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Mikawy NN, Roy HA, Israel E, Hamlow LA, Zhu Y, Berden G, Oomens J, Frieler CE, Rodgers MT. 5-Halogenation of Uridine Suppresses Protonation-Induced Tautomerization and Enhances Glycosidic Bond Stability of Protonated Uridine: Investigations via IRMPD Action Spectroscopy, ER-CID Experiments, and Theoretical Calculations. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:2165-2180. [PMID: 36279168 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Uridine (Urd), a canonical nucleoside of RNA, is the most commonly modified nucleoside among those that occur naturally. Uridine has also been an important target for the development of modified nucleoside analogues for pharmaceutical applications. In this work, the effects of 5-halogenation of uracil on the structures and glycosidic bond stabilities of protonated uridine nucleoside analogues are examined using tandem mass spectrometry and computational methods. Infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy experiments and theoretical calculations are performed to probe the structural influences of these modifications. Energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation experiments along with survival yield analyses are performed to probe glycosidic bond stability. The measured IRMPD spectra are compared to linear IR spectra predicted for the stable low-energy conformations of these species computed at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory to determine the conformations experimentally populated. Spectral signatures in the IR fingerprint and hydrogen-stretching regions allow the 2,4-dihydroxy protonated tautomers (T) and O4- and O2-protonated conformers to be readily differentiated. Comparisons between the measured and predicted spectra indicate that parallel to findings for uridine, both T and O4-protonated conformers of the 5-halouridine nucleoside analogues are populated, whereas O2-protonated conformers are not. Variations in yields of the spectral signatures characteristic of the T and O4-protonated conformers indicate that the extent of protonation-induced tautomerization is suppressed as the size of the halogen substituent increases. Trends in the energy-dependence of the survival yield curves find that 5-halogenation strengthens the glycosidic bond and that the enhancement in stability increases with the size of the halogen substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neven N Mikawy
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - H A Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - E Israel
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - L A Hamlow
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Y Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - G Berden
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Oomens
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C E Frieler
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - M T Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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Inhibition of Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase 1 by Lipophilic Pyrimidine Nucleosides. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163694. [PMID: 32823658 PMCID: PMC7465190 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of DNA repair enzymes tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerases 1 and 2 in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside derivatives was studied here. New effective Tdp1 inhibitors were found in a series of nucleoside derivatives possessing 2′,3′,5′-tri-O-benzoyl-d-ribofuranose and 5-substituted uracil moieties and have half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) in the lower micromolar and submicromolar range. 2′,3′,5′-Tri-O-benzoyl-5-iodouridine manifested the strongest inhibitory effect on Tdp1 (IC50 = 0.6 μM). A decrease in the number of benzoic acid residues led to a marked decline in the inhibitory activity, and pyrimidine nucleosides lacking lipophilic groups (uridine, 5-fluorouridine, 5-chlorouridine, 5-bromouridine, 5-iodouridine, and ribothymidine) did not cause noticeable inhibition of Tdp1 (IC50 > 50 μM). No PARP1/2 inhibitors were found among the studied compounds (residual activity in the presence of 1 mM substances was 50–100%). Several O-benzoylated uridine and cytidine derivatives strengthened the action of topotecan on HeLa cervical cancer cells.
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Kozak W, Demkowicz S, Daśko M, Rachon J, Rak J. Modifications at the C(5) position of pyrimidine nucleosides. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the state of knowledge on the chemical methods of C(5)-modifications of uridine and cytidine derivatives and may serve as a useful tool for synthetic chemists to choose an appropriate reaction protocol. The synthesis of 5-substituted uracil derivatives is gaining an increasing interest because of their possible applications in medicine and pharmacy. Modifications at the C(5) position of pyrimidine nucleosides can enhance their biostability, bioavailability or(and) biological activity. Among the C(5)-modified nucleosides, 5-halopyrimidines exhibit anticancer, antiviral, radio- and photosensitizing properties. Besides 5-halo-substituted derivatives, there are other examples of nucleosides with confirmed biological activity containing a C–C bond at the C(5) position in the pyrimidine ring. In recent decades, scientists have achieved great progress in the field of cross-coupling reactions. Among them, nickel-catalyzed processes provide a broad spectrum of synthetic methods that are based on less toxic and cheaper starting materials. This review summarizes the synthetic approaches based on the coupling or halogenation reactions, which enable 5-substituted pyrimidine nucleosides to be obtained. Moreover, the importance of the systems considered for medicine and pharmacy is briefly discussed.
The bibliography includes 197 references.
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Banuelos-Sanchez G, Sanchez L, Benitez-Guijarro M, Sanchez-Carnerero V, Salvador-Palomeque C, Tristan-Ramos P, Benkaddour-Boumzaouad M, Morell S, Garcia-Puche JL, Heras SR, Franco-Montalban F, Tamayo JA, Garcia-Perez JL. Synthesis and Characterization of Specific Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors for Mammalian LINE-1 Retrotransposons. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:1095-1109.e14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Mcguigan C, Velázquez S, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Synthesis and Evaluation of 5-Halo 2′,3′-Didehydro-2′,3′-Dideoxynucleosides and their Blocked Phosphoramidates as Potential Anti-Human Immunodeficiency virus Agents: An Example of ‘Kinase Bypass’. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Mcguigan
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF1 3XF, UK
| | - S Velázquez
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF1 3XF, UK
| | - E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Everaert DH, Peeters OM, De Ranter CJ, Blaton NM, van Aerschot A, Herdewijn P. Conformational Analysis of Substituent Effects on the Sugar Puckering Mode and the anti-HIV Activity of 2′,3′-Dideoxypyrimidine Nucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029300400505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A comparison between the conformational parameters of eleven active and inactive anti-HIV 2′,3′-dideoxypyrimidine nucleosides and a series of 73 uridine and thymidine structures, revealed that our compounds, all having N-glycosidic bond torsion angles χ in the anti range, have pseudorotation phase angles P well distributed over both N (C3′- endo) and S [C2′- endo and C3′- exo) type sugar conformations and have both + sc and ap C4′-C5′ conformations. This means that solid state conformations characterized by P, χ and γ do not provide decisive information for predicting possible anti-HIV activity. We also found that any rationalization of the activity or inactivity of nucleosides in terms of the gauche effect of electronegative substituents on the furanose ring conformation, could not be demonstrated by using the semiempirical quantum chemical AM 1 method. Calculations of C3′-X3′ bond polarities indicate that anti-HIV activity in C3′-substituted nucleoside analogues is consistent with the presence of a positive C3′-X3′ bond polarity. Exploration of the conformational space of χ vs. γ for C3′- endo, C2′- endo and C3′- exo sugar puckering modes using the same AM1 method, reveals that although the C3′- endo [ P = 10°) region is about 2 kcal mol−1 lower than the C2′- endo region ( P = 170°), the C2′ - endo sugar puckering mode is the most accessible one due to the conformational flexibility about the minima. Our results also suggest that as P increases from 10°, through 170°, to 210°, the preferred range for -y dramatically shifts from almost exclusively around 50° (+ sc) at P = 10° to almost exclusively non + sc at P = 210°.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. H. Everaert
- Laboratorium voor Analytische Chemie en Medicinale Fysicochemie, Instituut voor Farmaceutische Wetenschappen, K. U. Leuven, Van Evenstraat 4, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - O. M. Peeters
- Laboratorium voor Analytische Chemie en Medicinale Fysicochemie, Instituut voor Farmaceutische Wetenschappen, K. U. Leuven, Van Evenstraat 4, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - N. M. Blaton
- Laboratorium voor Analytische Chemie en Medicinale Fysicochemie, Instituut voor Farmaceutische Wetenschappen, K. U. Leuven, Van Evenstraat 4, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - A. van Aerschot
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K. U. Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Minderbroederstraat 10, B-3000, Belgium
| | - P. Herdewijn
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K. U. Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Minderbroederstraat 10, B-3000, Belgium
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Luyten I, Jie L, Van Aerschot A, Pannecouque C, Wigerinck P, Rozenski J, Hendrix C, Wang C, Wiebe L, Balzarini J, De Clercq E, Herdewijn P. 2′-Deoxyuridines with a 5-Heteroaromatic Substituent: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029500600409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 2′-deoxyuridines with a thienyl substituent in the 5-position were synthesized as potential anti-HSV-1 agents. The brominated derivatives (1d, 1e and 3b) were obtained via halogenation reactions of the protected 5-(thien-2-yl)-2′-deoxyuridine and 5-(thien-3-yl)-2′-deoxyuridine, respectively. The palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reaction with stannylated thiophene was used for the synthesis of ( E)-5-(2-thienylvinyl)-2′-deoxyuridine and 5-(5,2′-dithien-2-yl)-2′-deoxyuridine. These compounds show moderate to good activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in the order of decreasing activity 1d>4>1e>3b∼5. Finally, two substituted 5-isoxazol derivatives of 2′-deoxyuridine (6a and 6b) were obtained via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the protected 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine. These new compounds demonstrated poor affinity for the virus-specific enzyme thymidine kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Luyten
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - L. Jie
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - A. Van Aerschot
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - C. Pannecouque
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - P. Wigerinck
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J. Rozenski
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - C. Hendrix
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - C. Wang
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - L. Wiebe
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - J. Balzarini
- Laboratory of Experimental Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - E. De Clercq
- Laboratory of Experimental Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - P. Herdewijn
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Maity J, Stromberg R. An efficient and facile methodology for bromination of pyrimidine and purine nucleosides with sodium monobromoisocyanurate (SMBI). Molecules 2013; 18:12740-50. [PMID: 24132197 PMCID: PMC6269699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181012740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient and facile strategy has been developed for bromination of nucleosides using sodium monobromoisocyanurate (SMBI). Our methodology demonstrates bromination at the C-5 position of pyrimidine nucleosides and the C-8 position of purine nucleosides. Unprotected and also several protected nucleosides were brominated in moderate to high yields following this procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmoy Maity
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.M.); (R.S.); Tel.: +46-8-5248-1024 (R.S.); Fax: +46-8-5248-1034 (R.S.)
| | - Roger Stromberg
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.M.); (R.S.); Tel.: +46-8-5248-1024 (R.S.); Fax: +46-8-5248-1034 (R.S.)
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9
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Srivastav NC, Shakya N, Bhavanam S, Agrawal A, Tse C, Desroches N, Kunimoto DY, Kumar R. Antimycobacterial activities of 5-alkyl (or halo)-3′-substituted pyrimidine nucleoside analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1091-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kumar V, Malhotra SV. Ionic liquid mediated synthesis of 5-halouracil nucleosides: key precursors for potential antiviral drugs. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2010; 28:821-34. [PMID: 20183621 DOI: 10.1080/15257770903170252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of antiviral 5-halouracil nucleosides, also used as key precursors for the synthesis of other potential antiviral drugs, has been demonstrated using ionic liquids as convenient and efficient reaction medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Kumar
- Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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11
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Theruvathu JA, Kim CH, Rogstad DK, Neidigh JW, Sowers LC. Base pairing configuration and stability of an oligonucleotide duplex containing a 5-chlorouracil-adenine base pair. Biochemistry 2009; 48:7539-46. [PMID: 19618901 DOI: 10.1021/bi9007947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation-mediated reactive molecules can damage DNA by oxidation and chlorination. The biological consequences of this damage are as yet incompletely understood. In this paper, we have constructed oligonucleotides containing 5-chlorouracil (ClU), one of the known inflammation damage products. The thermodynamic stability, base pairing configuration, and duplex conformation of oligonucleotides containing ClU paired opposite adenine have been examined. NMR spectra reveal that the ClU-A base pair adopts a geometry similar to that of the T-A base pair, and the ClU-A base pair-containing duplex adopts a normal B-form conformation. The line width of the imino proton of the ClU residue is substantially greater than that of the corresponding T imino proton; however, this difference is not attributed to a reduced thermal or thermodynamic stability or to an increased level of proton exchange with solvent. While the NMR studies reveal an increased level of chemical exchange for the ClU imino proton of the ClU-A base pair, the ClU residue is not a target for removal by the Escherichia coli mispaired uracil glycosylase, which senses damage-related helix instability. The results of this study are consistent with previous reports indicating that the DNA of replicating cells can tolerate substantial substitution with ClU. The fraudulent, pseudo-Watson-Crick ClU-A base pair is sufficiently stable to avoid glycosylase removal and, therefore, might constitute a persistent form of cellular DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Theruvathu
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA
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Manta S, Agelis G, Botić T, Cencic A, Komiotis D. Unsaturated fluoro-ketopyranosyl nucleosides: Synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-fluoro-4-keto-β-d-glucopyranosyl derivatives of N4-benzoyl cytosine and N6-benzoyl adenine. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:420-8. [PMID: 17548129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The protected beta-nucleosides 1-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-3-fluoro-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)-N(4)-benzoyl cytosine (2a) and 9-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-3-fluoro-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)-N(6)-benzoyl adenine (2b), were synthesized by the coupling of peracetylated 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-d-glucopyranose (1) with silylated N(4)-benzoyl cytosine and N(6)-benzoyl adenine, respectively. The nucleosides were deacetylated and several subsequent protection and deprotection steps afforded the partially acetylated nucleosides of cytosine 7a and adenine 7b, respectively. Finally, direct oxidation of the free hydroxyl group at 4'-position of 7a and 7b, and simultaneous elimination reaction of the beta-acetoxyl group, afforded the desired unsaturated 3-fluoro-4-keto-beta-d-glucopyranosyl derivatives. These newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their potential antitumor and antiviral activities. Compared to 5FU, the newly synthesized derivatives showed to be more efficient as antitumor growth inhibitors and they exhibited direct antiviral effect toward rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Manta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Thessaly, 26 Ploutonos Street, 41221 Larissa, Greece
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Rai D, Johar M, Srivastav NC, Manning T, Agrawal B, Kunimoto DY, Kumar R. Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, and Mycobacterium avium by Novel Dideoxy Nucleosides. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4766-74. [PMID: 17696514 DOI: 10.1021/jm070391t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) and mutidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has been increasing, leading to serious infections, high mortality, and a global health threat. Here, we report the identification of a novel class of dideoxy nucleosides as potent and selective inhibitors of Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A series of 5-acetylenic derivatives of 2',3'-dideoxyuridine (3-8) and 3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyuridine (22-27) were synthesized and tested for their antimycobacterial activity against M. bovis, M. tuberculosis, and M. avium. 2',3'-Dideoxyuridine possessing 5-decynyl, 5-dodecynyl, 5-tridecynyl, and 5-tetradecynyl substituents (4-7) exhibited the highest antimycobacterial activity against all three mycobacteria. In contrast, in the 3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyuridine series, a 5-tetradecynyl analogue (26) displayed the most potent activity against these mycobacteria. Among other derivatives, 5-bromo-2',3'-dideoxycytidine (11), 5-methyl-2',3'-dideoxycytidine (12), and 5-chloro-4-thio-2',3'-dideoxyuridine (19) exhibited modest inhibition of M. bovis and M. tuberculosis. In the series of dideoxy derivatives of adenosine, guanosine, and purines, 2-amino-6-mercaptoethyl-9-(2,3-dideoxy-beta-d-glyceropentofuranosyl)purine (32) and 2-amino-4-fluoro-7-(2,3-dideoxy-beta-d-glyceropentofuranosyl)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (35) were the most efficacious against M. bovis and M. tuberculosis, and M. avium, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Rai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 1-71 Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
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Johar M, Manning T, Kunimoto DY, Kumar R. Synthesis and in vitro anti-mycobacterial activity of 5-substituted pyrimidine nucleosides. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:6663-71. [PMID: 16140016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Revised: 07/16/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium infections cause the two most important mycobacterioses, leading to increased mortality in patients with AIDS. Various 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridines, uridines, 2'-O-methyluridine, 2'-ribofluoro-2'-deoxyuridines, 3'-substituted-2',3'-dideoxy uridines, 2',3'-dideoxyuridines, and 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxyuridines were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro inhibitory activity against M. bovis and M. avium. 5-(C-1 Substituted)-2'-deoxyuridine derivatives emerged as potent inhibitors of M. avium (MIC90 = 1-5 microg/mL range). The nature of C-5 substituents in the 2'-deoxyuridine series appeared to be a determinant of anti-mycobacterial activity. This new class of inhibitors could serve as useful compounds for the design and study of new anti-tuberculosis agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Johar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 1-71 Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7
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15
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Kang JI, Burdzy A, Liu P, Sowers LC. Synthesis and characterization of oligonucleotides containing 5-chlorocytosine. Chem Res Toxicol 2005; 17:1236-44. [PMID: 15377157 DOI: 10.1021/tx0498962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that reactive chlorine species, derived from myeloperoxidase-mediated inflammation responses, can modify DNA bases, generating 5-chloropyrimidines. The chlorinated adducts could be mutagenic or perturb DNA-protein interactions; however, the biological significance of these adducts is as yet unknown. We report here a method for the synthesis of 5-chlorocytosine- (ClC-) containing oligonucleotides that will be used in subsequent biochemical and biophysical studies to determine the consequences of pyrimidine chlorination. The ClC-phosphoramidite synthon is obtained by chlorination of 2'-deoxyuridine followed by conversion to the O(4)-ethyl analogue. The amino group needed to form the corresponding cytosine derivative is added by displacement of the O(4)-ethyl group during ammonia deprotection. A battery of methods, including mass spectrometry, has been used to characterize oligonucleotides containing ClC. Following oligonucleotide synthesis and deprotection, only trace amounts of the deamination product 5-chlorouracil can be detected by enzymatic cleavage of duplex oligonucleotides with the mispaired uracil glycosylase, MUG. In contrast to previous reports, we find that ClC is more stable in DNA than anticipated. Approximately 20% ClC is lost under standard formic acid hydrolysis conditions (88% formic acid, 140 degrees C, 30 min), while only 5% is recovered as 5-chlorouracil (ClU).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph I Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA
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Oksman P, Hakala H, Zavgorodny S, Polianski M, Azhayev A, van Aerschot A, Herdewijn P, Lönnberg H. Solution conformations and hydrolytic stability of 2′ - and 3′ -substituted 2′,3′-dideoxyribonucleosides, including some potential inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.610051106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Yekeler H. Preferred conformations of some pyrimidine nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2004.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chong Y, Gumina G, Mathew JS, Schinazi RF, Chu CK. l-2',3'-Didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-fluoronucleosides: synthesis, anti-HIV activity, chemical and enzymatic stability, and mechanism of resistance. J Med Chem 2003; 46:3245-56. [PMID: 12852755 DOI: 10.1021/jm0300274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As antiviral nucleosides containing a 2',3'-unsaturated sugar moiety with 2'-fluoro substitution are endowed with increased stabilization of the glycosyl bond, it was of interest to investigate the influence of the fluorine atom at the 3'-position. Various pyrimidine and purine L-3'-fluoro-2',3'-unsaturated nucleosides were synthesized from their precursors, L-3',3'-difluoro-2',3'-dideoxy nucleosides, by elimination of hydrogen fluoride. In the L-3',3'-difluoro-2',3'-dideoxy nucleoside series, cytidine 16 and 5-fluorocytidine 18 analogues showed modest antiviral activity (EC(50) 11.5 and 8.8 microM, respectively) when evaluated against HIV-1 in human peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells. In the 2',3'-unsaturated series, L-3'-fluoro-2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxycytidine 24 and 5-fluorocytidine 26 showed highly potent antiviral activity (EC(50) 0.089 and 0.018 microM, respectively) without significant cytotoxicity. The guanosine analogue 48 showed only marginal anti-HIV activity with some cytotoxicity (EC(50) 38.5 microM, and IC(50) 17.4, 58.4, 36.5 microM in PBM, CEM, and Vero cells, respectively). The cytidine 24 and 5-fluorocytidine 26 analogues, however, showed significantly decreased antiviral activity against the clinically important lamivudine-resistant variants (HIV-1(M184V)). Molecular modeling studies demonstrated that the 3'-fluoro atom of the L-3'-fluoro-2',3'-unsaturated nucleoside is within the hydrogen bonding distance with the amide backbone of Asp185, which favors the binding of the nucleoside triphosphate to the wild-type RT. This favorable binding mode, however, cannot be maintained when the triphosphate of 3'-fluoro 2',3'-unsaturated nucleoside binds to the active site of M184V RT because the bulky side chain of Val184 occupies the space needed for the nucleotide. The biological results suggest that, in addition to the sugar conformation, the base moiety may also play a role in their interaction with the M184V RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhoon Chong
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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19
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Mickle T, Nair V. Anti-human immunodeficiency virus activities of nucleosides and nucleotides: correlation with molecular electrostatic potential data. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:2939-47. [PMID: 11036004 PMCID: PMC101584 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.11.2939-2947.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Examination of the anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) data of some normal and isomeric dideoxynucleosides (ddNs and isoddNs), their three-dimensional (3-D) electron density patterns, their electrostatic potential surfaces (EPS), and their conformational maps reveals some interesting correlations. For example, the EPS of (S,S)-isoddA shows regions of high and low electrostatic potential remarkably similar to those of beta-D-3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (beta-D-AZT), (-)-oxetanocin A, and (-)-carbovir. Such correlations involving EPS data and anti-HIV activity were also found with many other active nucleosides. Conversely, inactive compounds had EPS different from those of compounds in the same series that were active. For example, apio-ddNs, which are inactive against HIV, exhibit clear differences in electrostatic potential and 3-D electron density shape from isoddNs that are active against HIV. Additionally, the inactivity of (S,S)-isoddC and (S,S)-isoddT can be correlated convincingly with a combination of their EPS data and their conformational energy maps. The electrostatic potential distributions of active nucleoside triphosphates show remarkable correlations. For example, (S,S)-isoddATP, AZT triphosphate (AZTTP), and oxetanocin A TP have similar 3-D electron density surface patterns and similar high and low regions of electrostatic potential, which may suggest that these compounds proceed through related mechanisms in their interactions with, and inhibition of, HIV reverse transcriptase (RT). Docking of AZTTP, (S,S)-isoddATP, and other active triphosphates into the active site of HIV RT and calculation of the EPS of both the nucleotide and the active site show that there is excellent matching between inhibitor and enzyme binding site EPS data. The structure-activity profile discovered has contributed to the development of a first predictive quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mickle
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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20
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Chun BK, Schinazi RF, Cheng YC, Chu CK. Synthesis of 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-fluoro-L-ribonucleosides as potential antiviral agents from D-sorbitol. Carbohydr Res 2000; 328:49-59. [PMID: 11005575 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(99)00312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
2',3'-Dideoxy-3'-fluoro-L-ribonucleosides were synthesized as potential antiviral agents. The key intermediate, methyl 5-O-benzoyl-2,3-dideoxy-3-fluoro-L-ribofuranoside, which was prepared from D-sorbitol, was condensed with pyrimidine and purine bases to obtain the respective nucleosides. Among them, the cytosine analogue 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-fluoro-alpha-L-cytidine showed a moderate anti-HBV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Chun
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
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21
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Sharma PK, Nair V. Synthesis of 3'-trifluoromethyl nucleosides as potential antiviral agents. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2000; 19:757-74. [PMID: 10960034 DOI: 10.1080/15257770008035023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1,2-Di-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-3-trifluoromethyl-5-O-benzoyl-beta-D-ribofuranos e was synthesized from the precursor keto sugar by the use of Ruppert's reagent (CF3SiMe3) as the source of a nucleophilic trifluoromethyl group. Coupling of this trifluoromethyl sugar with nucleobases and elaboration gave novel deoxy and dideoxynucleosides. A single crystal X-ray analysis confirmed the structure and stereochemistry. The deoxynucleosides were converted through an elimination reaction to their dideoxydidehydro derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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22
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Pierra C, Imbach JL, De Clercq E, Balzarini J, Van Aerschot A, Herdewijn P, Faraj A, Loi AG, Sommadossi JP, Gosselin G. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of some beta-L-2', 3'-dideoxy-5-chloropyrimidine nucleosides and pronucleotides. Antiviral Res 2000; 45:169-83. [PMID: 10771081 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(00)00069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and in vitro anti human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) activities of some unnatural beta-L-nucleoside enantiomers related to the anti-HIV compound 2', 3'-dideoxy-3'-fluoro-5-chlorouridine (beta-D-3'Fdd5ClU) are reported. In contrast to beta-D-3'Fdd5ClU, beta-L-3'Fdd5ClU and the other L-congeners were devoid of significant anti-HIV effects, but beta-L-2',3'-dideoxy-5-chlorocytidine (beta-L-dd5ClC) and beta-L-2', 3'-dideoxy-3'-fluoro-cytidine (beta-L-3'FddC) showed a distinct anti-HBV activity. Three mononucleoside phosphotriester derivatives with S-pivaloyl-2-thioethyl (t-BuSATE) groups as biolabile phosphate protective groups were also synthesized. The bis(t-BuSATE) derivative of beta-D-3'Fdd5ClU retained anti-HIV activity in thymidine kinase deficient (TK(-)) CEM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pierra
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Biomoléculaire de Synthèse, UMR CNRS 5625, Case Courrier 008, Université Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
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23
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Development and optimization of anti-HIV nucleoside analogs and prodrugs: A review of their cellular pharmacology, structure-activity relationships and pharmacokinetics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1999; 39:117-151. [PMID: 10837771 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(99)00023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Significant improvements in antiviral therapy have been realized over the past 10 years. Numerous nucleoside analogs, as well as prodrugs of active compounds, have been synthesized and tested for anti-HIV activity. In addition to the five nucleoside analogs currently used clinically for the treatment of HIV infection, a broad spectrum of anti-HIV nucleoside analogs (including 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogs, oxathiolanyl 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogs, dioxolanyl 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogs, carbocyclic 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogs and acyclic nucleoside analogs) and their prodrugs (including ester prodrugs, phospholipid prodrugs, dihydropyridine prodrugs, pronucleotides and dinucleotide analogs), targeted at HIV reverse transcriptase, are reviewed with focus on structure-activity relationships, cellular pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Several of these anti-viral agents show promise in the treatment of AIDS.
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24
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Pierra C, Gosselin G, Sommadossi JP, Faraj A, De Clercq E, Balzarini J, Imbach JL. Stereospecific synthesis and antiviral activities of beta-L-2',3'-dideoxy-5-chloropyrimidine nucleoside derivatives. NUCLEOSIDES & NUCLEOTIDES 1999; 18:643-4. [PMID: 10432657 DOI: 10.1080/15257779908041526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Several 5-chlorouracil and 5-chlorocytosine beta-L-dideoxynucleosides were stereospecifically synthesized and their activities against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) were examined in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pierra
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique, UMR CNRS 5625, Université de Montpellier II, France
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25
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Ostrowski T, Wroblowski B, Busson R, Rozenski J, De Clercq E, Bennett MS, Champness JN, Summers WC, Sanderson MR, Herdewijn P. 5-Substituted pyrimidines with a 1,5-anhydro-2, 3-dideoxy-D-arabino-hexitol moiety at N-1: synthesis, antiviral activity, conformational analysis, and interaction with viral thymidine kinase. J Med Chem 1998; 41:4343-53. [PMID: 9784109 DOI: 10.1021/jm980287z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new series of anhydrohexitol nucleosides are described. These compounds have a pyrimidine base moiety substituted in the 5-position with a chloro (1b), trifluoromethyl (1c), vinyl (1d), 2-thienyl (1e), ethynyl (1f) or propynyl (1g) substituent. The vinyl, propynyl, and, in particular, the 5-trifluoromethyl analogue showed potent activity against herpes simplex virus (HSV), 1c with a selectivity index of >16000 against HSV-1 and >1000 against HSV-2. Conformational analysis of anhydrohexitol nucleosides using computational methods indicates that these nucleosides occur in an equilibrium between the C1 and 1C form with a DeltaE of 5.9 kJ/mol. When the anhydrohexitol nucleoside is cocrystallized with the HSV-1 thymidine kinase it adopts a 1C conformation, which is opposite to the conformation found for the small molecule alone. The enzyme, apparently, induces a conformational change, and conformational flexibility of an anhydrohexitol nucleoside may be advantageous for recognition by viral enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ostrowski
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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26
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Hendrix C, Devreese B, Rozenski J, van Aerschot A, De Bruyn A, Van Beeumen J, Herdewijn P. Incorporation of 2'-amido-nucleosides in oligodeoxynucleotides and oligoribonucleotides as a model for 2'-linked conjugates. Nucleic Acids Res 1995; 23:51-7. [PMID: 7870590 PMCID: PMC306629 DOI: 10.1093/nar/23.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionalisation of oligodeoxynucleotides and oligoribonucleotides by incorporation of 2'-amido-2'-deoxyribonucleosides, possibly containing a reporter group via the 2'-amido bond, was examined. Therefore 2'-acetamido-ribonucleosides containing a small methyl group at the 2'-amido bond were synthesized as model compounds. In order to evaluate the influence of this 2'-modification on the hybridization capacities, 2'-acetamido-2'-deoxyuridine was incorporated in both RNA and DNA strands. The suitability of phosphoramidite chemistry for the introduction of this modified nucleoside was proven using laser desorption mass spectrometry of the final oligonucleotide. The presence of the 2'-modification destabilised both RNA-RNA, DNA-DNA and mixed duplexes. Therefore, it can be concluded that the 2'-acetamido group is not a good linker for attachment of reporter groups to oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hendrix
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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27
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Synthesis of novel 3′,4′-seco analogues of didehydro dideoxy nucleosides as potential antiviral agents. Tetrahedron Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)76665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Herdewijn P, De Bruyn A, Wigerinck P, Hendrix C, Kerremans L, Rozenski J, Busson R. Synthesis of 3′-fluoromethylthio-, 3′-fluoromethylsulfinyl- and 3′-fluoromethylsulfonyl-substituted 3′-deoxythymidine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1039/p19940000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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30
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Korba BE, Gerin JL. Use of a standardized cell culture assay to assess activities of nucleoside analogs against hepatitis B virus replication. Antiviral Res 1992; 19:55-70. [PMID: 1444322 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(92)90056-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A cell culture system for the evaluation of compounds which inhibit HBV replication (Korba and Milman, Antiviral Res. 15:217, 1991) has been developed into a standardized assay. Toxicity of test compounds was assessed by the uptake of neutral red dye under culture and treatment conditions which were identical to those used for the antiviral assays. A total of 667 separate cultures of 2.2.15 cells were evaluated for this study. In 86 untreated cell cultures, representing 15 experiments over a 24-month period, the levels of extracellular HBV virion DNA and intracellular HBV DNA forms were found to vary by less than 2.5-fold overall. Virion DNA in serum and intracellular viral DNA replication intermediates [RI] are the two most reliable and commonly followed markers of hepadnavirus replication in patients and experimental animals. In these assays, levels of extracellular HBV virion DNA and intracellular HBV RI were well correlated in 2.2.15 cells. Less correlation was observed between the levels of HBV virion DNA and the 3.2-kb episomal HBV genomes present in the cells. A threshold level of 22-37 intracellular replicating HBV genomes appeared to be required before virions were detected in the culture medium. The activities of several 2'-substituted and 3'-substituted deoxynucleoside analogs against HBV replication were compared using this standardized assay. Dideoxycytosine [ddC] and dideoxyguanosine [ddG] were the most selective 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides against HBV in 2.2.15 cells. Substitution of fluorine at the 2' position abolished the antiviral activity of ddC, but enhanced the selective antiviral activities of dideoxythymidine and dideoxyuracil. Several 2'-fluorinated pyrimidine arabinosyl furanosides, reported to be potent (but toxic) inhibitors of hepadnaviruses in vivo, demonstrated relatively low selective antiviral activities in 2.2.15 cells. The current data base allows for validation of any given set of test evaluations through statistical analysis of both the positive and the negative treatment controls present in each experiment; thus, relevant comparisons of the selectivity of anti-HBV activities for different compounds examined in future experiments can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Korba
- Georgetown University, Division of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Rockville, MD 20852
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31
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Kharchenko EP, Klimenko AP. Problems and prospects of the search for inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase. Pharm Chem J 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00773163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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32
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Nasr M, Cradock J, Johnston MI. Computer-assisted structure-activity correlations of halodideoxynucleoside analogs as potential anti-HIV drugs. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992; 8:135-44. [PMID: 1540402 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1992.8.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the structure-anti-HIV activity correlations of halo dideoxynucleosides (ddN's) in the public domain was accomplished through computer substructure searching, retrieval and sorting of in vitro anti-HIV data. In the survey, selectivity index (ratio of cytotoxicity to the potency in inhibiting HIV replication in vitro) was used to rank compounds in congeneric groups. Factors contributing to the anti-HIV activity, e.g. the nature and location of the halogen on the sugar or the base and its stereochemical configuration, could not be generalized for all the halogenated ddN's. Conclusions were drawn for specific classes within the pyrimidine and purine series, with compounds further divided into halo substitutions at the sugar 2',3',4'-positions or in the pyrimidine or purine ring systems. At the 3'-position, only a fluoro substitution enhanced the activity of the dideoxypyrimidine nucleosides. A 2'-ara fluoro substituent increased the activity of purine ddN's but decreased activity of pyrimidine ddN's. Halogenation of the side chain in acyclic adenine and 2,6-diaminopurine nucleosides improved their anti-HIV activity. Halo substitution at the 6- or 2'-ara position of selected purine ddN's resulted in compounds with increased lipophilicity, chemical stability and retention of anti-HIV activity. The number of halodideoxynucleosides tested as anti-HIV reagents suggested that this class of compounds is well studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nasr
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892
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33
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De Napoli L, Messere A, Montesarchio D, Piccialli G, Santacroce C. Synthesis of 2′,3′-dideoxy-2′,3′-didehydronucleoside analogues as potential anti HIV agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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34
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Kraevskii AA. Search for new drugs for the treatment of HIV infections among nucleosides and nucleotides. II. Pharm Chem J 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00773194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Rosowsky A, Pai NN. Synthesis of the 2′-,3′-Didehydro-2′-,3′-dideoxy and 2′-,3′-Dideoxy Derivatives of 6-Azauridine and a New Route to 2′-,3′-Didehydro-2′-,3′-dideoxy-5-chlorouridine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319108046665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Chapter 14. Antiviral Agents. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)61201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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37
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Harnden MR, Jarvest RL. Pyrrolidine analogues of 2′,3′-dideoxynucleosides: synthesis via 9-aminopurines and 1-aminopyrimidines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1039/p19910002073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Van Aerschot A, Everaert D, Gosselin G, Peeters O, Blaton N, De Ranter C, Imbach JL, Balzarini J, De Clercq E, Herdewijn P. 2'-Azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine: synthesis and crystal structure of a 2'-substituted dideoxynucleoside. Antiviral Res 1990; 14:357-69. [PMID: 2088211 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(90)90054-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1-(2-Azido-2,3-dideoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)thymine (2'-N3ddThd) was synthesized from 1-(5-O-trityl-2,3-anhydro-beta-D-lyxofuranosyl)thymine by two different procedures. Method A prepared the title compound by opening of the oxirane ring with LiEt3BH followed by mesylation of the 2'-hydroxyl function, introduction of the 2'-azido substituent and deblocking of the 5'-function. In method B nucleophilic opening of 3'-deoxy-5'-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-5-methyl-2,2'-anhydrouridine+ ++ was carried out with sodium azide in hexamethylphosphoramide in the presence of benzoic acid. Single X-ray crystallographic studies indicated a solid state conformation (3T2), which was opposite to that of the A form of AZT (2T3) but closely resembled that of 1-(2-fluoro-2,3-dideoxy-beta-D-erythropentofuranosyl)thymine (2'-FddThd) (3T2) and of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxy-2,6-diaminopurine riboside (3'-N3ddDAP) (3T2). Whereas the latter displayed significant inhibitory activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication, 2'-FddThd and 2'-N3ddThd were essentially inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Van Aerschot
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
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