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Santos AFLOM, Silva MAVRD. Experimental and Computational Study on the Molecular Energetics of 2-Pyrrolecarboxylic Acid and 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolecarboxylic Acid. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:9741-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jp905375h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa L. O. M. Santos
- Centro de Investigação em Química, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel A. V. Ribeiro da Silva
- Centro de Investigação em Química, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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2
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Fan J, Wan C, Sun G, Wang Z. Cascade Synthesis of 3-Quinolinecarboxylic Ester via Benzylation/ Propargylation−Cyclization. J Org Chem 2008; 73:8608-11. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8017654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinmin Fan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale, Joint laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Changfeng Wan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale, Joint laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Gaojun Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale, Joint laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale, Joint laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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Offel M, Lattmann P, Singh H, Billington DC, Bunprakob Y, Sattayasai J, Lattmann E. Synthesis of substituted 3-anilino-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepine-2-ones and their evaluation as cholecystokinin-ligands. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2006; 339:163-73. [PMID: 16572480 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200500217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
3-Amino-1,4-benzodiazepines as well as chemically related diverse amines were prepared from oxazepam and subsequently screened on the cholecystokinin receptor in a radiolabel binding assay. Oxazepam 2 was activated via its 3-chloro-1,4-benzodiazepine intermediate 3 and was reacted with a large series of aliphatic and aromatic amines. The substituted 3-anilino-1,4-benzodiazepine structure was identified as lead structure in a diverse series of 3-amino-1,4-benzodiazepines 4-38 and the full SAR (structure-activity relationship) optimisation provided 3-anilinobenzodiazepines 16-38 with CCK1 receptor selectivity to CCK2. The compounds 18, 24, 28 and 33 have shown affinities at the CCK1 receptor of 11, 10, 11 and 9 nM, respectively. These equipotent CCK1 ligands were fully evaluated in behaviour pharmacological essays. An antidepressant effect was identified in the tail suspension- and the Porsolt swimming-test. The ED50 values for 24 and 28 were determined in these assays as 0.46 and 0.49 mg/kg. The mixed antagonist 37 showed in addition to the antidepressant effects anxiolytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Offel
- Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham, England
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Guianvarc'h D, Duca M, Boukarim C, Kraus-Berthier L, Léonce S, Pierré A, Pfeiffer B, Renard P, Arimondo PB, Monneret C, Dauzonne D. Synthesis and biological activity of sulfonamide derivatives of epipodophyllotoxin. J Med Chem 2004; 47:2365-74. [PMID: 15084135 DOI: 10.1021/jm031117b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 4beta-substituted sulfonamide derivatives of 4'-O-demethyl-4-desoxypodophyllotoxin has been synthesized. Their effects on human DNA topoisomerase II and, in some cases, on tubulin polymerization were evaluated. Compounds 8a, 8c, 8f, 8g, 8n, 8q, 8r, and 8s and the synthetic precursor 4 are potent topoisomerase II poisons that induce double-stranded breaks in DNA, with either improved or similar activity compared to etoposide. Only the amino precursor, compound 5, was slightly active in tubulin polymerization inhibition assays. We observed that the derivatives bearing an aromatic ring on the 4beta-sulfonamide substituent were either less cytotoxic or equivalent to the parent drug, while the sulfonamides containing an aliphatic side chain and the amino-sulfonamide derivatives, except 8d and 8g, exhibited increased cytoxicity compared to etoposide. In vivo, against the P388 leukemia and the A-549 orthotopic model of lung carcinoma, the most promising compounds were the morpholino- and the piperazino-containing sulfonamides derivatives 8r and 8s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Guianvarc'h
- Laboratoire de Biophysique, CNRS UMR 5153-MNHN USM 0503, INSERM UR 565, 43 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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5
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Lee KH. Current developments in the discovery and design of new drug candidates from plant natural product leads. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2004; 67:273-283. [PMID: 14987069 DOI: 10.1021/np030373o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This review article will emphasize recent research in the Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, on various classes of plant-derived compounds that possess potent antitumor or anti-HIV activity. These compounds were obtained by bioactivity- and mechanism of action-directed isolation and characterization coupled with rational drug design-based modification and analogue synthesis. Structural modification, SAR, and mechanism of action studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360, USA.
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6
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Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a regulatory peptide hormone, predominantly found in the gastrointestinal tract, and a neurotransmitter present throughout the nervous system. In the gastrointestinal system CCK regulates motility, pancreatic enzyme secretion, gastric emptying, and gastric acid secretion. In the nervous system CCK is involved in anxiogenesis, satiety, nociception, and memory and learning processes. Moreover, CCK interacts with other neurotransmitters in some areas of the CNS. The biological effects of CCK are mediated by two specific G protein coupled receptor subtypes, termed CCK(1) and CCK(2). Over the past fifteen years the search of CCK receptor ligands has evolved from the initial CCK structure derived peptides towards peptidomimetic or non-peptide agonists and antagonists with improved pharmacokinetic profile. This research has provided a broad assortment of potent and selective CCK(1) and CCK(2) antagonists of diverse chemical structure. These antagonists have been discovered through optimization programs of lead compounds which were designed based on the structures of the C-terminal tetrapeptide, CCK-4, or the non-peptide natural compound, asperlicin, or derived from random screening programs. This review covers the main pharmacological and therapeutic aspects of these CCK(1) and CCK(2) antagonist. CCK(1) antagonists might have therapeutic potential for the treatment of pancreatic disorders and as prokinetics for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, bowel disorders, and gastroparesis. On the other hand, CCK(2) antagonists might have application for the treatment of gastric acid secretion and anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Herranz
- Instituto de Química Medica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Xiao Z, Xiao YD, Feng J, Golbraikh A, Tropsha A, Lee KH. Antitumor agents. 213. Modeling of epipodophyllotoxin derivatives using variable selection k nearest neighbor QSAR method. J Med Chem 2002; 45:2294-309. [PMID: 12014968 DOI: 10.1021/jm0105427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have applied a variable selection k nearest neighbor quantitative structure-activity relationship (kNN QSAR) method to develop predictive QSAR models for 157 epipodophyllotoxins synthesized previously in our ongoing effort to develop potential anticancer agents. QSAR models were generated using multiple topological descriptors of chemical structures, including molecular connectivity indices (MCI) and molecular operating environment descriptors. The 157 compounds were separated into several training and test sets. The robustness of QSAR models was characterized by the values of the internal leave one out cross-validated R2 (q2) for the training set and external predictive R2 for the test set. The significance of the training set models was confirmed by statistically higher values of q2 for the original data set as compared to q2 values for the same data set with randomly shuffled activities. kNN QSAR models were compared with those obtained with the comparative molecular field analysis method; the kNN QSAR approach afforded models with higher values of both q2 and predictive R2. One of the best models obtained from kNN analysis using MCI as descriptors provided q2 and predictive R2 values of 0.60 and 0.62, respectively. QSAR models developed in these studies shall aid in future design of novel potent epipodophyllotoxin derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Xiao
- Natural Products Laboratory, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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8
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Mugesh G, du Mont WW, Sies H. Chemistry of biologically important synthetic organoselenium compounds. Chem Rev 2001; 101:2125-79. [PMID: 11710243 DOI: 10.1021/cr000426w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1238] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Mugesh
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technischen Universität, Postfach 3329, D-38023 Braunschweig, Germany
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9
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Carbon dioxide fixation by reversible pyrrole-2-carboxylate decarboxylase and its application. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(00)00038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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González-Muñiz R, De la Figuera N, Teresa García-López M, Herranz R. New Scaffolds for Peptidomimetics. Synthetic Approaches towards 2,4-Dioxooctahydropyrimido[1',6':1,2]pyrido[3,4-b]indole-6-carboxylic Acid Derivatives. HETEROCYCLES 1999. [DOI: 10.3987/com-98-8377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Wieser M, Yoshida T, Nagasawa T. Microbial synthesis of pyrrole-2-car☐ylate by Bacillus megaterium PYR2910. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)00718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Martín-Martínez M, Bartolomé-Nebreda JM, Gómez-Monterrey I, González-Muñiz R, García-López MT, Ballaz S, Barber A, Fortuño A, Del Río J, Herranz R. Synthesis and stereochemical structure-activity relationships of 1,3-dioxoperhydropyrido[1,2-c]pyrimidine derivatives: potent and selective cholecystokinin-A receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 1997; 40:3402-7. [PMID: 9341915 DOI: 10.1021/jm9703247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and stereochemical structure--activity relationships of a new class of potent and selective non-peptide cholecystokinin-A (CCK-A) receptor antagonists based on the 1,3-dioxoperhydropyrido[1,2-c]pyrimidine skeleton are described. The most potent member of this series of eight diastereoisomers, (4aS,5R)-2-benzyl-5-[N-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-tryptophyl]-amino] - 1,3-dioxoperhydropyrido[1,2-c]pyrimidine, displays nanomolar CCK-A receptor affinity and higher than 8000-fold potency at the CCK-A than at the CCK-B receptor. As CCK-A antagonist, this compound inhibits the CCK-8-evoked amylase release from pancreatic acinar cells at a low concentration, similar to that of the typical antagonist Devazepide. Highly strict stereochemical requirements for CCK-A receptor binding and selectivity have been found. The L-Trp and the 4a,5-trans disposition of the bicyclic perhydropyrido[1,2-c]pyrimidine are essential for binding potency and selectivity.
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Showalter HD, Sercel AD, Leja BM, Wolfangel CD, Ambroso LA, Elliott WL, Fry DW, Kraker AJ, Howard CT, Lu GH, Moore CW, Nelson JM, Roberts BJ, Vincent PW, Denny WA, Thompson AM. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors. 6. Structure-activity relationships among N- and 3-substituted 2,2'-diselenobis(1H-indoles) for inhibition of protein tyrosine kinases and comparative in vitro and in vivo studies against selected sulfur congeners. J Med Chem 1997; 40:413-26. [PMID: 9046331 DOI: 10.1021/jm960689b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A small series of 2,2'-diselenobis(1H-indoles) was synthesized as redox-modified congeners of our earlier reported 2,2'-dithiobis(1H-indole) series. Utilizing chemistry similar to that developed earlier for the disulfur series, compounds were made from 2-halogeno-3-indolecarboxylic acid precursors bearing various polar functionality at the C-3 position and small alkyl substituents at the N-1 position of the indole nucleus. Additional compounds were derived from (R)- or (S)-tryptophan via a novel application of diselenium dichloride as an electrophilic source of diselenium, and a much improved process to a 2,2'-dithiobis(1H-indole) congener was developed utilizing disulfur dichloride as a source of disulfur. Against isolated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFr), and v-src tyrosine kinases, compounds in this series displayed broad inhibitory activity with IC50 = 0.9 to > 100 microM vs EGFr, 3.4 to > 50 microM vs PDGFr, and 0.4-6.7 microM vs v-src. In general, compounds derived from tryptophan displayed the greatest potency against EGFr and those from 2-halogeno-3-indolecarboxylic acids greater potency against PDGFr and v-src. Enzyme kinetics studies showed that both classes of compounds display primarily noncompetitive inhibition with respect to either ATP or peptide substrate. The sulfhydryl reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT) caused a general decrease in inhibition of the EGFr and v-src tyrosine kinases by both the diselenium and disulfur series with the reversal of enzyme inhibition occurring less readily within the diselenium series. In whole cell studies, compounds of this class were growth inhibitory against Swiss 3T3 mouse fibroblasts with IC50 values from 0.5 to 19.5 microM, and the observed SAR was different from that of the 2,2'-dithiobis(1H-indoles). A comparative study in the same cell line on the effects of the 2,2'-diselenobis(1H-indole) derived from (R)-tryptophan vs its disulfur congener on growth factor mediated tyrosine phosphorylation showed that this compound significantly inhibited EGFr and PDGFr (in response to its ligand) autophosphorylation with complete suppression at 25 and 5 microM, respectively. Tyrosine phosphorylation of an 85 kDa protein typically phosphorylated in response to bFGF was also exquisitely sensitive to this compound, and it displayed inhibitory effects on DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis at submicromolar concentrations. The disulfur congener exhibited a qualitatively similar pattern; however, its potency was 10-fold less. This same diselenium/disulfur pair was evaluated in vivo against the B16 melanoma, colon carcinoma 26, and M5076 sarcoma murine tumors, and the A431 epidermoid, and C6 glioma human tumor xenografts. At maximum tolerated doses (1.8 and 5.0 mg/kg/injection, respectively), neither the diselenium nor disulfur congener was effective against the C6 glioma when administered intraperitoneally on a d1-9 schedule. Studies were also carried out against the A431 epidermoid xenograft to evaluate the same pair of compounds via continuous subcutaneous infusion from Alzet miniosmotic pumps. The maximum dose that could be administered daily was limited by compound solubility. Neither compound produced an antitumor effect in a 7-day continuous infusion study. In the 27-day study, the disulfur compound was inactive whereas the diselenium compound produced a 10.8-day growth delay without appreciable treatment related weight loss. The in vitro and in vivo findings offer a mechanistic rationale as to why the 2,2'-diselenobis(1H-indoles) are more potent inhibitors than their disulfur congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Showalter
- Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division, Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106-1047, USA.
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Cho SJ, Tropsha A, Suffness M, Cheng YC, Lee KH. Antitumor agents. 163. Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship study of 4'-O-demethylepipodophyllotoxin analogs using the modified CoMFA/q2-GRS approach. J Med Chem 1996; 39:1383-95. [PMID: 8691468 DOI: 10.1021/jm9503052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Analogs of 4'O-demethylepipodophyllotoxin are considered as potential anticancer agents. We have applied comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and a novel CoMFA/q2-GRS technique recently developed in our group to identify the essential structural requirements for increasing the ability of these compounds to form cellular protein-DNA complex. In addition, a new method to incorporate different types of probe atoms as part of q2-GRS routine has been developed. The best final model with 101 compounds using a combination of four different sets of probe atoms and charges [C (sp3, +1), C (sp3, 0), H (+1), and O (sp3, -1)] yielded a q 2 of 0.584 and the standard error of prediction of 0.660 at 5 principal components. The steric and electrostatic contour plots of the final model were compared with the DNA phosphate backbone environment of the DNA-4'O-demethylepipodophylltoxin analog complex, which was generated using the X-ray structure of the DNA-nogalamycin complex. The comparison reveals that the CoMFA steric and electrostatic fields are compatible with stereochemical properties of the DNA backbone. The results obtained from this study shall guide our future synthetic efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Cho
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
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van der Bent A, van den Brink I, Ijzerman AP, van Wijngaarden I, Soudijn W. Synthesis and biological evaluation of lorglumide-like hybrid cholecystokinin-A receptor antagonists. Drug Dev Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.430310307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Silvente-Poirot S, Dufresne M, Vaysse N, Fourmy D. The peripheral cholecystokinin receptors. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 215:513-29. [PMID: 8354258 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Silvente-Poirot
- Institut Louis Bugnard, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 151, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rangueil, Toulouse, France
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McDonald IM, Bodkin MJ, Broughton HB, Dunstone DJ, Kalindjian S, Low CM. 2-NAP: a selective, hydrophilic, non-peptide CCKA - receptor antagonist derived from the cholecystokinin C-terminal dipeptide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)80008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Although much has been written in recent years about rational drug design, no drug has been designed de novo, that is, without using a natural substrate or inhibitor or screening lead as a starting point. Instead, as we have seen, medicinal chemists continue to depend upon serendipitous discovery of novel biological activities and novel chemical entities for structures on which to begin work. What rational drug design really means at present is rational drug discovery and rational optimization. These result from the application of modern structural and mechanistic biochemistry, and good synthetic chemistry, to obtain structures with the desired spectrum of biological activities. Traditionally, lead compounds were discovered in plant and animal extracts, and more recently in microorganisms and chemical libraries. These traditional approaches continue, but are augmented by advances in molecular biology, which now provide pure proteins in quantity for screening and structure determination, as well as for characterization by modern biophysical methods. Remarkably, x-ray and NMR methods can now provide the most important information needed to design new drugs, that is, the conformations of ligands bound to target proteins. Approaches to identifying possible ligands based only on the knowledge of the enzyme active site are being developed. Some of these, such as CAVEAT, have been recently reviewed. In spite of these impressive gains, de novo design of new drugs will not be achieved until we learn how to logically build specific inhibitors of a target enzyme knowing only the protein sequence of the enzyme or the amino acid sequence of the messenger substances. We have a long way to go, because by this very rigorous definition, even the successful design of a new nonpeptide drug beginning with enzyme-ligand NMR or x-ray structure constitutes rational optimization. However, as this article has illustrated, we have made great progress. Some of the current and futuristic approaches to drug design are shown in Fig. 8. Development of useful enzyme inhibitors, designed by knowing the enzyme catalytic mechanism or discovered by screening for natural inhibitors, is a very successful rational method. Discovery of receptor antagonists by screening protocols is also productive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Wiley
- College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
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Freidinger RM. Toward peptide receptor ligand drugs: progress on nonpeptides. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1993; 40:33-98. [PMID: 8395067 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7147-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R M Freidinger
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
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