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Viana da Silva S, Haberl MG, Gaur K, Patel R, Narayan G, Ledakis M, Fu ML, de Castro Vieira M, Koo EH, Leutgeb JK, Leutgeb S. Localized APP expression results in progressive network dysfunction by disorganizing spike timing. Neuron 2024; 112:124-140.e6. [PMID: 37909036 PMCID: PMC10877582 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Progressive cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease could either be caused by a spreading molecular pathology or by an initially focal pathology that causes aberrant neuronal activity in a larger network. To distinguish between these possibilities, we generated a mouse model with expression of mutant human amyloid precursor protein (APP) in only hippocampal CA3 cells. We found that performance in a hippocampus-dependent memory task was impaired in young adult and aged mutant mice. In both age groups, we then recorded from the CA1 region, which receives inputs from APP-expressing CA3 cells. We observed that theta oscillation frequency in CA1 was reduced along with disrupted relative timing of principal cells. Highly localized pathology limited to the presynaptic CA3 cells is thus sufficient to cause aberrant firing patterns in postsynaptic neuronal networks, which indicates that disease progression is not only from spreading pathology but also mediated by progressively advancing physiological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Viana da Silva
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; NeuroCure Excellence Cluster and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias G Haberl
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Neuroscience Research Center, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kshitij Gaur
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rina Patel
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gautam Narayan
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Max Ledakis
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maylin L Fu
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Miguel de Castro Vieira
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Neuroscience Research Center, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jill K Leutgeb
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Stefan Leutgeb
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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2
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Schilling S, August A, Meleux M, Conradt C, Tremmel LM, Teigler S, Adam V, Müller UC, Koo EH, Kins S, Eggert S. APP family member dimeric complexes are formed predominantly in synaptic compartments. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:141. [PMID: 37533067 PMCID: PMC10398996 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The amyloid precursor protein (APP), a key player in Alzheimer's disease (AD), is part of a larger gene family, including the APP like proteins APLP1 and APLP2. They share similar structures, form homo- and heterotypic dimers and exhibit overlapping functions. RESULTS We investigated complex formation of the APP family members via two inducible dimerization systems, the FKBP-rapamycin based dimerization as well as cysteine induced dimerization, combined with co-immunoprecipitations and Blue Native (BN) gel analyses. Within the APP family, APLP1 shows the highest degree of dimerization and high molecular weight (HMW) complex formation. Interestingly, only about 20% of APP is dimerized in cultured cells whereas up to 50% of APP is dimerized in mouse brains, independent of age and splice forms. Furthermore, we could show that dimerized APP originates mostly from neurons and is enriched in synaptosomes. Finally, BN gel analysis of human cortex samples shows a significant decrease of APP dimers in AD patients compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Together, we suggest that loss of full-length APP dimers might correlate with loss of synapses in the process of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schilling
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Alexander August
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Mathieu Meleux
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Carolin Conradt
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Luisa M Tremmel
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Medical, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Teigler
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Virginie Adam
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ulrike C Müller
- Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, 92093-0662, USA
| | - Stefan Kins
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Simone Eggert
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City-Campus, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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3
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Aow J, Huang TR, Goh YT, Sun AX, Thinakaran G, Koo EH. Evidence for a clathrin-independent endocytic pathway for APP internalization in the neuronal somatodendritic compartment. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112774. [PMID: 37450368 PMCID: PMC10449584 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) internalization via clathrin-/dynamin-mediated endocytosis (CME) mediated by its YENPTY motif into endosomes containing β-secretase is proposed to be critical for amyloid-beta (Aβ) production. Here, we show that somatodendritic APP internalization in primary rodent neurons is not blocked by inhibiting dynamin or mutating the YENPTY motif, in contrast to non-neuronal cell lines. These phenomena, confirmed in induced human neurons under dynamin inhibition, occur during basal conditions and chemical long-term-depression stimulus, pointing to a clathrin-independent internalization pathway for somatodendritic APP. Mutating the YENPTY motif does not alter APP recycling, degradation, or endolysosomal colocalization. However, both dynamin inhibition and the YENPTY mutant significantly decrease secreted Aβ in neurons, suggesting that internalized somatodendritic APP may not constitute a major source of Aβ. Interestingly, like APP, somatodendritic low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) internalization does not require its CME motif. These results highlight intriguing differences in neuronal internalization pathways and refine our understanding of Aβ production and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Aow
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, Genome, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Tzu-Rung Huang
- Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yeek Teck Goh
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, Genome, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Alfred Xuyang Sun
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gopal Thinakaran
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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4
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Schilling S, Pradhan A, Heesch A, Helbig A, Blennow K, Koch C, Bertgen L, Koo EH, Brinkmalm G, Zetterberg H, Kins S, Eggert S. Differential effects of familial Alzheimer's disease-causing mutations on amyloid precursor protein (APP) trafficking, proteolytic conversion, and synaptogenic activity. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:87. [PMID: 37259128 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01577-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a key player in Alzheimer`s disease (AD) and the precursor of the Aβ peptide, which is generated by consecutive cleavages of β- and γ-secretases. Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) describes a hereditary subgroup of AD that represents a low percentage of AD cases with an early onset of the disease. Different APP FAD mutations are thought to have qualitatively different effects on its proteolytic conversion. However, few studies have explored the pathogenic and putative physiological differences in more detail. Here, we compared different FAD mutations, located at the β- (Swedish), α- (Flemish, Arctic, Iowa) or γ-secretase (Iberian) cleavage sites. We examined heterologous expression of APP WT and FAD mutants in non-neuronal cells and their impact on presynaptic differentiation in contacting axons of co-cultured neurons. To decipher the underlying molecular mechanism, we tested the subcellular localization, the endocytosis rate and the proteolytic processing in detail by immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry. Interestingly, we found that only the Iberian mutation showed altered synaptogenic function. Furthermore, the APP Iowa mutant shows significantly decreased α-secretase processing which is in line with our results that APP carrying the Iowa mutation was significantly increased in early endosomes. However, most interestingly, immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the amino acid substitutions of APP FAD mutants have a decisive impact on their processing reflected in altered Aβ profiles. Importantly, N-terminally truncated Aβ peptides starting at position 5 were detected preferentially for APP Flemish, Arctic, and Iowa mutants containing amino acid substitutions around the α-secretase cleavage site. The strongest change in the ratio of Aβ40/Aβ42 was observed for the Iberian mutation while APP Swedish showed a substantial increase in Aβ1-17 peptides. Together, our data indicate that familial AD mutations located at the α-, β-, and γ-secretase cleavage sites show considerable differences in the underlying pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schilling
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ajay Pradhan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Amelie Heesch
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Andrea Helbig
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Christian Koch
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Lea Bertgen
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Edward H Koo
- San Diego (UCSD), Department of Neuroscience, University of California, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0662, USA
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stefan Kins
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Simone Eggert
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City-Campus, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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5
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Chai YL, Rajeev V, Poh L, Selvaraji S, Hilal S, Chen CP, Jo DG, Koo EH, Arumugam TV, Lai MKP. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion alters the CypA-EMMPRIN-gelatinase pathway: Implications for vascular dementia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:722-735. [PMID: 36537035 PMCID: PMC10108186 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221146401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is postulated to underlie multiple pathophysiological processes in vascular dementia (VaD), including extracellular matrix dysfunction. While several extracellular matrix proteins, namely cyclophilin A (CypA), extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) and gelatinases (matrix metalloproteinases, MMP-2 and -9) have been investigated in acute stroke, their involvement in CCH and VaD remains unclear. In this study, CypA-EMMPRIN-gelatinase proteins were analysed in a clinical cohort of 36 aged, cognitively unimpaired subjects and 48 VaD patients, as well as in a bilateral carotid artery stenosis mouse model of CCH. Lower CypA and higher EMMPRIN levels were found in both VaD serum and CCH mouse brain. Furthermore, gelatinases were differentially altered in CCH mice and VaD patients, with significant MMP-2 increase in CCH brain and serum, whilst serum MMP-9 was elevated in VaD but reduced in CCH, suggesting complex CypA-EMMPRIN-gelatinase regulatory mechanisms. Interestingly, subjects with cortical infarcts had higher serum MMP-2, while white matter hyperintensities, cortical infarcts and lacunes were associated with higher serum MMP-9. Taken together, our data indicate that perturbations of CypA-EMMPRIN signalling may be associated with gelatinase-mediated vascular sequelae, highlighting the potential utility of the CypA-EMMPRIN-gelatinase pathway as clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets in VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuek Ling Chai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong
Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge,
Singapore
- Memory, Aging and Cognition Centre,
National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Vismitha Rajeev
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong
Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge,
Singapore
| | - Luting Poh
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong
Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge,
Singapore
| | - Sharmelee Selvaraji
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong
Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge,
Singapore
| | - Saima Hilal
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong
Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge,
Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public
Health, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Christopher P Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong
Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge,
Singapore
- Memory, Aging and Cognition Centre,
National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan
University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Medicine, National
University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore
- Graduate School for Integrative
Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge,
Singapore
- Department of Neurosciences,
University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan
University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology
and Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and
Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe
University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Mitchell KP Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong
Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge,
Singapore
- Memory, Aging and Cognition Centre,
National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
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6
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Aow J, Huang TR, Thinakaran G, Koo EH. Enhanced cleavage of APP by co-expressed Bace1 alters the distribution of APP and its fragments in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3073-3090. [PMID: 35266114 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02733-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease amyloid-beta peptides (Aβ) are generated via sequential cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase (Bace1) and γ-secretase. Though the precise subcellular location(s) of Bace1-mediated APP cleavage remains unresolved, current models suggest APP internalization into Bace1-containing endosomes is a critical step. However, direct evidence for this model is lacking, and previous reports that probed the APP/Bace1 interaction (using co-expressed APP and Bace1 differentially labeled with fluorescent protein tags) did not determine if APP fluorescence originated from full-length APP (fl-APP) molecules that had internalized from the cell surface pool. METHODS We adapted the bungarotoxin-ligand (BTX) system to label surface APP and track internalized fluorescent APP/BTX puncta in rodent primary neurons co-expressing fluorescently-tagged Bace1. Subsequently, we employed imaging and biochemical-based approaches to measure N- and C-terminal APP epitope levels in primary neurons, N2a neuroblastoma, and HeLa cell lines. RESULTS We hypothesized that surface-labeled APP/BTX puncta would, upon internalization, colocalize with fluorescently-tagged Bace1. Unexpectedly, we observed a dramatic loss of internalized APP in co-transfected neurons and ~ 80-90% loss of surface-resident fl-APP, which we also observed in HeLa and N2a cells. Loss of surface fl-APP could be reversed by a Bace1 inhibitor, suggesting that enhanced Bace1-mediated APP cleavage was responsible for the altered processing and mis-sorting. Importantly, in a C-terminally-tagged APP construct, the majority of C-terminal fluorescence was preserved in HeLa cells despite the loss of N-terminal APP signal. This phenomenon was not only recapitulated in cultured neurons, but also showed a progressive disappearance of the APP N-terminal tag, reflecting continual cleavage of fl-APP by Bace1 away from the cell body. CONCLUSIONS Our results strongly suggested that in APP/Bace1 co-expression approaches, there was significant early and aberrant Bace1-mediated APP cleavage that perturbed fl-APP trafficking from the secretory pathway onwards, resulting in a substantial loss of surface fl-APP, which in turn led to a marked reduction in APP internalization. In C-terminally-tagged APP constructs, a large fraction of the APP fluorescence signal therefore likely arose from fluorescently-tagged β-C-terminal-fragment (β-CTF) or downstream proteolytic derivatives instead of fl-APP. Thus, care is needed in interpreting results where APP is detected only with a C-terminal tag in the presence of Bace1 co-expression, and previous findings may need to be reinterpreted if it is unclear whether fl-APP is present in normal physiological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Aow
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Tzu-Rung Huang
- Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gopal Thinakaran
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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7
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Kivipelto M, Mangialasche F, Snyder HM, Allegri R, Andrieu S, Arai H, Baker L, Belleville S, Brodaty H, Brucki SM, Calandri I, Caramelli P, Chen C, Chertkow H, Chew E, Choi SH, Chowdhary N, Crivelli L, Torre RDL, Du Y, Dua T, Espeland M, Feldman HH, Hartmanis M, Hartmann T, Heffernan M, Henry CJ, Hong CH, Håkansson K, Iwatsubo T, Jeong JH, Jimenez-Maggiora G, Koo EH, Launer LJ, Lehtisalo J, Lopera F, Martínez-Lage P, Martins R, Middleton L, Molinuevo JL, Montero-Odasso M, Moon SY, Morales-Pérez K, Nitrini R, Nygaard HB, Park YK, Peltonen M, Qiu C, Quiroz YT, Raman R, Rao N, Ravindranath V, Rosenberg A, Sakurai T, Salinas RM, Scheltens P, Sevlever G, Soininen H, Sosa AL, Suemoto CK, Tainta-Cuezva M, Velilla L, Wang Y, Whitmer R, Xu X, Bain LJ, Solomon A, Ngandu T, Carrillo MC. World-Wide FINGERS Network: A global approach to risk reduction and prevention of dementia. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:1078-1094. [PMID: 32627328 PMCID: PMC9527644 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reducing the risk of dementia can halt the worldwide increase of affected people. The multifactorial and heterogeneous nature of late-onset dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), indicates a potential impact of multidomain lifestyle interventions on risk reduction. The positive results of the landmark multidomain Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER) support such an approach. The World-Wide FINGERS (WW-FINGERS), launched in 2017 and including over 25 countries, is the first global network of multidomain lifestyle intervention trials for dementia risk reduction and prevention. WW-FINGERS aims to adapt, test, and optimize the FINGER model to reduce risk across the spectrum of cognitive decline—from at-risk asymptomatic states to early symptomatic stages—in different geographical, cultural, and economic settings. WW-FINGERS aims to harmonize and adapt multidomain interventions across various countries and settings, to facilitate data sharing and analysis across studies, and to promote international joint initiatives to identify globally implementable and effective preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miia Kivipelto
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholms Sjukhem, Research & Development Unit, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Mangialasche
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Aging Research Center, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heather M Snyder
- Division of Medical and Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ricardo Allegri
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandrine Andrieu
- INSERM, University of Toulouse UMR1027, Toulouse, France.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Hidenori Arai
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Laura Baker
- Department of Internal Medicine - Geriatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sylvie Belleville
- Institute Universitaire de Geriatrie de Montreal, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sonia M Brucki
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ismael Calandri
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paulo Caramelli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Christopher Chen
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Howard Chertkow
- Division of Medicine/Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Cognitive Neurology and Innovation, Baycrest Health Sciences and Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Effie Chew
- Division of Neurology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seong H Choi
- Department of Neurology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Neerja Chowdhary
- Brain Health Unit, Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lucía Crivelli
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rafael De La Torre
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yifeng Du
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tarun Dua
- Brain Health Unit, Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mark Espeland
- Department of Internal Medicine - Geriatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Howard H Feldman
- Department of Neurosciences, Alzheimer Disease Cooperative Study, University of California, San Diego, California, La Jolla, USA.,Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maris Hartmanis
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,FINGERS Brain Health Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Hartmann
- German Institute for Dementia Prevention (DIDP), Medical Faculty, and Department of Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Megan Heffernan
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christiani J Henry
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chang H Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Krister Håkansson
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takeshi Iwatsubo
- Unit for Early and Exploratory Clinical Development, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jee H Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gustavo Jimenez-Maggiora
- Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, California, San Diego, USA
| | - Edward H Koo
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jenni Lehtisalo
- Public Health Promotion Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia (GNA), Faculty of Medicine of the University of Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Pablo Martínez-Lage
- Department of Neurology, Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ralph Martins
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lefkos Middleton
- The Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Neurology, Public Health Directorate, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - José L Molinuevo
- BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Montero-Odasso
- Department of Medicine and Biostatistics Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - So Y Moon
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kristal Morales-Pérez
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,FINGERS Brain Health Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Haakon B Nygaard
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yoo K Park
- Department of Medical nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Markku Peltonen
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Public Health Promotion Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chengxuan Qiu
- Aging Research Center, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yakeel T Quiroz
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia (GNA), Faculty of Medicine of the University of Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rema Raman
- Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, California, San Diego, USA
| | - Naren Rao
- Department of psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Anna Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Rosa M Salinas
- Laboratory of Dementias, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gustavo Sevlever
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ana L Sosa
- Laboratory of Dementias, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia K Suemoto
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mikel Tainta-Cuezva
- Department of Neurology, Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian, Spain.,Organización Sanitaria Integrada Goierri Alto Urola, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Lina Velilla
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia (GNA), Faculty of Medicine of the University of Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Rachel Whitmer
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lisa J Bain
- Independent Science Writer, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alina Solomon
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiia Ngandu
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Public Health Promotion Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria C Carrillo
- Division of Medical and Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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8
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Lee M, Chong WQ, Tan HL, Chan G, Ho J, Sundar R, Chee CE, Nasrallah F, Koo EH, Yong WP. The chemo-brain effect in colorectal cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e24095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
e24095 Background: The chemo-brain effect associated with systemic chemotherapy results in cognitive disturbances impacting the capacity to engage in tasks and quality of life (QOL). Patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) who receive adjuvant chemotherapy generally have long survival times. The long-term effect of chemotherapy on cognition is uncertain. We aimed to ascertain the frequency of long-term cognitive impairment using neuropsychological assessments and correlating with neuroimaging. Methods: In this prospective pilot study, patients (n=22) with stage II to III CRC between 45 to 75 years old, who were planned to receive adjuvant chemotherapy, were recruited. 3 visits were scheduled for each subject – pre-chemotherapy (V1), at 1 month post chemotherapy (V2), and at 6 months post chemotherapy (V3). Serial tests were performed – the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), QOL questionnaires (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Perceived Deficits Questionnaire (PDQ), EORTC QLQ-C30, FACT-ES), 3 item pocket smell test, functional PET/MRI brain imaging, and blood biomarker studies. Results: 18/22 subjects (13 male, 5 female) had completed tests at all 3 visits; the median age was 62 years (range 51 – 69). 9/18 had an initial decline (median -0.033) of Rapid Visual Information processing (RVP) at V2; 3/9 showed improvement to baseline at V3. 8/18 had a persistent decline in RVP scores at V3 (median -0.054). This was associated with increased HADS depression scores (mean 3.63 at V2 vs 4.63 at V1), worsening attention scores (mean 4.38 at V3 and 3.63 at V1), prospective memory scores (mean 3.75 at V3 vs 3.38 at V1), and total scores (mean 14.63 at V3 vs 13.75 at V1) on the PDQ. 7/18 had an increase in Paired Associates Learning (PAL) errors (median +6) at V2. 3/7 improved to baseline at V3, while 4/7 continued to have a persistent decline. PAL scores were not associated with worsening retrospective or prospective PDQ memory scores, changes in HADS depression or EORTC QLQ-C30 scores. There was no difference in baseline CANTAB scores for patients reporting declining vs stable QLQ-C30 scores. Conclusions: Only half of patients with initial RVP A and PAL decline improved at 6 months post chemotherapy. Further efforts should be placed to identify those at risk of poor recovery, and develop strategies to manage the chemo-brain effect. The correlation of cognitive decline with neuroimaging will be presented in the final analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Lee
- National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan Qin Chong
- National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hon Lyn Tan
- National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gloria Chan
- National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jingshan Ho
- National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raghav Sundar
- National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheng Ean Chee
- National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fatima Nasrallah
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei-Peng Yong
- National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
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9
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Yan Z, Zhou Z, Wu Q, Chen ZB, Koo EH, Zhong S. Presymptomatic Increase of an Extracellular RNA in Blood Plasma Associates with the Development of Alzheimer’s Disease. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1771-1782.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Hiramatsu N, Chiang K, Aivati C, Rodvold JJ, Lee JM, Han J, Chea L, Zanetti M, Koo EH, Lin JH. PERK-mediated induction of microRNA-483 disrupts cellular ATP homeostasis during the unfolded protein response. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:237-249. [PMID: 31792031 PMCID: PMC6952592 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), which reduces levels of misfolded proteins. However, if ER homeostasis is not restored and the UPR remains chronically activated, cells undergo apoptosis. The UPR regulator, PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), plays an important role in promoting cell death when persistently activated; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we profiled the microRNA (miRNA) transcriptome in human cells exposed to ER stress and identified miRNAs that are selectively induced by PERK signaling. We found that expression of a PERK-induced miRNA, miR-483, promotes apoptosis in human cells. miR-483 induction was mediated by a transcription factor downstream of PERK, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), but not by the CHOP transcription factor. We identified the creatine kinase brain-type (CKB) gene, encoding an enzyme that maintains cellular ATP reserves through phosphocreatine production, as being repressed during the UPR and targeted by miR-483. We found that ER stress, selective PERK activation, and CKB knockdown all decrease cellular ATP levels, leading to increased vulnerability to ER stress-induced cell death. Our findings identify miR-483 as a downstream target of the PERK branch of the UPR. We propose that disruption of cellular ATP homeostasis through miR-483-mediated CKB silencing promotes ER stress-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Hiramatsu
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0612
| | - Karen Chiang
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0612; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0612
| | - Cathrine Aivati
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0612
| | - Jeffrey J Rodvold
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0612
| | - Ji-Min Lee
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Med-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31151, Korea
| | - Jaeseok Han
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Med-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31151, Korea
| | - Leon Chea
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304
| | - Maurizio Zanetti
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0612
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0612; Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117549 Singapore
| | - Jonathan H Lin
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0612; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California 94304.
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11
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Kim J, Selvaraji S, Kang SW, Lee WT, Chen CLH, Choi H, Koo EH, Jo DG, Leong Lim K, Lim YA, Arumugam TV. Cerebral transcriptome analysis reveals age-dependent progression of neuroinflammation in P301S mutant tau transgenic male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:344-357. [PMID: 30980950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of the microtubule-associated protein, tau, can lead to neurofibrillary tangle formation in neurons and glia which is the hallmark of tauopathy. The cellular damage induced by the formation of neurofibrillary tangles leads to neuroinflammation and consecutive neuronal death. However, detailed observation of transcriptomic changes under tauopathy together with the comparison of age-dependent progression of neuroinflammatory gene expressions mediated by tau overexpression is required. Employing RNA sequencing on PS19 transgenic mice that overexpress human mutant tau harboring the P301S mutation, we have examined the effects of age-dependent tau overexpression on transcriptomic changes of immune and inflammatory responses in the cerebral cortex. Compared to age-matched wild type control, P301S transgenic mice exhibit significant transcriptomic alterations. We have observed age-dependent neuroinflammatory gene expression changes in both wild type and P301S transgenic mice where tau overexpression further promoted the expression of neuroinflammatory genes in 10-month old P301S transgenic mice. Moreover, functional gene network analyses (gene ontology and pathway enrichment) and prospective target protein interactions predicted the potential involvement of multiple immune and inflammatory pathways that may contribute to tau-mediated neuronal pathology. Our current study on P301S transgenic mice model revealed for the first time, the differences of gene expression patterns in both early and late stage of tau pathology in cerebral cortex. Our analyses also revealed that tau overexpression alone induces multiple inflammatory and immune transcriptomic changes and may provide a roadmap to elucidate the targets of anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategy focused on tau pathology and related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonki Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sharmelee Selvaraji
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sung Wook Kang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Thye Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Li-Hsian Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Hyungwon Choi
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kah Leong Lim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Neurobiology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yun-An Lim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; Neurobiology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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12
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Poh L, Kang SW, Baik SH, Ng GYQ, She DT, Balaganapathy P, Dheen ST, Magnus T, Gelderblom M, Sobey CG, Koo EH, Fann DY, Arumugam TV. Evidence that NLRC4 inflammasome mediates apoptotic and pyroptotic microglial death following ischemic stroke. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 75:34-47. [PMID: 30195027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death in the world and a major cause of long-term disability. Recent evidence has provided insight into a newly described inflammatory mechanism that contributes to neuronal and glial cell death, and impaired neurological outcome following ischemic stroke - a form of sterile inflammation involving innate immune complexes termed inflammasomes. It has been established that inflammasome activation following ischemic stroke contributes to neuronal cell death, but little is known about inflammasome function and cell death in activated microglial cells following cerebral ischemia. Microglia are considered the resident immune cells that function as the primary immune defense in the brain. This study has comprehensively investigated the expression and activation of NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4 and AIM2 inflammasomes in isolates of microglial cells subjected to simulated ischemic conditions and in the brain following ischemic stroke. Immunoblot analysis from culture media indicated microglial cells release inflammasome components and inflammasome activation-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokines following ischemic conditions. In addition, a functional role for NLRC4 inflammasomes was determined using siRNA knockdown of NLRC4 and pharmacological inhibitors of caspase-1 and -8 to target apoptotic and pyroptotic cell death in BV2 microglial cells under ischemic conditions. In summary, the present study provides evidence that the NLRC4 inflammasome complex mediates the inflammatory response, as well as apoptotic and pyroptotic cell death in microglial cells under in vitro and in vivo ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luting Poh
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sung-Wook Kang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sang-Ha Baik
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gavin Yong Quan Ng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - David T She
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Priyanka Balaganapathy
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - S Thameem Dheen
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Mathias Gelderblom
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Christopher G Sobey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Y Fann
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Neurobiology/Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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13
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Yuan SH, Hiramatsu N, Liu Q, Sun XV, Lenh D, Chan P, Chiang K, Koo EH, Kao AW, Litvan I, Lin JH. Tauopathy-associated PERK alleles are functional hypomorphs that increase neuronal vulnerability to ER stress. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:3951-3963. [PMID: 30137327 PMCID: PMC6216228 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by tau protein pathology in the nervous system. EIF2AK3 (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3), also known as PERK (protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase), was identified by genome-wide association study as a genetic risk factor in several tauopathies. PERK is a key regulator of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), an intracellular signal transduction mechanism that protects cells from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. PERK variants had previously been identified in Wolcott-Rallison Syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder, and these variants completely abrogated the function of PERK's kinase domain or prevented PERK expression. In contrast, the PERK tauopathy risk variants were distinct from the Wolcott-Rallison variants and introduced missense alterations throughout the PERK protein. The function of PERK tauopathy variants and their effects on neurodegeneration are unknown. Here, we discovered that tauopathy-associated PERK alleles showed reduced signaling activity and increased PERK protein turnover compared to protective PERK alleles. We found that iPSC-derived neurons carrying PERK risk alleles were highly vulnerable to ER stress-induced injury with increased tau pathology. We found that chemical inhibition of PERK in human iPSC-derived neurons also increased neuronal cell death in response to ER stress. Our results indicate that tauopathy-associated PERK alleles are functional hypomorphs during the UPR. We propose that reduced PERK function leads to neurodegeneration by increasing neuronal vulnerability to ER stress-associated damage. In this view, therapies to enhance PERK signaling would benefit at-risk carriers of hypomorphic alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna H Yuan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nobuhiko Hiramatsu
- Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
- Department of Pathology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Xuehan Victoria Sun
- Department of Pathology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David Lenh
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Priscilla Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Karen Chiang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Aimee W Kao
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Irene Litvan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan H Lin
- Department of Pathology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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14
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Savas JN, Wang YZ, DeNardo LA, Martinez-Bartolome S, McClatchy DB, Hark TJ, Shanks NF, Cozzolino KA, Lavallée-Adam M, Smukowski SN, Park SK, Kelly JW, Koo EH, Nakagawa T, Masliah E, Ghosh A, Yates JR. Amyloid Accumulation Drives Proteome-wide Alterations in Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease-like Pathology. Cell Rep 2018; 21:2614-2627. [PMID: 29186695 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides impair multiple cellular pathways and play a causative role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, but how the brain proteome is remodeled by this process is unknown. To identify protein networks associated with AD-like pathology, we performed global quantitative proteomic analysis in three mouse models at young and old ages. Our analysis revealed a robust increase in Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) levels in nearly all brain regions with increased Aβ levels. Taken together with prior findings on ApoE driving Aβ accumulation, this analysis points to a pathological dysregulation of the ApoE-Aβ axis. We also found dysregulation of protein networks involved in excitatory synaptic transmission. Analysis of the AMPA receptor (AMPAR) complex revealed specific loss of TARPγ-2, a key AMPAR-trafficking protein. Expression of TARPγ-2 in hAPP transgenic mice restored AMPA currents. This proteomic database represents a resource for the identification of protein alterations responsible for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Savas
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Yi-Zhi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Laura A DeNardo
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Daniel B McClatchy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Timothy J Hark
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Natalie F Shanks
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kira A Cozzolino
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mathieu Lavallée-Adam
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Samuel N Smukowski
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sung Kyu Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Terunaga Nakagawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anirvan Ghosh
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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15
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Liu C, Zhang CW, Zhou Y, Wong WQ, Lee LC, Ong WY, Yoon SO, Hong W, Fu XY, Soong TW, Koo EH, Stanton LW, Lim KL, Xiao ZC, Dawe GS. APP upregulation contributes to retinal ganglion cell degeneration via JNK3. Cell Death Differ 2017; 25:663-678. [PMID: 29238071 PMCID: PMC5864187 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal injury is a common feature of central nervous system insults. Upregulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) is observed following central nervous system neurotrauma and is regarded as a marker of central nervous system axonal injury. However, the underlying mechanism by which APP mediates neuronal death remains to be elucidated. Here, we used mouse optic nerve axotomy (ONA) to model central nervous system axonal injury replicating aspects of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death in optic neuropathies. APP and APP intracellular domain (AICD) were upregulated in retina after ONA and APP knockout reduced Tuj1+ RGC loss. Pathway analysis of microarray data combined with chromatin immunoprecipitation and a luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that AICD interacts with the JNK3 gene locus and regulates JNK3 expression. Moreover, JNK3 was found to be upregulated after ONA and to contribute to Tuj1+ RGC death. APP knockout reduced the ONA-induced enhanced expression of JNK3 and phosphorylated JNK (pJNK). Gamma-secretase inhibitors prevented production of AICD, reduced JNK3 and pJNK expression similarly, and protected Tuj1+ RGCs from ONA-induced cell death. Together these data indicate that ONA induces APP expression and that gamma-secretase cleavage of APP releases AICD, which upregulates JNK3 leading to RGC death. This pathway may be a novel target for neuronal protection in optic neuropathies and other forms of neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.,Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Technical University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China.,Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Yi Zhou
- Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
| | - Wan Qing Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.,Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore, 138672, Singapore
| | - Liying Corinne Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Wei Yi Ong
- Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117594, Singapore
| | - Sung Ok Yoon
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Wanjin Hong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Xin-Yuan Fu
- Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
| | - Tuck Wah Soong
- Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
| | - Lawrence W Stanton
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore, 138672, Singapore
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.,Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Zhi-Cheng Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, 3800, Australia. .,The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China.
| | - Gavin S Dawe
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117600, Singapore. .,Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore. .,Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
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16
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Moore BD, Martin J, de Mena L, Sanchez J, Cruz PE, Ceballos-Diaz C, Ladd TB, Ran Y, Levites Y, Kukar TL, Kurian JJ, McKenna R, Koo EH, Borchelt DR, Janus C, Rincon-Limas D, Fernandez-Funez P, Golde TE. Short Aβ peptides attenuate Aβ42 toxicity in vivo. J Exp Med 2017; 215:283-301. [PMID: 29208777 PMCID: PMC5748850 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Data demonstrate that short amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides are not toxic in vivo and can partially block toxicity associated with Aβ42 accumulation. Moore et al. further validate the use of γ-secretase modulators that lower Aβ42 and increase short Aβs as potential Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics. Processing of amyloid-β (Aβ) precursor protein (APP) by γ-secretase produces multiple species of Aβ: Aβ40, short Aβ peptides (Aβ37–39), and longer Aβ peptides (Aβ42–43). γ-Secretase modulators, a class of Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics, reduce production of the pathogenic Aβ42 but increase the relative abundance of short Aβ peptides. To evaluate the pathological relevance of these peptides, we expressed Aβ36–40 and Aβ42–43 in Drosophila melanogaster to evaluate inherent toxicity and potential modulatory effects on Aβ42 toxicity. In contrast to Aβ42, the short Aβ peptides were not toxic and, when coexpressed with Aβ42, were protective in a dose-dependent fashion. In parallel, we explored the effects of recombinant adeno-associated virus–mediated expression of Aβ38 and Aβ40 in mice. When expressed in nontransgenic mice at levels sufficient to drive Aβ42 deposition, Aβ38 and Aβ40 did not deposit or cause behavioral alterations. These studies indicate that treatments that lower Aβ42 by raising the levels of short Aβ peptides could attenuate the toxic effects of Aβ42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda D Moore
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Jason Martin
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Lorena de Mena
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Jonatan Sanchez
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Pedro E Cruz
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Carolina Ceballos-Diaz
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Thomas B Ladd
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Yong Ran
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Yona Levites
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Thomas L Kukar
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Justin J Kurian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - David R Borchelt
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Christopher Janus
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Diego Rincon-Limas
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.,Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Pedro Fernandez-Funez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Duluth, MN
| | - Todd E Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL .,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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17
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Eggert S, Gonzalez AC, Thomas C, Schilling S, Schwarz SM, Tischer C, Adam V, Strecker P, Schmidt V, Willnow TE, Hermey G, Pietrzik CU, Koo EH, Kins S. Dimerization leads to changes in APP (amyloid precursor protein) trafficking mediated by LRP1 and SorLA. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 75:301-322. [PMID: 28799085 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2625-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by α-, β- and γ-secretases is a determining factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Imbalances in the activity of all three enzymes can result in alterations towards pathogenic Aβ production. Proteolysis of APP is strongly linked to its subcellular localization as the secretases involved are distributed in different cellular compartments. APP has been shown to dimerize in cis-orientation, affecting Aβ production. This might be explained by different substrate properties defined by the APP oligomerization state or alternatively by altered APP monomer/dimer localization. We investigated the latter hypothesis using two different APP dimerization systems in HeLa cells. Dimerization caused a decreased localization of APP to the Golgi and at the plasma membrane, whereas the levels in the ER and in endosomes were increased. Furthermore, we observed via live cell imaging and biochemical analyses that APP dimerization affects its interaction with LRP1 and SorLA, suggesting that APP dimerization modulates its interplay with sorting molecules and in turn its localization and processing. Thus, pharmacological approaches targeting APP oligomerization properties might open novel strategies for treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Eggert
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - A C Gonzalez
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - C Thomas
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - S Schilling
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - S M Schwarz
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.,Institute for Medical Virology, University of Frankfurt, 60596, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - V Adam
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - P Strecker
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - V Schmidt
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - T E Willnow
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - G Hermey
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Cognition, Center for Molecular University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - C U Pietrzik
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - E H Koo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, 92093-0662, USA
| | - Stefan Kins
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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18
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Lee LC, Goh MQL, Koo EH. Transcriptional regulation of APP by apoE: To boldly go where no isoform has gone before: ApoE, APP transcription and AD: Hypothesised mechanisms and existing knowledge gaps. Bioessays 2017; 39. [PMID: 28731260 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia that gradually disrupts the brain network to impair memory, language and cognition. While the amyloid hypothesis remains the leading proposed mechanism to explain AD pathophysiology, anti-amyloid therapeutic strategies have yet to translate into useful therapies, suggesting that amyloid β-protein and its precursor, the amyloid precursor protein (APP) are but a part of the disease cascade. Further, risk of AD can be modulated by a number of factors, the most impactful being the ɛ4 isoform of apolipoprotein E (apoE). A recent study reported a novel isoform-dependent transcriptional regulation of APP by apoE. These interesting new results add to the myriad of mechanisms that have been proposed to explain how apoE4 enhances AD risk, highlighting the complexities of not only apoE and AD pathophysiology, but also of disease itself. Also see the video abstract here: https://youtu.be/yd14MBdPkCY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Corinne Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michele Q L Goh
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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19
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Dong Y, Kua ZJ, Khoo EYH, Koo EH, Merchant RA. The Utility of Brief Cognitive Tests for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2016; 17:889-95. [PMID: 27461866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with an increased risk for mild cognitive impairment and dementia in both middle-aged and older individuals. Brief cognitive tests can potentially serve as a reliable and cost effective approach to detect for cognitive decrements in clinical practice. OBJECTIVE This systematic review examined the utility of brief cognitive tests in studies with patients with T2DM. METHOD This systematic review was conducted according to guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. "PubMed," "PsychINFO," "ScienceDirect," and "ProQuest" electronic databases were searched to identify articles published from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2015. RESULTS The search yielded 22 studies, with only 8 using brief tests as a cognitive screening tool, whereas the majority using these tests as a measure of global cognitive functions. In regard to cognitive screening studies, most had failed to fulfil the standard reporting of diagnostic test accuracy criteria such as Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy for dementia and cognitive impairment. Moreover, few studies reported discriminant indices such as sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of brief cognitive tests in detecting cognitive impairment in patients with T2DM. Among studies which used brief cognitive tests as a measure of global cognitive function, patients with diabetes tended to perform worse than patients without diabetes. Processing speed appeared to be particularly impaired among patients with diabetes, therefore, measures of processing speed such as the Digit Symbol Substitution Test may add value to brief cognitive tests such as the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. CONCLUSIONS The Montreal Cognitive Assessment supplemented by the Digit Symbol Substitution Test indicate initial promise in screening for cognitive impairment in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanHong Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Center for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) and Dementia Collaborative Research Center-Assessment and Better Care, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Zhong Jie Kua
- Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore; School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Eric Yin Hao Khoo
- Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Reshma A Merchant
- Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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20
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Park SA, Chevallier N, Tejwani K, Hung MM, Maruyama H, Golde TE, Koo EH. Deficiency in either COX-1 or COX-2 genes does not affect amyloid beta protein burden in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:286-292. [PMID: 27425247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies indicate that chronic use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with a lower risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because the primary mode of action of NSAIDs is to inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, it has been proposed that perturbed activity of COX-1 or COX-2 contributes to AD pathogenesis. To test the role of COX-1 or COX-2 in amyloid deposition and amyloid-associated inflammatory changes, we examined amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice in the context of either COX-1 or COX-2 deficiency. Our studies showed that loss of either COX-1 or COX-2 gene did not alter amyloid burden in brains of the APP transgenic mice. However, one marker of microglial activation (CD45) was decreased in brains of COX-1 deficient/APP animals and showed a strong trend in reduction in COX-2 deficient/APP animals. These results suggest that COX activity and amyloid deposition in brain are likely independent processes. Further, if NSAIDs do causally reduce the risks of AD, then our findings indicate that the mechanisms are likely not due primarily to their inhibition on COX or γ-secretase modulation activity, the latter reported recently after acute dosing of ibuprofen in humans and nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ah Park
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Nathalie Chevallier
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; Université de Montpellier, Montepellier, F-34095, France; Inserm, U 1198, Montepellier, F-34095, France; EPHE, Paris, F-75014, France
| | - Karishma Tejwani
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mary M Hung
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hiroko Maruyama
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; Departments of Medicine and Physiology, National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
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21
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Koo EH, Park YC, Lim SH, Kim HZ. Amiodarone Offsets the Cardioprotective Effects of Ischaemic Preconditioning against Ischaemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Int Med Res 2016; 34:140-51. [PMID: 16749409 DOI: 10.1177/147323000603400203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Both ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) and amiodarone protect against myocardial ischaemia. We examined whether a combination of IPC and amiodarone demonstrated an additive protective effect in isolated rat hearts ( n = 40). The controls (group I) were subjected to ischaemia/reperfusion injury; group II was subjected to cycles of IPC prior to ischaemia/reperfusion injury; group III was subjected to ischaemia in the presence of amiodarone (10−10 mol/l); and group IV was subjected to IPC followed by ischaemia in the presence of amiodarone (10−10 mol/l). Amiodarone produced the best preserved left ventricular end-systolic pressure and dP/dtmax, less developed ventricular stiffness, the shortest arrhythmia duration, and the smallest infarct size among the groups. All of the myocardial protective effects against ischaemia/reperfusion injury were diminished or abolished when IPC and amiodarone were applied sequentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Koo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Guro Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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22
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Lessard CB, Cottrell BA, Maruyama H, Suresh S, Golde TE, Koo EH. γ-Secretase Modulators and APH1 Isoforms Modulate γ-Secretase Cleavage but Not Position of ε-Cleavage of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144758. [PMID: 26678856 PMCID: PMC4683055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative increase in Aβ42 peptides from familial Alzheimer disease (FAD) linked APP and PSEN mutations can be related to changes in both ε-cleavage site utilization and subsequent step-wise cleavage. Cleavage at the ε-site releases the amyloid precursor protein (APP) intracellular domain (AICD), and perturbations in the position of ε-cleavage are closely associated with changes in the profile of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) species that are produced and secreted. The mechanisms by which γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) or FAD mutations affect the various γ-secretase cleavages to alter the generation of Aβ peptides have not been fully elucidated. Recent studies suggested that GSMs do not modulate ε-cleavage of APP, but the data were derived principally from recombinant truncated epitope tagged APP substrate. Here, using full length APP from transfected cells, we investigated whether GSMs modify the ε-cleavage of APP under more native conditions. Our results confirmed the previous findings that ε-cleavage is insensitive to GSMs. In addition, fenofibrate, an inverse GSM (iGSM), did not alter the position or kinetics of ε-cleavage position in vitro. APH1A and APH1B, a subunit of the γ-secretase complex, also modulated Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio without any alterations in ε-cleavage, a result in contrast to what has been observed with PS1 and APP FAD mutations. Consequently, GSMs and APH1 appear to modulate γ-secretase activity and Aβ42 generation by altering processivity but not ε-cleavage site utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B. Lessard
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara A. Cottrell
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hiroko Maruyama
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Suraj Suresh
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Todd E. Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, United States of America
| | - Edward H. Koo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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23
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Nizetic D, Chen CL, Hong W, Koo EH. Inter-Dependent Mechanisms Behind Cognitive Dysfunction, Vascular Biology and Alzheimer's Dementia in Down Syndrome: Multi-Faceted Roles of APP. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:299. [PMID: 26648852 PMCID: PMC4664698 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
People with Down syndrome (DS) virtually all develop intellectual disability (ID) of varying degree of severity, and also have a high risk of early Alzheimer's disease (AD). ID prior to the onset of dementia, and its relationship to the onset of dementia in DS is a complex phenomenon influenced by many factors, and scarcely understood. Unraveling the causative factors and modulators of these processes remains a challenge, with potential to be informative for both ID and AD, for the development of early biomarkers and/or therapeutic approaches. We review the potential relative and inter-connected roles of the chromosome 21 gene for amyloid precursor protein (APP), in both pathological conditions. Rare non-DS people with duplication of APP (dupAPP) get familial early onset AD (FEOAD) with virtually 100% penetrance and prominent cerebrovascular pathology, but don't suffer from ID before dementia onset. All of these features appear to be radically different in DS. On the other hand, rare individuals with partial trisomy 21 (T21) (with APP, but not DS-critical region in trisomy) have been described having ID. Likewise, partial T21 DS (without APP trisomy) show a range of ID, but no AD pathology. We review the multi-faceted roles of APP that might affect cognitive functioning. Given the fact that both Aβ secretion and synaptic maturation/plasticity are dependent on neuronal activity, we explore how this conflicting inter-dependency might affect cognitive pathogenesis in a dynamic way in DS, throughout the lifespan of an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Nizetic
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Singapore ; The LonDownS Consortium, Wellcome Trust London, UK ; The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London London, UK
| | - Christopher L Chen
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore Singapore ; Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore
| | - Wanjin Hong
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (AStar), Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Singapore Singapore
| | - Edward H Koo
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore ; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego San Diego, CA, USA
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Abstract
In a surprising twist, a hitherto unrecognized cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by η-secretase, followed by α- or β-secretase cleavage releases a novel APP proteolytic fragment, Aη, which causes synaptic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheue-Houy Tyan
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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Ling IF, Golde TE, Galasko DR, Koo EH. Modulation of Aβ42 in vivo by γ-secretase modulator in primates and humans. Alzheimers Res Ther 2015; 7:55. [PMID: 26244059 PMCID: PMC4523931 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-015-0137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Ibuprofen is one of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that have been shown to selectively lower pathogenic amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ)42 without impairing overall γ-secretase activity in vitro. This γ-secretase modulator (GSM) activity has been hypothesized to contribute to the reduction in risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease in chronic users of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. However, it is unclear whether ibuprofen, within therapeutic dosing range, demonstrates GSM activity in humans. In this study, we evaluated the effects of ibuprofen and a second-generation GSM, GSM-1, on Aβ levels in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of young nonhuman primates and humans. Methods Five to seven conscious cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were nontreated or treated with 30 mg/kg GSM-1 or 50 or 100 mg/kg ibuprofen and the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid were sampled at −8, 0 (baseline or right before treatment), 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 h postdosing. In addition, sixteen healthy human subjects were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or 800 mg ibuprofen given by intravenous administration and plasma were collected at 0 (before drug infusion), 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 24 h after dosing. Results A single dose of GSM-1 (30 mg/kg) decreased the ratio of Aβ42 to Aβ40 to 60 % in plasma and the ratio of Aβ42 to total Aβ to 65 % in cerebrospinal fluid from baseline to postdosing in monkeys. However, no significant changes were detected following ibuprofen treatment at 100 mg/kg. Consistent with the results from nonhuman primates, ibuprofen did not alter plasma Aβ levels in human volunteers after a single 800 mg dose. Conclusions GSM-1 exerted potent lowering of the ratio of Aβ42 to Aβ40 in nonhuman primates but the hypothesized GSM activity of ibuprofen could not be demonstrated in nonhuman primates and humans after acute dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Fang Ling
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Douglas R Galasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA USA ; Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Jung JI, Price AR, Ladd TB, Ran Y, Park HJ, Ceballos-Diaz C, Smithson LA, Hochhaus G, Tang Y, Akula R, Ba S, Koo EH, Shapiro G, Felsenstein KM, Golde TE. Cholestenoic acid, an endogenous cholesterol metabolite, is a potent γ-secretase modulator. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:29. [PMID: 26169917 PMCID: PMC4501119 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid-β (Aβ) 42 has been implicated as the initiating molecule in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD); thus, therapeutic strategies that target Aβ42 are of great interest. γ-Secretase modulators (GSMs) are small molecules that selectively decrease Aβ42. We have previously reported that many acidic steroids are GSMs with potencies ranging in the low to mid micromolar concentration with 5β-cholanic acid being the most potent steroid identified GSM with half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 5.7 μM. RESULTS We find that the endogenous cholesterol metabolite, 3β-hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid (CA), is a steroid GSM with enhanced potency (EC50 of 250 nM) relative to 5β-cholanic acid. CA i) is found in human plasma at ~100-300 nM concentrations ii) has the typical acidic GSM signature of decreasing Aβ42 and increasing Aβ38 levels iii) is active in in vitro γ-secretase assay iv) is made in the brain. To test if CA acts as an endogenous GSM, we used Cyp27a1 knockout (Cyp27a1-/-) and Cyp7b1 knockout (Cyp7b1-/-) mice to investigate if manipulation of cholesterol metabolism pathways relevant to CA formation would affect brain Aβ42 levels. Our data show that Cyp27a1-/- had increased brain Aβ42, whereas Cyp7b1-/- mice had decreased brain Aβ42 levels; however, peripheral dosing of up to 100 mg/kg CA did not affect brain Aβ levels. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies with multiple known and novel CA analogs studies failed to reveal CA analogs with increased potency. CONCLUSION These data suggest that CA may act as an endogenous GSM within the brain. Although it is conceptually attractive to try and increase the levels of CA in the brain for prevention of AD, our data suggest that this will not be easily accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo In Jung
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Ashleigh R Price
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Thomas B Ladd
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Yong Ran
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Hyo-Jin Park
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Carolina Ceballos-Diaz
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Lisa A Smithson
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Günther Hochhaus
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Yufei Tang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | | | - Saritha Ba
- SAI Life Sciences Ltd., Turkapally, AP500078, India.
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.
| | | | - Kevin M Felsenstein
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Todd E Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Wang LS, Naj AC, Graham RR, Crane PK, Kunkle BW, Cruchaga C, Murcia JDG, Cannon-Albright L, Baldwin CT, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Kukull WA, Faber KM, Schupf N, Norton MC, Tschanz JT, Munger RG, Corcoran CD, Rogaeva E, Lin CF, Dombroski BA, Cantwell LB, Partch A, Valladares O, Hakonarson H, St George-Hyslop P, Green RC, Goate AM, Foroud TM, Carney RM, Larson EB, Behrens TW, Kauwe JSK, Haines JL, Farrer LA, Pericak-Vance MA, Mayeux R, Schellenberg GD, Albert MS, Albin RL, Apostolova LG, Arnold SE, Barber R, Barmada M, Barnes LL, Beach TG, Becker JT, Beecham GW, Beekly D, Bennett DA, Bigio EH, Bird TD, Blacker D, Boeve BF, Bowen JD, Boxer A, Burke JR, Buxbaum JD, Cairns NJ, Cao C, Carlson CS, Carroll SL, Chui HC, Clark DG, Cribbs DH, Crocco EA, DeCarli C, DeKosky ST, Demirci FY, Dick M, Dickson DW, Duara R, Ertekin-Taner N, Fallon KB, Farlow MR, Ferris S, Frosch MP, Galasko DR, Ganguli M, Gearing M, Geschwind DH, Ghetti B, Gilbert JR, Glass JD, Graff-Radford NR, Growdon JH, Hamilton RL, Hamilton-Nelson KL, Harrell LE, Head E, Honig LS, Hulette CM, Hyman BT, Jarvik GP, Jicha GA, Jin LW, Jun G, Jun G, Kamboh MI, Karydas A, Kaye JA, Kim R, Koo EH, Kowall NW, Kramer JH, LaFerla FM, Lah JJ, Leverenz JB, Levey AI, Li G, Lieberman AP, Lopez OL, Lunetta KL, Lyketsos CG, Mack WJ, Marson DC, Martin ER, Martiniuk F, Mash DC, Masliah E, McCormick WC, McCurry SM, McDavid AN, McKee AC, Mesulam WM, Miller BL, Miller CA, Miller JW, Montine TJ, Morris JC, Murrell JR, Olichney JM, Parisi JE, Perry W, Peskind E, Petersen RC, Pierce A, Poon WW, Potter H, Quinn JF, Raj A, Raskind M, Reiman EM, Reisberg B, Reitz C, Ringman JM, Roberson ED, Rosen HJ, Rosenberg RN, Sano M, Saykin AJ, Schneider JA, Schneider LS, Seeley WW, Smith AG, Sonnen JA, Spina S, Stern RA, Tanzi RE, Thornton-Wells TA, Trojanowski JQ, Troncoso JC, Tsuang DW, Van Deerlin VM, Van Eldik LJ, Vardarajan BN, Vinters HV, Vonsattel JP, Weintraub S, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Williamson J, Wishnek S, Woltjer RL, Wright CB, Younkin SG, Yu CE, Yu L. Rarity of the Alzheimer disease-protective APP A673T variant in the United States. JAMA Neurol 2015; 72:209-16. [PMID: 25531812 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.2157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Recently, a rare variant in the amyloid precursor protein gene (APP) was described in a population from Iceland. This variant, in which alanine is replaced by threonine at position 673 (A673T), appears to protect against late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). We evaluated the frequency of this variant in AD cases and cognitively normal controls to determine whether this variant will significantly contribute to risk assessment in individuals in the United States. OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of the APP A673T variant in a large group of elderly cognitively normal controls and AD cases from the United States and in 2 case-control cohorts from Sweden. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Case-control association analysis of variant APP A673T in US and Swedish white individuals comparing AD cases with cognitively intact elderly controls. Participants were ascertained at multiple university-associated medical centers and clinics across the United States and Sweden by study-specific sampling methods. They were from case-control studies, community-based prospective cohort studies, and studies that ascertained multiplex families from multiple sources. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Genotypes for the APP A673T variant were determined using the Infinium HumanExome V1 Beadchip (Illumina, Inc) and by TaqMan genotyping (Life Technologies). RESULTS The A673T variant genotypes were evaluated in 8943 US AD cases, 10 480 US cognitively normal controls, 862 Swedish AD cases, and 707 Swedish cognitively normal controls. We identified 3 US individuals heterozygous for A673T, including 1 AD case (age at onset, 89 years) and 2 controls (age at last examination, 82 and 77 years). The remaining US samples were homozygous for the alanine (A673) allele. In the Swedish samples, 3 controls were heterozygous for A673T and all AD cases were homozygous for the A673 allele. We also genotyped a US family previously reported to harbor the A673T variant and found a mother-daughter pair, both cognitively normal at ages 72 and 84 years, respectively, who were both heterozygous for A673T; however, all individuals with AD in the family were homozygous for A673. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The A673T variant is extremely rare in US cohorts and does not play a substantial role in risk for AD in this population. This variant may be primarily restricted to Icelandic and Scandinavian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-San Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Adam C Naj
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Robert R Graham
- Department of Human Genetics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Paul K Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Brian W Kunkle
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri7Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Lisa Cannon-Albright
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City10George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Clinton T Baldwin
- Biomedical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, England13Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Uni
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Walter A Kukull
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Kelley M Faber
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - Nicole Schupf
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York17Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York18Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia
| | - Maria C Norton
- Department of Family, Consumer, and Human Development, Utah State University, Logan20Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan
| | | | - Ronald G Munger
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan
| | | | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Chiao-Feng Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Beth A Dombroski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Laura B Cantwell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Amanda Partch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Otto Valladares
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter St George-Hyslop
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada25Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Robert C Green
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine and Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri7Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - Regina M Carney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Eric B Larson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle28Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Timothy W Behrens
- Department of Human Genetics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - John S K Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Center for Human Genetics and Research, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah30Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts31Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts32Department of Neurology, Boston University, Boston
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida34Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York18Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York35Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
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Liu Q, Waltz S, Woodruff G, Ouyang J, Israel MA, Herrera C, Sarsoza F, Tanzi RE, Koo EH, Ringman JM, Goldstein LSB, Wagner SL, Yuan SH. Effect of potent γ-secretase modulator in human neurons derived from multiple presenilin 1-induced pluripotent stem cell mutant carriers. JAMA Neurol 2015; 71:1481-9. [PMID: 25285942 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.2482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although considerable effort has been expended developing drug candidates for Alzheimer disease, none have yet succeeded owing to the lack of efficacy or to safety concerns. One potential shortcoming of current approaches to Alzheimer disease drug discovery and development is that they rely primarily on transformed cell lines and animal models that substantially overexpress wild-type or mutant proteins. It is possible that drug development failures thus far are caused in part by the limits of these approaches, which do not accurately reveal how drug candidates will behave in naive human neuronal cells. OBJECTIVE To analyze purified neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells from patients carrying 3 different presenilin 1 (PS1) mutations and nondemented control individuals in the absence of any overexpression. We tested the efficacy of γ-secretase inhibitor and γ-secretase modulator (GSM) in neurons derived from both normal control and 3 PS1 mutations (A246E, H163R, and M146L). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Adult human skin biopsies were obtained from volunteers at the Alzheimer Disease Research Center, University of California, San Diego. Cell cultures were treated with γ-secretase inhibitor or GSM. Comparisons of total β-amyloid (Aβ) and Aβ peptides 38, 40, and 42 in the media were made between vehicle- vs drug-treated cultures. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Soluble Aβ levels in the media were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS As predicted, mutant PS1 neurons exhibited an elevated Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio (P < .05) at the basal state as compared with the nondemented control neurons. Treatment with a potent non-nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory druglike GSM revealed a new biomarker signature that differs from all previous cell types and animals tested. This new signature was the same in both the mutant and control neurons and consisted of a reduction in Aβ42, Aβ40, and Aβ38 and in the Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio, with no change in the total Aβ levels. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This biomarker discrepancy is likely due to overexpression of amyloid precursor protein in the transformed cellular models. Our results suggest that biomarker signatures obtained with such models are misleading and that human neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells provide a unique signature that will more accurately reflect drug response in human patients and in cerebrospinal fluid biomarker changes observed during GSM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Shannon Waltz
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Grace Woodruff
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Joe Ouyang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla3Capitalbio, San Diego, California
| | - Mason A Israel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Cheryl Herrera
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Floyd Sarsoza
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - John M Ringman
- Mary S Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Lawrence S B Goldstein
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Steven L Wagner
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Shauna H Yuan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
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Naj AC, Jun G, Reitz C, Kunkle BW, Perry W, Park YS, Beecham GW, Rajbhandary RA, Hamilton-Nelson KL, Wang LS, Kauwe JSK, Huentelman MJ, Myers AJ, Bird TD, Boeve BF, Baldwin CT, Jarvik GP, Crane PK, Rogaeva E, Barmada MM, Demirci FY, Cruchaga C, Kramer PL, Ertekin-Taner N, Hardy J, Graff-Radford NR, Green RC, Larson EB, St George-Hyslop PH, Buxbaum JD, Evans DA, Schneider JA, Lunetta KL, Kamboh MI, Saykin AJ, Reiman EM, De Jager PL, Bennett DA, Morris JC, Montine TJ, Goate AM, Blacker D, Tsuang DW, Hakonarson H, Kukull WA, Foroud TM, Martin ER, Haines JL, Mayeux RP, Farrer LA, Schellenberg GD, Pericak-Vance MA, Albert MS, Albin RL, Apostolova LG, Arnold SE, Barber R, Barnes LL, Beach TG, Becker JT, Beekly D, Bigio EH, Bowen JD, Boxer A, Burke JR, Cairns NJ, Cantwell LB, Cao C, Carlson CS, Carney RM, Carrasquillo MM, Carroll SL, Chui HC, Clark DG, Corneveaux J, Cribbs DH, Crocco EA, DeCarli C, DeKosky ST, Dick M, Dickson DW, Duara R, Faber KM, Fallon KB, Farlow MR, Ferris S, Frosch MP, Galasko DR, Ganguli M, Gearing M, Geschwind DH, Ghetti B, Gilbert JR, Glass JD, Growdon JH, Hamilton RL, Harrell LE, Head E, Honig LS, Hulette CM, Hyman BT, Jicha GA, Jin LW, Karydas A, Kaye JA, Kim R, Koo EH, Kowall NW, Kramer JH, LaFerla FM, Lah JJ, Leverenz JB, Levey AI, Li G, Lieberman AP, Lin CF, Lopez OL, Lyketsos CG, Mack WJ, Martiniuk F, Mash DC, Masliah E, McCormick WC, McCurry SM, McDavid AN, McKee AC, Mesulam M, Miller BL, Miller CA, Miller JW, Murrell JR, Olichney JM, Pankratz VS, Parisi JE, Paulson HL, Peskind E, Petersen RC, Pierce A, Poon WW, Potter H, Quinn JF, Raj A, Raskind M, Reisberg B, Ringman JM, Roberson ED, Rosen HJ, Rosenberg RN, Sano M, Schneider LS, Seeley WW, Smith AG, Sonnen JA, Spina S, Stern RA, Tanzi RE, Thornton-Wells TA, Trojanowski JQ, Troncoso JC, Valladares O, Van Deerlin VM, Van Eldik LJ, Vardarajan BN, Vinters HV, Vonsattel JP, Weintraub S, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Williamson J, Wishnek S, Woltjer RL, Wright CB, Younkin SG, Yu CE, Yu L. Effects of multiple genetic loci on age at onset in late-onset Alzheimer disease: a genome-wide association study. JAMA Neurol 2014; 71:1394-404. [PMID: 25199842 PMCID: PMC4314944 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Because APOE locus variants contribute to risk of late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD) and to differences in age at onset (AAO), it is important to know whether other established LOAD risk loci also affect AAO in affected participants. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of known Alzheimer disease risk loci in modifying AAO and to estimate their cumulative effect on AAO variation using data from genome-wide association studies in the Alzheimer Disease Genetics Consortium. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The Alzheimer Disease Genetics Consortium comprises 14 case-control, prospective, and family-based data sets with data on 9162 participants of white race/ethnicity with Alzheimer disease occurring after age 60 years who also had complete AAO information, gathered between 1989 and 2011 at multiple sites by participating studies. Data on genotyped or imputed single-nucleotide polymorphisms most significantly associated with risk at 10 confirmed LOAD loci were examined in linear modeling of AAO, and individual data set results were combined using a random-effects, inverse variance-weighted meta-analysis approach to determine whether they contribute to variation in AAO. Aggregate effects of all risk loci on AAO were examined in a burden analysis using genotype scores weighted by risk effect sizes. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Age at disease onset abstracted from medical records among participants with LOAD diagnosed per standard criteria. RESULTS Analysis confirmed the association of APOE with earlier AAO (P = 3.3 × 10(-96)), with associations in CR1 (rs6701713, P = 7.2 × 10(-4)), BIN1 (rs7561528, P = 4.8 × 10(-4)), and PICALM (rs561655, P = 2.2 × 10(-3)) reaching statistical significance (P < .005). Risk alleles individually reduced AAO by 3 to 6 months. Burden analyses demonstrated that APOE contributes to 3.7% of the variation in AAO (R(2) = 0.256) over baseline (R(2) = 0.221), whereas the other 9 loci together contribute to 2.2% of the variation (R(2) = 0.242). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE We confirmed an association of APOE (OMIM 107741) variants with AAO among affected participants with LOAD and observed novel associations of CR1 (OMIM 120620), BIN1 (OMIM 601248), and PICALM (OMIM 603025) with AAO. In contrast to earlier hypothetical modeling, we show that the combined effects of Alzheimer disease risk variants on AAO are on the scale of, but do not exceed, the APOE effect. While the aggregate effects of risk loci on AAO may be significant, additional genetic contributions to AAO are individually likely to be small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Naj
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Gyungah Jun
- Genetics Program, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts4Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts5Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christiane Reitz
- Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York7Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York8Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New
| | - Brian W Kunkle
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - William Perry
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Yo Son Park
- The Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Gary W Beecham
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida9The Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | | | | | - Li-San Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - John S K Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Matthew J Huentelman
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Amanda J Myers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Thomas D Bird
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle15Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Clinton T Baldwin
- Genetics Program, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gail P Jarvik
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle18Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Paul K Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Michael Barmada
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - F Yesim Demirci
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry and Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Patricia L Kramer
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland24Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Nilufer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida26Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - John Hardy
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, England
| | - Neill R Graff-Radford
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida26Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Robert C Green
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, and Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eric B Larson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle29Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington
| | - Peter H St George-Hyslop
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada30Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York32Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York33Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Denis A Evans
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois36Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - M Ilyas Kamboh
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania37Alheimer Disease Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis39Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - Eric M Reiman
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona40Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix41Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Phoenix42Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts44Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Ins
| | - David A Bennett
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois45Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri47Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Psychiatry and Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Deborah Blacker
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts50Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Debby W Tsuang
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington51Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Walter A Kukull
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - Eden R Martin
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida9The Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee55Vanderbilit Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Richard P Mayeux
- Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York57Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York58Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Genetics Program, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts4Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts5Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts59Department of Epidemiology, Bos
| | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida9The Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Marilyn S Albert
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Roger L Albin
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor63Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System (VAAAHS), Ann Arbor, Michigan64Michigan Alzheimer Disease Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Liana G Apostolova
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles
| | - Steven E Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Robert Barber
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth
| | - Lisa L Barnes
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois68Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - James T Becker
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Duane Beekly
- National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Eileen H Bigio
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois73Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Adam Boxer
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - James R Burke
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Nigel J Cairns
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Laura B Cantwell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | | | - Regina M Carney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Steven L Carroll
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Helena C Chui
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - David G Clark
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Jason Corneveaux
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - David H Cribbs
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine
| | - Elizabeth A Crocco
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Sacramento
| | | | - Malcolm Dick
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine
| | | | - Ranjan Duara
- Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida
| | - Kelley M Faber
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - Kenneth B Fallon
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | | | - Steven Ferris
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University, New York
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
| | - Douglas R Galasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Mary Ganguli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marla Gearing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia93Emory Alzheimer's Disease Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Neurogenetics Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - John R Gilbert
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida9The Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | | | - John H Growdon
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Ronald L Hamilton
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lindy E Harrell
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Lawrence S Honig
- Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento
| | - Anna Karydas
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Jeffrey A Kaye
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland103Department of Neurology, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Ronald Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Neil W Kowall
- Department of Neurology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts105Department of Pathology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joel H Kramer
- Department of Neuropsychology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Frank M LaFerla
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine
| | - James J Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ge Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | | | - Chiao-Feng Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Alheimer Disease Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Wendy J Mack
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Frank Martiniuk
- Department of Medicine - Pulmonary, New York University, New York
| | - Deborah C Mash
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla113Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | | | - Susan M McCurry
- School of Nursing Northwest Research Group on Aging, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Ann C McKee
- Department of Neurology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts105Department of Pathology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marsel Mesulam
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois115Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Carol A Miller
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Joshua W Miller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento
| | - Jill R Murrell
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis95Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - John M Olichney
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Sacramento
| | | | - Joseph E Parisi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota119Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Elaine Peskind
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | | | - Aimee Pierce
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine
| | - Wayne W Poon
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine
| | - Huntington Potter
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | - Joseph F Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Ashok Raj
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | - Murray Raskind
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Barry Reisberg
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University, New York120Alzheimer's Disease Center, New York University, New York
| | - John M Ringman
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Howard J Rosen
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | | | - Mary Sano
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Lon S Schneider
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles122Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Amanda G Smith
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | | | - Salvatore Spina
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - Robert A Stern
- Department of Neurology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | | | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Juan C Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Otto Valladares
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | | | - Harry V Vinters
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles125Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles
| | - Jean Paul Vonsattel
- Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois127Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kathleen A Welsh-Bohmer
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina128Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jennifer Williamson
- Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Sarah Wishnek
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Randall L Woltjer
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Clinton B Wright
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Chang-En Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Jung JI, Premraj S, Cruz PE, Ladd TB, Kwak Y, Koo EH, Felsenstein KM, Golde TE, Ran Y. Independent relationship between amyloid precursor protein (APP) dimerization and γ-secretase processivity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111553. [PMID: 25350374 PMCID: PMC4211736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered production of β-amyloid (Aβ) from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is closely associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). APP has a number of homo- and hetero-dimerizing domains, and studies have suggested that dimerization of β-secretase derived APP carboxyl terminal fragment (CTFβ, C99) impairs processive cleavage by γ-secretase increasing production of long Aβs (e.g., Aβ1-42, 43). Other studies report that APP CTFβ dimers are not γ-secretase substrates. We revisited this issue due to observations made with an artificial APP mutant referred to as 3xK-APP, which contains three lysine residues at the border of the APP ectodomain and transmembrane domain (TMD). This mutant, which dramatically increases production of long Aβ, was found to form SDS-stable APP dimers, once again suggesting a mechanistic link between dimerization and increased production of long Aβ. To further evaluate how multimerization of substrate affects both initial γ-secretase cleavage and subsequent processivity, we generated recombinant wild type- (WT) and 3xK-C100 substrates, isolated monomeric, dimeric and trimeric forms of these proteins, and evaluated both ε-cleavage site utilization and Aβ production. These show that multimerization significantly impedes γ-secretase cleavage, irrespective of substrate sequence. Further, the monomeric form of the 3xK-C100 mutant increased long Aβ production without altering the initial ε-cleavage utilization. These data confirm and extend previous studies showing that dimeric substrates are not efficient γ-secretase substrates, and demonstrate that primary sequence determinants within APP substrate alter γ-secretase processivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo In Jung
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sasha Premraj
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Pedro E. Cruz
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Ladd
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yewon Kwak
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Edward H. Koo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin M. Felsenstein
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Todd E. Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yong Ran
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Jung JI, Ran Y, Cruz PE, Rosario AM, Ladd TB, Kukar TL, Koo EH, Felsenstein KM, Golde TE. Complex relationships between substrate sequence and sensitivity to alterations in γ-secretase processivity induced by γ-secretase modulators. Biochemistry 2014; 53:1947-57. [PMID: 24620716 PMCID: PMC3985764 DOI: 10.1021/bi401521t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
γ-Secretase
catalyzes the final cleavage of the amyloid precursor
protein (APP), resulting in the production of amyloid-β (Aβ)
peptides with different carboxyl termini. Presenilin (PSEN) and amyloid precursor protein (APP) mutations
linked to early onset familial Alzheimer’s disease modify the
profile of Aβ isoforms generated, by altering both the initial
γ-secretase cleavage site and subsequent processivity in a manner
that leads to increased levels of the more amyloidogenic Aβ42
and in some circumstances Aβ43. Compounds termed γ-secretase
modulators (GSMs) and inverse GSMs (iGSMs) can decrease and increase
levels of Aβ42, respectively. As GSMs lower the level of production
of pathogenic forms of long Aβ isoforms, they are of great interest
as potential Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics. The factors
that regulate GSM modulation are not fully understood; however, there
is a growing body of evidence that supports the hypothesis that GSM
activity is influenced by the amino acid sequence of the γ-secretase
substrate. We have evaluated whether mutations near the luminal border
of the transmembrane domain (TMD) of APP alter the ability of both
acidic, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-derived carboxylate and
nonacidic,
phenylimidazole-derived classes of GSMs and iGSMs to modulate γ-secretase
cleavage. Our data show that point mutations can dramatically reduce
the sensitivity to modulation of cleavage by GSMs but have weaker
effects on iGSM activity. These studies support the concept that the
effect of GSMs may be substrate selective; for APP, it is dependent
on the amino acid sequence of the substrate near the junction of the
extracellular domain and luminal segment of the TMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo In Jung
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
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Wilke SA, Raam T, Antonios JK, Bushong EA, Koo EH, Ellisman MH, Ghosh A. Specific disruption of hippocampal mossy fiber synapses in a mouse model of familial Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84349. [PMID: 24454724 PMCID: PMC3890281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The earliest stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are characterized by deficits in memory and cognition indicating hippocampal pathology. While it is now recognized that synapse dysfunction precedes the hallmark pathological findings of AD, it is unclear if specific hippocampal synapses are particularly vulnerable. Since the mossy fiber (MF) synapse between dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3 regions underlies critical functions disrupted in AD, we utilized serial block-face electron microscopy (SBEM) to analyze MF microcircuitry in a mouse model of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). FAD mutant MF terminal complexes were severely disrupted compared to control - they were smaller, contacted fewer postsynaptic spines and had greater numbers of presynaptic filopodial processes. Multi-headed CA3 dendritic spines in the FAD mutant condition were reduced in complexity and had significantly smaller sites of synaptic contact. Significantly, there was no change in the volume of classical dendritic spines at neighboring inputs to CA3 neurons suggesting input-specific defects in the early course of AD related pathology. These data indicate a specific vulnerability of the DG-CA3 network in AD pathogenesis and demonstrate the utility of SBEM to assess circuit specific alterations in mouse models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Wilke
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Tara Raam
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph K. Antonios
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Eric A. Bushong
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Edward H. Koo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Mark H. Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Anirvan Ghosh
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Neuroscience Discovery and Translational Area, pRED, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chiang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Edward H. Koo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
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Golde TE, Koo EH, Felsenstein KM, Osborne BA, Miele L. γ-Secretase inhibitors and modulators. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1828:2898-907. [PMID: 23791707 PMCID: PMC3857966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a fascinating, multi-subunit, intramembrane cleaving protease that is now being considered as a therapeutic target for a number of diseases. Potent, orally bioavailable γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) have been developed and tested in humans with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cancer. Preclinical studies also suggest the therapeutic potential for GSIs in other disease conditions. However, due to inherent mechanism based-toxicity of non-selective inhibition of γ-secretase, clinical development of GSIs will require empirical testing with careful evaluation of benefit versus risk. In addition to GSIs, compounds referred to as γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) remain in development as AD therapeutics. GSMs do not inhibit γ-secretase, but modulate γ-secretase processivity and thereby shift the profile of the secreted amyloid β peptides (Aβ) peptides produced. Although GSMs are thought to have an inherently safe mechanism of action, their effects on substrates other than the amyloid β protein precursor (APP) have not been extensively investigated. Herein, we will review the current state of development of GSIs and GSMs and explore pertinent biological and pharmacological questions pertaining to the use of these agents for select indications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Intramembrane Proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd E Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Das U, Scott DA, Ganguly A, Koo EH, Tang Y, Roy S. Activity-induced convergence of APP and BACE-1 in acidic microdomains via an endocytosis-dependent pathway. Neuron 2013; 79:447-60. [PMID: 23931995 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The convergence of APP (substrate) and BACE-1 (enzyme) is a rate-limiting, obligatory event triggering the amyloidogenic pathway-a key step in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. However, as both APP/BACE-1 are highly expressed in brain, mechanisms precluding their unabated convergence are unclear. Exploring dynamic localization of APP/BACE-1 in cultured hippocampal neurons, we found that after synthesis via the secretory pathway, dendritic APP/BACE-1-containing vesicles are largely segregated in physiologic states. While BACE-1 is sorted into acidic recycling endosomes, APP is conveyed in Golgi-derived vesicles. However, upon activity induction-a known trigger of the amyloidogenic pathway-APP is routed into BACE-1-positive recycling endosomes via a clathrin-dependent mechanism. A partitioning/convergence of APP/BACE-1 vesicles is also apparent in control/AD brains, respectively. Considering BACE-1 is optimally active in an acidic environment, our experiments suggest that neurons have evolved trafficking strategies that normally limit APP/BACE-1 proximity and also uncover a pathway routing APP into BACE-1-containing organelles, triggering amyloidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Nhan HS, Koo EH. The -YENPTY- domain of the amyloid precursor protein: Much more than just endocytosis? (Comment on DOI 10.1002/bies.201300041). Bioessays 2013; 35:844. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hoang S. Nhan
- Department of Neurosciences; University of California; San Diego; USA
| | - Edward H. Koo
- Department of Neurosciences; University of California; San Diego; USA
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Jung JI, Ladd TB, Kukar T, Price AR, Moore BD, Koo EH, Golde TE, Felsenstein KM. Steroids as γ-secretase modulators. FASEB J 2013; 27:3775-85. [PMID: 23716494 PMCID: PMC3752532 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-225649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation and accumulation of Aβ42 play an initiating role in Alzheimer's disease (AD); thus, selective lowering of Aβ42 by γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) remains a promising approach to AD therapy. Based on evidence suggesting that steroids may influence Aβ production, we screened 170 steroids at 10 μM for effects on Aβ42 secreted from human APP-overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary cells. Many acidic steroids lowered Aβ42, whereas many nonacidic steroids actually raised Aβ42. Studies on the more potent compounds showed that Aβ42-lowering steroids were bonafide GSMs and Aβ42-raising steroids were inverse GSMs. The most potent steroid GSM identified was 5β-cholanic acid (EC50=5.7 μM; its endogenous analog lithocholic acid was virtually equipotent), and the most potent inverse GSM identified was 4-androsten-3-one-17β-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (EC50=6.25 μM). In addition, we found that both estrogen and progesterone are weak inverse GSMs with further complex effects on APP processing. These data suggest that certain endogenous steroids may have the potential to act as GSMs and add to the evidence that cholesterol, cholesterol metabolites, and other steroids may play a role in modulating Aβ production and thus risk for AD. They also indicate that acidic steroids might serve as potential therapeutic leads for drug optimization/development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo In Jung
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas B. Ladd
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas Kukar
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; and
| | - Ashleigh R. Price
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Brenda D. Moore
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Edward H. Koo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Todd E. Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kevin M. Felsenstein
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Hilal S, Ikram MK, Saini M, Tan CS, Catindig JA, Dong YH, Lim LBS, Ting EYS, Koo EH, Cheung CYL, Qiu A, Wong TY, Chen CLH, Venketasubramanian N. Prevalence of cognitive impairment in Chinese: epidemiology of dementia in Singapore study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013; 84:686-92. [PMID: 23385846 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-304080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the prevalence of and associated factors for cognitive impairment and dementia in community dwelling Chinese from Singapore. METHODS This study includes Chinese subjects from the Epidemiology of Dementia in Singapore (EDIS) study, aged ≥60 years, who underwent comprehensive examinations, including cognitive screening with the locally validated Abbreviated Mental Test and Progressive Forgetfulness Questionnaire. Screen positive participants subsequently underwent extensive neuropsychological testing and cerebral MRI. Cognitive impairment no dementia (CIND) and dementia were diagnosed according to internationally accepted criteria. The prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia were computed per 5 year age categories and gender. To examine the relationship between baseline associated factors and cognitive impairment, we used logistic regression models to compute odd ratios with 95% CI. RESULTS 1538 Chinese subjects, aged ≥60 years, underwent cognitive screening: 171 (15.2%) were diagnosed with any cognitive impairment, of whom 84 were CIND mild, 80 CIND moderate and seven had dementia. The overall age adjusted prevalence of CIND mild was 7.2%; CIND moderate/dementia was 7.9%. The prevalence increased with age, from 5.9% in those aged 60-64 years to 31.3% in those aged 75-79 years and 44.1% in those aged ≥80 years. Multivariate analysis revealed age, diabetes and hyperlipidaemia to be independently associated with cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS In present study, the overall prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia in Chinese was 15.2%, which is in the same range as the prevalence reported in Caucasian and other Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Hilal
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Koo EH. Mechanisms of Aβ induced synaptic toxicity. Mol Neurodegener 2013. [PMCID: PMC3846873 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-8-s1-o26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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40
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Park SS, Jung HJ, Kim YJ, Park TK, Kim C, Choi H, Mook-Jung IH, Koo EH, Park SA. Asp664 cleavage of amyloid precursor protein induces tau phosphorylation by decreasing protein phosphatase 2A activity. J Neurochem 2012; 123:856-65. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seok Soon Park
- Department of Neurology; Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital; Bucheon Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Jung
- Department of Neurology; Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital; Bucheon Korea
| | - Yoon-Jeong Kim
- Department of Neurology; Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital; Bucheon Korea
| | - Tae Kwan Park
- Department of Ophthalmology; Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital; Bucheon Korea
| | - Chaeyoung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Heesun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - In Hee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Edward H. Koo
- Department of Neuroscience; School of Medicine; University of California San Diego; La Jolla California USA
| | - Sun Ah Park
- Department of Neurology; Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital; Bucheon Korea
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Tyan SH, Shih AYJ, Walsh JJ, Maruyama H, Sarsoza F, Ku L, Eggert S, Hof PR, Koo EH, Dickstein DL. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) regulates synaptic structure and function. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 51:43-52. [PMID: 22884903 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays a critical role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. APP is proteolytically cleaved by β- and γ-secretases to generate the amyloid β-protein (Aβ), the core protein component of senile plaques in AD. It is also cleaved by α-secretase to release the large soluble APP (sAPP) luminal domain that has been shown to exhibit trophic properties. Increasing evidence points to the development of synaptic deficits and dendritic spine loss prior to deposition of amyloid in transgenic mouse models that overexpress APP and Aβ peptides. The consequence of loss of APP, however, is unsettled. In this study, we investigated whether APP itself plays a role in regulating synaptic structure and function using an APP knock-out (APP-/-) mouse model. We examined dendritic spines in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons and CA1 neurons of hippocampus from APP-/- mice. In the cultured neurons, there was a significant decrease (~35%) in spine density in neurons derived from APP-/- mice compared to littermate control neurons that were partially restored with sAPPα-conditioned medium. In APP-/- mice in vivo, spine numbers were also significantly reduced but by a smaller magnitude (~15%). Furthermore, apical dendritic length and dendritic arborization were markedly diminished in hippocampal neurons. These abnormalities in neuronal morphology were accompanied by reduction in long-term potentiation. Strikingly, all these changes in vivo were only seen in mice that were 12-15 months in age but not in younger animals. We propose that APP, specifically sAPP, is necessary for the maintenance of dendritic integrity in the hippocampus in an age-associated manner. Finally, these age-related changes may contribute to AD pathology independent of Aβ-mediated synaptic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheue-Houy Tyan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Allen M, Zou F, Chai HS, Younkin CS, Crook J, Pankratz VS, Carrasquillo MM, Rowley CN, Nair AA, Middha S, Maharjan S, Nguyen T, Ma L, Malphrus KG, Palusak R, Lincoln S, Bisceglio G, Georgescu C, Schultz D, Rakhshan F, Kolbert CP, Jen J, Haines JL, Mayeux R, Pericak-Vance MA, Farrer LA, Schellenberg GD, Petersen RC, Graff-Radford NR, Dickson DW, Younkin SG, Ertekin-Taner N, Apostolova LG, Arnold SE, Baldwin CT, Barber R, Barmada MM, Beach T, Beecham GW, Beekly D, Bennett DA, Bigio EH, Bird TD, Blacker D, Boeve BF, Bowen JD, Boxer A, Burke JR, Buros J, Buxbaum JD, Cairns NJ, Cantwell LB, Cao C, Carlson CS, Carney RM, Carroll SL, Chui HC, Clark DG, Corneveaux J, Cotman CW, Crane PK, Cruchaga C, Cummings JL, De Jager PL, DeCarli C, DeKosky ST, Demirci FY, Diaz-Arrastia R, Dick M, Dombroski BA, Duara R, Ellis WD, Evans D, Faber KM, Fallon KB, Farlow MR, Ferris S, Foroud TM, Frosch M, Galasko DR, Gallins PJ, Ganguli M, Gearing M, Geschwind DH, Ghetti B, Gilbert JR, Gilman S, Giordani B, Glass JD, Goate AM, Green RC, Growdon JH, Hakonarson H, Hamilton RL, Hardy J, Harrell LE, Head E, Honig LS, Huentelman MJ, Hulette CM, Hyman BT, Jarvik GP, Jicha GA, Jin LW, Jun G, Kamboh MI, Karlawish J, Karydas A, Kauwe JSK, Kaye JA, Kennedy N, Kim R, Koo EH, Kowall NW, Kramer P, Kukull WA, Lah JJ, Larson EB, Levey AI, Lieberman AP, Lopez OL, Lunetta KL, Mack WJ, Marson DC, Martin ER, Martiniuk F, Mash DC, Masliah E, McCormick WC, McCurry SM, McDavid AN, McKee AC, Mesulam M, Miller BL, Miller CA, Miller JW, Montine TJ, Morris JC, Myers AJ, Naj AC, Nowotny P, Parisi JE, Perl DP, Peskind E, Poon WW, Potter H, Quinn JF, Raj A, Rajbhandary RA, Raskind M, Reiman EM, Reisberg B, Reitz C, Ringman JM, Roberson ED, Rogaeva E, Rosenberg RN, Sano M, Saykin AJ, Schneider JA, Schneider LS, Seeley W, Shelanski ML, Slifer MA, Smith CD, Sonnen JA, Spina S, St George-Hyslop P, Stern RA, Tanzi RE, Trojanowski JQ, Troncoso JC, Tsuang DW, Van Deerlin VM, Vardarajan BN, Vinters HV, Vonsattel JP, Wang LS, Weintraub S, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Williamson J, Woltjer RL. Novel late-onset Alzheimer disease loci variants associate with brain gene expression. Neurology 2012; 79:221-8. [PMID: 22722634 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182605801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD) identified 9 novel risk loci. Discovery of functional variants within genes at these loci is required to confirm their role in Alzheimer disease (AD). Single nucleotide polymorphisms that influence gene expression (eSNPs) constitute an important class of functional variants. We therefore investigated the influence of the novel LOAD risk loci on human brain gene expression. METHODS We measured gene expression levels in the cerebellum and temporal cortex of autopsied AD subjects and those with other brain pathologies (∼400 total subjects). To determine whether any of the novel LOAD risk variants are eSNPs, we tested their cis-association with expression of 6 nearby LOAD candidate genes detectable in human brain (ABCA7, BIN1, CLU, MS4A4A, MS4A6A, PICALM) and an additional 13 genes ±100 kb of these SNPs. To identify additional eSNPs that influence brain gene expression levels of the novel candidate LOAD genes, we identified SNPs ±100 kb of their location and tested for cis-associations. RESULTS CLU rs11136000 (p = 7.81 × 10(-4)) and MS4A4A rs2304933/rs2304935 (p = 1.48 × 10(-4)-1.86 × 10(-4)) significantly influence temporal cortex expression levels of these genes. The LOAD-protective CLU and risky MS4A4A locus alleles associate with higher brain levels of these genes. There are other cis-variants that significantly influence brain expression of CLU and ABCA7 (p = 4.01 × 10(-5)-9.09 × 10(-9)), some of which also associate with AD risk (p = 2.64 × 10(-2)-6.25 × 10(-5)). CONCLUSIONS CLU and MS4A4A eSNPs may at least partly explain the LOAD risk association at these loci. CLU and ABCA7 may harbor additional strong eSNPs. These results have implications in the search for functional variants at the novel LOAD risk loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariet Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Biostatistics Unit, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Lakshmana MK, Hayes CD, Bennett SP, Bianchi E, Reddy KM, Koo EH, Kang DE. Role of RanBP9 on amyloidogenic processing of APP and synaptic protein levels in the mouse brain. FASEB J 2012; 26:2072-83. [PMID: 22294787 PMCID: PMC3336780 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-196709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that RanBP9 binds low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), amyloid precursor protein (APP), and BACE1 and robustly increased Aβ generation in a variety of cell lines and primary neuronal cultures. To confirm the physiological/ pathological significance of this phenotype in vivo, we successfully generated transgenic mice overexpressing RanBP9 as well as RanBP9-null mice. Here we show that RanBP9 overexpression resulted in >2-fold increase in Aβ40 levels as early as 4 mo of age. A sustained increase in Aβ40 levels was seen at 12 mo of age in both CHAPS-soluble and formic acid (FA)-soluble brain fractions. In addition, Aβ42 levels were also significantly increased in FA-soluble fractions at 12 mo of age. More important, increased Aβ levels were translated to increased deposition of amyloid plaques. In addition, RanBP9 overexpression significantly decreased the levels of synaptophysin and PSD-95 proteins. Conversely, RanBP9-null mice showed increased levels of synaptophysin, PSD-95, and drebrin A protein levels. Given that loss of synapses is the best pathological correlate of cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD), increased Aβ levels by RanBP9 observed in the present study provides compelling evidence that RanBP9 may indeed play a key role in the etiology of AD. If so, RanBP9 provides a great opportunity to develop novel therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madepalli K. Lakshmana
- Section of Neurobiology, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Crystal D. Hayes
- Section of Neurobiology, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Steven P. Bennett
- Section of Neurobiology, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Elisabetta Bianchi
- Laboratory of Immuneregulation, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Edward H. Koo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA; and
| | - David E. Kang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA; and
- World Class University–Neurocytomics Program, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Tang Y, Scott DA, Das U, Edland SD, Radomski K, Koo EH, Roy S. Early and selective impairments in axonal transport kinetics of synaptic cargoes induced by soluble amyloid β-protein oligomers. Traffic 2012; 13:681-93. [PMID: 22309053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2012.01340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The downstream targets of amyloid β (Aβ)-oligomers remain elusive. One hypothesis is that Aβ-oligomers interrupt axonal transport. Although previous studies have demonstrated Aβ-induced transport blockade, early effects of low-n soluble Aβ-oligomers on axonal transport remain unclear. Furthermore, the cargo selectivity for such deficits (if any) or the specific effects of Aβ on the motility kinetics of transported cargoes are also unknown. Toward this, we visualized axonal transport of vesicles in cultured hippocampal neurons treated with picomolar (pm) levels of cell-derived soluble Aβ-oligomers. We examined select cargoes thought to move as distinct organelles and established imaging parameters that allow organelle tracking with consistency and high fidelity - analyzing all data in a blinded fashion. Aβ-oligomers induced early and selective diminutions in velocities of synaptic cargoes but had no effect on mitochondrial motility, contrary to previous reports. These changes were N-methyl D-aspartate receptor/glycogen synthase kinase-3β dependent and reversible upon washout of the oligomers. Cluster-mode analyses reveal selective attenuations in faster-moving synaptic vesicles, suggesting possible decreases in cargo/motor associations, and biochemical experiments implicate tau phosphorylation in the process. Collectively, the data provide a biological basis for Aβ-induced axonal transport deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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45
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Israel MA, Yuan SH, Bardy C, Reyna SM, Mu Y, Herrera C, Hefferan MP, Van Gorp S, Nazor KL, Boscolo FS, Carson CT, Laurent LC, Marsala M, Gage FH, Remes AM, Koo EH, Goldstein LSB. Probing sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease using induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 2012; 482:216-20. [PMID: 22278060 PMCID: PMC3338985 DOI: 10.1038/nature10821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 857] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis is currently limited by difficulties in obtaining live neurons from patients and the inability to model the sporadic form of the disease. It may be possible to overcome these challenges by reprogramming primary cells from patients into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here we reprogrammed primary fibroblasts from two patients with familial Alzheimer’s disease, both caused by a duplication of the amyloid-β precursor protein gene1 (APP; termed APPDp), two with sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (termed sAD1, sAD2) and two non-demented control individuals into iPSC lines. Neurons from differentiated cultures were purified with fluorescence-activated cell sorting and characterized. Purified cultures contained more than 90% neurons, clustered with fetal brain messenger RNA samples by microarray criteria, and could form functional synaptic contacts. Virtually all cells exhibited normal electrophysiological activity. Relative to controls, iPSC-derived, purified neurons from the two APPDp patients and patient sAD2 exhibited significantly higher levels of the pathological markers amyloid-β(1–40), phospho-tau(Thr 231) and active glycogen synthase kinase-3β (aGSK-3β). Neurons from APPDp and sAD2 patients also accumulated large RAB5-positive early endosomes compared to controls. Treatment of purified neurons with β-secretase inhibitors, but not γ-secretase inhibitors, caused significant reductions in phospho-Tau(Thr 231) and aGSK-3β levels. These results suggest a direct relationship between APP proteolytic processing, but not amyloid-β, in GSK-3β activation and tau phosphorylation in human neurons. Additionally, we observed that neurons with the genome of one sAD patient exhibited the phenotypes seen in familial Alzheimer’s disease samples. More generally, we demonstrate that iPSC technology can be used to observe phenotypes relevant to Alzheimer’s disease, even though it can take decades for overt disease to manifest in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason A Israel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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46
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Kukar TL, Ladd TB, Robertson P, Pintchovski SA, Moore B, Bann MA, Ren Z, Jansen-West K, Malphrus K, Eggert S, Maruyama H, Cottrell BA, Das P, Basi GS, Koo EH, Golde TE. Lysine 624 of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a critical determinant of amyloid β peptide length: support for a sequential model of γ-secretase intramembrane proteolysis and regulation by the amyloid β precursor protein (APP) juxtamembrane region. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:39804-12. [PMID: 21868378 PMCID: PMC3220543 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.274696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a multiprotein intramembrane cleaving aspartyl protease (I-CLiP) that catalyzes the final cleavage of the amyloid β precursor protein (APP) to release the amyloid β peptide (Aβ). Aβ is the primary component of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and its mechanism of production has been studied intensely. γ-Secretase executes multiple cleavages within the transmembrane domain of APP, with cleavages producing Aβ and the APP intracellular domain (AICD), referred to as γ and ε, respectively. The heterogeneous nature of the γ cleavage that produces various Aβ peptides is highly relevant to AD, as increased production of Aβ 1-42 is genetically and biochemically linked to the development of AD. We have identified an amino acid in the juxtamembrane region of APP, lysine 624, on the basis of APP695 numbering (position 28 relative to Aβ) that plays a critical role in determining the final length of Aβ peptides released by γ-secretase. Mutation of this lysine to alanine (K28A) shifts the primary site of γ-secretase cleavage from 1-40 to 1-33 without significant changes to ε cleavage. These results further support a model where ε cleavage occurs first, followed by sequential proteolysis of the remaining transmembrane fragment, but extend these observations by demonstrating that charged residues at the luminal boundary of the APP transmembrane domain limit processivity of γ-secretase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Kukar
- Emory University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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47
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Sagi SA, Lessard CB, Winden KD, Maruyama H, Koo JC, Weggen S, Kukar TL, Golde TE, Koo EH. Substrate sequence influences γ-secretase modulator activity, role of the transmembrane domain of the amyloid precursor protein. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:39794-803. [PMID: 21868380 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.277228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs modulates the γ cleavage site in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to selectively reduce production of Aβ42. It is unclear precisely how these γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) act to preferentially spare Aβ40 production as well as Notch processing and signaling. In an effort to determine the substrate requirements in NSAID/GSM activity, we determined the effects of sulindac sulfide and flurbiprofen on γ-cleavage of artificial constructs containing several γ-secretase substrates. Using FLAG-tagged constructs that expressed extracellularly truncated APP, Notch-1, or CD44, we found that these substrates have different sensitivities to sulindac sulfide. γ-Secretase cleavage of APP was altered by sulindac sulfide, but CD44 and Notch-1 were either insensitive or only minimally altered by this compound. Using chimeric APP constructs, we observed that the transmembrane domain (TMD) of APP played a pivotal role in determining drug sensitivity. Substituting the APP TMD with that of APLP2 retained the sensitivity to γ-cleavage modulation, but replacing TMDs from Notch-1 or ErbB4 rendered the resultant molecules insensitive to drug treatment. Specifically, the GXXXG motif within APP appeared to be critical to GSM activity. Consequently, the modulatory effects on γ-cleavage appears to be substrate-dependent. We hypothesize that the substrate present in the γ-secretase complex influences the conformation of the complex so that the binding site of GSMs is either stabilized or less favorable to influence the cleavage of the respective substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Sagi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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48
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Naj AC, Jun G, Beecham GW, Wang LS, Vardarajan BN, Buros J, Gallins PJ, Buxbaum JD, Jarvik GP, Crane PK, Larson EB, Bird TD, Boeve BF, Graff-Radford NR, De Jager PL, Evans D, Schneider JA, Carrasquillo MM, Ertekin-Taner N, Younkin SG, Cruchaga C, Kauwe JSK, Nowotny P, Kramer P, Hardy J, Huentelman MJ, Myers AJ, Barmada MM, Demirci FY, Baldwin CT, Green RC, Rogaeva E, St George-Hyslop P, Arnold SE, Barber R, Beach T, Bigio EH, Bowen JD, Boxer A, Burke JR, Cairns NJ, Carlson CS, Carney RM, Carroll SL, Chui HC, Clark DG, Corneveaux J, Cotman CW, Cummings JL, DeCarli C, DeKosky ST, Diaz-Arrastia R, Dick M, Dickson DW, Ellis WG, Faber KM, Fallon KB, Farlow MR, Ferris S, Frosch MP, Galasko DR, Ganguli M, Gearing M, Geschwind DH, Ghetti B, Gilbert JR, Gilman S, Giordani B, Glass JD, Growdon JH, Hamilton RL, Harrell LE, Head E, Honig LS, Hulette CM, Hyman BT, Jicha GA, Jin LW, Johnson N, Karlawish J, Karydas A, Kaye JA, Kim R, Koo EH, Kowall NW, Lah JJ, Levey AI, Lieberman AP, Lopez OL, Mack WJ, Marson DC, Martiniuk F, Mash DC, Masliah E, McCormick WC, McCurry SM, McDavid AN, McKee AC, Mesulam M, Miller BL, Miller CA, Miller JW, Parisi JE, Perl DP, Peskind E, Petersen RC, Poon WW, Quinn JF, Rajbhandary RA, Raskind M, Reisberg B, Ringman JM, Roberson ED, Rosenberg RN, Sano M, Schneider LS, Seeley W, Shelanski ML, Slifer MA, Smith CD, Sonnen JA, Spina S, Stern RA, Tanzi RE, Trojanowski JQ, Troncoso JC, Van Deerlin VM, Vinters HV, Vonsattel JP, Weintraub S, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Williamson J, Woltjer RL, Cantwell LB, Dombroski BA, Beekly D, Lunetta KL, Martin ER, Kamboh MI, Saykin AJ, Reiman EM, Bennett DA, Morris JC, Montine TJ, Goate AM, Blacker D, Tsuang DW, Hakonarson H, Kukull WA, Foroud TM, Haines JL, Mayeux R, Pericak-Vance MA, Farrer LA, Schellenberg GD. Common variants at MS4A4/MS4A6E, CD2AP, CD33 and EPHA1 are associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Nat Genet 2011; 43:436-41. [PMID: 21460841 PMCID: PMC3090745 DOI: 10.1038/ng.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1447] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Alzheimer Disease Genetics Consortium (ADGC) performed a genome-wide association study of late-onset Alzheimer disease using a three-stage design consisting of a discovery stage (stage 1) and two replication stages (stages 2 and 3). Both joint analysis and meta-analysis approaches were used. We obtained genome-wide significant results at MS4A4A (rs4938933; stages 1 and 2, meta-analysis P (P(M)) = 1.7 × 10(-9), joint analysis P (P(J)) = 1.7 × 10(-9); stages 1, 2 and 3, P(M) = 8.2 × 10(-12)), CD2AP (rs9349407; stages 1, 2 and 3, P(M) = 8.6 × 10(-9)), EPHA1 (rs11767557; stages 1, 2 and 3, P(M) = 6.0 × 10(-10)) and CD33 (rs3865444; stages 1, 2 and 3, P(M) = 1.6 × 10(-9)). We also replicated previous associations at CR1 (rs6701713; P(M) = 4.6 × 10(-10), P(J) = 5.2 × 10(-11)), CLU (rs1532278; P(M) = 8.3 × 10(-8), P(J) = 1.9 × 10(-8)), BIN1 (rs7561528; P(M) = 4.0 × 10(-14), P(J) = 5.2 × 10(-14)) and PICALM (rs561655; P(M) = 7.0 × 10(-11), P(J) = 1.0 × 10(-10)), but not at EXOC3L2, to late-onset Alzheimer's disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Naj
- The John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays a central role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease in large part due to the sequential proteolytic cleavages that result in the generation of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ). Not surprisingly, the biological properties of APP have also been the subject of great interest and intense investigations. Since our 2006 review, the body of literature on APP continues to expand, thereby offering further insights into the biochemical, cellular and functional properties of this interesting molecule. Sophisticated mouse models have been created to allow in vivo examination of cell type-specific functions of APP together with the many functional domains. This review provides an overview and update on our current understanding of the pathobiology of APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging and Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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50
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Abstract
Most current Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapies in advanced phases of development target amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) production, aggregation, or accumulation. Translational models suggest that anti-Aβ therapies may be highly effective if tested as agents to prevent or delay development of the disease or as therapies for asymptomatic patients with very early signs of AD pathology. However, anti-Aβ therapeutics are currently being tested in symptomatic patients where they are likely to be much less effective or ineffective. The lack of alignment between human clinical studies and preclinical studies, together with predictions about optimal trial design based on our understanding of the initiating role of Aβ aggregates in AD, has created a treatment versus prevention dilemma. In this perspective, we discuss why it is imperative to resolve this dilemma and suggest ways for moving forward in the hopes of enhancing the development of truly effective AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd E. Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive BMS J-483, P. O. Box 100159, Gainesville, FL 32610-0244,
| | - Lon S. Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Neurology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine,, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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