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Pharmacological Aspects of Over-the-Counter Opioid Drugs Misuse. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173905. [PMID: 32867117 PMCID: PMC7504308 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are known to be misused. Among them are opioids such as codeine, dihydrocodeine, and loperamide. This work elucidates their pharmacology, interactions, safety profiles, and how pharmacology is being manipulated to misuse these common medications, with the aim to expand on the subject outlined by the authors focusing on abuse prevention and prevalence rates. The reviewed literature was identified in several online databases through searches conducted with phrases created by combining the international non-proprietary names of the drugs with terms related to drug misuse. The results show that OTC opioids are misused as an alternative for illicit narcotics, or prescription-only opioids. The potency of codeine and loperamide is strongly dependent on the individual enzymatic activity of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, as well as P-glycoprotein function. Codeine can also be utilized as a substrate for clandestine syntheses of more potent drugs of abuse, namely desomorphine (“Krokodil”), and morphine. The dangerous methods used to prepare these substances can result in poisoning from toxic chemicals and impurities originating from the synthesis procedure. OTC opioids are generally safe when consumed in accordance with medical guidelines. However, the intake of supratherapeutic amounts of these substances may reveal surprising traits of common medications.
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2
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Huang S, Zhang X, Liu Y, Gui J, Wang R, Han L, Jia H, Du L. Phosphinate-based mitochondria-targeted fluorescent probe for imaging and detection of endogenous superoxide in live cells and in vivo. Talanta 2019; 197:239-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Abstract
The opioid receptor system plays a major role in the regulation of mood, reward, and pain. The opioid receptors therefore make attractive targets for the treatment of many different conditions, including pain, depression, and addiction. However, stimulation or blockade of any one opioid receptor type often leads to on-target adverse effects that limit the clinical utility of a selective opioid agonist or antagonist. Literature precedent suggests that the opioid receptors do not act in isolation and that interactions among the opioid receptors and between the opioid receptors and other proteins may produce clinically useful targets. Multifunctional ligands have the potential to elicit desired outcomes with reduced adverse effects by allowing for the activation of specific receptor conformations and/or signaling pathways promoted as a result of receptor oligomerization or crosstalk. In this chapter, we describe several classes of multifunctional ligands that interact with at least one opioid receptor. These ligands have been designed for biochemical exploration and the treatment of a wide variety of conditions, including multiple kinds of pain, depression, anxiety, addiction, and gastrointestinal disorders. The structures, pharmacological utility, and therapeutic drawbacks of these classes of ligands are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Anand
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School and the Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Deanna Montgomery
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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4
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Multitarget opioid ligands in pain relief: New players in an old game. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 108:211-228. [PMID: 26656913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Still nowadays pain is one of the most common disabling conditions and yet it remains too often unsolved. Analgesic opioid drugs, and mainly MOR agonists such as morphine, are broadly employed for pain management. MOR activation, however, has been seen to cause not only analgesia but also undesired side effects. A potential pain treatment option is represented by the simultaneous targeting of different opioid receptors. In fact, ligands possessing multitarget capabilities led to an improved pharmacological fingerprint. This review focuses on the examination of multitarget opioid ligands which have been distinguished in peptide and non-peptide and further listed as bivalent and bifunctional ligands. Moreover, the potential of these compounds, both as analgesic drugs and pharmacological tools to explore heteromer receptors, has been stressed.
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5
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Bird MF, Vardanyan RS, Hruby VJ, Calò G, Guerrini R, Salvadori S, Trapella C, McDonald J, Rowbotham DJ, Lambert DG. Development and characterisation of novel fentanyl-delta opioid receptor antagonist based bivalent ligands. Br J Anaesth 2015; 114:646-56. [PMID: 25680364 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeu454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid tolerance is a limiting factor in chronic pain. Delta opioid peptide (DOP)(δ) receptor antagonism has been shown to reduce tolerance. Here, the common clinical mu opioid peptide (MOP)(µ) receptor agonist fentanyl has been linked to the DOP antagonist Dmt-Tic (2',6'-dimethyl-L-tyrosyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid) to create new bivalent compounds. METHODS Binding affinities of bivalents(#9, #10, #11, #12 and #13) were measured in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing recombinant human MOP, DOP, Kappa opioid peptide (KOP)(κ) and nociceptin/orphanin FQ opioid peptide (NOP) receptors. Functional studies, measuring GTPγ[(35)S] or β-arrestin recruitment, were performed in membranes or whole cells respectively expressing MOP and DOP. RESULTS The new bivalents bound to MOP (pKi : #9:7.31; #10:7.58; #11:7.91; #12:7.94; #13:8.03) and DOP (#9:8.03; #10:8.16; #11:8.17; #12:9.67; #13:9.71). In GTPγ[(35)S] functional assays, compounds #9(pEC50:6.74; intrinsic activity:0.05) #10(7.13;0.34) and #11(7.52;0.27) showed weak partial agonist activity at MOP. Compounds #12 and #13, with longer linkers, showed no functional activity at MOP. In antagonist assays at MOP, compounds #9 (pKb:6.87), #10(7.55) #11(7.81) #12(6.91) and #13(7.05) all reversed the effects of fentanyl. At DOP, all compounds showed antagonist affinity (#9:6.85; #10:8.06; #11:8.11; #12:9.42; #13:9.00), reversing the effects of DPDPE ([D-Pen(2,5)]enkephalin). In β-arrestin assays, compared with fentanyl (with response at maximum concentration (RMC):13.62), all compounds showed reduced ability to activate β-arrestin (#9 RMC:1.58; #10:2.72; #11:2.40; #12:1.29; #13:1.58). Compared with fentanyl, the intrinsic activity was: #9:0.12; #10:0.20; #11:0.18; #12:0.09 and #13:0.12. CONCLUSIONS The addition of a linker between fentanyl and Dmt-Tic did not alter the ability to bind to MOP and DOP, however a substantial loss in MOP functional activity was apparent. This highlights the difficulty in multifunctional opioid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Bird
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - R S Vardanyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - V J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - G Calò
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara and Italian Institute of Neuroscience, Ferrara, Italy
| | - R Guerrini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA (Laboratorio per le Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - S Salvadori
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA (Laboratorio per le Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - C Trapella
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA (Laboratorio per le Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - J McDonald
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - D J Rowbotham
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - D G Lambert
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
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Hirayama S, Wada N, Nemoto T, Iwai T, Fujii H, Nagase H. Synthesis and Pharmacology of a Novel κ Opioid Receptor (KOR) Agonist with a 1,3,5-Trioxazatriquinane Skeleton. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:868-72. [PMID: 25147605 DOI: 10.1021/ml5000542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed and synthesized the 1,3,5-trioxazatriquinane derivatives with m-hydroxyphenyl groups. These compounds include the phenethylamine structure within them, which is a common structure observed in morphinan derivatives like morphine. Among the synthesized compounds, (-)-8c with two m-hydroxyphenyl groups selectively bound and exerted full agonist activity toward the κ opioid receptor (KOR). Subcutaneously administered (-)-8c exhibited significant antinociceptive effects via the KOR in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest the emergence of a novel class of KOR agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeto Hirayama
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Naohisa Wada
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Toru Nemoto
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Takashi Iwai
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hideaki Fujii
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagase
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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7
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Sromek AW, Provencher BA, Russell S, Chartoff E, Knapp BI, Bidlack JM, Neumeyer JL. Preliminary pharmacological evaluation of enantiomeric morphinans. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:93-9. [PMID: 24393077 DOI: 10.1021/cn400205z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of levo- and dextromorphinan pairs have been synthesized and evaluated for their affinities to the mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors, the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) channel, and sigma 1 and 2 receptors. It was found that levo isomers tended to have higher affinities at the opioid receptors and moderate to high affinities to the NMDA and sigma receptors, while dextro isomers tended to have lower affinities to the opioid receptors but comparatively higher affinities to the NMDA and sigma receptors. This series of compounds have interesting and complex pharmacological profiles, and merit further investigation as potential therapies for drug abuse treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Brian I. Knapp
- Department
of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Jean M. Bidlack
- Department
of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
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8
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Lee CWS, Ho IK. Pharmacological Profiles of Oligomerized μ-Opioid Receptors. Cells 2013; 2:689-714. [PMID: 24709876 PMCID: PMC3972655 DOI: 10.3390/cells2040689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioids are widely prescribed pain relievers with multiple side effects and potential complications. They produce analgesia via G-protein-protein coupled receptors: μ-, δ-, κ-opioid and opioid receptor-like 1 receptors. Bivalent ligands targeted to the oligomerized opioid receptors might be the key to developing analgesics without undesired side effects and obtaining effective treatment for opioid addicts. In this review we will update the biological effects of μ-opioids on homo- or hetero-oligomerized μ-opioid receptor and discuss potential mechanisms through which bivalent ligands exert beneficial effects, including adenylate cyclase regulation and receptor-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Wei-Sheng Lee
- Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
| | - Ing-Kang Ho
- Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
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9
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Yuan Y, Arnatt CK, El-Hage N, Dever SM, Jacob JC, Selley DE, Hauser KF, Zhang Y. A Bivalent Ligand Targeting the Putative Mu Opioid Receptor and Chemokine Receptor CCR5 Heterodimers: Binding Affinity versus Functional Activities. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013; 4:847-851. [PMID: 23682308 PMCID: PMC3652433 DOI: 10.1039/c3md00080j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Opioid substitution and antiretroviral therapies have steadily increased the life spans of AIDS patients with opioid addiction, while the adverse drug-drug interactions and persistence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders still require new strategies to target opioid abuse and HIV-1 comorbidities. A bivalent ligand 1 with a 21-atom spacer was thus synthesized and explicitly characterized as a novel pharmacological probe to study the underlying mechanism of opioid-enhanced NeuroAIDS. The steric hindrance generated from the spacer affected the binding affinity and Ca2+ flux inhibition function activity of bivalent ligand 1 at the chemokine receptor CCR5 more profoundly than it did at the mu opioid receptor (MOR). However, the CCR5 radioligand binding affinity and the Ca2+ flux inhibition function of the ligand seemed not necessarily to correlate with its antiviral activity given that it was at least two times more potent than maraviroc alone in reducing Tat expression upon HIV-1 infection in human astrocytes. Furthermore, the ligand was also about two times more potent than the simple mixture of maraviroc and naltrexone in the same viral entry inhibition assay. Therefore bivalent ligand 1 seemed to function more effectively by targeting specifically the putative MOR-CCR5 heterodimer in the viral invasion process. The results reported here suggest that a properly designed bivalent ligand may serve as a useful chemical probe to study the potential MOR-CCR5 interaction during the progression of NeuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Yuan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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10
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Sungkaworn T, Jiarpinitnun C, Chaiyakunvat P, Chatsudthipong V. Bivalent angiotensin II suppresses oxidative stress-induced hyper-responsiveness of angiotensin II receptor type I. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:629-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bao X, Liu D, Jin Y, Yang Y. A facile synthesis for novel loperamide analogs as potential μ opioid receptor agonists. Molecules 2012; 17:14288-97. [PMID: 23208464 PMCID: PMC6268526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171214288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile synthesis for novel loperamide analogs as potential μ opioid receptors is described. The synthetic procedure for compound 5, which contains two 4-phenyl piperidine scaffolds, was optimized, and this compound was synthesized in excellent yield. We also describe a mild and highly efficient protocol for the synthesis of compounds 6 and 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Bao
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Nanjing University Science & Technology, Chemical Engineering Building B302, 200 Xiaolinwei, Nanjing 210094, China.
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12
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Teng P, Liu HL, Zhang L, Feng LL, Huai Y, Deng ZS, Sun Y, Xu Q, Li JX. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel sinomenine derivatives as anti-inflammatory agents. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 50:63-74. [PMID: 22325804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sinomenine (1) is clinically available for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), however, its efficacy is quite weak. In the present study, a library of novel sinomenine-based homodimers and monomers through variable-length linkers were designed and synthesized, and their bioactivities were evaluated using RAW264.7 cells and mice. Among the compounds, 2f and 3b possessed much more potent inhibitory effects on the production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) than 1. Preliminary mechanism investigation revealed that 3b inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway specifically, 2f suppressed both NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. Moreover, 3b and 2f significantly alleviated the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mortality. These two compounds might serve as valuable candidates for anti-inflammatory drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
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13
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A DFT and semiempirical model-based study of opioid receptor affinity and selectivity in a group of molecules with a morphine structural core. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2012; 2012:682495. [PMID: 25379287 PMCID: PMC4207423 DOI: 10.1155/2012/682495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the results of a search for model-based relationships between mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptor binding affinity and molecular structure for a group of molecules having in common a morphine structural core. The wave functions and local reactivity indices were obtained at the ZINDO/1 and B3LYP/6-31G∗∗ levels of theory for comparison. New developments in the expression for the drug-receptor interaction energy expression allowed several local atomic reactivity indices to be included, such as local electronic chemical potential, local hardness, and local electrophilicity. These indices, together with a new proposal for the ordering of the independent variables, were incorporated in the statistical study. We found and discussed several statistically significant relationships for mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptor binding affinity at both levels of theory. Some of the new local reactivity indices incorporated in the theory appear in several equations for the first time in the history of model-based equations. Interaction pharmacophores were generated for mu, delta, and kappa receptors. We discuss possible differences regulating binding and selectivity in opioid receptor subtypes. This study, contrarily to the statistically backed ones, is able to provide a microscopic insight of the mechanisms involved in the binding process.
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14
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Purington LC, Sobczyk-Kojiro K, Pogozheva ID, Traynor JR, Mosberg HI. Development and in vitro characterization of a novel bifunctional μ-agonist/δ-antagonist opioid tetrapeptide. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:1375-81. [PMID: 21958158 DOI: 10.1021/cb200263q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of tolerance to and dependence on opioid analgesics greatly reduces their long-term usefulness. Previous studies have demonstrated that co-administration of a μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist and δ-opioid receptor (DOR) antagonist can decrease MOR agonist-induced tolerance and dependence development after chronic exposure. Clinically, a single ligand displaying multiple efficacies (e.g., MOR agonism concurrently with DOR antagonism) would be of increased value over two drugs administered simultaneously. Guided by modeling of receptor-ligand complexes we have developed a series of potent non-selective opioid tetrapeptides that have differing efficacy at MOR and DOR. In particular, our lead peptide (KSK-103) binds with equal affinity to MOR and DOR but acts as a MOR agonist with similar efficacy but greater potency than morphine and a DOR antagonist in cellular assays measuring both G protein stimulation and adenylyl cyclase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C. Purington
- Medical School and College of Pharmacy, Departments of †Pharmacology and ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Substance Abuse Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Katarzyna Sobczyk-Kojiro
- Medical School and College of Pharmacy, Departments of †Pharmacology and ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Substance Abuse Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Irina D. Pogozheva
- Medical School and College of Pharmacy, Departments of †Pharmacology and ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Substance Abuse Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - John R. Traynor
- Medical School and College of Pharmacy, Departments of †Pharmacology and ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Substance Abuse Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Henry I. Mosberg
- Medical School and College of Pharmacy, Departments of †Pharmacology and ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Substance Abuse Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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15
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Huber D, Löber S, Hübner H, Gmeiner P. Bivalent molecular probes for dopamine D2-like receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 20:455-66. [PMID: 22100258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Merging two arylamidoalkyl substituted phenylpiperazines as prototypical recognition elements for dopamine D(2)-like receptors by oligoethylene glycol linkers led to a series of bivalent ligands. These dimers were investigated in comparison to their monomeric analogues for their dopamine D(2long), D(2short), D(3) and D(4) receptor binding. Radioligand binding experiments revealed strong bivalent effects for some para-substituted benzamide derivatives. For the D(3) subtype, the target compounds 32, 34 and 36 showed an up to 70-fold increase of affinity and a substantial enhancement of subtype selectivity when compared to the monovalent analogue 24. Analysis of the binding curves displayed Hill slopes very close to one indicating that the bivalent ligands displace 1equiv of radioligand. Obviously, the two pharmacophores occupy an orthosteric and an allosteric binding site rather than adopting a receptor-bridging binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Koschatzky S, Tschammer N, Gmeiner P. Cross-receptor interactions between dopamine D2L and neurotensin NTS1 receptors modulate binding affinities of dopaminergics. ACS Chem Neurosci 2011; 2:308-16. [PMID: 22778874 DOI: 10.1021/cn200020y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic systems have been described to functionally interact with the neuromodulatory peptide neurotensin. Employing fluorescence detected coimmunoprecipitation and radioligand binding experiments, we herein demonstrate that coexpression of dopamine D(2L) receptor and the neurotensin receptor subtype NTS(1) leads to physical interaction and the formation of heteromers in transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells. In this in vitro system, a trans-inhibitory effect on the agonist binding affinity of D(2) was observed in presence of neurotensin. To correlate between the functional properties of dopaminergic agents and the magnitude of neurotensin-induced modulation of D(2L) binding affinities in cells coexpressing D(2L) and NTS(1), a structurally diverse set of dopamine receptor agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists was tested. Ligand specific profiles indicating substantial bias between ligand efficacy and transmodulation were discovered, suggesting a heteromerization-based functional selectivity. In the presence of neurotensin, the novel D(2) agonist FAUC 326 displayed a 34-fold decrease of binding affinity in cells coexpressing D(2L) and NTS(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Koschatzky
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, D- 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nuska Tschammer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, D- 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, D- 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Abstract
Twin and triplet drugs are defined as compounds that contain respectively two and three pharmacophore components exerting pharmacological effects in a molecule. The twin drug bearing the same pharmacophores is a "symmetrical twin drug", whereas that possessing different pharmacophores is a "nonsymmetrical twin drug." In general, the symmetrical twin drug is expected to produce more potent and/or selective pharmacological effects, whereas the nonsymmetrical twin drug is anticipated to show both pharmacological activities stemming from the individual pharmacophores (dual action). On the other hand, nonsymmetrical triplet drugs, which have two of the same pharmacophores and one different moiety, are expected to elicit both increased pharmacological action and dual action. The two identical portions could bind the same receptor sites simultaneously while the third portion could bind a different receptor site or enzyme. This review will mainly focus on the twin and triplet drugs with an evaluation of their in vivo pharmacological effects, and will also include a description of their pharmacology and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Fujii
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
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18
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Zhang B, Zhang T, Sromek AW, Scrimale T, Bidlack JM, Neumeyer JL. Synthesis and binding affinity of novel mono- and bivalent morphinan ligands for κ, μ, and δ opioid receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2808-16. [PMID: 21482470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of homo- and heterodimeric ligands containing κ/μ agonist and μ agonist/antagonist pharmacophores joined by a 10-carbon ester linker chain were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro binding affinity at κ, μ, and δ opioid receptors, and their functional activities were determined at κ and μ receptors in [(35)S]GTPγS functional assays. Most of these compounds had high binding affinity at μ and κ receptors (K(i) values less than 1nM). Compound 15b, which contains butorphan (1) at one end of linking chain and butorphanol (5) at the other end, was the most potent ligand in this series with binding affinity K(i) values of 0.089nM at the μ receptor and 0.073nM at the κ receptor. All of the morphinan-derived ligands were found to be partial κ and μ agonists; ATPM-derived ligands 12 and 11 were found to be full κ agonists and partial μ agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Alcohol & Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478-9106, USA
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19
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Balboni G, Salvadori S, Marczak ED, Knapp BI, Bidlack JM, Lazarus LH, Peng X, Si YG, Neumeyer JL. Opioid bifunctional ligands from morphine and the opioid pharmacophore Dmt-Tic. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 46:799-803. [PMID: 21216504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bifunctional ligands containing an ester linkage between morphine and the δ-selective pharmacophore Dmt-Tic were synthesized, and their binding affinity and functional bioactivity at the μ, δ and κ opioid receptors determined. Bifunctional ligands containing or not a spacer of β-alanine between the two pharmacophores lose the μ agonism deriving from morphine becoming partial μ agonists 4 or μ antagonists 5. Partial κ agonism is evidenced only for compound 4. Finally, both compounds showed potent δ antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Balboni
- Department of Toxicology, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy.
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20
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Zhang Y, Gilliam A, Maitra R, Damaj MI, Tajuba JM, Seltzman HH, Thomas BF. Synthesis and biological evaluation of bivalent ligands for the cannabinoid 1 receptor. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7048-60. [PMID: 20845959 DOI: 10.1021/jm1006676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dimerization or oligomerization of many G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including the cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor, is now widely accepted and may have significant implications for medications development targeting these receptor complexes. A library of bivalent ligands composed of two identical CB1 antagonist pharmacophores derived from SR141716 linked by spacers of various lengths were developed. The affinities of these bivalent ligands at CB1 and CB2 receptors were determined using radiolabeled binding assays. Their functional activities were measured using GTP-γ-S accumulation and intracellular calcium mobilization assays. The results suggest that the nature of the linker and its length are crucial factors for optimum interactions of these ligands at CB1 receptor binding sites. Finally, selected bivalent ligands (5d and 7b) were able to attenuate the antinociceptive effects of the cannabinoid agonist CP55,940 (21) in a rodent tail-flick assay. These novel compounds may serve as probes that will enable further characterization of CB1 receptor dimerization and oligomerization and its functional significance and may prove useful in the development of new therapeutic approaches to G-protein-coupled receptor mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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21
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Carroll AR, Arumugan T, Redburn J, Ngo A, Guymer GP, Forster PI, Quinn RJ. Hasubanan alkaloids with delta-opioid binding affinity from the aerial parts of Stephania japonica. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:988-991. [PMID: 20426456 DOI: 10.1021/np100009j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Two new (1 and 2) and six known hasubanan alkaloids (3-8) and one morphinane alkaloid (9) were isolated from the leaves of the North Queensland rainforest vine Stephania japonica. The structures of 1 and 2 were determined by interpretation of their 1D and 2D NMR spectra. The hasubanan alkaloids showed affinity for the human delta-opioid receptor with IC(50) values ranging from 0.7 to 46 microM. The compounds were also tested for their affinity to micro- and kappa-opioid receptors and shown to be inactive against kappa-opioid receptors, but were of similar potency against the micro-opioid receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Carroll
- Eskitis Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
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22
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Hupp CD, Neumeyer JL. Rapid access to morphinones: removal of 4, 5-ether bridge with Pd-catalyzed triflate reduction. Tetrahedron Lett 2010; 51:2359-2361. [PMID: 20495617 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.02.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new synthetic method for the removal of the 4, 5-bridged ether moiety of several opioids has been developed. This process offers a faster, simpler synthetic route to obtain the morphinone scaffold in high yields without the need for protection of the ketone moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Hupp
- Medicinal Chemistry Program, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478
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23
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Decker M, Si YG, Knapp BI, Bidlack JM, Neumeyer JL. Synthesis and opioid receptor binding affinities of 2-substituted and 3-aminomorphinans: ligands for mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:402-18. [PMID: 19928862 PMCID: PMC2814335 DOI: 10.1021/jm9013482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The phenolic group of the potent mu and kappa opioid morphinan agonist/antagonists cyclorphan and butorphan was replaced by phenylamino and benzylamino groups including compounds with para-substituents in the benzene ring. These compounds are highly potent mu and kappa ligands, e.g., p-methoxyphenylaminocyclorphan showing a K(i) of 0.026 nM at the mu receptor and a K(i) of 0.03 nM at the kappa receptor. Phenyl carbamates and phenylureas were synthesized and investigated. Selective o-formylation of butorphan and levorphanol was achieved. This reaction opened the way to a large set of 2-substituted 3-hydroxymorphinans, including 2-hydroxymethyl-, 2-aminomethyl-, and N-substituted 2-aminomethyl-3-hydroxymorphinans. Bivalent ligands bridged in the 2-position were also synthesized and connected with secondary and tertiary aminomethyl groups, amide bonds, and hydroxymethylene groups, respectively. Although most of the 2-substituted morphinans showed considerably lower affinities compared to their parent compounds, the bivalent ligand approach led to significantly higher affinities compared to the univalent 2-substituted morphinans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Decker
- Alcohol & Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478-9106 USA
| | - Yu-Gui Si
- Alcohol & Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478-9106 USA
| | - Brian I. Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jean M. Bidlack
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - John L. Neumeyer
- Alcohol & Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478-9106 USA
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24
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Decker M, Fulton BS, Zhang B, Knapp BI, Bidlack JM, Neumeyer JL. Univalent and bivalent ligands of butorphan: characteristics of the linking chain determine the affinity and potency of such opioid ligands. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7389-96. [PMID: 19634902 DOI: 10.1021/jm900379p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bivalent morphinan compounds containing ester linkers were synthesized and their binding affinities at the mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors determined. Addition of methyl groups adjacent to the hydrolytically labile ester linkage increased stability while only partially affecting binding affinity. The resulting bivalent ligands with optimized spacer length and structure show potent binding profiles with the most potent compound (4b), having K(i) values of 0.47 nM for both the mu and kappa opioid receptors, and 4a, having K(i) values of 0.95 and 0.62 nM for the mu and kappa receptors, respectively. Both 4a and 4b were partial agonists at the kappa and micro receptors in the [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Decker
- Alcohol & Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478-9106, USA.
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25
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a bivalent μ opiate and adenosine A1 receptor antagonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6736-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.09.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Bushlin I, Rozenfeld R, Devi LA. Cannabinoid-opioid interactions during neuropathic pain and analgesia. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2009; 10:80-6. [PMID: 19857996 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Opiates and exogenous cannabinoids, both potent analgesics used for the treatment of patients with neuropathic pain, bind to and activate class A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Several lines of evidence have recently suggested that opioid and cannabinoid receptors can functionally interact in the central nervous system (CNS). These interactions may be direct, such as through receptor heteromerization, or indirect, such as through signaling cross-talk that includes agonist-mediated release and/or synthesis of endogenous ligands that can activate downstream receptors. Interactions between opioid and cannabinoid receptors may mediate many of the behavioral phenomena associated with the use of these drugs, including the production of acute antinociception and the development of tolerance and cross-tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of opioid and cannabinoid-specific ligands. This review summarizes behavioral, anatomical, and molecular data characterizing these interactions during the development of neuropathic pain and during antinociceptive treatment with these drugs alone or in combination. These studies are critical for understanding how the receptor systems involved in pain relief are altered during acute or chronic pain, and for designing better antinociceptive drug therapies, such as the combined use of opioid and cannabinoid receptor agonists or selective activation of receptor heteromers, that directly target the altered neurophysiology of patients experiencing pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ittai Bushlin
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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27
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van Rijn RM, Whistler JL, Waldhoer M. Opioid-receptor-heteromer-specific trafficking and pharmacology. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2009; 10:73-9. [PMID: 19846340 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Homomerization and heteromerization of 7 transmembrane spanning (7TM)/G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been an important field of study. Whereas initial studies were performed in artificial cell systems, recent publications are shifting the focus to the in vivo relevance of heteromerization. This is especially apparent for the field of opioid receptors. Drugs have been identified that selectively target opioid heteromers of the delta-opioid receptor with the kappa and the mu-opioid receptors that influence nociception and ethanol consumption, respectively. In addition, in several cases, the specific physiological response produced by the heteromer may be directly attributed to a difference in receptor trafficking properties of the heteromers compared with their homomeric counterparts. This review attempts to highlight some of the latest developments with regard to opioid receptor heteromer trafficking and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M van Rijn
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Department of Neurology, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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28
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Deb I, Paira P, Hazra A, Banerjee S, Dutta PK, Mondal NB, Das S. Synthesis and characterizations of novel quinoline derivatives having mixed ligand activities at the κ and μ receptors: Potential therapeutic efficacy against morphine dependence. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5782-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2009] [Revised: 07/11/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Dietis N, Guerrini R, Calo G, Salvadori S, Rowbotham D, Lambert D. Simultaneous targeting of multiple opioid receptors: a strategy to improve side-effect profile. Br J Anaesth 2009; 103:38-49. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aep129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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30
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Schiller PW. Bi- or multifunctional opioid peptide drugs. Life Sci 2009; 86:598-603. [PMID: 19285088 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Strategies for the design of bi- or multifunctional drugs are reviewed. A distinction is made between bifunctional drugs interacting in a monovalent fashion with two targets and ligands containing two distinct pharmacophores binding in a bivalent mode to the two binding sites in a receptor heterodimer. Arguments are presented to indicate that some of the so-called "bivalent" ligands reported in the literature are unlikely to simultaneously interact with two binding sites. Aspects related to the development of bi- or multifunctional drugs are illustrated with examples from the field of opioid analgesics. The drug-like properties of the tetrapeptide Dmt(1)[DALDA] with triple action as a micro opioid agonist, norepinephrine uptake inhibitor and releaser of endogenous opioid peptides to produce potent spinal analgesia are reviewed. Rationales for the development of opioid peptides with mixed agonist/antagonist profiles as analgesics with reduced side effects are presented. Progress in the development of mixed micro opioid agonist/delta opioid antagonists with low propensity to produce tolerance and physical dependence is reviewed. Efforts to develop bifunctional peptides containing a micro opioid agonist and a cholecystokinin antagonist or an NK1 receptor antagonist as analgesics expected to produce less tolerance and dependence are also reviewed. A strategy to improve the drug-like properties of bifunctional opioid peptide analgesics is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Schiller
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7.
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31
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Fulton BS, Knapp BI, Bidlack JM, Neumeyer JL. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of hydrophobic esters and ethers of butorphanol at opioid receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4474-6. [PMID: 18674902 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized several hydrophobic esters and ethers of butorphanol and assessed their affinities at opioid receptors in CHO cell membranes. Tested compounds displayed moderate to high affinities to the mu and kappa receptors. The findings accord with previous evidence of a lipophilic binding pocket in the opioid receptors that can be accessed to afford good binding affinity without the need for a phenolic hydrogen-bond donor group. The most potent (K(i)=61 pM at mu and 48 pM at kappa) novel agent was (-)-N-cyclobutylmethylmorphinan-3-yl-14-ol phenoxyacetate (4d).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Fulton
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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32
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Mathews JL, Fulton BS, Negus SS, Neumeyer JL, Bidlack JM. In vivo characterization of (-)(-)MCL-144 and (+)(-)MCL-193: isomeric, bivalent ligands with mu/kappa agonist properties. Neurochem Res 2008; 33:2142-50. [PMID: 18528756 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9752-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Once opioid receptor dimers were postulated, a goal has been to synthesize and screen novel opioids, with the hope of furthering our knowledge of the structure-activity relationship of opioid ligands with the opioid receptors. The aim of the current study was to address whether two isomeric bivalent ligands would have pharmacological differences after central administration, in vivo. The two compounds, (-) bis(N-cyclobutylmethyl-morphinan-3-yl) sebacoylate dihydrochloride (MCL-144) and 1-((+)N-cyclobutylmethylmorphinan-3-yl)-10-((-) N-cyclobutylmethylmorphinan-3-yl)sebacolyate (MCL-193) are each linked by a 10-carbon chain ester. The active (-) enantiomer for both ligands is 3-hydroxy-N-cyclobutylmethyl morphinan ((-)MCL-101), a N-cyclobutylmethyl analogue of cyclorphan (J Med Chem 43:114-122, 2000). MCL-144 contains two active levo rotatory (-)(-) pharmacophores, while MCL-193 contains one active (-) and one inactive (+) pharmacophore of MCL-101. In vitro analysis demonstrated that all three compounds, (-)(-)MCL-144, (+)(-)MCL-193 and (-)MCL-101 were kappa agonists and mu partial agonists. (-)(-)MCL-144 and (-)MCL-101 had much higher affinity for both the mu and kappa opioid receptors compared to (+)(-)MCL-193. In vivo, (-)(-)MCL-144 and (+)(-)MCL-193 produced full dose-response curves, in the 55 degrees C tail-flick test, with each compound having an ED(50) value of 3.0 nmol after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration. The analgesic properties of both compounds were antagonized by the mu-selective antagonist, beta-funaltrexamine and the kappa-selective antagonist nor-binaltorphimine. Concomitant, i.c.v., administration of either (-)(-)MCL-144 or (+)(-)MCL-193 with morphine, did not significantly antagonize morphine-induced antinociception at any dose tested. In antinociceptive tests, (-)(-)MCL-144 and (+)(-)MCL-193 had the same pharmacological properties, demonstrating that having two active pharmacophores separated by a 10-carbon spacer group did not increase the antinociceptive efficacy of the compound. Additionally, it was also of interest to compare (-)(-)MCL-145 and (-)(-)MCL-144, as the only difference between these bivalent ligands is the spacer region connecting the two pharmacophores, yet (-)(-)MCL-145 produced an ED(50) value 10-fold lower than (-)(-)MCL-144 (ED(50) values = 0.3 nmol and 3.0 nmol, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Mathews
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, P.O. Box 711, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY, 14642-8711, USA
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33
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Abstract
This paper is the 29th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, now spanning 30 years of research. It summarizes papers published during 2006 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurological disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Salvadori S, Trapella C, Fiorini S, Negri L, Lattanzi R, Bryant SD, Jinsmaa Y, Lazarus LH, Balboni G. A new opioid designed multiple ligand derived from the micro opioid agonist endomorphin-2 and the delta opioid antagonist pharmacophore Dmt-Tic. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:6876-81. [PMID: 17851080 PMCID: PMC2084217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Opioid compounds with mixed micro agonist/delta antagonist properties could be used as analgesics with low propensity to induce tolerance and dependence. Here we report the synthesis of a new designed multiple ligand deriving from the micro selective agonist endomorphin-2 and the delta selective antagonist pharmacophore Dmt-Tic. As predicted, the resulting bivalent ligand showed a micro agonist/delta antagonist profile deriving from the corresponding activities of each pharmacophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severo Salvadori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudio Trapella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stella Fiorini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lucia Negri
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, University La Sapienza, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Lattanzi
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, University La Sapienza, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sharon D. Bryant
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yunden Jinsmaa
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Lawrence H. Lazarus
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Gianfranco Balboni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Toxicology, University of Cagliari, I-09126 Cagliari, Italy
- *Corresponding author. Tel.: +39-532-291-275; fax: +39-532-291-296; e-mail address: ;
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35
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Bonger KM, van den Berg RJBHN, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP, Oosterom J, Timmers CM, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA. Synthesis and evaluation of homo-bivalent GnRHR ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4841-56. [PMID: 17517510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important drug targets in pharmaceutical research. Traditionally, most research efforts have been devoted towards the design of small molecule agonists and antagonists. An interesting, yet poorly investigated class of GPCR modulators comprise the bivalent ligands, in which two receptor pharmacophores are incorporated. Here, we set out to develop a general strategy for the synthesis of bivalent compounds that are projected to bind to the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR). Our results on the dimerisation of a known GnRHR antagonist, with as key step the Huisgen 1,3-cycloaddition, and their ability to bind to and antagonize GnRH-induced GnRHR stimulation, are presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Bonger
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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36
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Peng X, Knapp BI, Bidlack JM, Neumeyer JL. Pharmacological properties of bivalent ligands containing butorphan linked to nalbuphine, naltrexone, and naloxone at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. J Med Chem 2007; 50:2254-8. [PMID: 17407276 PMCID: PMC3357624 DOI: 10.1021/jm061327z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Our investigation of bivalent ligands at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors is focused on the preparation of ligands containing kappa agonist and mu agonist/antagonist pharmacophores at one end joined by a chain containing the mu antagonist pharmacophores (naltrexone, naloxone, or nalbuphine) at the other end. These ligands were evaluated in vitro by their binding affinity at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors and their relative efficacy in the [35S]GTPgammaS assay.
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MESH Headings
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/pharmacology
- Animals
- CHO Cells
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/pharmacology
- Humans
- Ligands
- Morphinans/chemical synthesis
- Morphinans/chemistry
- Morphinans/pharmacology
- Nalbuphine/analogs & derivatives
- Nalbuphine/chemical synthesis
- Nalbuphine/pharmacology
- Naloxone/analogs & derivatives
- Naloxone/chemical synthesis
- Naloxone/pharmacology
- Naltrexone/analogs & derivatives
- Naltrexone/chemical synthesis
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Radioligand Assay
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/drug effects
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John L. Neumeyer
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: 617-855-3388. Fax: 617-855-2519.
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37
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Milligan G. G protein-coupled receptor dimerisation: Molecular basis and relevance to function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1768:825-35. [PMID: 17069751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The belief that G protein-coupled receptors exist and function as monomeric, non-interacting species has been largely supplanted in recent years by evidence, derived from a range of approaches, that indicate they can form dimers and/or higher-order oligomeric complexes. Key roles for receptor homo-dimerisation include effective quality control of protein folding prior to plasma membrane delivery and interactions with hetero-trimeric G proteins. Growing evidence has also indicated the potential for many co-expressed G protein-coupled receptors to form hetero-dimers/oligomers. The relevance of this to physiology and function is only beginning to be unravelled but may offer great potential for more selective therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Milligan
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
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38
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Di Giacomo B, Bedini A, Spadoni G, Tarzia G, Fraschini F, Pannacci M, Lucini V. Synthesis and biological activity of new melatonin dimeric derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4643-50. [PMID: 17481904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new series of melatonin (MLT) dimers were obtained by linking together two melatonin units with a linear alkyl chain through the MLT acetamido group or through a C-2 carboxyalkyl function. The binding properties of these ligands were evaluated in in vivo experiments on cloned human MT(1) and MT(2) receptors expressed in NIH3T3 rat fibroblast cells. The class of 2-carboxyalkyl dimers was the most interesting one with compounds having good MT(1)/MT(2) nanomolar affinity. The data obtained suggest that the spacer length is crucial for optimal interaction at both receptor subtypes as well as to determine functional activity of the resulting dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Di Giacomo
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
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39
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Further studies on the effect of lysine at the C-terminus of the Dmt-Tic opioid pharmacophore. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:3143-51. [PMID: 17339114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of activities are induced by Lys when introduced at C-terminus of the delta-opioid Dmt-Tic pharmacophore through the alpha-amine group, including: improved delta-antagonism, mu-agonism and mu-antagonism. Here we report the synthesis of a new series of compounds with the general formula H-Dmt-Tic-NH-(CH(2))(4)-CH(R)-R' (R=-NH(2), -NH-Ac, -NH-Z; R'=CO-NH-Ph, -CO-NH-CH(2)-Ph, -Bid) in which Lys is linked to Dmt-Tic through its side-chain amine group. All new compounds (1-9) displayed potent and selective delta-antagonism (MVD, pA(2)=7.81-8.27), which was independent of the functionalized alpha-amine and carboxylic groups of C-terminal Lys. This behaviour suggests a direct application as a prototype intermediate, such as Boc-Dmt-Tic-epsilon-Lys(Z)-OMe, which could be successfully applied in the synthesis (after Z or methyl ester removal) of unique designed multiple ligands containing the pharmacophore of the quintessential delta-antagonist Dmt-Tic and another opioid or biologically active non-opioid ligand.
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40
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Peng X, Knapp BI, M.Bidlack J, Neumeyer JL. High-affinity carbamate analogues of morphinan at opioid receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1508-11. [PMID: 17276685 PMCID: PMC1853345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 01/01/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of carbamate analogues were synthesized from levorphanol (1a), cyclorphan (2a) or butorphan (3a) and evaluated in vitro for their binding affinity at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. Functional activities of these compounds were measured in the [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding assay. Phenyl carbamate derivatives 2d and 3d showed the highest binding affinity for kappa receptor (K(i)=0.046 and 0.051 nM) and for mu receptor (K(i)=0.11 and 0.12 nM). Compound 1c showed the highest mu selectivity. The preliminary assay for agonist and antagonist properties of these ligands in stimulating [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding mediated by the kappa opioid receptor illustrated that all of these ligands were kappa agonists. At the mu receptor, compounds 1b, 1c, 2b, and 3b were agonists, while compounds 2c-e and 3c-e were mu agonists/antagonists.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive/drug effects
- CHO Cells
- Carbamates/chemical synthesis
- Carbamates/pharmacology
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/metabolism
- Ligands
- Morphinans/chemical synthesis
- Morphinans/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists
- Receptors, Opioid/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Peng
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478
| | - Brian I. Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Jean M.Bidlack
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - John L. Neumeyer
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478
- * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 6178553388; fax: +16718552519; E-mail:
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41
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Neumeyer JL, Peng X, Knapp BI, Bidlack JM, Lazarus LH, Salvadori S, Trapella C, Balboni G. New opioid designed multiple ligand from Dmt-Tic and morphinan pharmacophores. J Med Chem 2006; 49:5640-3. [PMID: 16942040 PMCID: PMC2435260 DOI: 10.1021/jm0605785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the synthesis of a designed multi-pharmacophore ligand derived from the linkage of a delta selective peptide antagonist (Dmt-Tic) and a mu/kappa morphinan agonist butorphan (MCL 101) through a two methylene spacer. The new compound MCL 450 maintains the same characteristics as those the two reference compounds. MCL 450 represents a useful starting point for the synthesis of other multiple opioid ligands endowed with analgesic properties with low tolerance and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Neumeyer
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA
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42
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Lee Y, Sampson NS. Romping the cellular landscape: linear scaffolds for molecular recognition. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2006; 16:544-50. [PMID: 16781140 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2006.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2006] [Revised: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Multivalent molecules with a precise array of recognition elements that interact with specific cell types are important for characterizing the topology of molecules on a cell surface. Applications ranging from the control of cellular signaling to drug delivery and tissue imaging rely on these surface-mapping molecules. Linear polymers provide a molecular scaffold that is advantageous for these types of applications and their synthesis can be amenable to the introduction of different recognition elements. Recently, advances have been made in the development of synthetic approaches for preparing linear polymeric substrates with highly controlled lengths and recognition element spacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younjoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
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