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Maestro MA, Seoane S. The Centennial Collection of VDR Ligands: Metabolites, Analogs, Hybrids and Non-Secosteroidal Ligands. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224927. [PMID: 36432615 PMCID: PMC9692999 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of vitamin D a century ago, a great number of metabolites, analogs, hybrids and nonsteroidal VDR ligands have been developed. An enormous effort has been made to synthesize compounds which present beneficial properties while attaining lower calcium serum levels than calcitriol. This structural review covers VDR ligands published to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Maestro
- Department of Chemistry-CICA, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, s/n, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Samuel Seoane
- Department of Physiology-CIMUS, University of Santiago, Campus Vida, 15005 Santiago, Spain
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2
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Fraga R, Len K, Lutzing R, Laverny G, Loureiro J, Maestro MA, Rochel N, Rodriguez‐Borges E, Mouriño A. Design, Synthesis, Evaluation and Structure of Allenic 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 Analogs with Locked Mobility at C-17. Chemistry 2021; 27:13384-13389. [PMID: 34224173 PMCID: PMC8519077 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor ligands have potential for the treatment of hyperproliferative diseases and disorders related to the immune system. However, hypercalcemic effects limit their therapeutical uses and call for the development of tissue-selective new analogs. We have designed and synthesized the first examples of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogs bearing an allenic unit attached to the D ring to restrict the side-chain conformational mobility. The triene system was constructed by a Pd0 -mediated cyclization/Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling process in the presence of an allenic side chain. The allenic moiety was built through an orthoester-Claisen rearrangement of a propargylic alcohol. The biological activity and structure of (22S)-1α,25-dihydroxy-17,20-dien-24-homo-21-nor-vitamin D3 bound to binding domain of the vitamin D receptor, provide information concerning side-chain conformational requirements for biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Fraga
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaLaboratorio de Investigación Ignacio RibasUniversidad de SantiagoAvda Ciencias s/n15782Santiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Kateryna Len
- Institut de Génétique et de BiologieMoléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)67400IllkirchFrance
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U125867400IllkirchFrance
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR710467400IllkirchFrance
- Université de Strasbourg67400IllkirchFrance
| | - Regis Lutzing
- Institut de Génétique et de BiologieMoléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)67400IllkirchFrance
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U125867400IllkirchFrance
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR710467400IllkirchFrance
- Université de Strasbourg67400IllkirchFrance
| | - Gilles Laverny
- Institut de Génétique et de BiologieMoléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)67400IllkirchFrance
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U125867400IllkirchFrance
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR710467400IllkirchFrance
- Université de Strasbourg67400IllkirchFrance
| | - Julian Loureiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTEDepartamento de Química e BioquímicaFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade do PortoPortugal
| | - Miguel A. Maestro
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaLaboratorio de Investigación Ignacio RibasUniversidad de SantiagoAvda Ciencias s/n15782Santiago de CompostelaSpain
- Departamento de Química-CICAFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de A CoruñaCampus da Zapateira s/n15071A CoruñaSpain
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Institut de Génétique et de BiologieMoléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)67400IllkirchFrance
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U125867400IllkirchFrance
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR710467400IllkirchFrance
- Université de Strasbourg67400IllkirchFrance
| | - Enrique Rodriguez‐Borges
- LAQV/REQUIMTEDepartamento de Química e BioquímicaFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade do PortoPortugal
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaLaboratorio de Investigación Ignacio RibasUniversidad de SantiagoAvda Ciencias s/n15782Santiago de CompostelaSpain
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3
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Design and efficient synthesis of novel vitamin D analogues bearing an aniline moiety in their side chains. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Reissig HU, Niermann A. 7-Siloxy-Substituted Hexahydronaphthalene Derivatives: Samarium Diiodide Promoted Synthesis and Typical Reactions. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The samarium diiodide promoted reductive cyclization of a series of γ-aryl ketones with acetoxy, alkoxy, and siloxy groups in ortho-, meta-, and para-positions was investigated. Only precursors with p-acetoxy, p-tert-butoxy, or p-siloxy substituents furnished decent yields of the desired 7-oxy-1,2,3,4,6,8a-hexahydronaphthalene derivatives. The products were formed without contamination with the regioisomeric bicyclic products containing conjugated double bonds. Typical reactions exploiting the silyl enol ether moiety of the 7-(tert-butyldimethylsiloxy)-1,2,3,4,6,8a-hexahydronaphthalene derivative were performed, allowing stereoselective access to highly substituted hexahydro-, octahydro-, or decahydronaphthalene derivatives.
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5
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Fujishima T, Komatsu T, Takao Y, Yonamine W, Suenaga T, Isono H, Morikawa M, Takaguchi K. Design and concise synthesis of novel vitamin D analogues bearing a functionalized aromatic ring on the side chain. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Fernández C, Santalla H, Garrido F, Gómez G, Fall Y. Rapid access to a series of calcitriol analogues with restricted side chain conformation. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Heravi MM, Ahmadi T, Ghavidel M, Heidari B, Hamidi H. Recent applications of the hetero Diels–Alder reaction in the total synthesis of natural products. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra17488k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthetic utility and potential power of the Diels–Alder (D–A) reaction in organic chemistry is evident.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hoda Hamidi
- Department of Chemistry
- Alzahra University
- Tehran
- Iran
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8
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Liu C, Zhao GD, Mao X, Suenaga T, Fujishima T, Zhang CM, Liu ZP. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogues with aromatic side chains attached at C-17. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:569-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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9
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Fraga R, Zacconi F, Sussman F, Ordóñez-Morán P, Muñoz A, Huet T, Molnár F, Moras D, Rochel N, Maestro M, Mouriño A. Design, synthesis, evaluation, and structure of vitamin D analogues with furan side chains. Chemistry 2011; 18:603-12. [PMID: 22162241 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Based on the crystal structures of human vitamin D receptor (hVDR) bound to 1α,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D(3) (1,25 D) and superagonist ligands, we previously designed new superagonist ligands with a tetrahydrofuran ring at the side chain that optimize the aliphatic side-chain conformation through an entropy benefit. Following a similar strategy, four novel vitamin D analogues with aromatic furan side chains (3a, 3b, 4a, 4b) have now been developed. The triene system has been constructed by an efficient stereoselective intramolecular cyclization of an enol triflate (A-ring precursor) followed by a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of the resulting intermediate with an alkenyl boronic ester (CD-side chain, upper fragment). The furan side chains have been constructed by gold chemistry. These analogues exhibit significant pro-differentiation effects and transactivation potency. The crystal structure of 3a in a complex with the ligand-binding domain of hVDR revealed that the side-chain furanic ring adopts two conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Fraga
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Santiago y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Avda de las Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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10
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Eduardo-Canosa S, Fraga R, Sigüeiro R, Marco M, Rochel N, Moras D, Mouriño A. Design and synthesis of active vitamin D analogs. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:7-12. [PMID: 20346396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A review of the design and synthesis of structural analogs of the vitamin D hormone recently investigated in our laboratories, and the first report on a new class of vitamin D analogs characterized by an aromatic D-ring, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Eduardo-Canosa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al C.S.I.C., Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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11
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Ogawa T, Ohta K, Iijima T, Suzuki T, Ohta S, Endo Y. Synthesis and biological evaluation of p-carborane bisphenols and their derivatives: Structure–activity relationship for estrogenic activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:1109-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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12
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Asymmetric syntheses of diarylheptanoid natural products (−)-centrolobine and (−)-de-O-methylcentrolobine via hetero-Diels–Alder reaction catalyzed by dirhodium(II) tetrakis[(R)-3-(benzene-fused-phthalimido)-2-piperidinonate]. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Braendvang M, Gundersen LL. Selective anti-tubercular purines: Synthesis and chemotherapeutic properties of 6-aryl- and 6-heteroaryl-9-benzylpurines. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:6360-73. [PMID: 16081292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Revised: 06/24/2005] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
6-Aryl- and 6-heteroaryl-9-benzylpurines have been synthesized employing palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions in the step forming the C-C or C-N bond between the aryl- or heteroaryl and the purine. The compounds were screened for activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well as representative Gram+ and Gram- bacteria, and for cytotoxic effects on mammalian cells. Several potent antimycobacterials were identified. These compounds probably act by a novel and selective mechanism; they exhibit low toxicity toward other bacteria as well as mammalian cells.
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14
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Suh BC, Jeon H, Posner GH, Silverman SM. Vitamin D side chain triazole analogs via cycloaddition `click' chemistry. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.04.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Norman AW, Mizwicki MT, Okamura WH. Ligand structure-function relationships in the vitamin D endocrine system from the perspective of drug development (including cancer treatment). Recent Results Cancer Res 2003; 164:55-82. [PMID: 12899514 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55580-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
It has become readily apparent to many scientists and pharmaceutical companies that the vitamin D endocrine system offers a wide array of drug development opportunities. There are already successes, as noted by 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 (Roche, and Abbott) for renal osteodystrophy and osteoporosis and 1alpha(OH)D3 (Leo, Chugai, Teijin) for renal osteodystrophy and (in Japan) osteoporosis, 1alpha,24(OH)2-24-cyclopropyl-D3 (Dovonex) and 1alpha,24(OH)2D3 (Teijin) for psoriasis, and 19-nor-1alpha,25(OH)2D2 (Abbott) for renal osteodystrophy, as well as drugs under active development. Yet there are still many important and challenging drug development frontiers, particularly in the area of cancer treatment and immune system disorders where exploration is only in the initial early stages. In addition, the application of vitamin D-related drugs in neurology and brain pathology should not be overlooked. It is to be hoped that the cellular and molecular basis for the vexing problem of analog-induced hypercalcemia will be elucidated. Given that there are believed to be over 2000 analogs of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 already available for consideration, it is to be expected that over the next decade a significant number of new vitamin D structure-function drug development projects will be brought to conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Norman
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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16
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Norman AW, Olivera CJ, Barreto Silva FRM, Bishop JE. A specific binding protein/receptor for 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) is present in an intestinal caveolae membrane fraction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 298:414-9. [PMID: 12413957 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02482-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The steroid hormone 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)] produces biological responses by interaction with both a well-characterized nuclear receptor (VDR(nuc)) to regulate gene transcription and with an as-yet uncharacterized membrane-associated protein/receptor (VDR(mem)) to generate a variety of rapid, non-genotropic responses. We report for the first time that [3H]1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) binds with high affinity to a chick duodenal caveolae-enriched membrane fraction (CMF) isolated without the use of detergents. Caveolae are plasma membrane invaginations implicated in signal transduction and molecular transport processes. Using the CMF fraction as a possible source of VDR(mem), we found that the in vitro binding of [3H]1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) was ligand dependent and saturable; the K(D) and B(max) were 1.3+/-0.6nM and 29+/-11fmol 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)/mg protein (n=17), respectively. Immunoblot analysis of the CMF confirms the presence of caveolin-1, a marker protein for membranes with caveolae. Therefore, chick CMF may represent a good source for isolation and characterization of the putative VDR(mem) for 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Norman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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17
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A key intermediate for the convenient synthesis of series of vitamin D 3 analogues with modified side chains. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)01673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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White MC, Burke MD, Peleg S, Brem H, Posner GH. Conformationally restricted hybrid analogues of the hormone 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3): design, synthesis, and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:1691-9. [PMID: 11425569 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Four new conformationally restricted hybrid analogues of the hormone 1 alpha-25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D3) have been synthesized in a convergent manner by combining enantiomerically pure C,D-ring ketones (-)-15 and (-)-17 with racemic 1-hydroxymethyl A-ring phosphine oxide (+/-)-18. Parent hybrid analogue 6, which combines the calcemia-inactivating 1 beta-hydroxymethyl A-ring modification with the antiproliferation- activating 20-epi-22-oxa-25-hydroxydiethyl C,D-ring side chain modification, is comparable in potency to 1,25D3 at the low nM level in inhibiting proliferation in a wide assortment of malignant cell lines in vitro with extremely low calcemic activity in vivo. Surprisingly, both conformationally restricted analogues of 6 (8b and 9b), which incorporate rigidifying units at their 25-hydroxyl side chain termini, retained the desirable antiproliferative, transcriptional, and calcemic activities of the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C White
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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19
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Guyton KZ, Kensler TW, Posner GH. Cancer chemoprevention using natural vitamin D and synthetic analogs. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2001; 41:421-42. [PMID: 11264464 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.41.1.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Substantial epidemiologic data support a role for vitamin D in cancer prevention. However, dose-limiting hypercalcemic effects have proved a major obstacle to the development of natural vitamin D as a cancer chemopreventive. Structure-activity studies have sought to disassociate the toxicities and chemopreventive activities of vitamin D, and a number of synthetic deltanoids (vitamin D analogs) have shown considerable promise in this regard. Several such compounds have chemopreventive efficacy in preclinical studies, as does natural vitamin D. Data supporting further development of agents of this class include in vitro and in vivo evidence of antiproliferative, proapoptotic, prodifferentiating and antiangiogenic activities. Ongoing studies are aimed at further defining the molecular mechanisms through which vitamin D and synthetic deltanoids affect gene expression and cellular fate. Additional efforts are focused on establishing the chemopreventive index (efficacy vs toxicity) of each synthetic deltanoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Z Guyton
- CCS Associates, Mountain View, California 94043, USA.
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20
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Norman AW, Silva FR. Structure function studies: identification of vitamin D analogs for the ligand-binding domains of important proteins in the vitamin D-endocrine system. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2001; 2:229-38. [PMID: 11705328 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010067030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A W Norman
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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21
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Norman AW, Ishizuka S, Okamura WH. Ligands for the vitamin D endocrine system: different shapes function as agonists and antagonists for genomic and rapid response receptors or as a ligand for the plasma vitamin D binding protein. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 76:49-59. [PMID: 11384863 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(00)00145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The integrated operation of the vitamin D endocrine system which produces the steroid hormone 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3) (1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)) is dependent on four classes of proteins each of which have inherent in their secondary and tertiary structure a ligand binding domain (LBD) that allows the stereospecific binding of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) or related analogs as a substrate or ligand. These LBDs include: (a) the cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver, kidney, and other tissues which metabolize vitamin D(3) into biologically active metabolites; (b) the plasma vitamin D binding protein (DBP) which selectively transports these hydrophobic molecules to the various target organs of the vitamin D endocrine system; (c) the nuclear receptor VDR(nuc) that is involved in regulation of gene transcription in over 30 cell types which possess this receptor; and (d) a plasma membrane receptor, VDR(mem), that is involved in initiation of signal transduction pathways which generate rapid biological responses. This article reviews the evidence that supports the conclusions that the LBD of the DBP, VDR(mem) and VDR(nuc) each select as their preferred ligand a unique shape of the conformationally flexible 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3). Two critical aspects of the conformationally flexible 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) molecule which defines the optimum ligand shape are (a) the orientation and relative rigidity of the flexible 8 carbon side chain and (b) the position of the A ring in relation to the C/D rings as determined by the extent of rotation around the 6,7 single carbon bond of the seco B ring. These conclusions are based on consideration of structure-function studies of over 300 analogs of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3), of these, 22 analogs are highlighted in this presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Norman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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22
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Fernández-Gacio A, Vitale C, Mouriño A. Synthesis of new aromatic (C17-C20)-locked side-chain analogues of calcitriol (1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)). J Org Chem 2000; 65:6978-83. [PMID: 11031019 DOI: 10.1021/jo000579j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of four new analogues of calcitriol (1alpha, 25-(OH)(2)-D(3)) possessing aromatic and conjugated double bond units at the side chain are described. The triene system is introduced using the Lythgoe-Hoffmann La Roche convergent Wittig-Horner approach. The key steps in the preparation of the requisite upper fragments are the introduction of the side chain with the E-conjugated aromatic system and its photochemical conversion to the Z counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fernández-Gacio
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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23
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Norman AW, Manchand PS, Uskokovic MR, Okamura WH, Takeuchi JA, Bishop JE, Hisatake JI, Koeffler HP, Peleg S. Characterization of a novel analogue of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3) with two side chains: interaction with its nuclear receptor and cellular actions. J Med Chem 2000; 43:2719-30. [PMID: 10893309 DOI: 10.1021/jm0000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The hormone 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3) (125D) binds to its nuclear receptor (VDR) to stimulate gene transcription activity. Inversion of configuration at C-20 of the side chain to generate 20-epi-1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) (20E-125D) increases transcription 200-5000-fold over 125D with its 20-normal (20N) side chain. This enhancement has been attributed to the VDR ligand-binding domain (LBD) having different contact sites for 20N and 20E side chains that generate different VDR conformations. We synthesized 1alpha, 25-dihydroxy-21-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)vitamin D(3) (Gemini) with two six-carbon side chains (both 20N and 20E orientations). Energy minimization calculations indicate the Gemini side chain possesses significantly more energy minima than either 125D or 20E-125D (2346, 207, and 127 minima, respectively). We compared activities of 125D, 20E-125D, and Gemini, respectively, in several assays: binding to wild-type (100%, 147%, and 38%) and C-terminal-truncated mutant VDR; transcriptional activity (of the transfected osteopontin promoter in ROS 17/2.8 cells: ED(50) 10, 0.005, and 1.0 nM); mediation of conformational changes in VDR assessed by protease clipping (major trypsin-resistant fragment of 34, 34, and 28 kDa). For inhibition of cellular clonal growth of human leukemia (HL-60) and breast cancer (MCF7) cell lines, the ED(50)(125D)/ED(50)(Gem) was respectively 380 and 316. We conclude that while Gemini readily binds to the VDR and generates unique conformational changes, none of them is able to permit a superior gene transcription activity despite the presence of a 20E side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Norman
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry and Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA. Norman@ucrac1,ucr.edu
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24
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Posner GH, Wang Q, Han G, Lee JK, Crawford K, Zand S, Brem H, Peleg S, Dolan P, Kensler TW. Conceptually new sulfone analogues of the hormone 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3): synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation. J Med Chem 1999; 42:3425-35. [PMID: 10479276 DOI: 10.1021/jm990267c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A conceptually new series of vitamin D(3)-like nonfluorinated and fluorinated 16-ene side chain tert-butyl sulfones 3-7 has been synthesized. Even though these novel C,D-ring side chain analogues of the hormone 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,1,25D(3)) lack a terminal OH group, thought previously to be essential for high biological activity, they are highly antiproliferative and, in several cases, transcriptionally active in vitro but desirably noncalcemic in vivo. The side chain sulfone group may be binding to the nVDR as a hydrogen-bond acceptor, in contrast to the hydrogen-bond donor function of the 25-OH group of natural 1,25D(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Posner
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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25
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Posner GH, Lee JK, Wang Q, Peleg S, Burke M, Brem H, Dolan P, Kensler TW. Noncalcemic, antiproliferative, transcriptionally active, 24-fluorinated hybrid analogues of the hormone 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation. J Med Chem 1998; 41:3008-14. [PMID: 9685240 DOI: 10.1021/jm980031t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Four new hybrid analogues of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1) have been synthesized in a convergent manner by joining A-ring and C, D-ring fragments. Each hybrid analogue, having a noncalcemic 1-hydroxymethyl group and a potentiating 16-ene 24,24-difluorinated C,D-ring side chain, was designed to be lipophilic and inert toward 24-hydroxylase enzyme catabolism. Each hybrid analogue with 1beta, 3alpha-substituent stereochemistry (i.e., analogues 3b and 4b) showed a pharmacologically desirable combination of in vitro high antiproliferative activity in two different cell lines and high transcriptional activity with also low calcemic activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Posner
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, Department of Medical Specialities, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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26
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Hamon C, Soilan-Rodriguez JD, Kalchhauser H, Reischl W. Hydroxylation of a vitamin D A-ring fragment. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00807263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Muralidharan KR, Rowland-Goldsmith M, Lee AS, Park G, Norman AW, Henry HL, Okamura WH. Inhibitors of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase: thiavitamin D analogs and biological evaluation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1997; 62:73-8. [PMID: 9366500 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(97)00015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Six A-ring analogs of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1, 1alpha,25-(OH)2-D3) 3-deoxy-3-thia-1alpha,25-(OH)2-D3 (3), 3-deoxy-3-thia-1alpha,25-(OH)2-D3-3alpha-oxide (6), 3-deoxy-3-thia-1alpha,25-(OH)2-D3-3beta-oxide (7) and the 5,6-trans counterparts 5, 8, and 9, respectively--were tested for their ability to inhibit 25-hydroxy-D3-1alpha-hydroxylase (1-OH-ase) in vitro in mitochondria isolated from kidneys of vitamin D deficient chicks. The six analogs were also evaluated in terms of their ability to bind to the chicken intestinal nuclear receptor (VDR) in comparison to the natural hormone 1alpha,25-(OH)2-D3. Analog 7 is not only the best inhibitor of the 1-OH-ase but it also binds effectively to the chick intestinal receptor. It is established that vitamin D analogs must have a 1alpha oxygen group for effective inhibition of the 1-OH-ase. This functional group is also needed for effective binding to the chick intestinal VDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Muralidharan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 92521, U.S.A
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28
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Ryhänen S, Mahonen A, Jääskeläinen T, Mäenpää PH. Synthetic 20-epi analogs of calcitriol are potent inducers of target-gene activation in osteoblastic cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 238:97-103. [PMID: 8665957 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0097q.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We have compared the actions of calcitriol and its three synthetic analogs, 20-epi-22-oxa-24a,26a,27a-trihomo-1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (KH 1060), 1 alpha,24S-(OH)2-22-ene-26,27-cyclopropyl vitamin D3 (MC 903) and 20-epi-1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (MC 1288), on the expression of two marker genes of differentiated osteoblasts, namely alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin, using human MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. Calcitriol and the analogs had qualitatively similar stimulatory effects on target-gene activation. Quantitatively, MC 903 behaved in most experiments essentially as the parent compound calcitriol. In vitamin D receptor/DNA complex formation MC 903, however, was more potent than calcitriol. In contrast, the 20-epi analogs, KH 1060 and MC 1288, were much more potent even at lower concentrations, than calcitriol and MC 903 in stimulating alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin mRNA synthesis and osteocalcin secretion. The stimulation occurred to a greater degree and for a longer period than with calcitriol. This effect was apparently mediated by stronger and longer lasting binding of the vitamin D receptor to the osteocalcin vitamin D responsive element by the 20-epi analogs. After a 6-h treatment and during subsequent culture without hormone, the effects of the 20-epi analogs were also stronger and lasted longer than those with calcitriol or MC 903. Collectively, at comparable and lower concentrations, the 20-epi analogs, KH 1060 and MC 1288, mediate much stronger and longer lasting stimulatory effects than calcitriol or its analog MC 903 on target-gene expression associated with the differentiated phenotype of the MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ryhänen
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of Kuopio, Finland
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29
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Elstner E, Heber D, Koeffler HP. 20-EPI-Vitamin D3 Analogs. DIETARY FATS, LIPIDS, HORMONES, AND TUMORIGENESIS 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1151-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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30
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Rossi R, Carpita A, Bellina F. PALLADIUM- AND/OR COPPER-MEDIATED CROSS-COUPLING REACTIONS BETWEEN 1-ALKYNES AND VINYL, ARYL, 1-ALKYNYL, 1,2-PROPADIENYL, PROPARGYL AND ALLYLIC HALIDES OR RELATED COMPOUNDS. A REVIEW. ORG PREP PROCED INT 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/00304949509458449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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32
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Imai Y, Pike JW, Koeffler HP. Potent vitamin D3 analogs: their abilities to enhance transactivation and to bind to the vitamin D3 response element. Leuk Res 1995; 19:147-58. [PMID: 7700077 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(94)00127-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] mediates its biological activities through specific binding to the vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) and subsequent association with vitamin D3 responsive elements (VDRE) in genes modulated by 1,25(OH)2D3. Several novel vitamin D3 compounds (Cmpds) have recently been identified which have 5- to 1000-fold greater abilities to induce differentiation and to inhibit proliferation of HL-60 leukemic blast cells as compared to the parental 1,25(OH)2D3 (code name, Cmpd C). To clarify the mechanism by which five of these vitamin D3 analogs [1,25(OH)2-16ene-D3, (Cmpd HM); 1,25(OH)2-16ene-23yne-D3, (Cmpd V); 1,25(OH)2-16ene-23yne-26,27 F6-D3; 22-Oxa-1,25(OH)2D3; 1,25(OH)2-23yne-D3] mediate their remarkably potent biological activities, we have investigated their abilities in HL-60 cells to transactivate a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter gene containing a VDRE from the human osteocalcin gene attached to a thymidine kinase minimal promoter. Also, the abilities of the analogs to enhance the binding of the human recombinant VDR/retinoic X receptor alpha (RXR alpha) heterodimer to the VDRE were examined in gel mobility shift assays. In serumless cultures, a series of potent vitamin D3 analogs had comparable abilities to transactivate the reporter gene as did the biologically less potent 1,25(OH)2D3 (approximately 15-20-fold stimulation in cultures containing 2 x 10(-8)M of vitamin D3 cmpds). Biologically very weak inducers of differentiation of HL-60 [24R,25(OH)2D3; 25(OH)-16ene-23yne-D3] had markedly diminished abilities to induce transactivation. Dose-response studies of Cmpds C, V, HM (10(-7)-10(-11)M) showed that in serumless culture conditions, transactivation of the VDRE-CAT was similar; however, in the presence of serum, Cmpd C at 10(-9)M had 20-fold less activity than analogs V and HM. These results may reflect increased binding of Cmpd C to the D binding protein (DBP) in serum as compared to the lower binding affinities for DBP by Cmpds HM and V. Affinities of the biologically potent analogs for VDR did not parallel their abilities either to transactivate VDRE-CAT or to mediate a biological affect on HL-60 cells. In further studies, gel mobility shift assays showed that VDR alone did not have detectable binding to VDRE; likewise, VDR plus RXR had little binding to VDRE in the absence of ligand. In contrast, biologically active vitamin D3 compounds (Cmpds HM, C, V) in a dose-dependent fashion enhanced the VDR/RXR (retinoid X receptor)-VDRE retarded band.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Imai
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center/UCLA School of Medicine 90043, USA
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33
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A practical asymmetric synthesis of a 1,7-enyne A-ring synthon en route toward the total synthesis of vitamin D3 analogues. Tetrahedron Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(94)88259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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34
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Bishop JE, Collins ED, Okamura WH, Norman AW. Profile of ligand specificity of the vitamin D binding protein for 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogs. J Bone Miner Res 1994; 9:1277-88. [PMID: 7976510 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650090818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The profile of structural preference for the ligand binding domain of the human vitamin D binding protein (DBP) was determined by steroid competition assay of 71 analogs of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1 alpha,25(OH)2D3]. The following categories of structural modification were evaluated [values represent fold change; R = reduction, I = increase in binding to the DBP from the reference 1 alpha, 25(OH)2D3]: (1) deletion in the A ring of the 1 alpha-hydroxyl-(20-1600I); (2) conversion of the triene system to the previtamin form (6-40R); (3) addition of substituents to carbon 11 of the C ring (4-14R); (4) inversion of the C/D ring junction (8-20R); (5) unsaturation of the D ring (16-ene; 4-140R); (6) replacement of hydrogen with deuterium atoms (no effect); alteration of the side chain by (7) adding or deleting carbon atoms (5-12R); (8) addition of fluorines (0.2-10R); (9) presence of unsaturation (22-ene, 0-5R; 23-ene, 3R-10I; 23-yne, 5-20R); (10) addition of hydroxyls (2-100R); and (11) addition of an aromatic ring (0-20I). Thus the DBP ligand binding domain could tolerate only modest changes to the structure of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 without a reduction in binding of the analog. The increases in binding seen in the aromatic side chain and with a triple bond at carbon-23 may be indicative of a preferred conformation of the flexible 1 alpha, 25(OH)2D3 side chain. In addition, a comparison was made of the DBP ligand binding domain with that of the human HL-60 cell 1 alpha, 25(OH)2D3 nuclear receptor. Both ligand binding domains could equivalently accommodate to the presence of (1) a side-chain cyclopropyl group, (2) 22-ene or 23-yne, (3) lengthening the side chain by two carbons, (4) presence of four to six fluorine atoms, (5) substitution of an oxygen for carbon 22, and (6) presence of a 22-[m-(dimethylhydroxymethyl)phenyl] aromatic group in the side chain. The DPB could tolerate better than the HL-60 cell receptor the presence of a 22-(p-hydroxyphenyl) aromatic group in the side chain and the absence of the 1 alpha-hydroxyl. In contrast, the HL-60 cell receptor could tolerate better than the DBP the following structural modifications: presence of a 16-ene, or 16-ene plus 23-yne unsaturation, and presence of an 11 beta-hydroxyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Bishop
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside
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35
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Jung SJ, Lee YY, Pakkala S, de Vos S, Elstner E, Norman AW, Green J, Uskokovic M, Koeffler HP. 1,25(OH)2-16ene-vitamin D3 is a potent antileukemic agent with low potential to cause hypercalcemia. Leuk Res 1994; 18:453-63. [PMID: 8207963 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(94)90081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Compounds that induce cancer cells to differentiate are clinically effective for several types of malignancies. The 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3[1,25(OH)2D3(C)] induces leukemic cells, including HL-60, to differentiate and/or no longer proliferate, but it causes hypercalcemia. Development of vitamin D analogs that are more potent in their abilities to affect leukemic cells without causing greater hypercalcemia, may be useful therapeutically. A novel analog [1,25(OH)2-16ene-D3(HM)] has a double bond between C-16 and C-17; it appears to be an extremely effective antileukemic agent with the same or fewer effects on serum calciums. We define the potency of this compound and compare it with seven, previously reported, potent analogs of 1,25(OH)2D3. HM inhibited clonal growth of HL-60 cells by 50% at 1.5 x 10(-11) M. This was about equipotent to 1,25(OH)2-16ene-23yne-D3(V), about 100-fold more potent than many of the other analogs, and 1000-fold more potent than 1,25(OH)2D3. The rank order of leukemic inhibitory activity was: 1,25(OH)2-16ene-D3(HM) > or = 1,25(OH)2- 16ene-23yne-D3(V) > 1,25(OH)2-23ene-D3(EX) = 1,24(OH)2-22ene-24-cyclopropyl-D3(BT) = 22-oxa- 1,25(OH)2D3(EU) = 1,25(OH)2-24-homo-D3(ER) > 1,25(OH)2D3(C) > 1,25(OH)2-24- dihomo-D3(ES). The rank order of their effects on induction of differentiation of HL-60 cells, as measured by superoxide production and nonspecific esterase activity, was similar to their antiproliferative activities. In contrast, each analog slightly stimulated proliferation of normal human myeloid clonal growth. Serum calcium levels were the same or slightly less when either 1,25(OH)2-16ene-D3(HM) or 1,25(OH)2D3 (0.0625, 0.125, or 0.25 microgram) was given intraperitoneally to mice for 5 weeks. HM bound to 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors about 1.5-fold more avidly than 1,25(OH)2D3. In fact, this vitamin D3 appears to be the most avid binder to 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors that has been identified to date. In contrast, HM had a greater than 50-fold lower affinity for the D-binding proteins as compared with 1,25(OH)2D3, thus increasing the availability of the compound for target tissues. Further differentiation experiments showed that HM was more potent than 1,25(OH)2D3 in the presence of serum, but was equipotent in serum-free conditions. Taken together, our experiments suggest that 1,25(OH)2-16ene-D3(HM) may be more potent than 1,25(OH)2D3(C) because of its higher affinity to the 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors and its low affinity to the D-binding protein present in serum. HM is an ideal compound for clinical studies including patients with preleukemia and other neoplasia, as well as several skin disorders, such as psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Jung
- Pusan Women's Junior College, Korea
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36
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Pérez-Sestelo J, Mascareñas J, Castedo L, Mouriño A. A short, flexible approach to vitamin D3 analogues with modified side chains. Tetrahedron Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)76530-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Posner GH, Dai H. 1-(hydroxyalkyl)-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 analogs of calcitriol. 1. Synthesis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)80114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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39
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Sarandeses LA, Vallés MJ, Castedo L, Mouriño A. Synthesis of 24-oxavitamin D3 and 1α-hydroxy-24-oxavitamin D3. Tetrahedron 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)86275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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40
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Ruthenium catalyzed reconstitutive condensation. Application to functionalized steroid side chains. Tetrahedron Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)61626-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Fall Y, Torneiro M, Castedo L, Mouriño A. A nitrile approach to the synthesis of the side chain of vitamin D metabolites and analogues. Tetrahedron Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)61019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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42
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Mascareñas JL, García AM, Castedo L, Mouriño A. A short, efficient route to 1-hydroxylated vitamin D ring A fragments. Tetrahedron Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)74261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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43
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Okamura WH, Palenzuela JA, Plumet J, Midland MM. Vitamin D: structure-function analyses and the design of analogs. J Cell Biochem 1992; 49:10-8. [PMID: 1644848 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240490104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is continuing and emerging new interest in the development of vitamin D analogs resulting from the recognition that analogs of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3] may be therapeutically useful. Side chain analogs of this steroid hormone are of particular interest because a family of lead structures have recently emerged for possible use in the treatment of certain types of cancers and skin diseases. Because of the chaotic array of side chain structures which exhibit useful therapeutic indices for these purposes, a more systematic approach towards developing intelligible structure-function information needs development. Accordingly, a method has been devised to analyze analogs as to their side chain topology based on identifying specific occupancy volumes through conformational analysis. Dot maps have been constructed as an indication of the volume in space which the side chain of 1 alpha,25-(OH)2-D3 or analogs is permitted to occupy. Volume exclusion analyses based on comparison of structural and biological data for 1 alpha,25-(OH)2-D3 and analogs are anticipated to lead to a more cogent model for drug design. A cautionary note on the limitations of this approach is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Okamura
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 92521
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44
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Rebel VI, Ossenkoppele GJ, van de Loosdrecht AA, Wijermans PW, Beelen RH, Langenhuijsen MM. Monocytic differentiation induction of HL-60 cells by MC 903, a novel vitamin D analogue. Leuk Res 1992; 16:443-51. [PMID: 1625469 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(92)90169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1.25 (OH)2D3 is a potent inducer of differentiation of leukaemic cells into a monocytic direction. However, therapeutic application is difficult because of the development of hypercalcaemia. We examined a novel vitamin D analogue, MC 903, which is at least 100 times less effective on calcium metabolism in rats than 1.25 (OH)2D3. Using the HL-60 cell line, differentiation was measured with a comprehensive panel of qualitative and quantitative parameters. Development of monocytic cells was shown morphologically, immunophenotypically and functionally by increased capability of reducing NBT (vs cultures without MC 903, p less than 0.0001) and by qualitatively and quantitatively increased non-specific esterase activity. Furthermore, a concomitant decreased activity of myeloperoxidase and lactate dehydrogenase was noticed. In conclusion, MC 903 is a potent inducer of monocytic differentiation, comparable with 1.25 (OH)2D3 and will therefore be an interesting and potential therapeutic agent for studies in human acute leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Rebel
- Department of Haematology, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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45
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Vallés MJ, Castedo L, Mouriño A. Functionalization of vitamin D metabolites at C-18 and application to the synthesis of 1α, 18,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 and 18,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Tetrahedron Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)91659-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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46
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47
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Torneiro M, Fall Y, Castedo L, Mouriño A. An efficient route to 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 functionalized at C-11. Tetrahedron Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)77685-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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