvé G. Synthesis of novel inhibitors of the HIV-1 protease: difunctional enols of simple N-protected amino acids. Bioorg Med Chem 1994; 2:343-55. [PMID: 7922146 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)82191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A series of enol HIV-1 protease inhibitors which show competitive inhibition and the structure-activity relationship study which led to the design of these compounds are reported. By systematically modifying simple amino acids, Boc-Phe enol and Boc-Tyr enol derivatives yield nanomolar Kiapp values (Kiapp = 0.485 microM and Kiapp = 0.425 microM, respectively). These enols are of low molecular weight (< 500 g/mol) and of non-peptidic nature. The enols are synthesized in a one step chemical synthesis and modifications to increase their potency could easily be performed. Boc-Phe enol and Boc-Tyr enol showed low inhibitory effect on pepsin, Kiapps of 23 and 149 microM, respectively, and Boc-Phe enol showed a Kiapp of 20 microM for cathepsin D. Neither of these two compounds inhibited renin (< 10% inhibition at 200 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vaillancourt
- Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Canada
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Chapter 14. HIV Protease Inhibitors. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60727-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Abstract
Peptide mimics of substrates for HIV-proteases were prepared. These "norpeptides" are identical to a fragment of the HIV-polyprotein except that a crucial scissile bond was deleted, and an alpha,beta-disubstituted amino acid spans the P1 and P1 site. Thus all four stereoisomers of Leu psi[]Ala (i.e. H2NCH(CH2iPr)CH(Me)CO2H, 1) were incorporated into Ac-Ala-Arg-Val-Leu psi[]Ala-Glu-Ala-NH2 (all other residues being L-amino acids), and tested with respect to inhibition of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Abdel-Meguid
- Department of Macromolecular Sciences, SmithKline Beecham, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
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Evaluation of complexation energies between aspartic protease of HIV-1 and its hexapeptide inhibitors including the effect of solvation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)81026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hui KY, Hermann RB, Manetta JV, Gygi T, Angleton EL. Model peptides to study the effects of P2 and P3 substitutions in statine-containing HIV proteinase inhibitors. FEBS Lett 1993; 327:355-60. [PMID: 8348964 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)81020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Through a series of synthetic model peptides, we have examined the structural requirements of the P2 and P3 residues in statine-based HIV protease (PR) inhibitors. Results agree with the general observations that, the more bulky the P3 aromatic hydrophobic side chain, the more potent is the inhibitor. At P2, an isopropyl side chain is critical in maintaining potency. Three-dimensional modeling demonstrates that the steric bulk of a leucyl residue or the unfavorable energy transfer, from water to enzyme, for a basic amino acid residue at P2 markedly compromises activity. A naphthylalaninyl-valyl P3-P2 substituted analogue inhibits PR with an IC50 value of 6 nM, and was also effective as an antiviral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Hui
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285
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Ciarkowski J, Oŀdziej S. AMI and PM3 study of a low molecular weight structural mimic of hydrogen exchange within the catalytic center of aspartic proteases. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00185782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Vaillancourt M, Vanasse B, Cohen E, Sauv G. Difunctional enols of N-protected amino acids as low molecular weight and novel inhibitors of HIV-1 protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)80308-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hui JO, Tomasselli AG, Reardon IM, Lull JM, Brunner DP, Tomich CS, Heinrikson RL. Large scale purification and refolding of HIV-1 protease from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1993; 12:323-7. [PMID: 8397790 DOI: 10.1007/bf01028194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The protease encoded by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was engineered in Escherichia coli as a construct in which the natural 99-residue polypeptide was preceded by an NH2-terminal methionine initiator. Inclusion bodies harboring the recombinant HIV-1 protease were dissolved in 50% acetic acid and the solution was subjected to gel filtration on a column of Sephadex G-75. The protein, eluted in the second of two peaks, migrated in SDS-PAGE as a single sharp band of M(r) approximately 10,000. The purified HIV-1 protease was refolded into an active enzyme by diluting a solution of the protein in 50% acetic acid with 25 volumes of buffer at pH 5.5. This method of purification, which has also been applied to the purification of HIV-2 protease, provides a single-step procedure to produce 100 mg quantities of fully active enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Hui
- Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001
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Mulichak A, Hui J, Tomasselli A, Heinrikson R, Curry K, Tomich C, Thaisrivongs S, Sawyer T, Watenpaugh K. The crystallographic structure of the protease from human immunodeficiency virus type 2 with two synthetic peptidic transition state analog inhibitors. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38625-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Abstract
Many viruses encode proteinases that are essential for infectivity, and are consequently attractive chemotherapeutic targets. The biochemistry and structure of the human immunodeficiency virus proteinase have been characterized extensively, and potent peptide-mimetic inhibitors have been developed. Techniques and strategies used to improve the efficiency of these compounds are likely to be applicable to other viral proteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C U Hellen
- Department of Microbiology, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794-8621
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Thanki N, Rao JK, Foundling SI, Howe WJ, Moon JB, Hui JO, Tomasselli AG, Heinrikson RL, Thaisrivongs S, Wlodawer A. Crystal structure of a complex of HIV-1 protease with a dihydroxyethylene-containing inhibitor: comparisons with molecular modeling. Protein Sci 1992; 1:1061-72. [PMID: 1304383 PMCID: PMC2142164 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560010811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The structure of a crystal complex of recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease with a peptide-mimetic inhibitor containing a dihydroxyethylene isostere insert replacing the scissile bond has been determined. The inhibitor is Noa-His-Hch psi [CH(OH)CH(OH)]Vam-Ile-Amp (U-75875), and its Ki for inhibition of the HIV-1 protease is < 1.0 nM (Noa = 1-naphthoxyacetyl, Hch = a hydroxy-modified form of cyclohexylalanine, Vam = a hydroxy-modified form of valine, Amp = 2-pyridylmethylamine). The structure of the complex has been refined to a crystallographic R factor of 0.169 at 2.0 A resolution by using restrained least-squares procedures. Root mean square deviations from ideality are 0.02 A and 2.4 degrees, for bond lengths and angles, respectively. The bound inhibitor diastereomer has the R configurations at both of the hydroxyl chiral carbon atoms. One of the diol hydroxyl groups is positioned such that it forms hydrogen bonds with both the active site aspartates, whereas the other interacts with only one of them. Comparison of this X-ray structure with a model-built structure of the inhibitor, published earlier, reveals similar positioning of the backbone atoms and of the side-chain atoms in the P2-P2' region, where the interaction with the protein is strongest. However, the X-ray structure and the model differ considerably in the location of the P3 and P3' end groups, and also in the positioning of the second of the two central hydroxyl groups. Reconstruction of the central portion of the model revealed the source of the hydroxyl discrepancy, which, when corrected, provided a P1-P1' geometry very close to that seen in the X-ray structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Thanki
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, ABL-Basic Research Program, Maryland 21702
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Chemical synthesis of a biotinylated derivative of the simian immunodeficiency virus protease. Purification by avidin affinity chromatography and autocatalytic activation. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)50008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Abstract
HIV produces a small , dimeric aspartyl protease which specifically cleaves the polyprotein precursors encoding the structural proteins and enzymes of the virus. This proteolytic activity is absolutely required for the production of mature, infectious virions and is therefore an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. This review summarizes the strategies and multidisciplinary efforts that have been applied to date to the identification of specific inhibitors of this critical viral enzyme. These inhibitors include rationally designed peptide substrate analogs, compounds conceived from tertiary structure information on the enzyme and natural products. Future directions in the discovery and development of HIV-1 protease inhibitors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Debouck
- Department of Molecular Genetics, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406
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Moon JB, Howe W. 3D database searching and de novo construction methods in molecular design. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0898-5529(90)90168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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