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Irfan I, Uddin A, Jain R, Gupta A, Gupta S, Napoleon JV, Hussain A, Alajmi MF, Joshi MC, Hasan P, Kumar P, Abid M, Singh S. Biological evaluation of novel side chain containing CQTrICh-analogs as antimalarials and their development as PfCDPK1 kinase inhibitors. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25077. [PMID: 38327451 PMCID: PMC10847618 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of resistance to existing frontline antimalarial drugs emphasizes a need for the development of target-oriented molecules with novel modes of action. Given the importance of a plant-like Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase 1 (PfCDPK1) as a stand-alone multistage signalling regulator of P. falciparum, we designed and synthesized 7-chloroquinoline-indole-chalcones tethered with a triazole (CQTrICh-analogs 7 (a-s) and 9) directed towards PfCDPK1. This was accomplished by reacting substituted 1-phenyl-3-(1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1H-indol-3-yl) prop-2-en-1-one and 1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde with 4-azido-7-chloroquinoline, respectively via a 'click' reaction. The selected CQTrICh-analogs: 7l and 7r inhibited the growth of chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 strain and -resistant RKL-9 isolate of Plasmodium falciparum, with IC50 values of 2.4 μM & 1.8 μM (7l), and 3.5 μM & 2.7 μM (7r), respectively, and showed no apparent hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. Intra-erythrocytic progression studies revealed that the active hybrids: 7l and 7r are effective against the mature stages of the parasite. 7l and 7r were found to stably interact with the catalytically active ATP-binding pocket of PfCDPK1 via energetically favourable H-bonds. The interaction was confirmed in vitro by microscale thermophoresis and kinase assays, which demonstrated that the active hybrids interact with PfCDPK1 and inhibit its kinase activity which is presumably responsible for the parasite growth inhibition. Interestingly, 7l and 7r showed no inhibitory effect on the human kinases, indicating their selectivity for the parasite kinase. We report the antiplasmodial potential of novel kinase-targeting bio-conjugates, a step towards developing pan-kinase inhibitors which is a prerequisite for multistage anti-malarial protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Irfan
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Amad Uddin
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ravi Jain
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Aashima Gupta
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sonal Gupta
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed F. Alajmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mukesh C. Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Phool Hasan
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Purnendu Kumar
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Okombo J, Kumar M, Redhi D, Wicht KJ, Wiesner L, Egan TJ, Chibale K. Pyrido-Dibemequine Metabolites Exhibit Improved Druglike Features, Inhibit Hemozoin Formation in Plasmodium falciparum, and Synergize with Clinical Antimalarials. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:653-667. [PMID: 36802523 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Structural modification of existing chemical scaffolds to afford new molecules able to circumvent drug resistance constitutes one of the rational approaches to antimalarial drug discovery. Previously synthesized compounds based on the 4-aminoquinoline core hybridized with a chemosensitizing dibenzylmethylamine side group showed in vivo efficacy in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice despite low microsomal metabolic stability, suggesting a contribution from their pharmacologically active metabolites. Here, we report on a series of these dibemequine (DBQ) metabolites with low resistance indices against chloroquine-resistant parasites and improved metabolic stability in liver microsomes. The metabolites also exhibit improved pharmacological properties including lower lipophilicity, cytotoxicity, and hERG channel inhibition. Using cellular heme fractionation experiments, we also demonstrate that these derivatives inhibit hemozoin formation by causing a buildup of toxic "free" heme in a similar manner to chloroquine. Finally, assessment of drug interactions also revealed synergy between these derivatives and several clinically relevant antimalarials, thus highlighting their potential interest for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Okombo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Malkeet Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Devasha Redhi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kathryn J Wicht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Holistic Drug Discovery and Development (H3D) Centre, Rondebosch, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Holistic Drug Discovery and Development (H3D) Centre, Rondebosch, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
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Nikpassand M, Aghazadeh B. Synthesis of Novel bis(1,2-Dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-oxoquinolin-3-yl)methanes using DSDABCOC as an Effective Medium. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2021.2008745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Behnaz Aghazadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
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Abstract
Over the last century, malaria deaths have decreased by more than 85%. Nonetheless, there were 405 000 deaths in 2018, mostly resulting from Plasmodium falciparum infection. In the 21st century, much of the advance has arisen from the deployment of insecticide-treated bed nets and artemisinin combination therapy. However, over the past few decades parasites with a delayed artemisinin clearance phenotype have appeared in Southeast Asia, threatening further gains. The effort to find new drugs is thus urgent. A prominent process in blood stage malaria parasites, which we contend remains a viable drug target, is hemozoin formation. This crystalline material consisting of heme can be readily seen when parasites are viewed microscopically. The process of its formation in the parasite, however, is still not fully understood.In early work, we recognized hemozoin formation as a biomineralization process. We have subsequently investigated the kinetics of synthetic hemozoin (β-hematin) crystallization catalyzed at lipid-aqueous interfaces under biomimetic conditions. This led us to the use of neutral detergent-based high-throughput screening (HTS) for inhibitors of β-hematin formation. A good hit rate against malaria parasites was obtained. Simultaneously, we developed a pyridine-based assay which proved successful in measuring the concentrations of hematin not converted to β-hematin.The pyridine assay was adapted to determine the effects of chloroquine and other clinical antimalarials on hemozoin formation in the cell. This permitted the determination of the dose-dependent amounts of exchangeable heme and hemozoin in P. falciparum for the first time. These studies have shown that hemozoin inhibitors cause a dose-dependent increase in exchangeable heme, correlated with decreased parasite survival. Electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) showed a relocation of heme iron into the parasite cytoplasm, while electron microscopy provided evidence of the disruption of hemozoin crystals. This cellular assay was subsequently extended to top-ranked hits from a wide range of scaffolds found by HTS. Intriguingly, the amounts of exchangeable heme at the parasite growth IC50 values of these scaffolds showed substantial variation. The amount of exchangeable heme was found to be correlated with the amount of inhibitor accumulated in the parasitized red blood cell. This suggests that heme-inhibitor complexes, rather than free heme, lead to parasite death. This was supported by ESI using a Br-containing compound which showed the colocalization of Fe and Br as well as by confocal Raman microscopy which confirmed the presence of a complex in the parasite. Current evidence indicates that inhibitors block hemozoin formation by surface adsorption. Indeed, we have successfully introduced molecular docking with hemozoin to find new inhibitors. It follows that the resulting increase in free heme leads to the formation of the parasiticidal heme-inhibitor complex. We have reported crystal structures of heme-drug complexes for several aryl methanol antimalarials in nonaqueous media. These form coordination complexes but most other inhibitors interact noncovalently, and the determination of their structures remains a major challenge.It is our view that key future developments will include improved assays to measure cellular heme levels, better in silico approaches for predicting β-hematin inhibition, and a concerted effort to determine the structure and properties of heme-inhibitor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. de Villiers
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag, Matieland 7600, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7945, South Africa
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Shalini, Kumar S, Gendrot M, Fonta I, Mosnier J, Cele N, Awolade P, Singh P, Pradines B, Kumar V. Amide Tethered 4-Aminoquinoline-naphthalimide Hybrids: A New Class of Possible Dual Function Antiplasmodials. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2544-2552. [PMID: 33335678 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of amide tethered 4-aminoquinoline-naphthalimide hybrids has been synthesized to assess their in vitro antiplasmodial potential against chloroquine-susceptible (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The most active and noncytotoxic compound had an IC50 value of 0.07 μM against W2 strain and was more active than standard antimalarial drugs, including chloroquine, desethylamodiaquine, and quinine, particularly for drug resistant malaria. The promising scaffold, when subjected to heme binding and molecular modeling studies, was identified as a possible potent inhibitor of hemozoin formation and P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT), respectively, and, therefore, could act as a dual function antiplasmodial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Pin 143005, India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Pin 143005, India
| | - Mathieu Gendrot
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille 13234, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille 13234, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille 13234, France
| | - Isabelle Fonta
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille 13234, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille 13234, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille 13234, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille 13234, France
| | - Joel Mosnier
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille 13234, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille 13234, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille 13234, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille 13234, France
| | - Nosipho Cele
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Paul Awolade
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Parvesh Singh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Bruno Pradines
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille 13234, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille 13234, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille 13234, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille 13234, France
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Pin 143005, India
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Balwe SG, Kim JS, Jeong YT. Metal-free regioselective construction of 2-aryl-substituted quinolines via Aza-Henry (Nitro-Mannich) reactions under neat conditions. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1811871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Gangadhar Balwe
- Department of Image Science and Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Su Kim
- Department of Image Science and Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Tae Jeong
- Department of Image Science and Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Singha R, Basak P, Bhattacharya M, Ghosh P. Graphene Oxide Catalyzed One‐pot Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5‐b]quinolinone‐2,4‐diones and their Biological Evaluation. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabindranath Singha
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Bengal Dist Darjeeling West Bengal India
| | - Puja Basak
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Bengal Dist Darjeeling West Bengal India
| | - Malay Bhattacharya
- Department of Tea ScienceUniversity of North Bengal, Dist-Darjeeling West Bengal 734013 India
| | - Pranab Ghosh
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Bengal Dist Darjeeling West Bengal India
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Joshi MC, Egan TJ. Quinoline Containing Side-chain Antimalarial Analogs: Recent Advances and Therapeutic Application. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:617-697. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200127141550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The side-chains of quinoline antimalarial agents are the major concern of focus to build
novel and efficaciaous bioactive and clinical antimalarials. Bioative antimalarial analogs may play a
critical role in pH trapping in the food vacuole of RBC’s with the help of fragmented amino acid, thus
lead to β-hematin inhibition. Here, the authors tried to summarize a useful, comprehensive compilation
of side-chain modified ACQs along with their synthesis, biophysical and therapeutic applications etc.
of potent antiplasmodial agents and therefore, opening the door towards the potential clinical status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh C. Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru College, Benito Juarez Marg, South Campus, University of Delhi, New Delhi- 110021, India
| | - Timothy J. Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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Abstract
Global advancements in biological technologies have vastly increased the variety of and accessibility to bioassay platforms, while simultaneously improving our understanding of druggable chemical space. In the South African context, this has resulted in a rapid expansion in the number of medicinal chemistry programmes currently operating, particularly on university campuses. Furthermore, the modern medicinal chemist has the advantage of being able to incorporate data from numerous related disciplines into the medicinal chemistry process, allowing for informed molecular design to play a far greater role than previously possible. Accordingly, this review focusses on recent highlights in drug-discovery programmes, in which South African medicinal chemistry groups have played a substantive role in the design and optimisation of biologically active compounds which contribute to the search for promising agents for infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
| | - Ronel Müller
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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Feng LS, Xu Z, Chang L, Li C, Yan XF, Gao C, Ding C, Zhao F, Shi F, Wu X. Hybrid molecules with potential in vitro antiplasmodial and in vivo antimalarial activity against drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:931-971. [PMID: 31692025 DOI: 10.1002/med.21643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a tropical disease, leading to around half a million deaths annually. Antimalarials such as quinolines are crucial to fight against malaria, but malaria control is extremely challenged by the limited pipeline of effective pharmaceuticals against drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum which are resistant toward almost all currently accessible antimalarials. To tackle the growing resistance, new antimalarial drugs are needed urgently. Hybrid molecules which contain two or more pharmacophores have the potential to overcome the drug resistance, and hybridization of quinoline privileged antimalarial building block with other antimalarial pharmacophores may provide novel molecules with enhanced in vitro and in vivo activity against drug-resistant (including multidrug-resistant) P falciparum. In recent years, numerous of quinoline hybrids were developed, and their activities against a panel of drug-resistant P falciparum strains were screened. Some of quinoline hybrids were found to possess promising in vitro and in vivo potency. This review emphasized quinoline hybrid molecules with potential in vitro antiplasmodial and in vivo antimalarial activity against drug-resistant P falciparum, covering articles published between 2010 and 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhi Xu
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Le Chang
- WuXi AppTec Co, Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuan Li
- WuXi AppTec Co, Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Feng Shi
- WuXi AppTec Co, Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- WuXi AppTec Co, Ltd, Wuhan, China
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Narula AK, Azad CS, Nainwal LM. New dimensions in the field of antimalarial research against malaria resurgence. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Bhardwaj D, Singh A, Singh R. Eco-compatible sonochemical synthesis of 8-aryl-7,8-dihydro-[1,3]-dioxolo[4,5- g]quinolin-6(5 H)-ones using green TiO 2. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01256. [PMID: 30886920 PMCID: PMC6393703 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A green and an aqueous-mediated sonochemical synthesis of 8-aryl-7,8-dihydro-[1,3]-dioxolo[4,5-g]quinolin-6(5H)-ones from the multi-component reaction of Meldrum's acid, 3,4-methylenedioxy aniline and various aromatic aldehydes is described in the presence of catalytic amount of TiO2 NPs for the first time using high power sonicator. Initially, TiO2 NPs has also been synthesized by the biochemical method using leaf extract of Origanum majorana plant as a reducing and capping agent under sonication. Under the sonication, the catalytic activity of synthesized TiO2 NPs found to be excellent for synthesis of a series of 8-aryl-7,8-dihydro-[1,3]-dioxolo[4,5-g]quinolin-6(5H)-ones with operational simplicity, high yield under green reaction conditions without any environmental issue. The structure of TiO2 NPs was characterized by FT-IR, SEM, TEM, XRD and EDX studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aakash Singh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ruby Singh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Aguiar ACC, Murce E, Cortopassi WA, Pimentel AS, Almeida MMFS, Barros DCS, Guedes JS, Meneghetti MR, Krettli AU. Chloroquine analogs as antimalarial candidates with potent in vitro and in vivo activity. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2018; 8:459-464. [PMID: 30396013 PMCID: PMC6215995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In spite of recent efforts to eradicate malaria in the world, this parasitic disease is still considered a major public health problem, with a total of 216 million cases of malaria and 445,000 deaths in 2016. Artemisinin-based combination therapies remain effective in most parts of the world, but recent cases of resistance in Southeast Asia have urged for novel approaches to treat malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. In this work, we present chloroquine analogs that exhibited high activity against sensitive and chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum blood parasites and were also active against P. berghei infected mice. Among the compounds tested, DAQ, a chloroquine analog with a more linear side chain, was shown to be the most active in vitro and in vivo, with low cytotoxicity, and therefore may serve as the basis for the development of more effective chloroquine analogs to aid malaria eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C C Aguiar
- Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Laboratório de Malária, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Erika Murce
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Chemistry, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wilian A Cortopassi
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, USA.
| | - Andre S Pimentel
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Chemistry, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria M F S Almeida
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Daniele C S Barros
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Jéssica S Guedes
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Mario R Meneghetti
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Antoniana U Krettli
- Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Laboratório de Malária, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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14
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Köprülü TK, Ökten S, Tekin Ş, Çakmak O. Biological evaluation of some quinoline derivatives with different functional groups as anticancer agents. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2018; 33:e22260. [PMID: 30431695 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to a great deal of biological activities, quinoline derivatives have drawn attention for synthesis and biological activities in the search for new anticancer drug development. In this work, a variety of substituted (phenyl, nitro, cyano, N-oxide, and methoxy) quinoline derivatives (3-13) were tested in vitro for their biological activity against cancer cell lines, including rat glioblastoma (C6), human cervical cancer cells (HeLa), and human adenocarcinoma (HT29). 6-Bromo-5-nitroquinoline (4), and 6,8-diphenylquinoline (compound 13) showed the greatest antiproliferative activity as compared with the reference drug, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), while the other compounds showed low antiproliferative activity. 6-Bromo-5-nitroquinoline (4) possesses lower cytotoxic activity than 5-FU in HT29 cell line. Due to its the apoptotic activity 6-Bromo-5-nitroquinoline (4) has the potential to cause cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğba Kul Köprülü
- Division of Molecular Biology, Scientific and Technological Research and Application Center, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Salih Ökten
- Department of Maths and Science Education, Faculty of Education, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Şaban Tekin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Osman Çakmak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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15
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Xu J, Zhang LH, Liu XB, Ma W, Ma L, Ma Y, Yang JN, Wang DL. Catalyst-Free, One-Pot, Three-Component Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5-b] Quinoline-4-Amines under Microwave Irradiation. Journal of Chemical Research 2018. [DOI: 10.3184/174751918x15366615479040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and facile one-pot, three-component protocol for the synthesis of pyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-4-amines from the condensation of 2-aminoquinoline-3-carbonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal and primary amines under microwave irradiation is reported. This efficient, straightforward procedure led to the desired products in high yields without the need for a catalyst or for a tandem addition–elimination–cyclisation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Li Hong Zhang
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Xiu Bo Liu
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Ling Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Yan Ma
- Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Jian Nan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121003, P.R. China
| | - Dao Lin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121003, P.R. China
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16
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Kalaria PN, Karad SC, Raval DK. A review on diverse heterocyclic compounds as the privileged scaffolds in antimalarial drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 158:917-936. [PMID: 30261467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The upward extend of malaria collectively with the emergence of resistance against predictable drugs has put enormous pressure on public health systems to introduce new malaria treatments. Heterocycles play an important role in the design and discovery of new malaria active compounds. Heterocyclic compounds have attracted significant attention for malaria treatment because of simplicity of parallelization and the examining power with regard to chemical space. Introduction of a variety of heterocyclic compounds have enabled to maintain the high levels of antimalarial potency observed for other more lipophilic analogues whilst improving the solubility and the oral bioavailability in pre-clinical species. In this review, we present an overview of recent literature to provide imminent into the applications of different heterocyclic scaffolds in fighting against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush N Kalaria
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, 388120, Gujarat, India.
| | - Sharad C Karad
- Department of Chemistry, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.
| | - Dipak K Raval
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, 388120, Gujarat, India.
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17
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Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic protozoa are among the most significant causes of death in humans. Therapeutic options are scarce and massively challenged by the emergence of resistant parasite strains. Many of the current anti-parasite drugs target soluble enzymes, generate unspecific oxidative stress, or act by an unresolved mechanism within the parasite. In recent years, collections of drug-like compounds derived from large-scale phenotypic screenings, such as the malaria or pathogen box, have been made available to researchers free of charge boosting the identification of novel promising targets. Remarkably, several of the compound hits have been found to inhibit membrane proteins at the periphery of the parasites, i.e., channels and transporters for ions and metabolites. In this review, we will focus on the progress made on targeting channels and transporters at different levels and the potential for use against infections with apicomplexan parasites mainly Plasmodium spp. (malaria) and Toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis), with kinetoplastids Trypanosoma brucei (sleeping sickness), Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease), and Leishmania ssp. (leishmaniasis), and the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica (amoebiasis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Meier
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Holger Erler
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eric Beitz
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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18
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Joshi MC, Okombo J, Nsumiwa S, Ndove J, Taylor D, Wiesner L, Hunter R, Chibale K, Egan TJ. 4-Aminoquinoline Antimalarials Containing a Benzylmethylpyridylmethylamine Group Are Active against Drug Resistant Plasmodium falciparum and Exhibit Oral Activity in Mice. J Med Chem 2017; 60:10245-10256. [PMID: 29185748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Emergence of drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum including artemisinin-tolerant parasites highlights the need for new antimalarials. We have previously shown that dibemequines, 4-amino-7-chloroquinolines with dibenzylmethylamine (dibemethin) side chains, are efficacious. In this study, analogues in which the terminal phenyl group of the dibemethin was replaced with a 2-pyridyl group and in which the 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline was either maintained or replaced with a 4-aminoquinoline-7-carbonitrile were synthesized in an effort to improve druglikeness. These compounds exhibited significantly improved solubility and decreased lipophilicity and were potent against chloroquine-sensitive (NF54) and -resistant (Dd2 and 7G8) P. falciparum strains with 5/6 having IC50 < 100 nM against the NF54 strain. All inhibited both β-hematin (synthetic hemozoin) formation and hemozoin formation in the parasite. Parasitemia was reduced by over 90% in P. berghei infected mice in 3/6 derivatives following oral dosing at 4 × 30 mg/kg, with microsomal metabolic stability data suggesting that this could be attributed to highly active metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh C Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - John Okombo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Samkele Nsumiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Jeffrey Ndove
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town , Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Dale Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town , Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town , Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Roger Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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19
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Olafson KN, Nguyen TQ, Vekilov PG, Rimer JD. Deconstructing Quinoline-Class Antimalarials to Identify Fundamental Physicochemical Properties of Beta-Hematin Crystal Growth Inhibitors. Chemistry 2017; 23:13638-13647. [PMID: 28833627 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A versatile approach to control crystallization involves the use of modifiers, which are additives that interact with crystal surfaces and alter their growth rates. Elucidating a modifier's binding specificity to anisotropic crystal surfaces is a ubiquitous challenge that is critical to their design. In this study, we select hematin, a byproduct of malaria parasites, as a model system to examine the complementarity of modifiers (i.e., antimalarial drugs) to β-hematin crystal surfaces. We divide two antimalarials, chloroquine and amodiaquine, into segments consisting of a quinoline base, common to both drugs, and side chains that differentiate their modes of action. Using a combination of scanning probe microscopy, bulk crystallization, and analytical techniques, we show that the base and side chain work synergistically to reduce the rate of hematin crystallization. In contrast to general observations that modifiers retain their function upon segmentation, we show that the constituents do not act as modifiers. A systematic study of quinoline isomers and analogues shows how subtle rearrangement and removal of functional moieties can create effective constituents from previously ineffective modifiers, along with tuning their inhibitory modes of action. These findings highlight the importance of specific functional moieties in drug compounds, leading to an improved understanding of modifier-crystal interactions that could prove to be applicable to the design of new antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy N Olafson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Tam Q Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Peter G Vekilov
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, TX 77204, USA
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20
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to perform a synthesis and analysis of the most important information on quinine and its derivatives, which are still very important in the treatment of malaria. The analysis of stereoisomers of quinine and its derivatives was conducted using two techniques, high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Particularly noteworthy is the technique used for the determination of isotachophoresis, referred to as one of the so-called green chemistry techniques. Particular attention was paid to properties and the use of quinine and its derivatives in the treatment of malaria. The analytical part will supplement knowledge about quinidine, quinine, and cinchonidine, and will contribute to the growth of research on the so-much-needed drugs against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Kluska
- a Institute of Chemistry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities , Siedlce , Poland
| | - Anna Marciniuk-Kluska
- b Faculty of Management, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities , Siedlce , Poland
| | - Dorota Prukała
- c Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University , Poznań , Poland
| | - Wiesław Prukała
- c Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University , Poznań , Poland
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21
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Abstract
An efficient method for regioselective synthesis of C1-functionalised 3-arylbenzo[f]quinoline has been demonstrated using β-ketoester, 2-naphthylamine and aromatic aldehyde by employing camphorsulfonic acid as the catalyst in acetonitrile at 70 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakrishna Gattu
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati 781 039
- India
| | - R. Sidick Basha
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati 781 039
- India
| | - Prasanta Ray Bagdi
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati 781 039
- India
| | - Abu T. Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati 781 039
- India
- Vice-Chancellor
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22
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Rajapakse CS, Lisai M, Deregnaucourt C, Sinou V, Latour C, Roy D, Schrével J, Sánchez-Delgado RA. Synthesis of New 4-Aminoquinolines and Evaluation of Their In Vitro Activity against Chloroquine-Sensitive and Chloroquine-Resistant Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140878. [PMID: 26473363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of chloroquine, once the drug of choice in the fight against Plasmodium falciparum, is now severely limited due to widespread resistance. Amodiaquine is one of the most potent antimalarial 4-aminoquinolines known and remains effective against chloroquine-resistant parasites, but toxicity issues linked to a quinone-imine metabolite limit its clinical use. In search of new compounds able to retain the antimalarial activity of amodiaquine while circumventing quinone-imine metabolite toxicity, we have synthesized five 4-aminoquinolines that feature rings lacking hydroxyl groups in the side chain of the molecules and are thus incapable of generating toxic quinone-imines. The new compounds displayed high in vitro potency (low nanomolar IC50), markedly superior to chloroquine and comparable to amodiaquine, against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of P. falciparum, accompanied by low toxicity to L6 rat fibroblasts and MRC5 human lung cells, and metabolic stability comparable or higher than that of amodiaquine. Computational studies indicate a unique mode of binding of compound 4 to heme through the HOMO located on a biphenyl moeity, which may partly explain the high antiplasmodial activity observed for this compound.
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23
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Taleli L, de Kock C, Smith PJ, Pelly SC, Blackie MA, van Otterlo WA. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of triazole-linked chloroquinoline derivatives synthesized from 7-chloro-N-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)quinolin-4-amine. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4163-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Wirjanata G, Sebayang BF, Chalfein F, Prayoga, Handayuni I, Noviyanti R, Kenangalem E, Poespoprodjo JR, Burgess SJ, Peyton DH, Price RN, Marfurt J. Contrasting ex vivo efficacies of "reversed chloroquine" compounds in chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:5721-6. [PMID: 26149984 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01048-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) has been the mainstay of malaria treatment for more than 60 years. However, the emergence and spread of CQ resistance now restrict its use to only a few areas where malaria is endemic. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a novel combination of a CQ-like moiety and an imipramine-like pharmacophore can reverse CQ resistance ex vivo. Between March to October 2011 and January to September 2013, two "reversed chloroquine" (RCQ) compounds (PL69 and PL106) were tested against multidrug-resistant field isolates of Plasmodium falciparum (n = 41) and Plasmodium vivax (n = 45) in Papua, Indonesia, using a modified ex vivo schizont maturation assay. The RCQ compounds showed high efficacy against both CQ-resistant P. falciparum and P. vivax field isolates. For P. falciparum, the median 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) were 23.2 nM for PL69 and 26.6 nM for PL106, compared to 79.4 nM for unmodified CQ (P < 0.001 and P = 0.036, respectively). The corresponding values for P. vivax were 19.0, 60.0, and 60.9 nM (P < 0.001 and P = 0.018, respectively). There was a significant correlation between IC50s of CQ and PL69 (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient [r s] = 0.727, P < 0.001) and PL106 (rs = 0.830, P < 0.001) in P. vivax but not in P. falciparum. Both RCQs were equally active against the ring and trophozoite stages of P. falciparum, but in P. vivax, PL69 and PL106 showed less potent activity against trophozoite stages (median IC50s, 130.2 and 172.5 nM) compared to ring stages (median IC50s, 17.6 and 91.3 nM). RCQ compounds have enhanced ex vivo activity against CQ-resistant clinical isolates of P. falciparum and P. vivax, suggesting the potential use of reversal agents in antimalarial drug development. Interspecies differences in RCQ compound activity may indicate differences in CQ pharmacokinetics between the two Plasmodium species.
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25
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chloroquine (CQ) has been well known for its antimalarial effects since World War II. However, it is gradually being phased out from clinical use against malaria due to emergence of CQ-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains. Besides low cost and tolerability, ongoing research has revealed interesting biochemical properties of CQ that have inspired its repurposing/repositioning in the management of various infectious/noninfectious diseases. Consequently, several novel compounds and compositions based on its scaffold have been studied and patented. AREAS COVERED In this review, patents describing CQ and its derivatives/compositions over the last 5 years are analyzed. The review highlights the rationale, chemical structures, biological evaluation and potential therapeutic application of CQ, its derivatives and compositions. EXPERT OPINION Repurposing efforts have dominantly focused on racemic CQ with no studies exploring the effect of the (R) and (S) enantiomers, which might potentially have additional benefits in other diseases. Additionally, evaluating other similarly acting antimalarials in clinical use and structural analogs could help maximize the intrinsic value of the 4-aminoquinolines. With regard to cancer therapy, successful repurposing of CQ-containing compounds will require linking the mode of action of these antimalarials with the signaling pathways that drive cancer cell proliferation to facilitate the development of a 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline that can be used as a synergistic partner in anticancer combination chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Njaria
- a 1 University of Cape Town, Department of Chemistry , Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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Korotchenko V, Sathunuru R, Gerena L, Caridha D, Li Q, Kreishman-Deitrick M, Smith PL, Lin AJ. Antimalarial activity of 4-amidinoquinoline and 10-amidinobenzonaphthyridine derivatives. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3411-31. [PMID: 25654185 DOI: 10.1021/jm501809x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) has been used as first line malaria therapeutic drug for decades. Emergence of CQ drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria throughout endemic areas of the world has limited its clinical value. Mefloquine (MQ) has been used as an effective malaria prophylactic drug due to its being long-acting and having a high potency against blood stage P. falciparum (Pf). However, serious CNS toxicity of MQ has compromised its clinical value as a prophylaxis drug. Therefore, new and inexpensive antimalarial drugs with no cross-resistance to CQ or CNS toxicity are urgently needed to combat this deadly human disease. In this study, a series of new 4-amidinoquinoline (4-AMQ) and 10-amidinobenzonaphthyridine (10-AMB) derivatives were designed, prepared, and assessed to search for new therapeutic agents to replace CQ and MQ. The new derivatives displayed high activity in vitro and in vivo, with no cross-resistance to CQ, and none were toxic in mice up to 160 mpk × 3. The best compound shows IC50 < 1 ng/mL against D6, W2 and C235 Pf clones, low inhibitory activity in hERG K(+) channel blockage testing, negativity in the Ames test, and 5/5 cure @ <15 mpk × 3 in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. In addition to these desirable pharmacological profiles, compound 13b, one of the most active compounds, is metabolically stable in both human and mouse liver microsomal preparations and has a plasma t(1/2) of 50 h in mice, which made it a good MQ replacement candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy Korotchenko
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Ramadas Sathunuru
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Lucia Gerena
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Diana Caridha
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Qigui Li
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Mara Kreishman-Deitrick
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Philip L Smith
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Ai J Lin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Kluska
- Institute of Chemistry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce, Poland
| | - Anna Marciniuk-Kluska
- Faculty of Management, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce, Poland
| | - Dorota Prukała
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wiesław Prukała
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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28
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Abstract
Recent developments in 4-aminoquinoline-hybridization, as an attractive strategy for averting and delaying the drug resistance along with improvement in efficacy of new antimalarials, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Raj
- Department of Chemistry
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar-143005
- India
| | - Kirkwood M. Land
- Department of Biological Sciences
- University of the Pacific
- Stockton
- USA
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar-143005
- India
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29
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Vandekerckhove S, D'hooghe M. Quinoline-based antimalarial hybrid compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 23:5098-119. [PMID: 25593097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Quinoline-containing compounds, such as quinine and chloroquine, have a long-standing history as potent antimalarial agents. However, the increasing resistance of the Plasmodium parasite against these drugs and the lack of licensed malaria vaccines have forced chemists to develop synthetic strategies toward novel biologically active molecules. A strategy that has attracted considerable attention in current medicinal chemistry is based on the conjugation of two biologically active molecules into one hybrid compound. Since quinolines are considered to be privileged antimalarial building blocks, the synthesis of quinoline-containing antimalarial hybrids has been elaborated extensively in recent years. This review provides a literature overview of antimalarial hybrid molecules containing a quinoline core, covering publications between 2009 and 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Vandekerckhove
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias D'hooghe
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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30
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de Souza NB, Carmo AML, da Silva AD, França TCC, Krettli AU. Antiplasmodial activity of chloroquine analogs against chloroquine-resistant parasites, docking studies and mechanisms of drug action. Malar J 2014; 13:469. [PMID: 25440372 PMCID: PMC4265395 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the threat of resistance of human malaria parasites, including to artemisinin derivatives, new agents are needed. Chloroquine (CQ) has been the most widely used anti-malarial, and new analogs (CQAns) presenting alkynes and side chain variations with high antiplasmodial activity were evaluated. METHODS Six diaminealkyne and diaminedialkyne CQAns were evaluated against CQ-resistant (CQ-R) (W2) and CQ-sensitive (CQ-S) (3D7) Plasmodium falciparum parasites in culture. Drug cytotoxicity to a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) evaluated, allowed to calculate the drug selectivity index (SI), a ratio of drug toxicity to activity in vitro. The CQAns were re-evaluated against CQ-resistant and -sensitive P. berghei parasites in mice using the suppressive test. Docking studies with the CQAns and the human (HssLDH) or plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH) enzymes, and, a β-haematin formation assay were performed using a lipid as a catalyst to promote crystallization in vitro. RESULTS All tested CQAns were highly active against CQ-R P. falciparum parasites, exhibiting half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values below 1 μΜ. CQAn33 and CQAn37 had the highest SIs. Docking studies revealed the best conformation of CQAn33 inside the binding pocket of PfLDH; specificity between the residues involved in H-bonds of the PfLDH with CQAn37. CQAn33 and CQAn37 were also shown to be weak inhibitors of PfLDH. CQAn33 and CQAn37 inhibited β-haematin formation with either a similar or a 2-fold higher IC(50) value, respectively, compared with CQ. CQAn37 was active in mice with P. berghei, reducing parasitaemia by 100%. CQAn33, -39 and -45 also inhibited CQ-resistant P. berghei parasites in mice, whereas high doses of CQ were inactive. CONCLUSIONS The presence of an alkyne group and the size of the side chain affected anti-P. falciparum activity in vitro. Docking studies suggested a mechanism of action other than PfLDH inhibition. The β-haematin assay suggested the presence of an additional mechanism of action of CQAn33 and CQAn37. Tests with CQAn34, CQAn37, CQAn39 and CQAn45 confirmed previous results against P. berghei malaria in mice, and CQAn33, 39 and 45 were active against CQ-resistant parasites, but CQAn28 and CQAn34 were not. The result likely reflects structure-activity relationships related to the resistant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolli B de Souza
- />Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ Minas, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002 MG Brazil
| | - Arturene ML Carmo
- />Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer s/n, Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 MG Brazil
| | - Adilson D da Silva
- />Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer s/n, Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 MG Brazil
| | - Tanos CC França
- />Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular Aplicada à Defesa Química e Biológica, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-270 RJ Brazil
| | - Antoniana U Krettli
- />Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ Minas, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002 MG Brazil
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31
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Mushtaque M, Shahjahan. Reemergence of chloroquine (CQ) analogs as multi-targeting antimalarial agents: a review. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 90:280-95. [PMID: 25461328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amongst several communicable diseases (CDs), malaria is one of the deadliest parasitic disease all over the world, particularly in African and Asian countries. To curb this menace, numbers of antimalarial agents are being sold as over the counter (OTC) drugs. Chloroquine (CQ) is one of them and is one of the oldest, cheapest, and easily available synthetic agents used to curb malaria. Unfortunately, after the reports of CQ-resistance against different strains of malarial parasite strains worldwide, scientist are continuously modifying the core structure of CQ to get an efficient drug. Interestingly, several new drugs have been emerged in due course having unique and enhanced properties (like dual stage inhibitors, resistance reversing ability etc.) and are ready to enter into the clinical trial. In this course, some new agents have also been discovered which are; though inactive against CQS strain, highly active against CQR strains. The present article describes the role of modification of the core structure of CQ and its effects on the biological activities. Moreover, the attempt has also been made to predict the future prospects of such drugs to reemerge as antimalarial agents.
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32
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Bhatt HG, Agrawal YK, Patel MJ. Amino- and fluoro-substituted quinoline-4-carboxylic acid derivatives: MWI synthesis, cytotoxic activity, apoptotic DNA fragmentation and molecular docking studies. Med Chem Res 2015; 24:1662-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Deane KJ, Summers RL, Lehane AM, Martin RE, Barrow RA. Chlorpheniramine Analogues Reverse Chloroquine Resistance in Plasmodium falciparum by Inhibiting PfCRT. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:576-81. [PMID: 24900883 DOI: 10.1021/ml5000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of malaria parasites that are resistant to chloroquine (CQ) has been a disaster for world health. The antihistamine chlorpheniramine (CP) partially resensitizes CQ-resistant (CQR) parasites to CQ but possesses little intrinsic antiplasmodial activity. Mutations in the parasite's CQ resistance transporter (PfCRT) confer resistance to CQ by enabling the protein to transport the drug away from its site of action, and it is thought that resistance-reversers such as CP exert their effect by blocking this CQ transport activity. Here, a series of new structural analogues and homologues of CP have been synthesized. We show that these compounds (along with other in vitro CQ resistance-reversers) inhibit the transport of CQ via a resistance-conferring form of PfCRT expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Furthermore, the level of PfCRT-inhibition was found to correlate well with both the restoration of CQ accumulation and the level of CQ resensitization in CQR parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J. Deane
- Research
School of Chemistry and ‡Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Robert L. Summers
- Research
School of Chemistry and ‡Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Adele M. Lehane
- Research
School of Chemistry and ‡Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Rowena E. Martin
- Research
School of Chemistry and ‡Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Russell A. Barrow
- Research
School of Chemistry and ‡Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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34
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Hrycyna CA, Summers RL, Lehane AM, Pires MM, Namanja H, Bohn K, Kuriakose J, Ferdig M, Henrich PP, Fidock DA, Kirk K, Chmielewski J, Martin RE. Quinine dimers are potent inhibitors of the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter and are active against quinoline-resistant P. falciparum. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:722-30. [PMID: 24369685 DOI: 10.1021/cb4008953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) resistance in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is primarily conferred by mutations in the "chloroquine resistance transporter" (PfCRT). The resistance-conferring form of PfCRT (PfCRT(CQR)) mediates CQ resistance by effluxing the drug from the parasite's digestive vacuole, the acidic compartment in which CQ exerts its antiplasmodial effect. PfCRT(CQR) can also decrease the parasite's susceptibility to other quinoline drugs, including the current antimalarials quinine and amodiaquine. Here we describe interactions between PfCRT(CQR) and a series of dimeric quinine molecules using a Xenopus laevis oocyte system for the heterologous expression of PfCRT and using an assay that detects the drug-associated efflux of H(+) ions from the digestive vacuole in parasites that harbor different forms of PfCRT. The antiplasmodial activities of dimers 1 and 6 were also examined in vitro (against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains of P. falciparum) and in vivo (against drug-sensitive P. berghei). Our data reveal that the quinine dimers are the most potent inhibitors of PfCRT(CQR) reported to date. Furthermore, the lead compounds (1 and 6) were not effluxed by PfCRT(CQR) from the digestive vacuole but instead accumulated to very high levels within this organelle. Both 1 and 6 exhibited in vitro antiplasmodial activities that were inversely correlated with CQ. Moreover, the additional parasiticidal effect exerted by 1 and 6 in the drug-resistant parasites was attributable, at least in part, to their ability to inhibit PfCRT(CQR). This highlights the potential for devising new antimalarial therapies that exploit inherent weaknesses in a key resistance mechanism of P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A. Hrycyna
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Robert L. Summers
- Research
School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Adele M. Lehane
- Research
School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Marcos M. Pires
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hilda Namanja
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kelsey Bohn
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jerrin Kuriakose
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Michael Ferdig
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Philipp P. Henrich
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - David A. Fidock
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Division
of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Kiaran Kirk
- Research
School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Jean Chmielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Rowena E. Martin
- Research
School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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35
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Mosslemin MH, Zarenezhad E, Shams N, Rad MNS, Anaraki-Ardakani H, Fayazipoor R. Green Synthesis of 5-aryl-(1H,3H,5H,10H)-pyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-2,4-diones Catalysed by 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane in Water. Journal of Chemical Research 2014. [DOI: 10.3184/174751914x13917105358323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A green and efficient synthesis of 13 of the title compounds, three of which are novel, has been achieved via a one-pot, three-component reaction of anilines, aldehydes and barbituric acids, catalysed by 1,4-diaza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) in water at reflux. Using microwave heating, reaction times were shortened from 12 h to under a minute and yields were generally higher.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elham Zarenezhad
- Department of Chemistry, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, PO Box 89195-155, Yazd, Iran
| | - Nasim Shams
- Department of Chemistry, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, PO Box 89195-155, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Anaraki-Ardakani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Mahshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr, Iran
| | - Rassol Fayazipoor
- Department of Chemistry, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, PO Box 89195-155, Yazd, Iran
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36
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Hibino S, Choshi T, Tsuchiya Y, Nishiyama T, Hatae N, Nemoto H, Tazaki Y. The First Total Synthesis of the Antiplasmodial Alkaloid (±)-Cassiarin C Based on a Microwave-Assisted Thermal Azaelectrocyclic Reaction. HETEROCYCLES 2014. [DOI: 10.3987/com-13-12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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37
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Joshi MC, Wicht KJ, Taylor D, Hunter R, Smith PJ, Egan TJ. In vitro antimalarial activity, β-haematin inhibition and structure–activity relationships in a series of quinoline triazoles. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 69:338-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Abstract
Malaria remains a major international health challenge. Resistance to a number of existing drugs and evidence of the emergence of artemisinin resistance has emphasized the need for new antimalarials. A new approach has been the preparation of dual-function compounds that include a chloroquine-like antimalarial group and a group that resembles a chloroquine chemosensitizer. This article reviews the recent discovery of such dual-function antimalarials that are proposed to target both hemozoin formation and the chloroquine resistance transporter, PfCRT. These are discussed in relation to the mechanism of action of 4-aminoquinolines, chloroquine resistance and resistance reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
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39
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Franco J, Blackie MA, Toth D, Smith PJ, Capuano J, Fastnacht K, Berkes C. A structural comparative approach to identifying novel antimalarial inhibitors. Comput Biol Chem 2013; 45:42-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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40
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Nsumiwa S, Kuter D, Wittlin S, Chibale K, Egan TJ. Structure–activity relationships for ferriprotoporphyrin IX association and β-hematin inhibition by 4-aminoquinolines using experimental and ab initio methods. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3738-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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Abstract
This digest covers some of the most relevant progress in malaria drug discovery published between 2010 and 2012. There is an urgent need to develop new antimalarial drugs. Such drugs can target the blood stage of the disease to alleviate the symptoms, the liver stage to prevent relapses, and the transmission stage to protect other humans. The pipeline for the blood stage is becoming robust, but this should not be a source of complacency, as the current therapies set a high standard. Drug discovery efforts directed towards the liver and transmission stages are in their infancy but are receiving increasing attention as targeting these stages could be instrumental in eradicating malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Biamonte
- Drug Discovery for Tropical Diseases, Suite 230, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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42
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Miller LH, Ackerman HC, Su XZ, Wellems TE. Malaria biology and disease pathogenesis: insights for new treatments. Nat Med 2013; 19:156-67. [PMID: 23389616 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria, an infectious disease caused by a parasitic protozoan, claims the lives of nearly a million children each year in Africa alone and is a top public health concern. Evidence is accumulating that resistance to artemisinin derivatives, the frontline therapy for the asexual blood stage of the infection, is developing in southeast Asia. Renewed initiatives to eliminate malaria will benefit from an expanded repertoire of antimalarials, including new drugs that kill circulating P. falciparum gametocytes, thereby preventing transmission. Our current understanding of the biology of asexual blood-stage parasites and gametocytes and the ability to culture them in vitro lends optimism that high-throughput screenings of large chemical libraries will produce a new generation of antimalarial drugs. There is also a need for new therapies to reduce the high mortality of severe malaria. An understanding of the pathophysiology of severe disease may identify rational targets for drugs that improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis H Miller
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
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43
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Dávalos JZ, González J, Guerrero A, Valderrama-Negrón AC, Aguirre Méndez LD, Claramunt RM, Santa María D, Alkorta I, Elguero J. A silver complex of chloroquine: synthesis, characterization and structural properties. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj40921j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Tummatorn J, Thongsornkleeb C, Ruchirawat S, Gettongsong T. Synthesis of 2,4-unsubstituted quinoline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl esters from arylmethyl azides via a domino process. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:1463-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob27493d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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45
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Ecker A, Lehane AM, Clain J, Fidock DA. PfCRT and its role in antimalarial drug resistance. Trends Parasitol 2012; 28:504-14. [PMID: 23020971 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine, the former gold standard antimalarial drug, is mediated primarily by mutant forms of the chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT). These mutations impart upon PfCRT the ability to efflux chloroquine from the intracellular digestive vacuole, the site of drug action. Recent studies reveal that PfCRT variants can also affect parasite fitness, protect immature gametocytes against chloroquine action, and alter P. falciparum susceptibility to current first-line therapies. These results highlight the need to be vigilant in screening for the appearance of novel pfcrt alleles that could contribute to new multi-drug resistance phenotypes.
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46
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Peyton DH. Reversed chloroquine molecules as a strategy to overcome resistance in malaria. Curr Top Med Chem 2012; 12:400-7. [PMID: 22242848 PMCID: PMC3355467 DOI: 10.2174/156802612799362968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This short review tells the story of how Reversed Chloroquine drugs (RCQs) were developed. These are hybrid molecules, made by combining the quinoline nucleus from chloroquine (CQ) with moieties which are designed to inhibit efflux via known transporters in the membrane of the digestive vacuole of the malaria parasite. The resulting RCQ drugs can have potencies exceeding that of CQ, while at the same time having physical chemical characteristics that may make them favorable as partner drugs in combination therapies. The need for such novel antimalarial drugs will continue for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Peyton
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207-0751, USA.
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47
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Gemma S, Camodeca C, Sanna Coccone S, Joshi BP, Bernetti M, Moretti V, Brogi S, Bonache de Marcos MC, Savini L, Taramelli D, Basilico N, Parapini S, Rottmann M, Brun R, Lamponi S, Caccia S, Guiso G, Summers RL, E. Martin R, Saponara S, Gorelli B, Novellino E, Campiani G, Butini S. Optimization of 4-Aminoquinoline/Clotrimazole-Based Hybrid Antimalarials: Further Structure–Activity Relationships, in Vivo Studies, and Preliminary Toxicity Profiling. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6948-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300802s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gemma
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Caterina Camodeca
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sanna Coccone
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Bhupendra P. Joshi
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Matteo Bernetti
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Vittoria Moretti
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Brogi
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Savini
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmacologiche
e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche,
Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Parapini
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmacologiche
e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Matthias Rottmann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel,
Switzerland and University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Brun
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel,
Switzerland and University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefania Lamponi
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvio Caccia
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Via la Masa
19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Guiso
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Via la Masa
19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Robert L. Summers
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200,
Australia
| | - Rowena E. Martin
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200,
Australia
| | - Simona Saponara
- Dipartimento di
Neuroscienze, University of Siena, via
A. Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Beatrice Gorelli
- Dipartimento di
Neuroscienze, University of Siena, via
A. Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica
e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
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48
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Pérez BC, Teixeira C, Figueiras M, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ, Gomes JRB, Gomes P. Novel cinnamic acid/4-aminoquinoline conjugates bearing non-proteinogenic amino acids: towards the development of potential dual action antimalarials. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 54:887-99. [PMID: 22683112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of cinnamic acid/4-aminoquinoline conjugates conceived to link, through a proper retro-enantio dipeptide, a heterocyclic core known to prevent hemozoin formation, to a trans-cinnamic acid motif capable of inhibiting enzyme catalytic Cys residues, were synthesized as potential dual-action antimalarials. The effect of amino acid configuration and the absence of the dipeptide spacer were also assessed. The replacement of the D-amino acids by their natural L counterparts led to a decrease in both anti-plasmodial and falcipain-inhibitory activity, suggesting that the former are preferable. Molecules with such spacer were active against blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum, in vitro, and hemozoin formation, implying that the dipeptide has a key role in mediating these two activities. In turn, compounds without spacer were better falcipain-2 inhibitors, likely because these compounds are smaller and have their vinyl bonds in closer vicinity to the catalytic Cys, as suggested by molecular modeling calculations. These novel conjugates constitute promising leads for the development of new antiplasmodials targeted at blood-stage malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca C Pérez
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, R. do Campo Alegre, 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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49
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Summers RL, Nash MN, Martin RE. Know your enemy: understanding the role of PfCRT in drug resistance could lead to new antimalarial tactics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1967-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0906-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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