1
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Ivanova EE, Shabalin DA, Ushakov IA, Vashchenko AV, Schmidt EY, Trofimov BA. Diastereoselective synthesis of tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2- d]oxadiazoles from functionalized Δ 1-pyrrolines and in situ generated nitrile oxides. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1725-1736. [PMID: 36723150 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02230c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-d]oxadiazoles have been synthesized in good-to-excellent yields via the cycloaddition of nitrile oxides (in situ generated from aldoximes) to readily accessible functionalized Δ1-pyrrolines. The reaction proceeds smoothly at room temperature in a two-phase system in the presence of sodium hypochloride as an oxidant to diastereoselectively afford pharmaceutically prospective 1,2,4-oxadiazolines fused with a five-membered ring. The reaction tolerates a broad range of substrates, including those with oxidant-sensitive functional groups and competitive reaction sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya E Ivanova
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry SB RAS, 1 Favorsky St., Irkutsk, 664033, Russian Federation.
| | - Dmitrii A Shabalin
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry SB RAS, 1 Favorsky St., Irkutsk, 664033, Russian Federation.
| | - Igor' A Ushakov
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry SB RAS, 1 Favorsky St., Irkutsk, 664033, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander V Vashchenko
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry SB RAS, 1 Favorsky St., Irkutsk, 664033, Russian Federation.
| | - Elena Yu Schmidt
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry SB RAS, 1 Favorsky St., Irkutsk, 664033, Russian Federation.
| | - Boris A Trofimov
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry SB RAS, 1 Favorsky St., Irkutsk, 664033, Russian Federation.
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2
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Presnukhina SI, Tarasenko MV, Geyl KK, Baykova SO, Baykov SV, Shetnev AA, Boyarskiy VP. Unusual Formation of 1,2,4-Oxadiazine Core in Reaction of Amidoximes with Maleic or Fumaric Esters. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217508. [PMID: 36364335 PMCID: PMC9655267 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a simple and convenient method for the synthesis of 3-aryl- and 3-hetaryl-1,2,4-oxadiazin-5-ones bearing an easily functionalizable (methoxycarbonyl)methyl group at position 6 via the reaction of aryl or hetaryl amidoximes with maleates or fumarates. The conditions for this reaction were optimized. Different products can be synthesized selectively in good yields depending on the base used and the ratio of reactants: substituted (1,2,4-oxadiazin-6-yl)acetic acids, corresponding methyl esters, or hybrid 3-(aryl)-6-((3-(aryl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)-4H-1,2,4-oxadiazin-5(6H)-ones. The reaction is tolerant to substituents’ electronic and steric effects in amidoximes. As a result, a series of 2-(5-oxo-3-(p-tolyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-oxadiazin-6-yl)acetic acids, their methyl esters, and 1,2,4-oxadiazoles based on them were prepared and characterized by HRMS, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The structures of three of them were elucidated with X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia I. Presnukhina
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina V. Tarasenko
- Pharmaceutical Technology Transfer Centre, Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University Named after K.D. Ushinsky, 108 Respublikanskaya St., 150000 Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Kirill K. Geyl
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Svetlana O. Baykova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Baykov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton A. Shetnev
- Pharmaceutical Technology Transfer Centre, Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University Named after K.D. Ushinsky, 108 Respublikanskaya St., 150000 Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Vadim P. Boyarskiy
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
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3
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Santiago Á, Guzmán-Ocampo DC, Aguayo-Ortiz R, Dominguez L. Characterizing the Chemical Space of γ-Secretase Inhibitors and Modulators. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2765-2775. [PMID: 34291906 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase (GS) is one of the most attractive molecular targets for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Its key role in the final step of amyloid-β peptides generation and its relationship in the cascade of events for disease development have caught the attention of many pharmaceutical groups. Over the past years, different inhibitors and modulators have been evaluated as promising therapeutics against AD. However, despite the great chemical diversity of the reported compounds, a global classification and visual representation of the chemical space for GS inhibitors and modulators remain unavailable. In the present work, we carried out a two-dimensional (2D) chemical space analysis from different classes and subclasses of GS inhibitors and modulators based on their structural similarity. Along with the novel structural information available for GS complexes, our analysis opens the possibility to identify compounds with high molecular similarity, critical to finding new chemical structures through the optimization of existing compounds and relating them with a potential binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Santiago
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Dulce C. Guzmán-Ocampo
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Aguayo-Ortiz
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Laura Dominguez
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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4
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Ribeiro JLS, Soares JCAV, Portapilla GB, Providello MV, Lima CHS, Muri EMF, de Albuquerque S, Dias LRS. Trypanocidal activity of new 1,6-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives: Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 29:115855. [PMID: 33199200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the serious public health problems caused by Chagas disease in several countries, the available therapy remains with only two drugs that are poorly active during the chronic phase of the disease in addition to having severe side effects. In search of new trypanocidal agents, herein we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of eleven new 1,6-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine compounds containing the carbohydrazide or the 2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole moieties. Two of them showed promising in vitro activity against amastigote forms of T. cruzi and were evaluated in vivo in male BALB/c mice infected with T. cruzi Y strain. Our results suggest that the substitution at the C-2 position of the phenyl group connected to the carbohydrazide or to the 2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole moieties plays an important role in the trypanocidal activity of this class of compounds. Moreover, the compound containing the 2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety has demonstrated more favorable structural requirements for in vivo activity than its carbohydrazide analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana L S Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Química Medicinal, RJ, Brazil
| | - Júlio C A V Soares
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Química Medicinal, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gisele B Portapilla
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maiara V Providello
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, SP, Brazil
| | - Camilo H S Lima
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, RJ, Brazil
| | - Estela M F Muri
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Química Medicinal, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sérgio de Albuquerque
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luiza R S Dias
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Química Medicinal, RJ, Brazil.
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5
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Mekala S, Nelson G, Li YM. Recent developments of small molecule γ-secretase modulators for Alzheimer's disease. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:1003-1022. [PMID: 33479693 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of progressive neurodegenerative disorder, marked by memory loss and a decline in cognitive function. The major hallmarks of AD are the presence of intracellular neurofibrillary tau tangles (NFTs) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins and extracellular plaques composed of amyloid beta peptides (Aβ). The amyloid (Aβ) cascade hypothesis proposes that the AD pathogenesis is initiated by the accumulation of Aβ peptides in the parenchyma of the brain. An aspartyl intramembranal protease called γ-secretase is responsible for the production of Aβ by the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Clinical studies of γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) for AD failed due to the lack of substrate specificity. Therefore, γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) have been developed as potential disease modifying agents to modulate the γ-secretase cleavage activity towards the production of toxic Aβ42 peptides. Following the first-generation 'nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug' (NSAID) based GSMs, second-generation GSMs (carboxylic acid based NSAID derivatives and non-NSAID derived heterocyclic analogues), as well as natural product-based GSMs, have been developed. In this review, we focus on the recent developments of small molecule-based GSMs that show potential improvements in terms of drug-like properties as well as their current status in human clinical trials and the future perspectives of GSM research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekar Mekala
- Chemical Biology Program , Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , 1275 York Avenue , New York , New York 10065 , USA . ;
| | - Grady Nelson
- Chemical Biology Program , Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , 1275 York Avenue , New York , New York 10065 , USA . ;
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program , Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , 1275 York Avenue , New York , New York 10065 , USA . ; .,Pharmacology Graduate Program , Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University , New York , New York 10021 , USA
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6
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Zhao J, Liu X, Xia W, Zhang Y, Wang C. Targeting Amyloidogenic Processing of APP in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:137. [PMID: 32848600 PMCID: PMC7418514 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of senile dementia, characterized by neurofibrillary tangle and amyloid plaque in brain pathology. Major efforts in AD drug were devoted to the interference with the production and accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), which plays a causal role in the pathogenesis of AD. Aβ is generated from amyloid precursor protein (APP), by consecutive cleavage by β-secretase and γ-secretase. Therefore, β-secretase and γ-secretase inhibition have been the focus for AD drug discovery efforts for amyloid reduction. Here, we review β-secretase inhibitors and γ-secretase inhibitors/modulators, and their efficacies in clinical trials. In addition, we discussed the novel concept of specifically targeting the γ-secretase substrate APP. Targeting amyloidogenic processing of APP is still a fundamentally sound strategy to develop disease-modifying AD therapies and recent advance in γ-secretase/APP complex structure provides new opportunities in designing selective inhibitors/modulators for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Weiming Xia
- Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yingkai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
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7
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Mandal M, Buevich A, Caldwell JP, Hyde L, Huang X, Liu X, McKittrick B, Mazzola RD, Pissarnitski D, Palani A, Zhang L, Parker E, Xiao L, Rindgen D, Zhu Z. Generation of Leads for γ-Secretase Modulation. J Med Chem 2020; 63:8216-8230. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihirbaran Mandal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Alexei Buevich
- Department of NMR Structure Elucidation, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John P. Caldwell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lynn Hyde
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xianhai Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoxiang Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Brian McKittrick
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert D. Mazzola
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dmitri Pissarnitski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Anandan Palani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Eric Parker
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Diane Rindgen
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhaoning Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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8
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Silva GM, Barcelos MP, Poiani JGC, Hage-Melim LIDS, da Silva CHTDP. Allosteric Modulators of Potential Targets Related to Alzheimer's Disease: a Review. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1467-1483. [PMID: 31310701 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Among neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, and there is an urgent need to discover new and efficacious forms of treatment for it. Pathological patterns of AD include cholinergic dysfunction, increased β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide concentration, the appearance of neurofibrillary tangles, among others, all of which are strongly associated with specific biological targets. Interactions observed between these targets and potential drug candidates in AD most often occur by competitive mechanisms driven by orthosteric ligands that sometimes result in the production of side effects. In this context, the allosteric mechanism represents a key strategy; this can be regarded as the selective modulation of such targets by allosteric modulators in an advantageous manner, as this may decrease the likelihood of side effects. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of compounds that act as allosteric modulators of the main biological targets related to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Martins Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14090-901, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pegrucci Barcelos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14090-901, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João Gabriel Curtolo Poiani
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lorane Izabel da Silva Hage-Melim
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek, KM-02, 68903-419, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Tomich de Paula da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14090-901, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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9
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Sun S, Jia Q, Zhang Z. Applications of amide isosteres in medicinal chemistry. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2535-2550. [PMID: 31377035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Isosteric replacement of amide groups is a classic practice in medicinal chemistry. This digest highlights the applications of most commonly employed amide isosteres in drug design aiming at improving potency and selectivity, optimizing physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, eliminating or modifying toxicophores, as well as providing novel intellectual property of lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyi Sun
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada.
| | - Qi Jia
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Zaihui Zhang
- Signalchem Lifesciences Corp., 110-13210, Vanier Place, Richmond, BC V6V 2J2, Canada
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10
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Schaduangrat N, Prachayasittikul V, Choomwattana S, Wongchitrat P, Phopin K, Suwanjang W, Malik AA, Vincent B, Nantasenamat C. Multidisciplinary approaches for targeting the secretase protein family as a therapeutic route for Alzheimer's disease. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:1730-1778. [PMID: 30628099 DOI: 10.1002/med.21563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The continual increase of the aging population worldwide renders Alzheimer's disease (AD) a global prime concern. Several attempts have been focused on understanding the intricate complexity of the disease's development along with the on- andgoing search for novel therapeutic strategies. Incapability of existing AD drugs to effectively modulate the pathogenesis or to delay the progression of the disease leads to a shift in the paradigm of AD drug discovery. Efforts aimed at identifying AD drugs have mostly focused on the development of disease-modifying agents in which effects are believed to be long lasting. Of particular note, the secretase enzymes, a group of proteases responsible for the metabolism of the β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) and β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides production, have been underlined for their promising therapeutic potential. This review article attempts to comprehensively cover aspects related to the identification and use of drugs targeting the secretase enzymes. Particularly, the roles of secretases in the pathogenesis of AD and their therapeutic modulation are provided herein. Moreover, an overview of the drug development process and the contribution of computational (in silico) approaches for facilitating successful drug discovery are also highlighted along with examples of relevant computational works. Promising chemical scaffolds, inhibitors, and modulators against each class of secretases are also summarized herein. Additionally, multitarget secretase modulators are also taken into consideration in light of the current growing interest in the polypharmacology of complex diseases. Finally, challenging issues and future outlook relevant to the discovery of drugs targeting secretases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Schaduangrat
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Veda Prachayasittikul
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saowapak Choomwattana
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prapimpun Wongchitrat
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and Innovation, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kamonrat Phopin
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and Innovation, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wilasinee Suwanjang
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and Innovation, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aijaz Ahmad Malik
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bruno Vincent
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Chanin Nantasenamat
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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11
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Soni VK, Kim J, Cho EJ. Organocatalytic Oxidative Cyclization of Amidoximes for the Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Oxadiazolines. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Kumar Soni
- Department of ChemistryChung-Ang University 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Kim
- Department of ChemistryChung-Ang University 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Cho
- Department of ChemistryChung-Ang University 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
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12
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Kumar D, Ganeshpurkar A, Kumar D, Modi G, Gupta SK, Singh SK. Secretase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Long road ahead. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 148:436-452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Johnson DS, Li YM, Pettersson M, St George-Hyslop PH. Structural and Chemical Biology of Presenilin Complexes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a024067. [PMID: 28320827 PMCID: PMC5710098 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a024067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The presenilin proteins are the catalytic subunits of a tetrameric complex containing presenilin 1 or 2, anterior pharynx defective 1 (APH1), nicastrin, and PEN-2. Other components such as TMP21 may exist in a subset of specialized complexes. The presenilin complex is the founding member of a unique class of aspartyl proteases that catalyze the γ, ɛ, ζ site cleavage of the transmembrane domains of Type I membrane proteins including amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch. Here, we detail the structural and chemical biology of this unusual enzyme. Taken together, these studies suggest that the complex exists in several conformations, and subtle long-range (allosteric) shifts in the conformation of the complex underpin substrate access to the catalytic site and the mechanism of action for allosteric inhibitors and modulators. Understanding the mechanics of these shifts will facilitate the design of γ-secretase modulator (GSM) compounds that modulate the relative efficiency of γ, ɛ, ζ site cleavage and/or substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S. Johnson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Martin Pettersson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Peter H. St George-Hyslop
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust MRC Building, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
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14
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Zhao Z, Pissarnitski DA, Huang X, Palani A, Zhu Z, Greenlee WJ, Hyde LA, Song L, Terracina G, Zhang L, Parker EM. Discovery of a Tetrahydrobenzisoxazole Series of γ-Secretase Modulators. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:1002-1006. [PMID: 29057041 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a new series of tetrahydrobenzisoxazoles as modulators of γ-secretase activity and their structure-activity relationship (SAR) will be detailed. Several compounds are active γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) with good to excellent selectivity for the reduction of Aβ42 in the cellular assay. Compound 14a was tested in vivo in a nontransgenic rat model and was found to significantly reduce Aβ42 in the CNS compartment compared to vehicle-treated animals (up to 58% reduction of cerebrospinal fluid Aβ42 as measured 3 h after an acute oral dosing at 30 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhao
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Neurobiology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dmitri A. Pissarnitski
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Neurobiology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xianhai Huang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Neurobiology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Anandan Palani
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Neurobiology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhaoning Zhu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Neurobiology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - William J. Greenlee
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Neurobiology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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15
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Shetnev AA, Zubkov FI. The latest advances in chemistry of 1,2,4-oxadiazines (microreview). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-017-2081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Bursavich MG, Harrison BA, Acharya R, Costa DE, Freeman EA, Hodgdon HE, Hrdlicka LA, Jin H, Kapadnis S, Moffit JS, Murphy DA, Nolan S, Patzke H, Tang C, Wen M, Koenig G, Blain JF, Burnett DA. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of a Novel Series of Oxadiazine Gamma Secretase Modulators for Familial Alzheimer’s Disease. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2383-2400. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Bursavich
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals, 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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17
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Miller SP, Morris WJ, Orr RK, Eckert J, Milan J, Maust M, Cowden C, Cui J. Synthesis of the γ-Secretase Modulator MK-8428. J Org Chem 2017; 82:2957-2964. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven P. Miller
- Department of Process Research, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - William J. Morris
- Department of Process Research, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Robert K. Orr
- Department of Process Research, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jeffrey Eckert
- Department of Process Research, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jay Milan
- Department of Process Research, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mathew Maust
- Department of Process Research, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Cameron Cowden
- Department of Process Research, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jian Cui
- Department of Process Research, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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18
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Mehta PD, Blain JF, Freeman EA, Patrick BA, Barshatzky M, Hrdlicka LA, Mehta SP, Frackowiak J, Mazur-Kolecka B, Wegiel J, Patzke H, Miller DL. Generation and Partial Characterization of Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody to Amyloid-β Peptide 1-37 (Aβ37). J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 57:135-145. [PMID: 28222530 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Secreted soluble amyloid-β 1-37 (Aβ37) peptide is one of the prominent Aβ forms next to Aβ40, and is found in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. Recent studies have shown the importance of quantitation of CSF Aβ37 levels in combination with Aβ38, Aβ40, and Aβ42 to support the diagnosis of patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the value of antibody to Aβ37 to facilitate drug discovery studies. However, the availability of reliable and specific monoclonal antibody to Aβ37 is very limited. Our aims were: 1) to generate and partially characterize rabbit monoclonal antibody (RabmAb) to Aβ37, and 2) to determine whether the antibody detects changes in Aβ37 levels produced by a γ-secretase modulator (GSM). Our generated RabmAb to Aβ37 was found to be specific to Aβ37, since it did not react with Aβ36, Aβ38, Aβ39, Aβ40, and Aβ42 in an ELISA or immunoblotting. The epitope of the antibody was contained in the seven C-terminal residues of Aβ37. The antibody was sensitive enough to measure CSF and plasma Aβ37 levels in ELISA. Immunohistological studies showed the presence of Aβ37-positive deposits in the brain of AD, and Down syndrome persons diagnosed with AD. Our studies also showed that the antibody detected Aβ37 increases in CSF and brains of rodents following treatment with a GSM. Thus, our antibody can be widely applied to AD research, and in a panel based approach it may have potential to support the diagnosis of probable AD, and in testing the effect of GSMs to target AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj D Mehta
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Bruce A Patrick
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marc Barshatzky
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Sangita P Mehta
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, NY, USA
| | - Janusz Frackowiak
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bozena Mazur-Kolecka
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jerzy Wegiel
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - David L Miller
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, NY, USA
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19
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γ-Secretase Modulators as Aβ42-Lowering Pharmacological Agents to Treat Alzheimer’s Disease. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2016_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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20
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Jung HA, Ali MY, Jung HJ, Jeong HO, Chung HY, Choi JS. Inhibitory activities of major anthraquinones and other constituents from Cassia obtusifolia against β-secretase and cholinesterases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 191:152-160. [PMID: 27321278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Semen Cassiae has been traditionally used as an herbal remedy for liver, eye, and acute inflammatory diseases. Recent pharmacological reports have indicated that Cassiae semen has neuroprotective effects, attributable to its anti-inflammatory actions, in ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD) models. AIM OF THE STUDY The basic goal of this study was to evaluate the anti-AD activities of C. obtusifolia and its major constituents. Previously, the extract of C. obtusifolia seeds, was reported to have memory enhancing properties and anti-AD activity to ameliorate amyloid β-induced synaptic dysfunction. However, the responsible components of C. obtusifolia seeds in an AD are currently still unknown. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of C. obtusifolia and its constituents against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) enzyme activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro cholinesterase enzyme assays by using AChE, BChE, and BACE1 were performed. We also scrutinized the potentials of Cassiae semen active component as BACE1 inhibitors via enzyme kinetics and molecular docking simulation. RESULTS In vitro enzyme assays demonstrated that C. obtusifolia and its major constituents have promising inhibitory potential against AChE, BChE, and BACE1. All Cassiae semen constituents exhibited potent inhibitory activities against AChE and BACE1 with IC50 values of 6.29-109µg/mL and 0.94-190µg/mL, whereas alaternin, questin, and toralactone gentiobioside exhibited significant inhibitory activities against BChE with IC50 values of 113.10-137.74µg/mL. Kinetic study revealed that alaternin noncompetitively inhibited, whereas cassiaside and emodin showed mixed-type inhibition against BACE1. Furthermore, molecular docking simulation results demonstrated that hydroxyl group of alaternin and emodin tightly interacted with the active site residues of BACE1 and their relevant binding energies (-6.62 and -6.89kcal/mol), indicating a higher affinity and tighter binding capacity of these compounds for the active site of BACE1. CONCLUSION The findings of the present study suggest the potential of C. obtusifolia and its major constituents for use in the development of therapeutic or preventive agents for AD, especially through inhibition of AChE, BChE and BACE1 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ah Jung
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Yousof Ali
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Jung
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyong Oh Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Bursavich MG, Harrison BA, Blain JF. Gamma Secretase Modulators: New Alzheimer's Drugs on the Horizon? J Med Chem 2016; 59:7389-409. [PMID: 27007185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly aging population desperately requires new therapies for Alzheimer's disease. Despite years of pharmaceutical research, limited clinical success has been realized, with several failed disease modification therapies in recent years. On the basis of compelling genetic evidence, the pharmaceutical industry has put a large emphasis on brain beta amyloid (Aβ) either through its removal via antibodies or by targeting the proteases responsible for its production. In this Perspective, we focus on the development of small molecules that improve the activity of one such protease, gamma secretase, through an allosteric binding site to preferentially increase the concentration of the shorter non-amyloidogenic Aβ species. After a few early failures due to poor drug-like properties, the industry is now on the cusp of delivering gamma secretase modulators for clinical proof-of-mechanism studies that combine potency and efficacy with improved drug-like properties such as lower cLogP, high central nervous system multiparameter optimization scores, and high sp(3) character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Bursavich
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals , 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Bryce A Harrison
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals , 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jean-François Blain
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals , 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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22
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J. N. Veerman J, G. Bursavich M, B. Bruseker Y, C. J. van Esseveldt B, Glen R, A. Harrison B, H. Heijne E, J. McRiner A, M. Meulemans T, van Rijnsbergen P, Zonneveld W, A. Burnett D. Strategic and Tactical Approaches to the Synthesis of 5,6-Dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazines. HETEROCYCLES 2016. [DOI: 10.3987/com-16-13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Pettersson M, Johnson DS, Humphrey JM, am Ende CW, Evrard E, Efremov I, Kauffman GW, Stepan AF, Stiff CM, Xie L, Bales KR, Hajos-Korcsok E, Murrey HE, Pustilnik LR, Steyn SJ, Wood KM, Verhoest PR. Discovery of indole-derived pyridopyrazine-1,6-dione γ-secretase modulators that target presenilin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:908-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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24
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An approach to design potent anti-Alzheimer’s agents by 3D-QSAR studies on fused 5,6-bicyclic heterocycles as γ-secretase modulators using kNN–MFA methodology. ARAB J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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25
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Toyn JH, Thompson LA, Lentz KA, Meredith JE, Burton CR, Sankaranararyanan S, Guss V, Hall T, Iben LG, Krause CM, Krause R, Lin XA, Pierdomenico M, Polson C, Robertson AS, Denton RR, Grace JE, Morrison J, Raybon J, Zhuo X, Snow K, Padmanabha R, Agler M, Esposito K, Harden D, Prack M, Varma S, Wong V, Zhu Y, Zvyaga T, Gerritz S, Marcin LR, Higgins MA, Shi J, Wei C, Cantone JL, Drexler DM, Macor JE, Olson RE, Ahlijanian MK, Albright CF. Identification and Preclinical Pharmacology of the γ-Secretase Modulator BMS-869780. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 2014:431858. [PMID: 25097793 PMCID: PMC4109680 DOI: 10.1155/2014/431858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most prevalent cause of dementia and is associated with accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), particularly the 42-amino acid Aβ1-42, in the brain. Aβ1-42 levels can be decreased by γ-secretase modulators (GSM), which are small molecules that modulate γ-secretase, an enzyme essential for Aβ production. BMS-869780 is a potent GSM that decreased Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 and increased Aβ1-37 and Aβ1-38, without inhibiting overall levels of Aβ peptides or other APP processing intermediates. BMS-869780 also did not inhibit Notch processing by γ-secretase and lowered brain Aβ1-42 without evidence of Notch-related side effects in rats. Human pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were predicted through allometric scaling of PK in rat, dog, and monkey and were combined with the rat pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters to predict the relationship between BMS-869780 dose, exposure and Aβ1-42 levels in human. Off-target and safety margins were then based on comparisons to the predicted exposure required for robust Aβ1-42 lowering. Because of insufficient safety predictions and the relatively high predicted human daily dose of 700 mg, further evaluation of BMS-869780 as a potential clinical candidate was discontinued. Nevertheless, BMS-869780 demonstrates the potential of the GSM approach for robust lowering of brain Aβ1-42 without Notch-related side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy H. Toyn
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Lorin A. Thompson
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Kimberley A. Lentz
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Jere E. Meredith
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Catherine R. Burton
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Sethu Sankaranararyanan
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Valerie Guss
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Tracey Hall
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
- Preclinical Sciences, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, CT 06410, USA
| | - Lawrence G. Iben
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Carol M. Krause
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Rudy Krause
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Xu-Alan Lin
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Maria Pierdomenico
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Craig Polson
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Alan S. Robertson
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - R. Rex Denton
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - James E. Grace
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - John Morrison
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Joseph Raybon
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Zhuo
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Kimberly Snow
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Ramesh Padmanabha
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Michele Agler
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
- High Throughput Biology, Boehringer Ingelheim, 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Kim Esposito
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - David Harden
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Margaret Prack
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Sam Varma
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
- Stratford High School, 45 North Parade, Stratford, CT 06615, USA
| | - Victoria Wong
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
- External Research Solutions, WWMC, Pfizer World Wide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Yingjie Zhu
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
- Arvinas Inc, 5 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Tatyana Zvyaga
- Lead Discovery and Lead Profiling, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Samuel Gerritz
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Lawrence R. Marcin
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Mendi A. Higgins
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Jianliang Shi
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Cong Wei
- Discovery Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer World Wide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Joseph L. Cantone
- Discovery Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Dieter M. Drexler
- Discovery Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - John E. Macor
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Richard E. Olson
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Michael K. Ahlijanian
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Charles F. Albright
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
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26
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Pettersson M, Johnson DS, Subramanyam C, Bales KR, am Ende CW, Fish BA, Green ME, Kauffman GW, Mullins PB, Navaratnam T, Sakya SM, Stiff CM, Tran TP, Xie L, Zhang L, Pustilnik LR, Vetelino BC, Wood KM, Pozdnyakov N, Verhoest PR, O’Donnell CJ. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of a Novel Series of Pyridopyrazine-1,6-dione γ-Secretase Modulators. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1046-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401782h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pettersson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Douglas S. Johnson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chakrapani Subramanyam
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kelly R. Bales
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher W. am Ende
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Fish
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michael E. Green
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gregory W. Kauffman
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patrick B. Mullins
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Thayalan Navaratnam
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Subas M. Sakya
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Cory M. Stiff
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Tuan P. Tran
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Longfei Xie
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Liming Zhang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Leslie R. Pustilnik
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Beth C. Vetelino
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Wood
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nikolay Pozdnyakov
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patrick R. Verhoest
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher J. O’Donnell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Meanwell NA. The Influence of Bioisosteres in Drug Design: Tactical Applications to Address Developability Problems. TACTICS IN CONTEMPORARY DRUG DESIGN 2014; 9. [PMCID: PMC7416817 DOI: 10.1007/7355_2013_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of bioisosteres in drug discovery is a well-established design concept that has demonstrated utility as an approach to solving a range of problems that affect candidate optimization, progression, and durability. In this chapter, the application of isosteric substitution is explored in a fashion that focuses on the development of practical solutions to problems that are encountered in typical optimization campaigns. The role of bioisosteres to affect intrinsic potency and selectivity, influence conformation, solve problems associated with drug developability, including P-glycoprotein recognition, modulating basicity, solubility, and lipophilicity, and to address issues associated with metabolism and toxicity is used as the underlying theme to capture a spectrum of creative applications of structural emulation in the design of drug candidates.
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Kobayashi T, Iwama S, Fusano A, Kato Y, Ikeda A, Teranishi Y, Nishihara A, Tobe M. Design and synthesis of an aminopiperidine series of γ-secretase modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:378-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Chen JJ, Qian W, Biswas K, Yuan C, Amegadzie A, Liu Q, Nixey T, Zhu J, Ncube M, Rzasa RM, Chavez F, Chen N, DeMorin F, Rumfelt S, Tegley CM, Allen JR, Hitchcock S, Hungate R, Bartberger MD, Zalameda L, Liu Y, McCarter JD, Zhang J, Zhu L, Babu-Khan S, Luo Y, Bradley J, Wen PH, Reid DL, Koegler F, Dean C, Hickman D, Correll TL, Williamson T, Wood S. Discovery of 2-methylpyridine-based biaryl amides as γ-secretase modulators for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6447-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Golde TE, Koo EH, Felsenstein KM, Osborne BA, Miele L. γ-Secretase inhibitors and modulators. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1828:2898-907. [PMID: 23791707 PMCID: PMC3857966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a fascinating, multi-subunit, intramembrane cleaving protease that is now being considered as a therapeutic target for a number of diseases. Potent, orally bioavailable γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) have been developed and tested in humans with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cancer. Preclinical studies also suggest the therapeutic potential for GSIs in other disease conditions. However, due to inherent mechanism based-toxicity of non-selective inhibition of γ-secretase, clinical development of GSIs will require empirical testing with careful evaluation of benefit versus risk. In addition to GSIs, compounds referred to as γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) remain in development as AD therapeutics. GSMs do not inhibit γ-secretase, but modulate γ-secretase processivity and thereby shift the profile of the secreted amyloid β peptides (Aβ) peptides produced. Although GSMs are thought to have an inherently safe mechanism of action, their effects on substrates other than the amyloid β protein precursor (APP) have not been extensively investigated. Herein, we will review the current state of development of GSIs and GSMs and explore pertinent biological and pharmacological questions pertaining to the use of these agents for select indications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Intramembrane Proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd E Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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31
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Pettersson M, Stepan AF, Kauffman GW, Johnson DS. Novel γ-secretase modulators for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: a review focusing on patents from 2010 to 2012. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:1349-66. [PMID: 23875696 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.821465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION γ-Secretase is the enzyme responsible for the final step of amyloid precursor protein proteolysis to generate Aβ peptides including Aβ42 which is believed to be a toxic species involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. γ-Secretase modulators (GSMs) have been shown to selectively lower Aβ42 production without affecting total Aβ levels or the formation of γ-secretase substrate intracellular domains such as APP intracellular domain and Notch intracellular domain. Therefore, GSMs have emerged as an important therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD. AREAS COVERED The literature covering novel GSMs will be reviewed focusing on patents from 2010 to 2012. EXPERT OPINION During the last review period (2008 - 2010) considerable progress was made developing GSMs with improved potency for lowering Aβ42 levels, but most of the compounds resided in unfavorable central nervous system (CNS) drug space. In this review period (2010 - 2012), there is a higher percentage of potent GSM chemical matter that resides in favorable CNS drug space. It is anticipated that clinical candidates will emerge out of this cohort that will be able to test the GSM mechanism of action in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pettersson
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 700 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139 , USA
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32
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Crump CJ, Johnson DS, Li YM. Development and mechanism of γ-secretase modulators for Alzheimer's disease. Biochemistry 2013; 52:3197-216. [PMID: 23614767 DOI: 10.1021/bi400377p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
γ-Secretase is an aspartyl intramembranal protease composed of presenilin, Nicastrin, Aph1, and Pen2 with 19 transmembrane domains. γ-Secretase cleaves the amyloid precursor proteins (APP) to release Aβ peptides that likely play a causative role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, γ-secretase cleaves Notch and other type I membrane proteins. γ-Secretase inhibitors (GSIs) have been developed and used for clinical studies. However, clinical trials have shown adverse effects of GSIs that are potentially linked with nondiscriminatory inhibition of Notch signaling, overall APP processing, and other substrate cleavages. Therefore, these findings call for the development of disease-modifying agents that target γ-secretase activity to lower levels of Aβ42 production without blocking the overall processing of γ-secretase substrates. γ-Secretase modulators (GSMs) originally derived from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) display such characteristics and are the focus of this review. However, first-generation GSMs have limited potential because of the low potency and undesired neuropharmacokinetic properties. This generation of GSMs has been suggested to interact with the APP substrate, γ-secretase, or both. To improve the potency and brain availability, second-generation GSMs, including NSAID-derived carboxylic acid and non-NSAID-derived heterocyclic chemotypes, as well as natural product-derived GSMs have been developed. Animal studies of this generation of GSMs have shown encouraging preclinical profiles. Moreover, using potent GSM photoaffinity probes, multiple studies unambiguously have showed that both carboxylic acid and heterocyclic GSMs specifically target presenilin, the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase. In addition, two types of GSMs have distinct binding sites within the γ-secretase complex and exhibit different Aβ profiles. GSMs induce a conformational change of γ-secretase to achieve modulation. Various models are proposed and discussed. Despite the progress of GSM research, many outstanding issues remain to be investigated to achieve the ultimate goal of developing GSMs as effective AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Crump
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
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33
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Wu WL, Asberom T, Bara T, Bennett C, Burnett DA, Clader J, Domalski M, Greenlee WJ, Josien H, McBriar M, Rajagopalan M, Vicarel M, Xu R, Hyde LA, Del Vecchio RA, Cohen-Williams ME, Song L, Lee J, Terracina G, Zhang Q, Nomeir A, Parker EM, Zhang L. Structure activity relationship studies of tricyclic bispyran sulfone γ-secretase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:844-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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34
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Wu WL, Sasikumar TK, Domalski MS, Qiang L, Burnett DA, Clader J, Greenlee WJ, Chan TM, Lee J, Zhang L. A-ring modification of SCH 900229 and related chromene sulfone γ-secretase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:850-3. [PMID: 23265902 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Attempts to block metabolism by incorporating a 9-fluoro substituent at the A-ring of compound 1 (SCH 900229) using electrophilic Selectfluor™ led to an unexpected oxidation of the A-ring to give difluoroquinone analog 1a. Oxidation of other related chromene γ-secretase inhibitors 2-8 resulted in similar difluoroquinone analogs 2a-8a, respectively. These quinone products exhibited comparable in vitro potency in a γ-scretase membrane assay, but were several fold less potent in a cell-based assay in lowering Aβ40-42, compared to their parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lian Wu
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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35
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Li H, Qin J, Dhondi P, Zhou W, Vicarel M, Bara T, Cole D, Josien H, Pissarnitski D, Zhu Z, Palani A, Aslanian R, Clader J, Czarniecki M, Greenlee W, Cohen-Williams M, Hyde L, Song L, Zhang L, Chu I, Huang X. The discovery of fused oxadiazepines as gamma secretase modulators for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:466-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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γ-Secretase Modulators: Can We Combine Potency with Safety? Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:295207. [PMID: 23365783 PMCID: PMC3534213 DOI: 10.1155/2012/295207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase modulation has been proposed as a potential disease modifying anti-Alzheimer's approach. γ-Secretase modulators (GSMs) cause a product shift from the longer amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide isoforms to shorter, more soluble, and less amyloidogenic isoforms, without inhibiting APP or Notch proteolytic processing. As such, modulating γ-secretase may avoid some of the adverse effects observed with γ-secretase inhibitors. Since the termination of the GSM tarenfurbil in 2008 due to negative phase III trial results, a considerable progress has been made towards more potent and better brain penetrable compounds. However, an analysis of their lipophilic efficiency indices indicates that their increased potency can be largely attributed to their increased lipophilicity. The need for early and chronic dosing with GSMs will require high-safety margins. This will be a challenge to achieve with the current, highly lipophilic GSMs. We will demonstrate that by focusing on the drug-like properties of GSMs, a combination of high in vitro potency and reduced lipophilicity can be achieved and does result in better tolerated compounds. The next hurdle will be to translate this knowledge into GSMs which are highly efficacious and safe in vivo.
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37
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Wu WL, Domalski M, Burnett DA, Josien H, Bara T, Rajagopalan M, Xu R, Clader J, Greenlee WJ, Brunskill A, Hyde LA, Del Vecchio RA, Cohen-Williams ME, Song L, Lee J, Terracina G, Zhang Q, Nomeir A, Parker EM, Zhang L. Discovery of SCH 900229, a Potent Presenilin 1 Selective γ-Secretase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:892-6. [PMID: 24900404 DOI: 10.1021/ml300044f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An exploration of the SAR of the side chain of a novel tricyclic series of γ-secretase inhibitors led to the identification of compound (-)-16 (SCH 900229), which is a potent and PS1 selective inhibitor of γ-secretase (Aβ40 IC50 = 1.3 nM). Compound (-)-16 demonstrated excellent lowering of Aβ after oral administration in preclinical animal models and was advanced to human clinical trials for further development as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lian Wu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Martin Domalski
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Duane A. Burnett
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hubert Josien
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Thomas Bara
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Murali Rajagopalan
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ruo Xu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John Clader
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - William J. Greenlee
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew Brunskill
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lynn A. Hyde
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert A. Del Vecchio
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mary E. Cohen-Williams
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lixin Song
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Julie Lee
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Giuseppe Terracina
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Amin Nomeir
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Eric M. Parker
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
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38
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Huang X, Zhou W, Liu X, Li H, Sun G, Mandal M, Vicarel M, Zhu X, Bennett C, McCraken T, Pissarnitski D, Zhao Z, Cole D, Gallo G, Zhu Z, Palani A, Aslanian R, Clader J, Czarniecki M, Greenlee W, Burnett D, Cohen-Williams M, Hyde L, Song L, Zhang L, Chu I, Buevich A. Synthesis and SAR Studies of Fused Oxadiazines as γ-Secretase Modulators for Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:931-5. [PMID: 24900409 DOI: 10.1021/ml300209g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fused oxadiazines (3) were discovered as selective and orally bioavailable γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) based on the structural framework of oxadiazoline GSMs. Although structurally related, initial modifications showed that structure-activity relationships (SARs) did not translate from the oxadiazoline to the oxadiazine series. Subsequent SAR studies on modifications at the C3 and C4 positions of the fused oxadiazine core helped to identify GSMs such as compounds 8r and 8s that were highly efficacious in vitro and in vivo in a number of animal models with highly desirable physical and pharmacological properties. Further improvements of in vitro activity and selectivity were achieved by the preparation of fused morpholine oxadiazines. The shift in specificity of APP cleavage rather than a reduction in overall γ-secretase activity and the lack of changes in substrate accumulation and Notch processing as observed in the animal studies of compound 8s confirm that the oxadiazine series of compounds are potent GSMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Huang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Xiaoxiang Liu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - George Sun
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mihirbaran Mandal
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Monica Vicarel
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Xiaohong Zhu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Chad Bennett
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Troy McCraken
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dmitri Pissarnitski
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Zhao
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - David Cole
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gioconda Gallo
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhaoning Zhu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Anandan Palani
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Robert Aslanian
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - John Clader
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael Czarniecki
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - William Greenlee
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Duane Burnett
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mary Cohen-Williams
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lynn Hyde
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lixin Song
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Inhou Chu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Alexei Buevich
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of In Vitro Biology, §Department of In Vivo Biology, ∥Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Structual Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratory, 126 East
Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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39
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Huang X, Pissarnitski D, Li H, Asberom T, Josien H, Zhu X, Vicarel M, Zhao Z, Rajagopalan M, Palani A, Aslanian R, Zhu Z, Greenlee W, Buevich A. Efficient synthesis and reaction pathway studies of novel fused morpholine oxadiazolines for use as gamma secretase modulators. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Canales E, Carlson JS, Appleby T, Fenaux M, Lee J, Tian Y, Tirunagari N, Wong M, Watkins WJ. Tri-substituted acylhydrazines as tertiary amide bioisosteres: HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4288-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Pettersson M, Johnson DS, Subramanyam C, Bales KR, am Ende CW, Fish BA, Green ME, Kauffman GW, Lira R, Mullins PB, Navaratnam T, Sakya SM, Stiff CM, Tran TP, Vetelino BC, Xie L, Zhang L, Pustilnik LR, Wood KM, O'Donnell CJ. Design and synthesis of dihydrobenzofuran amides as orally bioavailable, centrally active γ-secretase modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2906-11. [PMID: 22429469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery and optimization of a novel series of dihydrobenzofuran amides as γ-secretase modulators (GSMs). Strategies for aligning in vitro potency with drug-like physicochemical properties and good microsomal stability while avoiding P-gp mediated efflux are discussed. Lead compounds such as 35 and 43 have moderate to good in vitro potency and excellent selectivity against Notch. Good oral bioavailability was achieved as well as robust brain Aβ42 lowering activity at 100 mg/kg po dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pettersson
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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42
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Secretase Inhibitors and Modulators as a Disease-Modifying Approach Against Alzheimer's Disease. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396492-2.00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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