1
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Vadlamani G, Sukhoverkov KV, Haywood J, Breese KJ, Fisher MF, Stubbs KA, Bond CS, Mylne JS. Crystal structure of Arabidopsis thaliana HPPK/DHPS, a bifunctional enzyme and target of the herbicide asulam. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100322. [PMID: 35605193 PMCID: PMC9284294 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides are vital for modern agriculture, but their utility is threatened by genetic or metabolic resistance in weeds, as well as regulatory barriers. Of the known herbicide modes of action, 7,8-dihydropterin synthase (DHPS), which is involved in folate biosynthesis, is targeted by just one commercial herbicide, asulam. A mimic of the substrate para-aminobenzoic acid, asulam is chemically similar to sulfonamide antibiotics, and although it is still in widespread use, asulam has faced regulatory scrutiny. With an entire mode of action represented by just one commercial agrochemical, we sought to improve the understanding of its plant target. Here we solve a 2.3 Å resolution crystal structure for Arabidopsis thaliana DHPS that is conjoined to 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase (HPPK), and we reveal a strong structural conservation with bacterial counterparts at the sulfonamide-binding pocket of DHPS. We demonstrate that asulam and the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole have herbicidal as well as antibacterial activity, and we explore the structural basis of their potency by modeling these compounds in mitochondrial HPPK/DHPS. Our findings suggest limited opportunity for the rational design of plant selectivity from asulam and indicate that pharmacokinetic or delivery differences between plants and microbes might be the best ways to safeguard this mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grishma Vadlamani
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; The ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Kirill V Sukhoverkov
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; The ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Joel Haywood
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; The ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Karen J Breese
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Mark F Fisher
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Keith A Stubbs
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Charles S Bond
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Joshua S Mylne
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; The ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
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2
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Hor S, Oyama KI, Koga N, Tsukamoto M. Synthesis and characterization of methoxybenzene-linked polyimides formed by 1,4-addition to bismaleimides. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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3
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Folate biosynthesis pathway: mechanisms and insights into drug design for infectious diseases. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:935-959. [PMID: 29629843 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Folate pathway is a key target for the development of new drugs against infectious diseases since the discovery of sulfa drugs and trimethoprim. The knowledge about this pathway has increased in the last years and the catalytic mechanism and structures of all enzymes of the pathway are fairly understood. In addition, differences among enzymes from prokaryotes and eukaryotes could be used for the design of specific inhibitors. In this review, we show a panorama of progress that has been achieved within the folate pathway obtained in the last years. We explored the structure and mechanism of enzymes, several genetic features, strategies, and approaches used in the design of new inhibitors that have been used as targets in pathogen chemotherapy.
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4
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Dennis ML, Lee MD, Harjani JR, Ahmed M, DeBono AJ, Pitcher NP, Wang ZC, Chhabra S, Barlow N, Rahmani R, Cleary B, Dolezal O, Hattarki M, Aurelio L, Shonberg J, Graham B, Peat TS, Baell JB, Swarbrick JD. 8-Mercaptoguanine Derivatives as Inhibitors of Dihydropteroate Synthase. Chemistry 2018; 24:1922-1930. [PMID: 29171692 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) is an enzyme of the folate biosynthesis pathway, which catalyzes the formation of 7,8-dihydropteroate (DHPt) from 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphate (DHPPP) and para-aminobenzoic acid (pABA). DHPS is the long-standing target of the sulfonamide class of antibiotics that compete with pABA. In the wake of sulfa drug resistance, targeting the structurally rigid (and more conserved) pterin site has been proposed as an alternate strategy to inhibit DHPS in wild-type and sulfa drug resistant strains. Following the work on developing pterin-site inhibitors of the adjacent enzyme 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase (HPPK), we now present derivatives of 8-mercaptoguanine, a fragment that binds weakly within both enzymes, and quantify sub-μm binding using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to Escherichia coli DHPS (EcDHPS). Eleven ligand-bound EcDHPS crystal structures delineate the structure-activity relationship observed providing a structural framework for the rational development of novel, substrate-envelope-compliant DHPS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Dennis
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia.,CSIRO Biomedical Program, Manufacturing, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael D Lee
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia.,CSIRO Biomedical Program, Manufacturing, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jitendra R Harjani
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohamed Ahmed
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, University College London, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Aaron J DeBono
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Noel P Pitcher
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhong-Chang Wang
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Sandeep Chhabra
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas Barlow
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raphaël Rahmani
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben Cleary
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olan Dolezal
- CSIRO Biomedical Program, Manufacturing, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meghan Hattarki
- CSIRO Biomedical Program, Manufacturing, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luigi Aurelio
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeremy Shonberg
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bim Graham
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas S Peat
- CSIRO Biomedical Program, Manufacturing, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan B Baell
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - James D Swarbrick
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
More research effort needs to be invested in antimicrobial drug development to address the increasing threat of multidrug-resistant organisms. The enzyme DHPS has been a validated drug target for over 70 years as the target for the highly successful sulfa drugs. The use of sulfa drugs has been compromised by the widespread presence of resistant organisms and the adverse side effects associated with their use. Despite the large amount of structural information available for DHPS, few recent publications address the possibility of using this knowledge for novel drug design. This article reviews the relevant papers and patents that report promising new small-molecule inhibitors of DHPS, and discuss these data in light of new insights into the DHPS catalytic mechanism and recently determined crystal structures of DHPS bound to potent small-molecule inhibitors. This new functional understanding confirms that DHPS deserves further consideration as an antimicrobial drug target.
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Mohapatra PK, Ansari SA, Iqbal M, Huskens J, Verboom W. First example of diglycolamide-grafted resins: synthesis, characterization, and actinide uptake studies. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43280g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Zhou W, Scocchera EW, Wright DL, Anderson AC. Antifolates as effective antimicrobial agents: new generations of trimethoprim analogs. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00104k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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8
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Abstract
The emergence of bacteria that are multiply resistant to commonly used antibiotics has created the medical need for novel classes of antibacterial agents. The unique challenges to the discovery of new antibacterial drugs include the following: spectrum, selectivity, low emergence of new resistance, and high potency. With the emergence of genomic information, dozens of antibacterial targets have been pursued over the last 2 decades often using SBDD. This chapter reviews the application of structure-based drug design approaches on a selected group of antibacterial targets (DHFR, DHNA, PDF, and FabI) where significant progress has been made. We compare and contrast the different approaches and evaluate the results in terms of the biological profiles of the leads produced. Several common themes have emerged from this survey, resulting in a set of recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Finn
- Trius Therapeutics, San Diego, CA, USA.
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9
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Zhao Y, Hammoudeh D, Lin W, Das S, Yun MK, Li Z, Griffith E, Chen T, White SW, Lee RE. Development of a pterin-based fluorescent probe for screening dihydropteroate synthase. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:2110-7. [PMID: 21916405 DOI: 10.1021/bc200346e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) is the classical target of the sulfonamide class of antimicrobial agents, whose use has been limited by widespread resistance and pharmacological side effects. We have initiated a structure-based drug design approach for the development of novel DHPS inhibitors that bind to the highly conserved and structured pterin subsite rather than to the adjacent p-aminobenzoic acid binding pocket that is targeted by the sulfonamide class of antibiotics. To facilitate these studies, a robust pterin site-specific fluorescence polarization (FP) assay has been developed and is discussed herein. These studies include the design, synthesis, and characterization of two fluorescent probes, and the development and validation of a rapid DHPS FP assay. This assay has excellent DMSO tolerance and is highly reproducible as evidenced by a high Z' factor. This assay offers significant advantages over traditional radiometric or phosphate release assays against this target, and is suitable for site-specific high-throughput and fragment-based screening studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
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Hevener KE, Yun MK, Qi J, Kerr ID, Babaoglu K, Hurdle JG, Balakrishna K, White SW, Lee RE. Structural studies of pterin-based inhibitors of dihydropteroate synthase. J Med Chem 2010; 53:166-77. [PMID: 19899766 DOI: 10.1021/jm900861d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) is a key enzyme in bacterial folate synthesis and the target of the sulfonamide class of antibacterials. Resistance and toxicities associated with sulfonamides have led to a decrease in their clinical use. Compounds that bind to the pterin binding site of DHPS, as opposed to the p-amino benzoic acid (pABA) binding site targeted by the sulfonamide agents, are anticipated to bypass sulfonamide resistance. To identify such inhibitors and map the pterin binding pocket, we have performed virtual screening, synthetic, and structural studies using Bacillus anthracis DHPS. Several compounds with inhibitory activity have been identified, and crystal structures have been determined that show how the compounds engage the pterin site. The structural studies identify the key binding elements and have been used to generate a structure-activity based pharmacophore map that will facilitate the development of the next generation of DHPS inhibitors which specifically target the pterin site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk E Hevener
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Room 327 Johnson Building, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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12
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Hevener KE, Zhao W, Ball DM, Babaoglu K, Qi J, White SW, Lee RE. Validation of molecular docking programs for virtual screening against dihydropteroate synthase. J Chem Inf Model 2009; 49:444-60. [PMID: 19434845 DOI: 10.1021/ci800293n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) is the target of the sulfonamide class of antibiotics and has been a validated antibacterial drug target for nearly 70 years. The sulfonamides target the p-aminobenzoic acid (pABA) binding site of DHPS and interfere with folate biosynthesis and ultimately prevent bacterial replication. However, widespread bacterial resistance to these drugs has severely limited their effectiveness. This study explores the second and more highly conserved pterin binding site of DHPS as an alternative approach to developing novel antibiotics that avoid resistance. In this study, five commonly used docking programs, FlexX, Surflex, Glide, GOLD, and DOCK, and nine scoring functions, were evaluated for their ability to rank-order potential lead compounds for an extensive virtual screening study of the pterin binding site of B. anthracis DHPS. Their performance in ligand docking and scoring was judged by their ability to reproduce a known inhibitor conformation and to efficiently detect known active compounds seeded into three separate decoy sets. Two other metrics were used to assess performance; enrichment at 1% and 2% and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. The effectiveness of postdocking relaxation prior to rescoring and consensus scoring were also evaluated. Finally, we have developed a straightforward statistical method of including the inhibition constants of the known active compounds when analyzing enrichment results to more accurately assess scoring performance, which we call the 'sum of the sum of log rank' or SSLR. Of the docking and scoring functions evaluated, Surflex with Surflex-Score and Glide with GlideScore were the best overall performers for use in virtual screening against the DHPS target, with neither combination showing statistically significant superiority over the other in enrichment studies or pose selection. Postdocking ligand relaxation and consensus scoring did not improve overall enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk E Hevener
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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13
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Ali OM. Synthesis of N 2-Arylisocytidines and N 2-Aryl-2′-deoxyisocytidines. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-007-0671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Gupta D, Roitzsch M, Lippert B. 1-Methylisocytosine as a ligand for (dien)MII (M=Pt, Pd) and Pt-promoted deamination to 1-methyluracil. Inorganica Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2006.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Synthesis de novo, acquisition by salvage and interconversion of purines and pyrimidines represent the fundamental requirements for their eventual assembly into nucleic acids as nucleotides and the deployment of their derivatives in other biochemical pathways. A small number of drugs targeted to nucleotide metabolism, by virtue of their effect on folate biosynthesis and recycling, have been successfully used against apicomplexan parasites such as Plasmodium and Toxoplasma for many years, although resistance is now a major problem in the prevention and treatment of malaria. Many targets not involving folate metabolism have also been explored at the experimental level. However, the unravelling of the genome sequences of these eukaryotic unicellular organisms, together with increasingly sophisticated molecular analyses, opens up possibilities of introducing new drugs that could interfere with these processes. This review examines the status of established drugs of this type and the potential for further exploiting the vulnerability of apicomplexan human pathogens to inhibition of this key area of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Hyde
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7ND, UK.
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16
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Nzila A. Inhibitors of de novo folate enzymes in Plasmodium falciparum. Drug Discov Today 2006; 11:939-44. [PMID: 16997145 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Revised: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antifolates, inhibitors of folate synthesis or folate conversion, are used for malaria treatment. They are developed as synergistic combinations of inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and of dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS). DHPS inhibitors are sulfur-based drugs, analogs of sulfanilamide. These compounds compete with para-aminobenzoic acid in the active site of DHPS. The discovery of new antifolates is based on the identification of DHFR inhibitors; little work has been done on sulfur-based drugs because of their toxicity. As a result, only a few sulfur-based drugs are available. In this review, the hypothesis that compounds that compete with pteridine derivatives in active sites of de novo folate enzymes can be used as synergizers of DHFR inhibitors is discussed. If correct, this could lead to the identification of a new family of synergizers of DHFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Nzila
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Collaborative Research Program, P.O. Box 230, 80108, Kilifi, Kenya.
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17
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Nzila A, Ward SA, Marsh K, Sims PFG, Hyde JE. Comparative folate metabolism in humans and malaria parasites (part II): activities as yet untargeted or specific to Plasmodium. Trends Parasitol 2005; 21:334-9. [PMID: 15936248 PMCID: PMC2720531 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2005.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Revised: 02/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The folate pathway represents a powerful target for combating rapidly dividing systems such as cancer cells, bacteria and malaria parasites. Whereas folate metabolism in mammalian cells and bacteria has been studied extensively, it is understood less well in malaria parasites. In two articles, we attempt to reconstitute the malaria folate pathway based on available information from mammalian and microbial systems, in addition to Plasmodium-genome-sequencing projects. In part I, we focused on folate enzymes that are already used clinically as anticancer drug targets or that are under development in drug-discovery programs. In this article, we discuss mammalian folate enzymes that have not yet been exploited as potential drug targets, and enzymes that function in the de novo folate-synthesis pathway of the parasite--a particularly attractive area of attack because of its absence from the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Nzila
- Kenya Medical Research Institute and Wellcome Trust Collaborative Research Program, Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories, PO Box 43640, Nairobi GPO 00100, Kenya.
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18
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Babaoglu K, Qi J, Lee RE, White SW. Crystal Structure of 7,8-Dihydropteroate Synthase from Bacillus anthracis. Structure 2004; 12:1705-17. [PMID: 15341734 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2004.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2004] [Revised: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 07/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropterate synthase (DHPS) is the target for the sulfonamide class of antibiotics, but increasing resistance has encouraged the development of new therapeutic agents against this enzyme. One approach is to identify molecules that occupy the pterin binding pocket which is distinct from the pABA binding pocket that binds sulfonamides. Toward this goal, we present five crystal structures of DHPS from Bacillus anthracis, a well-documented bioterrorism agent. Three DHPS structures are already known, but our B. anthracis structures provide new insights into the enzyme mechanism. We show how an arginine side chain mimics the pterin ring in binding within the pterin binding pocket. The structures of two substrate analog complexes and the first structure of a DHPS-product complex offer new insights into the catalytic mechanism and the architecture of the pABA binding pocket. Finally, as an initial step in the development of pterin-based inhibitors, we present the structure of DHPS complexed with 5-nitro-6-methylamino-isocytosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerim Babaoglu
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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19
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Wyrzykiewicz E, Szponar A. Syntheses, EIMS and 13 C NMR Study of 1,2-DI-Substituted Derivatives of 2-thio-6-aminouracil. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/713744574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Szponar
- a Adam Mickiewicz University , Grunwaldzka, Poland
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20
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Bermingham A, Derrick JP. The folic acid biosynthesis pathway in bacteria: evaluation of potential for antibacterial drug discovery. Bioessays 2002; 24:637-48. [PMID: 12111724 DOI: 10.1002/bies.10114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The potential of the folic acid biosynthesis pathway as a target for the development of antibiotics has been acknowledged for many years and validated by the clinical use of several drugs. Recently, the crystal structures of all but one of the enzymes in the pathway from GTP to dihydrofolate have been determined. Given that structure-based drug design strategies are now widely employed, these recent developments have prompted a re-evaluation of the potential of each of the enzymes in the pathway as a target for development of specific inhibitors. Here, we review the current knowledge of the structure and mechanism of each enzyme in the bacterial folic acid biosynthesis pathway from GTP to dihydrofolate and draw conclusions regarding the potential of each enzyme as a target for therapeutic intervention.
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Tominaga Y, Ohno S, Kohra S, Fujito H, Mazurae H. Synthesis of pyrimidine derivatives usingN-bis(methylthio)methylenecyanamide. J Heterocycl Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570280434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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22
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Saxena AK, Sinha S. Pyrimidinones as biodynamic agents. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1987; 31:127-60. [PMID: 2894039 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-9289-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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23
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Lever OW, Vestal BR. Bridged isocytosine-adenosine compounds: Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation. J Heterocycl Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570230348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Lever OW, Hyman C, Ray PH, Ferone R, Kelsey JE. A galactoside derivative of a nitrosoisocytosine inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase: Synthesis and biological evaluation. J Heterocycl Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570230265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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