1
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Gao X, Bai Y, Sun P, Gao H, Yang L, Zhang D, Zhao Y, Ma Y. Combined chemical transformation and biological transformation of artemisinin: A facile approach to diverse artemisinin derivatives. Front Chem 2023; 10:1089290. [PMID: 36760520 PMCID: PMC9902651 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1089290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Artemisinin (1) is a milestone compound in malaria treatment, and it exhibits a broad scope of bioactivities. Herein, sequential chemo-reduction and biotransformation of artemisinin were undertaken to obtain a series of artemisinin derivatives. Methods: First, 10-deoxyartemisinin (2) and 9-ene-10-deoxyartemisinin (3) were synthesized after simple handling with boron trifluoride/diethyl ether and sodium borohydride. Then, biotransformation of 10-deoxyartemisinin was conducted with Cunninghamella echinulata CGMCC 3.4879 and Cunninghamella elegans CGMCC 3.4832, and the transformed products were separated and identified. The antimalarial activity of these products was tested in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7. Results: Fifteen metabolites (4-18), including seven novel compounds, were isolated and identified after cultivation. Compounds 2, 3, 13, 15, 16, and 18 displayed moderate-to-good antimalarial activity, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration ranging from 6 to 223 nM. Discussion: This work explored the combination of chemical and biological transformation to develop a co-environmental, efficient, and cost-efficiency synthetic methodology and applied it to synthesize novel derivatives of artemisinin. The association of the two strategies will hopefully provide an abundant source for the development of novel drugs with bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinna Gao
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,School of Graduate Students, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Bai
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Gao
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Yue Ma,
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2
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Hassam M, Singh AS, Yadav DK, Singh C, Puri SK, Verma VP. Reduction of the Double Bond of 6-Arylvinyl-1,2,4-trioxanes Leads to a Remarkable Increase in Their Antimalarial Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis in a Swiss Mice Model. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:30790-30799. [PMID: 34805707 PMCID: PMC8600630 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Novel 6-arylethyl-1,2,4-trioxanes6a-i and 7a-i are easily accessible in one step from the diimide reduction of 6-arylvinyl-1,2,4-trioxanes 5a-i. All of these new trioxanes were assessed for their oral antimalarial activity against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis in a Swiss mice model. Most of the saturated trioxanes 6c, 6f, 6g, 6h, and 6i, the active compounds of the series, provided 100% protection to the malaria-infected mice at a dose of 24 mg/kg × 4 days. Further, trioxane 6i, the most active compound of the series, also showed 100% protection even at a dose of 12 mg/kg × 4 days and 20% protection at a dose of 6 mg/kg × 4 days. In this model, β-arteether provided 100% protection at a dose of 48 mg/kg × 4 days and only 20% protection at a dose of 24 mg/kg × 4 days via the oral route, which was found to exhibit 4-fold antimalarial activity compared with the currently used drug β-arteether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hassam
- Medicinal
& Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central
Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Ajit Shankar Singh
- Medicinal
& Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central
Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Yadav
- Department
of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, India
| | - Chandan Singh
- Medicinal
& Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central
Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sunil K. Puri
- Parasitology
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension,
Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department
of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India
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3
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Patel OPS, Beteck RM, Legoabe LJ. Exploration of artemisinin derivatives and synthetic peroxides in antimalarial drug discovery research. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113193. [PMID: 33508479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by protozoal parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium. It caused an estimated 405,000 deaths and 228 million malaria cases globally in 2018 as per the World Malaria Report released by World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019. Artemisinin (ART), a "Nobel medicine" and its derivatives have proven potential application in antimalarial drug discovery programs. In this review, antimalarial activity of the most active artemisinin derivatives modified at C-10/C-11/C-16/C-6 positions and synthetic peroxides (endoperoxides, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, 1,2,4-trioxanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes) are systematically summarized. The developmental trend of ART derivatives, and cyclic peroxides along with their antimalarial activity and how the activity is affected by structural variations on different sites of the compounds are discussed. This compilation would be very useful towards scaffold hopping aimed at avoiding the unnecessary complexity in cyclic peroxides, and ultimately act as a handy resource for the development of potential chemotherapeutics against Plasmodium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om P S Patel
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - Richard M Beteck
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Lesetja J Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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4
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Fu C, Shi H, Chen H, Zhang K, Wang M, Qiu F. Oral Bioavailability Comparison of Artemisinin, Deoxyartemisinin, and 10-Deoxoartemisinin Based on Computer Simulations and Pharmacokinetics in Rats. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:889-899. [PMID: 33458540 PMCID: PMC7808142 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Deoxyartemisinin, a compound separated from Artemisinin annua L., shows anti-inflammatory and antiulcer activities. 10-Deoxoartemisinin is a novel compound with a strong antimalarial effect derivatized from artemisinin. Compared to the famous antimalarial natural compound artemisinin, deoxyartemisinin lacks the peroxide bridge structure, while 10-deoxoartemisinin remains this special peroxide bridge group but loses the 10-position keto group. To clarify their pharmacological differences, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) properties of artemisinin, deoxyartemisinin, and 10-deoxoartemisinin were first predicted using QikProp software. Also, their pharmacokinetic behaviors in rats were further evaluated by a rapid, sensitive, and specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method after oral and intravenous administration of each compound, in which deoxyartemisinin and 10-deoxoartemisinin were first evaluated for their pharmacokinetics. All parameters about ADME properties calculated by software met the criteria and the ADME performance order was 10-deoxoartemisinin > deoxyartemisinin > artemisinin. The oral bioavailability of artemisinin was calculated to be 12.2 ± 0.832%, which was about 7 times higher than that of deoxyartemisinin (1.60 ± 0.317%). For 10-deoxoartemisinin, its bioavailability (26.1 ± 7.04%) was superior to artemisinin at a degree of more than twice. Considering their chemical structures, losing the peroxide bridge might decrease the absorption rate of deoxyartemisinin in the gastrointestinal tract, while retaining the peroxide bridge but losing the 10-position ketone might improve the bioavailability of 10-deoxoartemisinin.
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5
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Zanetti A, Chaumont-Olive P, Schwertz G, Nascimento de Oliveira M, Gomez Fernandez MA, Amara Z, Cossy J. Crystallization-Induced Diastereoisomer Transformation of Dihydroartemisinic Aldehyde with the Betti Base. Org Process Res Dev 2020; 24:850-855. [PMID: 32454580 PMCID: PMC7237042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Artemisinin is an
important drug to fight malaria. It is produced
either by extraction or via a semisynthetic route involving enzyme
engineering. A key intermediate to produce artemisinin by the enzymatic
route is dihydroartemisinic aldehyde (DHAAl). However,
control of the absolute configuration of the stereocenter α
to the aldehyde is highly challenging. Herein we report a protocol
that allows the diastereomeric enrichment of a mixture of (11R)/(11S)-DHAAl to the desired
(11R)-DHAAl by utilizing a crystallization-induced
diastereomer transformation induced by the Betti base. In addition,
the Betti base can be quantitatively recovered and reused after the
reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zanetti
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris/CNRS/PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Pauline Chaumont-Olive
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris/CNRS/PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Geoffrey Schwertz
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris/CNRS/PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Marllon Nascimento de Oliveira
- Equipe Chimie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Génomique, Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire (GBCM), EA 7528, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, HESAM Université, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris Cedex 03, France
| | - Mario Andrés Gomez Fernandez
- Equipe Chimie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Génomique, Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire (GBCM), EA 7528, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, HESAM Université, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris Cedex 03, France
| | - Zacharias Amara
- Equipe Chimie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Génomique, Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire (GBCM), EA 7528, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, HESAM Université, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris Cedex 03, France
| | - Janine Cossy
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris/CNRS/PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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6
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Tiwari MK, Chaudhary S. Artemisinin-derived antimalarial endoperoxides from bench-side to bed-side: Chronological advancements and future challenges. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1220-1275. [PMID: 31930540 DOI: 10.1002/med.21657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
According to WHO World Malaria Report (2018), nearly 219 million new cases of malaria occurred and a total no. of 435 000 people died in 2017 due to this infectious disease. This is due to the rapid spread of parasite-resistant strains. Artemisinin (ART), a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide isolated from traditional Chinese herb Artemisia annua, has been recognized as a novel class of antimalarial drugs. The 2015 "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine" was given to Prof Dr Tu Youyou for the discovery of ART. Hence, ART is termed as "Nobel medicine." The present review article accommodates insights from the chronological advancements and direct statistics witnessed during the past 48 years (1971-2019) in the medicinal chemistry of ART-derived antimalarial endoperoxides, and their clinical utility in malaria chemotherapy and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit K Tiwari
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, India
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, India
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7
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Bai Y, Zhang D, Sun P, Zhao Y, Chang X, Ma Y, Yang L. Evaluation of Microbial Transformation of 10-deoxoartemisinin by UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS E. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213874. [PMID: 31661766 PMCID: PMC6864820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
10-deoxoartemisinin is a semisynthetic derivative of artemisinin that lacks a lactone carbonyl group at the 10-position, and has stronger antimalarial properties than artemisinin. However, 10-deoxoartemisinin has limited utility as a therapeutic agent because of its low solubility and bioavailability. Hydroxylated 10-deoxoartemisinins are a series of properties-improved derivatives. Via microbial transformation, which can hydroxylate 10-deoxoartemisinin at multiple sites, the biotransformation products of 10-deoxoartemisinin have been investigated in this paper. Using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MSE) combined with UNIFI software, products of microbial transformation of 10-deoxoartemisinin were rapidly and directly analyzed. The hydroxylation abilities of nine microorganisms were compared using this method. All of the microorganisms evaluated were able to hydroxylate 10-deoxoartemisinin, and a total of 35 hydroxylated products were identified. These can be grouped into dihydroxylated 10-deoxoartemisinins, monohydroxylated 10-deoxoartemisinins, hydroxylated dehydrogenated 10-deoxoartemisinins, and hydroxylated hydrogenated 10-deoxoartemisinins. Cunninghamella echinulata and Cunninghamella blakesleeana are able to hydroxylate 10-deoxoartemisinin, and their biotransformation products are investigated here for the first time. Cunninghamella elegans CICC 40250 was shown to most efficiently hydroxylate 10-deoxoartemisinin, and could serve as a model organism for microbial transformation. This method could be used to generate additional hydroxylated 10-deoxoartemisinins for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Bai
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
- Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Dong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
- Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Peng Sun
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
- Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
- Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Chang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
- Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Yue Ma
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
- Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Lan Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
- Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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8
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Kumari A, Karnatak M, Singh D, Shankar R, Jat JL, Sharma S, Yadav D, Shrivastava R, Verma VP. Current scenario of artemisinin and its analogues for antimalarial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 163:804-829. [PMID: 30579122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human malaria, one of the most striking, reemerging infectious diseases, is caused by several types of Plasmodium parasites. Whilst advances have been made in lowering the numbers of cases and deaths, it is clear that a strategy based solely on disease control year on year, without reducing transmission and ultimately eradicating the parasite, is unsustainable. Natural products have served as a template for the design and development of antimalarial drugs currently in the clinic or in the development phase. Artemisinin combine potent, rapid antimalarial activity with a wide therapeutic index and an absence of clinically important resistance. The alkylating ability of artemisinin and its semi-synthetic analogues toward heme related to their antimalarial efficacy are underlined. Although impressive results have already been achieved in malaria research, more systematization and concentration of efforts are required if real breakthroughs are to be made. This review will concisely cover the clinical, preclinical antimalarial and current updates in artemisinin based antimalarial drugs. Diverse classes of semi-synthetic analogs of artemisinin reported in the last decade have also been extensively studied. The experience gained in this respect is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akriti Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manvika Karnatak
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Davinder Singh
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ravi Shankar
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Jawahar L Jat
- Department of Applied Chemistry, BabaSaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226025, India
| | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Dinesh Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Rahul Shrivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, 303007, India
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai, 304022, Rajasthan, India.
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9
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Park GM, Park H, Oh S, Lee S. Antimalarial Activity of C-10 Substituted Triazolyl Artemisinin. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 55:661-665. [PMID: 29320822 PMCID: PMC5776900 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2017.55.6.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized C-10 substituted triazolyl artemisinins by the Huisgen cycloaddition reaction between dihydroartemisinins (2) and variously substituted 1, 2, 3-triazoles (8a-8h). The antimalarial activities of 32 novel artemisinin derivatives were screened against a chloroquine-resistant parasite. Among them, triazolyl artemisinins with electron-withdrawing groups showed stronger antimalarial activities than those shown by the derivatives having electron-donating groups. In particularly, m-chlorotriazolyl artemisinin (9d-12d) showed antimalarial activity equivalent to that of artemisinin and could be a strong drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gab-Man Park
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung 25601, Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Sangtae Oh
- Department of Basic Science, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung 25601, Korea
| | - Seokjoon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung 25601, Korea
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10
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Mathur A, Wang B, Smith D, Li J, Pawluczyk J, Sun JH, Wong MK, Krishnananthan S, Wu DR, Sun D, Li P, Yip S, Chen BC, Baran PS, Chen Q, Lopez OD, Yong Z, Bender JA, Nguyen VN, Romine JL, Laurent DRS, Wang G, Kadow JF, Meanwell NA, Belema M, Zhao R. Development of the Large-Scale Synthesis of Tetrahydropyran Glycine, a Precursor to the HCV NS5A Inhibitor BMS-986097. J Org Chem 2017; 82:10376-10387. [PMID: 28877441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient large-scale synthesis of acid 1, a penultimate precursor to the HCV NS5A inhibitor BMS-986097, along with the final API step are described. Three routes were devised for the synthesis of 1 at the various stages of the program. The third generation route, the one that proved scalable and is the main subject of this paper, features a one-step Michael addition of t-butyl 2-((diphenylmethylene)amino)acetate (24) to (E)-benzyl 4-(1-hydroxycyclopropyl)but-2-enoate (28) followed by cyclization and chiral separation to form 27c, the core skeleton of cap piece 1. The epimerization and chiral resolution of 27c followed by further synthetic manipulations involving the carbamate formation, lactone reduction and cyclization, afforded cyclopropyl pyran 1. A detailed study of diphenylmethane deprotection via acid hydrolysis as well as a key lactone to tetrahydropyran conversion, in order to avoid a side reaction that afforded an alternative cyclization product, are discussed. This synthesis was applied to the preparation of more than 100 g of the final API BMS-986097 for toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Mathur
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research and Development , PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Bei Wang
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research and Development , PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Daniel Smith
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research and Development , PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jianqing Li
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research and Development , PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Joseph Pawluczyk
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research and Development , PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jung-Hui Sun
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research and Development , PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Michael Kwok Wong
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research and Development , PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Subramaniam Krishnananthan
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research and Development , PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Dauh-Rurng Wu
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research and Development , PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Dawn Sun
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research and Development , PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Peng Li
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research and Development , PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Shiuhang Yip
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research and Development , PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Bang-Chi Chen
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research and Development , PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Qi Chen
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Omar D Lopez
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Zhong Yong
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - John A Bender
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Van N Nguyen
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Romine
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Denis R St Laurent
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Gan Wang
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - John F Kadow
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Makonen Belema
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Rulin Zhao
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research and Development , PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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Yadav N, Sharma C, Awasthi SK. Diversification in the synthesis of antimalarial trioxane and tetraoxane analogs. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42513d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Gaur R, Patel S, Verma RK, Mathur A, Bhakuni RS. Biotransformation of artemisinin derivatives by Glycyrrhiza glabra, Lavandula officinalis, and Panax quinquefolium. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Hao HD, Wittlin S, Wu Y. Potent Antimalarial 1,2,4-Trioxanes through Perhydrolysis of Epoxides. Chemistry 2013; 19:7605-19. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kong J, Yang Y, Wang W, Cheng K, Zhu P. Artemisinic acid: A promising molecule potentially suitable for the semi-synthesis of artemisinin. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40525g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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15
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Shen J, Liu D, An Q, Liu Y, Zhang W. The Synthesis oftrans-Perhydroindolic Acids and their Application in Asymmetric Domino Reactions of Aldehyde Esters with β,γ-Unsaturated α-Keto Esters. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Development of artemisinin compounds for cancer treatment. Invest New Drugs 2012; 31:230-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-012-9873-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Li Y, Hao HD, Wittlin S, Wu Y. Simple analogues of qinghaosu (artemisinin). Chem Asian J 2012; 7:1881-6. [PMID: 22588969 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201200166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A series of 1,2,4-trioxanes were synthesized in which the key peroxy bonds were installed through a molybdenum-catalyzed perhydrolysis of the epoxy rings. A core structure was identified that may serve as a promising lead structure for further investigations because of its high antimalarial activity (comparable to that of artesunate and chloroquine), apparent potential for scale-up and derivatization, and facile monitoring/tracing by using UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institution of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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18
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Slack RD, Jacobine AM, Posner GH. Antimalarial peroxides: advances in drug discovery and design. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md00277a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hao HD, Li Y, Han WB, Wu Y. A hydrogen peroxide based access to qinghaosu (artemisinin). Org Lett 2011; 13:4212-5. [PMID: 21761857 DOI: 10.1021/ol2015434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Attachment of H(2)O(2) onto the highly hindered quaternary C-12a in an advanced qinghaosu (artemisinin) precursor has been achieved through a facile perhydrolysis of a spiro epoxy ring with the aid of a previously unknown molybdenum species without involving any special equipment or complicated operations. The resultant β-hydroxyhydroperoxide can be further elaborated into qinghaosu, illustrating an entry fundamentally different from the existing ones to this outstanding natural product of great importance in malaria chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Dong Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Goswami A, Saikia PP, Saikia B, Barua NC. Dinitroaliphatics as linkers: application in the synthesis of novel artemisinin carba-dimer. Mol Divers 2011; 15:707-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-010-9296-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fernández I, Robert A. Peroxide bond strength of antimalarial drugs containing an endoperoxide cycle. Relation with biological activity. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:4098-107. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05088e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ricci J, Kim M, Chung WY, Park KK, Jung M. Discovery of Artemisinin-Glycolipid Hybrids as Anti-oral Cancer Agents. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2011; 59:1471-5. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.59.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Minkyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University
| | - Won-Yoon Chung
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University
| | - Kwang-Kyun Park
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University
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A golden phoenix arising from the herbal nest — A review and reflection on the study of antimalarial drug Qinghaosu. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11458-010-0214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Amewu R, Gibbons P, Mukhtar A, Stachulski AV, Ward SA, Hall C, Rimmer K, Davies J, Vivas L, Bacsa J, Mercer AE, Nixon G, Stocks PA, O'Neill PM. Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo antimalarial assessment of sulfide, sulfone and vinyl amide-substituted 1,2,4-trioxanes prepared via thiol-olefin co-oxygenation (TOCO) of allylic alcohols. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2068-77. [DOI: 10.1039/b924319d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Synthesis and anticancer activity of novel amide derivatives of non-acetal deoxoartemisinin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6303-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Wang KK, Choi KH, Shin HW, Kim BJ, Im JE, Oh SL, Park NS, Jung M, Oh JB, Lee MJ, Kim HK, Kim YR. Photophysics of a new photosensitizer with high quantum yield of singlet oxygen generation and its application to stereo-selective synthesis of (+)-deoxoartemisinin. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Terent’ev AO, Platonov MM, Tursina AI, Chernyshev VV, Nikishin GI. Ring Contraction of 1,2,4,5,7,8-Hexaoxa-3-silonanes by Selective Reduction of COOSi Fragments. Synthesis of New Silicon-Containing Rings, 1,3,5,6-Tetraoxa-2-silepanes. J Org Chem 2009; 74:1917-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8023957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O. Terent’ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim M. Platonov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna I. Tursina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Chernyshev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady I. Nikishin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
The problem of endemic malaria continues unabated globally. Malaria affects 40 % of the global population, causing an estimated annual mortality of 1.5-2.7 million people. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 90 % of these deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa among infants under the age of five. While a vaccine against malaria continues to be elusive, chemotherapy remains the most viable alternative towards treatment of the disease. During last years, the situation has become urgent in many ways, but mainly because of the development of chloroquine-resistant (CQR) strains of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). The discovery that artemisinin (ART, 1), an active principle of Artemisia annua L., expresses a significant antimalarial activity, especially against CQR strains, opened new approaches for combating malaria. Since the early 1980s, hundreds of semi-synthetic and synthetic peroxides have been developed and tested for their antimalarial activity, the results of which were extensively reviewed. In addition, in therapeutic practice, there is no reported case of drug resistance to these antimalarial peroxides. This review summarizes recent achievements in the area of peroxide drug development for malaria chemotherapy.
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Tolstikov GA, Tolstikov AG, Tolstikova OV. Natural peroxides. Chemistry and biological activity. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1996v065n09abeh000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Haynes RK, Wong HN, Lee KW, Lung CM, Shek LY, Williams ID, Croft SL, Vivas L, Rattray L, Stewart L, Wong VKW, Ko BCB. Preparation ofN-Sulfonyl- andN-Carbonyl-11-Azaartemisinins with Greatly Enhanced Thermal Stabilities: in vitro Antimalarial Activities. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:1464-79. [PMID: 17768731 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As the clinically used artemisinins do not withstand the thermal stress testing required to evaluate shelf life for storage in tropical countries where malaria is prevalent, there is a need to develop thermally more robust artemisinin derivatives. Herein we describe the attachment of electron-withdrawing arene- and alkanesulfonyl and -carbonyl groups to the nitrogen atom of the readily accessible Ziffer 11-azaartemisinin to provide the corresponding N-sulfonyl- and -carbonylazaartemisinins. Two acylurea analogues were also prepared by treatment of the 11-azaartemisinin with arylisocyanates. Several of the N-sulfonylazaartemisinins have melting points above 200 degrees C and possess substantially greater thermal stabilities than the artemisinins in current clinical use, with the antimalarial activities of several of the arylsulfonyl derivatives being similar to that of artesunate against the drug-sensitive 3D7 clone of the NF54 isolate and the multidrug-resistant K1 strain of P. falciparum. The compounds possess relatively low cytotoxicities. The carbonyl derivatives are less crystalline than the N-sulfonyl derivatives, but are generally more active as antimalarials. The N-nitroarylcarbonyl and arylurea derivatives possess sub-ng ml(-1) activities. Although several of the azaartemisinins possess log P values below 3.5, the compounds have poor aqueous solubility (<1 mg L(-1) at pH 7). The greatly enhanced thermal stability of our artemisinins suggests that strategic incorporation of electron-withdrawing polar groups into both new artemisinin derivatives and totally synthetic trioxanes or trioxolanes may assist in the generation of practical new antimalarial drugs which will be stable to storage conditions in the field, while retaining favorable physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China.
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Nam W, Tak J, Ryu JK, Jung M, Yook JI, Kim HJ, Cha IH. Effects of artemisinin and its derivatives on growth inhibition and apoptosis of oral cancer cells. Head Neck 2007; 29:335-40. [PMID: 17163469 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artemisinin is of special biological interest because of its outstanding antimalarial activity. Recently, it was reported that artemisinin has antitumor activity. Its derivatives, artesunate, arteether, and artemeter, also have antitumor activity against melanoma, breast, ovarian, prostate, CNS, and renal cancer cell lines. Recently, monomer, dimer, and trimer derivatives were synthesized from deoxoartemisinin, and the dimers and the trimers were found to have much more potent antitumor activity than the monomers. METHODS We evaluated the antitumor activity of artemisinin and its various derivatives (dihydroartemisinin, dihydroartemisinin 12-benzoate, 12-(2'-hydroxyethyl) deoxoartemisinin, 12-(2'-ethylthio) deoxoartemisinin dimer, deoxoartemisinin trimer) in comparison with paclitaxel (Taxol), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), cisplatin in vitro. RESULTS In this study, the deoxoartemisinin trimer had the most potent antitumor effect (IC(50) = 6.0 microM), even better than paclitaxel (IC(50) = 13.1 microM), on oral cancer cell line (YD-10B). In addition, it induced apoptosis through a caspase-3-dependent mechanism. CONCLUSION The deoxoartemisinin trimer was found to have greater antitumor effect on tumor cells than other commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs, such as 5-FU, cisplatin, and paclitaxel. Furthermore, the ability of artemisinin and its derivatives to induce apoptosis highlights their potential as chemotherapeutic agents, for many anticancer drugs achieve their antitumor effects by inducing apoptosis in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Nam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Bégué JP, Bonnet-Delpon D. Fluoroartemisinins: Metabolically More Stable Antimalarial Artemisinin Derivatives. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:608-24. [PMID: 17252616 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This report is an overview on the design, preparation, and evaluation of metabolically stable artemisinins, using fluorine substitution. The chemical challenges encountered for the incorporation of fluorine-containing elements and the preparation of a large range of 10-trifluoromethyl artemisinin derivatives are detailed. Impact of the fluorine substitution on the antimalarial activity is also highlighted. Preclinical data of lead compounds, and evidence for their strong and prolonged antimalarial activity are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Bégué
- BIOCIS-UMR-CNRS-8086, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 Rue J.B. Clément, Chatenay-Malabry, 92296, France
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Lezama-Dávila CM, Satoskar AR, Úc-Encalada M, Isaac-Márquez R, Isaac-Márquez AP. Leishmanicidal Activity of Artemisinin, Deoxoartemisinin, Artemether and Arteether. Nat Prod Commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0700200101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we studied the in vitro toxicity of artemisinin and its chemical derivatives deoxoartemisinin, artemether and arteether against stationary phase promastigotes of Leishmania (L) mexicana. Results presented in this work include dramatic changes in parasite morphology when they were cultured in the presence of these chemicals. These changes were accompanied by the parasite's lost of mobility and eventual death after four days of culturing. We also observed that parasite growth was much more effectively reduced in cultures carried out in the presence of either artemisinin or its semi-synthetic derivatives than the reference drug N-methyl meglumine (Glucantime™, Rhone Poulenc, France). The compounds tested in this work were not toxic to Hela cells cultured in vitro. This is the first report describing the promising potential use of Qinghaosu (artemisinin) and related chemical analogues to treat L (L) mexicana infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio M. Lezama-Dávila
- Centro de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche. Av Agustín Melgar s/n, Campeche, Camp., 24030, México
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 484 12th West Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210 USA
| | - Abhay R. Satoskar
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 484 12th West Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210 USA
| | - Mirna Úc-Encalada
- Fac. de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche. Av Agustín Melgar s/n, Campeche, Camp., 24030, México
| | - Ricardo Isaac-Márquez
- Centro de Estudios de Desarrollo Sustentable y Aprovechamiento de la Vida Silvestre, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche. Av Agustín Melgar s/n, Campeche, Camp., 24030, México
| | - Angélica P. Isaac-Márquez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche. Av Agustín Melgar s/n, Campeche, Camp., 24030, México
- Dirección de Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche. Av Agustín Melgar s/n, Campeche, Camp., 24030, México
- Fac. de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche. Av Agustín Melgar s/n, Campeche, Camp., 24030, México
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Laurent SAL, Robert A, Meunier B. C10-Modified Artemisinin Derivatives: Efficient Heme-Alkylating Agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:2060-3; author reply 2064-5. [PMID: 15782383 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200462556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Laurent SAL, Robert A, Meunier B. C10-Modified Artemisinin Derivatives: Efficient Heme-Alkylating Agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200462556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Sriram D, Rao VS, Chandrasekhara KVG, Yogeeswari P. Progress in the research of artemisinin and its analogues as antimalarials: an update. Nat Prod Res 2004; 18:503-27. [PMID: 15595609 DOI: 10.1080/14786410310001620556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is the number one infectious disease in the world today. Worldwide, over two million people die each year from malaria. This shocking reality is largely due to the emergence of drug resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide isolated from Artemesia annua has been shown to be a fast acting, safe and effective drug against multidrug-resistant and sensitive strains of P. falciparum. This article reports a survey of the literature dealing with artemisinin related antimalarial issues that have appeared from 1980s to the beginning of 2003. A broad range of medical and pharmaceutical disciplines is covered, including a brief introduction about discovery, phytochemical aspects, antimalarial mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and major drawbacks and various structural modifications made to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmarajan Sriram
- Pharmacy Group, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-333 031, Rajasthan, India
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O'Neill PM, Mukhtar A, Ward SA, Bickley JF, Davies J, Bachi MD, Stocks PA. Application of Thiol−Olefin Co-oxygenation Methodology to a New Synthesis of the 1,2,4-Trioxane Pharmacophore. Org Lett 2004; 6:3035-8. [PMID: 15330581 DOI: 10.1021/ol0492142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Thiol-olefin co-oxygenation (TOCO) of substituted allylic alcohols generates alpha-hydroxyperoxides that can be condensed in situ with various ketones to afford a series of functionalized 1,2,4-trioxanes in good yields. Manipulation of the phenylsulfenyl group in 4a allows for convenient modification to the spiro-trioxane substituents, and we describe, for the first time, the preparation of a new class of antimalarial prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
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Jung M, Lee K, Jung H, Kendrick H, Yardley V, Croft SL. Antimalarial activities of (+)-deoxoartemisitene and its novel C-11, 13 derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:2001-3. [PMID: 15050646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2003] [Accepted: 12/27/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
(+)-Deoxoartemisitene and its C-11, 13 derivatives were synthesized from artemisinic acid via a short and regiospecific process and several derivatives show 10-20 times more in vitro antimalarial activities against Plasmodium falciparum than artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mankil Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea.
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Ploypradith P. Development of artemisinin and its structurally simplified trioxane derivatives as antimalarial drugs. Acta Trop 2004; 89:329-42. [PMID: 14744559 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2003.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin and simplified trioxane analogs constitute a promising class of antimalarial chemotherapeutic agents. Their development since the early 1970s into clinical trials and clinical use has drawn much attention from medical scientists worldwide although the crude extract containing artemisinin has been used in China for treatment of fever for many centuries. Many research groups have independently and collaboratively conducted various studies on the artemisinin system both in search for the new compounds more antimalarially active than the parent artemisinin and in an attempt to understand its molecular mechanism(s) of action. Ongoing studies have provided a better understanding of the putative intermediates essential for the antimalarial activity and have led to designer trioxanes whose chemical structures have been simplified and modified to increase efficacy while lowering toxicity. Other desirable features beneficial to clinical uses such as bioavailability, drug stability and water solubility have been considered, and portions of the trioxane skeleton have been added or modified to accommodate these parameters accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonsakdi Ploypradith
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Vipavadee-Rangsit Highway, 10210, Bangkok, Thailand
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Borstnik K, Paik IH, Shapiro TA, Posner GH. Antimalarial chemotherapeutic peroxides: artemisinin, yingzhaosu A and related compounds. Int J Parasitol 2002; 32:1661-7. [PMID: 12435451 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(02)00195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mechanism-based rational design and gram-scale chemical synthesis have produced some new trioxane and endoperoxide antimalarial drug candidates that are efficacious and safe. This review summarises recent achievements in this area of peroxide drug development for malaria chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Borstnik
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-2685, USA
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] Natural 6-epiplakortolide E was first synthesized from readily available 1-bromo-10-phenyldecane in 10 steps by using singlet oxygen-mediated Diels-Alder reaction to form cyclic peroxide followed by a directed iodolactonization to give the peroxylactone core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mankil Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea.
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Chorki F, Grellepois F, Crousse B, Hoang VD, Hung NV, Bonnet-Delpon D, Bégué JP. First synthesis of 10 alpha-(trifluoromethyl)deoxoartemisinin. Org Lett 2002; 4:757-9. [PMID: 11869120 DOI: 10.1021/ol017227z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A novel, nonacetal (trifluoromethyl)deoxoartemisinin was prepared with good stereoselectivity. This compound was obtained by debromination of the 10 alpha-CF3-10-bromodeoxoartemisinin in the presence of tributyltin hydride at reflux in toluene without alteration of the endoperoxide bridge. It presented a reasonable antimalarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Chorki
- BioCIS, Centre d'Etudes Pharmaceutiques, rue J.B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry F-92296 Cedex, France
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43
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Abstract
A CoMFA study of artemisinin derivatives with changes of the location and the number of lattice points was performed. The location of probe atoms in a large lattice has practically no effect on the cross-validated r(2) value (r(2)(cv)). The selection of only 18 probe atoms around the peroxide bond, considering the action mechanism of artemisinin, provided a less time-demanding and more reliable CoMFA model, which forecasts better than the large lattice model despite the lower r(2)(cv) value. Only 1 A displacement of the small lattice caused a reduction of cross-validated r(2) value of more than 50%, which indicates the lattice location played an important role in this small lattice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 120-749, Seoul, South Korea.
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44
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O'Neill PM, Pugh M, Davies J, Ward SA, Park B. Regioselective Mukaiyama hydroperoxysilylation of 2-alkyl- or 2-aryl-prop-2-en-1-ols: application to a new synthesis of 1,2,4-trioxanes. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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45
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Jung M, Lee K, Jung H. First synthesis of (+)-deoxoartemisitene and its novel C-11 derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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46
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Lee CH, Hong H, Shin J, Jung M, Shin I, Yoon J, Lee W. NMR studies on novel antitumor drug candidates, deoxoartemisinin and carboxypropyldeoxoartemisinin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 274:359-69. [PMID: 10913344 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin and its derivatives, which have been known as antimalarial drugs, have also demonstrated their cytotoxicity against tumor cells. It has been proposed that antitumor activity depends on the lipophilicity of functional group on artemisinin derivatives. Solution structures of two artemisinin derivatives as antitumor drug candidates, deoxoartemisinin and carboxypropyldeoxoartemisinin, were determined by NMR spectroscopy to elucidate structure-activity relationship. According to biological assay, antitumor efficiencies are not dependent upon lipophilicity. Instead, these compounds demonstrated their distinctive structural features of boat/chair conformation and capability to interact with receptors, as they have different efficiencies on antitumor activity. Especially, carboxypropyl moiety or carbonyl moiety in artemisinin derivatives influences the conformation and stability of ring structure. Although the detailed mechanism of antitumor activity by artemisinin derivatives has not been addressed, we suggest that antitumor activity is not determined only with lipophilicity and that artemisinin derivatives have specific target proteins in each type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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47
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Dhingra V, Vishweshwar Rao K, Lakshmi Narasu M. Current status of artemisinin and its derivatives as antimalarial drugs. Life Sci 2000; 66:279-300. [PMID: 10665980 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin is a promising and a potent antimalarial drug, which meets the dual challenge posed by drug-resistant parasites and rapid progression of malarial illness. This review article focuses on the progress achieved during the last years in the production of artemisinin from Artemisia annua. The structure, biosynthesis and analysis of artemisinin and its mode of action are described. The review also focuses on clinical studies, toxicity studies, pharmacokinetics and activity of artemisinin related compounds. The production strategies including organic synthesis, extraction from plants, in vitro cultures and alternative strategies for enhancing the yields are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dhingra
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Post Graduate Studies & Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Mahaveer marg, Hyderabad, India
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48
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Jung M, Bae J. An Efficient Synthesis of New Analogs of Water-soluble and Hydrolytically Stable Deoxoartemisinin. HETEROCYCLES 2000. [DOI: 10.3987/com-99-8746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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49
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Oh CH, Kim HJ, Wu SH, Won HS. A new type of 1,2,4-trioxanes structurally related antimalarial artemisinin. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01791-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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50
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Avery BA, Venkatesh KK, Avery MA. Rapid determination of artemisinin and related analogues using high-performance liquid chromatography and an evaporative light scattering detector. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 730:71-80. [PMID: 10437674 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin and its analogues are a class of compounds of current interest in the treatment of drug-resistant malaria. These antimalarials are preferentially taken up into malaria infected erythrocytes as compared to uninfected erythrocytes, a fact that may represent an important parameter in drug potency. Numerous methods for the analysis of specific artemisinin analogues have been developed, but most are not widely adaptable to a large range of analogues. In this paper we describe a high-performance liquid chromatographic method developed and validated for artemisinin and several analogues of artemisinin using a readily available evaporative light scattering detector. This quantitation method was found to be straight forward, rapid, inexpensive and reproducible. Standard calibration curves constructed for six artemisinin compounds were linear with the detection limit determined between 6 and 60 ng. The intra- and inter-day accuracy were found to be 2.75% and 4.15%, respectively with less than 3% variation in precision. The validated assay was applied to a mixture of artemisinin derivatives, where they were easily separated and quantitated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, 38677, USA
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