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Harrison N, Koo CZ, Tomlinson MG. Regulation of ADAM10 by the TspanC8 Family of Tetraspanins and Their Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136707. [PMID: 34201472 PMCID: PMC8268256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed transmembrane protein a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) functions as a “molecular scissor”, by cleaving the extracellular regions from its membrane protein substrates in a process termed ectodomain shedding. ADAM10 is known to have over 100 substrates including Notch, amyloid precursor protein, cadherins, and growth factors, and is important in health and implicated in diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer’s. The tetraspanins are a superfamily of membrane proteins that interact with specific partner proteins to regulate their intracellular trafficking, lateral mobility, and clustering at the cell surface. We and others have shown that ADAM10 interacts with a subgroup of six tetraspanins, termed the TspanC8 subgroup, which are closely related by protein sequence and comprise Tspan5, Tspan10, Tspan14, Tspan15, Tspan17, and Tspan33. Recent evidence suggests that different TspanC8/ADAM10 complexes have distinct substrates and that ADAM10 should not be regarded as a single scissor, but as six different TspanC8/ADAM10 scissor complexes. This review discusses the published evidence for this “six scissor” hypothesis and the therapeutic potential this offers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neale Harrison
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (N.H.); (C.Z.K.)
| | - Chek Ziu Koo
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (N.H.); (C.Z.K.)
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Michael G. Tomlinson
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (N.H.); (C.Z.K.)
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)121-414-2507
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Tan JZA, Fourriere L, Wang J, Perez F, Boncompain G, Gleeson PA. Distinct anterograde trafficking pathways of BACE1 and amyloid precursor protein from the TGN and the regulation of amyloid-β production. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:27-44. [PMID: 31746668 PMCID: PMC6938271 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-09-0487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the β-secretase BACE1 is the initial step of the amyloidogenic pathway to generate amyloid-β (Aβ). Although newly synthesized BACE1 and APP are transported along the secretory pathway, it is not known whether BACE1 and APP share the same post-Golgi trafficking pathways or are partitioned into different transport routes. Here we demonstrate that BACE1 exits the Golgi in HeLa cells and primary neurons by a pathway distinct from the trafficking pathway for APP. By using the Retention Using Selective Hooks system, we show that BACE1 is transported from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane in an AP-1- and Arf1/4-dependent manner. Subsequently, BACE1 is endocytosed to early and recycling endosomes. Perturbation of BACE1 post-Golgi trafficking results in an increase in BACE1 cleavage of APP and increased production of both Aβ40 and Aβ42. These findings reveal that Golgi exit of BACE1 and APP in primary neurons is tightly regulated, resulting in their segregation along different transport routes, which limits APP processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhi A. Tan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lou Fourriere
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jingqi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Franck Perez
- Dynamics of Intracellular Organization Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 144, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Gaelle Boncompain
- Dynamics of Intracellular Organization Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 144, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Paul A. Gleeson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Abstract
The cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the rate-limiting step in beta amyloid generation during Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. In AD brains, BACE1 is abnormally accumulated in endocytic compartments, where the acidic pH is optimal for its activity. However, mechanisms regulating the endosome-to-trans-Golgi network (TGN) retrieval of BACE1 remain unclear. Here, we show that partitioning defective 3 (Par3) facilitates BACE1 retrograde trafficking from endosomes to the TGN. Par3 functions through aPKC-mediated phosphorylation of BACE1 on Ser498, which in turn promotes the interaction between BACE1 and phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein 1 and facilitates the retrograde trafficking of BACE1 to the TGN. In human AD brains, there is a significant decrease in Ser498 phosphorylation of BACE1 suggesting that defective phosphorylation-dependent retrograde transport of BACE1 is important in AD pathogenesis. Together, our studies provide mechanistic insight into a novel role for Par3 and aPKC in regulating the retrograde endosome-to-TGN trafficking of BACE1 and shed light on the mechanisms of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Sun
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Huaye Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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Mao R, Meng S, Gu Q, Araujo-Gutierrez R, Kumar S, Yan Q, Almazan F, Youker KA, Fu Y, Pownall HJ, Cooke JP, Miller YI, Fang L. AIBP Limits Angiogenesis Through γ-Secretase-Mediated Upregulation of Notch Signaling. Circ Res 2017; 120:1727-1739. [PMID: 28325782 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Angiogenesis improves perfusion to the ischemic tissue after acute vascular obstruction. Angiogenesis in pathophysiological settings reactivates signaling pathways involved in developmental angiogenesis. We showed previously that AIBP (apolipoprotein A-I [apoA-I]-binding protein)-regulated cholesterol efflux in endothelial cells controls zebra fish embryonic angiogenesis. OBJECTIVE This study is to determine whether loss of AIBP affects angiogenesis in mice during development and under pathological conditions and to explore the underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS In this article, we report the generation of AIBP knockout (Apoa1bp-/-) mice, which are characterized of accelerated postnatal retinal angiogenesis. Mechanistically, AIBP triggered relocalization of γ-secretase from lipid rafts to nonlipid rafts where it cleaved Notch. Consistently, AIBP treatment enhanced DLL4 (delta-like ligand 4)-stimulated Notch activation in human retinal endothelial cells. Increasing high-density lipoprotein levels in Apoa1bp-/- mice by crossing them with apoA-I transgenic mice rescued Notch activation and corrected dysregulated retinal angiogenesis. Notably, the retinal vessels in Apoa1bp-/- mice manifested normal pericyte coverage and vascular integrity. Similarly, in the subcutaneous Matrigel plug assay, which mimics ischemic/inflammatory neovascularization, angiogenesis was dramatically upregulated in Apoa1bp-/- mice and associated with a profound inhibition of Notch activation and reduced expression of downstream targets. Furthermore, loss of AIBP increased vascular density and facilitated the recovery of blood vessel perfusion function in a murine hindlimb ischemia model. In addition, AIBP expression was significantly increased in human patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal a novel mechanistic connection between AIBP-mediated cholesterol metabolism and Notch signaling, implicating AIBP as a possible druggable target to modulate angiogenesis under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renfang Mao
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.)
| | - Shu Meng
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.)
| | - Qilin Gu
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.)
| | - Raquel Araujo-Gutierrez
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.)
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.)
| | - Qing Yan
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.)
| | - Felicidad Almazan
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.)
| | - Keith A Youker
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.)
| | - Yingbin Fu
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.)
| | - Henry J Pownall
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.)
| | - John P Cooke
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.)
| | - Yury I Miller
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.)
| | - Longhou Fang
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.).
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Wu X, Tang H, Liu G, Wang H, Shu J, Sun F. miR-448 suppressed gastric cancer proliferation and invasion by regulating ADAM10. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10545-51. [PMID: 26852749 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4942-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short, noncoding RNAs that act a crucial role in tumor development. Previous studies showed that miR-448 expression was deregulated in many tumors. However, the role of miR-448 in gastric cancer (GC) remains unknown. In our study, we demonstrated that miR-448 expression was downregulated in GC tissues compared with the corresponding nontumor tissues. We also showed that miR-448 expression was downregulated in GC cell lines. Ectopic expression of miR-448 suppressed GC cell proliferation, colony formation, and invasion. Moreover, we identified A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinases 10 (ADAM10) as a direct target gene of miR-448 in GC cell. ADAM10 expression was upregulated in GC tissues and cells. Furthermore, the expression level of miR-448 was negatively correlated with the expression level of ADAM10 in GC tissues. Moreover, ADAM10 overexpression rescued the effect of miR-448-mediated GC cell proliferation, colony formation, and invasion. These results demonstrated that miR-448 might play as a tumor suppressor miRNA partly through targeting ADAM10 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Wu
- Department of Gastrointenstinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
| | - Haoran Tang
- Department of Gastrointenstinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
| | - Guobin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated YanAn Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650051, Yunnan, China
| | - Jie Shu
- Department of Gastrointenstinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
| | - Feng Sun
- Department of Gastrointenstinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China.
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Lessard CB, Cottrell BA, Maruyama H, Suresh S, Golde TE, Koo EH. γ-Secretase Modulators and APH1 Isoforms Modulate γ-Secretase Cleavage but Not Position of ε-Cleavage of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144758. [PMID: 26678856 PMCID: PMC4683055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative increase in Aβ42 peptides from familial Alzheimer disease (FAD) linked APP and PSEN mutations can be related to changes in both ε-cleavage site utilization and subsequent step-wise cleavage. Cleavage at the ε-site releases the amyloid precursor protein (APP) intracellular domain (AICD), and perturbations in the position of ε-cleavage are closely associated with changes in the profile of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) species that are produced and secreted. The mechanisms by which γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) or FAD mutations affect the various γ-secretase cleavages to alter the generation of Aβ peptides have not been fully elucidated. Recent studies suggested that GSMs do not modulate ε-cleavage of APP, but the data were derived principally from recombinant truncated epitope tagged APP substrate. Here, using full length APP from transfected cells, we investigated whether GSMs modify the ε-cleavage of APP under more native conditions. Our results confirmed the previous findings that ε-cleavage is insensitive to GSMs. In addition, fenofibrate, an inverse GSM (iGSM), did not alter the position or kinetics of ε-cleavage position in vitro. APH1A and APH1B, a subunit of the γ-secretase complex, also modulated Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio without any alterations in ε-cleavage, a result in contrast to what has been observed with PS1 and APP FAD mutations. Consequently, GSMs and APH1 appear to modulate γ-secretase activity and Aβ42 generation by altering processivity but not ε-cleavage site utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B. Lessard
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara A. Cottrell
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hiroko Maruyama
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Suraj Suresh
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Todd E. Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, United States of America
| | - Edward H. Koo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Hou P, Liu G, Zhao Y, Shi Z, Zheng Q, Bu G, Xu H, Zhang YW. Role of copper and the copper-related protein CUTA in mediating APP processing and Aβ generation. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:1310-5. [PMID: 25557959 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One major pathologic hallmark and trigger of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is overproduction and accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) species in the brain. Aβ is derived from β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) through sequential cleavages by β- and γ-secretases. Abnormal copper homeostasis also contributes to AD pathogenesis. Recently, we find that a copper-related protein, CutA divalent cation tolerance homolog of Escherichia coli (CUTA), interacts with the β-secretase β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and inhibits APP β-processing and Aβ generation. Herein, we further found that overexpression of CUTA increases intracellular copper level, whereas copper treatments promote CUTA expression. We also confirmed that copper treatments promote APP expression and Aβ secretion. In addition, copper treatments promoted the increase of Aβ secretion induced by CUTA downregulation but had no effect on CUTA-β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 interaction. On the other hand, CUTA overexpression ameliorated copper-induced Aβ secretion but had no effect on APP expression. Moreover, we found that Aβ treatments can reduce both CUTA and copper levels in mouse primary neurons. Consistently, both CUTA and copper levels were decreased in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 AD mouse brain. Together, our results reveal a reciprocal modulation of copper and CUTA and suggest that both regulate Aβ generation through different mechanisms, although Aβ mutually affects copper and CUTA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guiying Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Degenerative Disease Research Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zhun Shi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiuyang Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guojun Bu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Degenerative Disease Research Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yun-wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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8
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Ye ZP, He HY, Wang H, Li WS, Luo L, Huang ZC, Guo Y. Glioma-derived ADAM10 induces regulatory B cells to suppress CD8+ T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105350. [PMID: 25127032 PMCID: PMC4134303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells play an important role in the anti-tumor activities of the body. The dysfunction of CD8+ T cells in glioma is unclear. This study aims to elucidate the glioma cell-derived ADAM10 (A Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10) in the suppression of CD8+ effector T cells by the induction of regulatory B cells. In this study, glioma cells were isolated from surgically removed glioma tissue and stimulated by Phorbol myristate acetage (PMA) in the culture. The levels of ADAM10 in the culture were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immune cells were assessed by flow cytometry. The results showed that the isolated glioma cells express ADAM10, which was markedly up regulated after stimulated with PMA. The glioma-derived ADAM10 induced activated B cells to differentiate into regulatory B cells, the later suppressed CD8+ T cell proliferation as well as the induced regulatory T cells, which also showed the immune suppressor effect on CD8+ effector T cell proliferation. In conclusion, glioma cells produce ADAM10 to induce Bregs; the latter suppresses CD8+ T cells and induces Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-peng Ye
- Department of neurosurgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-yong He
- Department of neurosurgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of neurosurgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-sheng Li
- Department of neurosurgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lun Luo
- Department of neurosurgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-chao Huang
- Department of neurosurgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of neurosurgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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9
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Alzheimer's disease protein controls movement in mice. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2013; 28:649. [PMID: 24137748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Hayes MG, Urbanek M, Hivert MF, Armstrong LL, Morrison J, Guo C, Lowe LP, Scheftner DA, Pluzhnikov A, Levine DM, McHugh CP, Ackerman CM, Bouchard L, Brisson D, Layden BT, Mirel D, Doheny KF, Leya MV, Lown-Hecht RN, Dyer AR, Metzger BE, Reddy TE, Cox NJ, Lowe WL. Identification of HKDC1 and BACE2 as genes influencing glycemic traits during pregnancy through genome-wide association studies. Diabetes 2013; 62:3282-91. [PMID: 23903356 PMCID: PMC3749326 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Maternal metabolism during pregnancy impacts the developing fetus, affecting offspring birth weight and adiposity. This has important implications for metabolic health later in life (e.g., offspring of mothers with pre-existing or gestational diabetes mellitus have an increased risk of metabolic disorders in childhood). To identify genetic loci associated with measures of maternal metabolism obtained during an oral glucose tolerance test at ∼28 weeks' gestation, we performed a genome-wide association study of 4,437 pregnant mothers of European (n = 1,367), Thai (n = 1,178), Afro-Caribbean (n = 1,075), and Hispanic (n = 817) ancestry, along with replication of top signals in three additional European ancestry cohorts. In addition to identifying associations with genes previously implicated with measures of glucose metabolism in nonpregnant populations, we identified two novel genome-wide significant associations: 2-h plasma glucose and HKDC1, and fasting C-peptide and BACE2. These results suggest that the genetic architecture underlying glucose metabolism may differ, in part, in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Geoffrey Hayes
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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11
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Li X, Hong L, Coughlan K, Wang L, Cao L, Tang J. Structure-activity relationship of memapsin 2: implications on physiological functions and Alzheimer's disease. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2013; 45:613-21. [PMID: 23676825 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmt050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Memapsin 2 (BACE1, β-secretase), a membrane aspartic protease, functions in the cleavage of the type I transmembrane protein, β-amyloid precursor protein (APP), leading to the production of amyloid β (Aβ) in the brain. Since Aβ is closely associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, understanding the biological function, particularly the catalytic activities of memapsin 2, would assist in a better understanding of the disease and the development of its inhibitors. The transmembrane and cytosolic domains of memapsin 2 function in cellular transport and localization, which are important regulatory mechanisms for its activity. The catalytic ectodomain contains a long substrate cleft that is responsible for substrate recognition, specificity, and peptide bond hydrolysis. The substrate cleft accommodates 11 residues of the substrate in separate binding subsites. Besides APP, a number of membrane proteins have been reported to be substrates of memapsin 2. The elucidation for the specificity of these subsites and the amino acid sequences surrounding the memapsin 2 cleavage site in these proteins has led to the establishment of a predictive model that can quantitatively estimate the efficiency of cleavage for any potential substrates. Such tools may be employed for future studies of memapsin 2 about its biological function. Herein, we review the current knowledge on the structure-function relationship of memapsin 2 and its relationship in the biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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12
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Devi L, Ohno M. Mechanisms that lessen benefits of β-secretase reduction in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e284. [PMID: 23880880 PMCID: PMC3731791 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The β-secretase enzyme BACE1 (β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1), which initiates amyloid-β (Aβ) production, is an excellent therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, recent evidence raises concern that BACE1-inhibiting approaches may encounter dramatic declines in their abilities to ameliorate AD-like pathology and memory deficits during disease progression. Here, we used BACE1 haploinsufficiency as a therapeutic relevant model to evaluate the efficacy of partial inhibition of this enzyme. Specifically, we crossed BACE1(+/-) mice with 5XFAD transgenic mice and investigated the mechanisms by which Aβ accumulation and related memory impairments become less sensitive to rescue by BACE1(+/-) reduction. Haploinsufficiency lowered BACE1 expression by ∼50% in 5XFAD mice regardless of age in concordance with reduction in gene copy number. However, profound Aβ plaque pathology and memory deficits concomitant with BACE1 equivalent to wild-type control levels remained in BACE1(+/-)·5XFAD mice with advanced age (15-18 months old). Therefore, BACE1 haploinsufficiency is not sufficient to block the elevation of BACE1 expression (approximately twofold), which is also reported to occur during human AD progression, in 5XFAD mice. Our investigation revealed that PERK (PKR-endoplasmic reticulum-related kinase)-dependent activation of eIF2α (eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2α) accounts for the persistent BACE1 upregulation in BACE1(+/-)·5XFAD mouse brains at 15-18 months of age. Moreover, BACE1 haploinsufficiency was also no longer able to prevent reduction in the expression of neprilysin, a crucial Aβ-degrading enzyme, in 5XFAD mice with advanced age. These findings demonstrate that partial BACE1 suppression cannot attenuate deleterious BACE1-elevating or neprilysin-reducing mechanisms, limiting its capabilities to reduce cerebral Aβ accumulation and rescue memory defects during the course of AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Devi
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - M Ohno
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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13
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Simic D, Simutis F, Euler C, Thurby C, Peden WM, Bunch RT, Pilcher G, Sanderson T, Van Vleet T. Determination of relative Notch1 and gamma-secretase-related gene expression in puromycin-treated microdissected rat kidneys. Gene Expr 2013; 16:39-47. [PMID: 24397211 PMCID: PMC8750201 DOI: 10.3727/105221613x13806435102312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of cell differentiation and are highly conserved across species. Notch ligand binding leads to gamma-secretase-mediated proteolytic cleavage of the Notch receptor releasing the Notch intracellular domain, resulting in its subsequent translocation into the nucleus and gene expression regulation. To investigate the level of expression of Notch signaling pathway components in microanatomic regions following renal injury, kidneys from untreated, vehicle control, and puromycin aminonucleoside (PA, 150 mg/kg)-treated rats were evaluated. Frozen tissue sections from rats were microdissected using laser capture microdissection (LCM) to obtain glomeruli, cortical (proximal) tubules, and collecting ducts, and relative gene expression levels of Presenilin1, Notch1 and Hes1 were determined. In untreated rats, the Notch1 expression in glomeruli was higher than in the proximal tubules and similar to that in collecting ducts, whereas Presenilin1 and Hes1 expressions were highest in the collecting ducts, followed by cortical tubules and glomeruli. Following PA-induced renal injury, Hes1 gene expression increased significantly in the glomeruli and tubules compared to the collecting ducts where no injury was observed microscopically. Although these data present some evidence of change in Notch signaling related to injury, the expression of Presenilin1, Notch1, and Hes1 in the microanatomic regions of the kidney following PA treatment were not significantly different when compared to controls. These results demonstrate that there are differences in Notch-related gene expression in the different microanatomic regions of the kidneys in rats and suggest a minimal role for Notch in renal injury induced by PA. In addition, this work shows that LCM coupled with the RT-PCR can be used to determine the relative differences in target gene expression within regions of a complex organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Simic
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Drug Safety Evaluation, Mt. Vernon, IN, 47620, USA.
| | - Frank Simutis
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Drug Safety Evaluation, Mt. Vernon, IN, 47620, USA
| | - Catherine Euler
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Drug Safety Evaluation, Mt. Vernon, IN, 47620, USA
| | - Christina Thurby
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Drug Safety Evaluation, Mt. Vernon, IN, 47620, USA
| | - W Mike Peden
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Drug Safety Evaluation, Mt. Vernon, IN, 47620, USA
| | - R Todd Bunch
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Drug Safety Evaluation, Mt. Vernon, IN, 47620, USA
| | - Gary Pilcher
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Drug Safety Evaluation, Mt. Vernon, IN, 47620, USA
| | - Thomas Sanderson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Drug Safety Evaluation, Mt. Vernon, IN, 47620, USA
| | - Terry Van Vleet
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Drug Safety Evaluation, Mt. Vernon, IN, 47620, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Ectodomain shedding is a major mechanism to modulate platelet receptor signaling and to downregulate platelet reactivity. Proteins of the a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) family are implicated in the shedding of various platelet receptors. The signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family receptor CD84 is highly expressed in platelets and immune cells, but its role in platelet physiology is not well explored. Because of its ability to form homodimers, CD84 has been suggested to mediate contact-dependent signaling and contribute to thrombus stability. However, nothing is known about the cellular regulation of CD84. METHODS We studied the regulation of CD84 in murine platelets by biochemical approaches and use of three different genetically modified mouse lines. Regulation of CD84 in human platelets was studied using inhibitors and biochemical approaches. RESULTS We show that CD84 is cleaved from the surface of human and murine platelets in response to different shedding inducing agents and platelet receptor agonists. CD84 downregulation occurs through ectodomain-shedding and intracellular cleavage. Studies in transgenic mice identified ADAM10 as the principal sheddase responsible for CD84 cleavage, whereas ADAM17 was dispensable. Western blot analyses revealed calpain-mediated intracellular cleavage of the CD84 C-terminus, occurring simultaneously with, but independently of, ectodomain shedding. Furthermore, analysis of plasma and serum samples from transgenic mice demonstrated that CD84 is constitutively shed from the platelet surface by ADAM10 in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal a dual regulation mechanism for platelet CD84 by simultaneous extra- and intracellular cleavage that may modulate platelet-platelet and platelet-immune cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hofmann
- Chair of Vascular Medicine, University of Würzburg, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Würzburg, Germany
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15
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Zhang C. Natural compounds that modulate BACE1-processing of amyloid-beta precursor protein in Alzheimer's disease. Discov Med 2012; 14:189-197. [PMID: 23021373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder and the primary cause of dementia, with no cure presently available. The pathogenesis of AD is believed to be primarily driven by amyloid-β (Aβ), the principal component of senile plaques in the AD brain. Aβ is generated through a sequential proteolytic process initiated by BACE1, or β-secretase, from the amyloid-β precursor protein (APP). BACE1-cleavage of APP is the rate-limiting step in producing Aβ; therefore, much of the effort has focused on identifying BACE1 inhibitors. More recently, an AD clinical trial using a BACE1 inhibitor was halted due to adverse effects outside of the brain in animal models. This raised questions with respect to the physiological roles of BACE1 and the approach in identifying lead compounds to inhibit BACE1 with desirable safety profiles. Natural products, particularly those utilized in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), have an advantage in their safety profiles because they have already been utilized in humans for a long time. This article will discuss the background of AD and the biological aspects of BACE1, and then discuss the effects of several natural products that modulate BACE1-processing of APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhang
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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Yang Y, Wang Y, Zeng X, Ma XJ, Zhao Y, Qiao J, Cao B, Li YX, Ji L, Wang YL. Self-control of HGF regulation on human trophoblast cell invasion via enhancing c-Met receptor shedding by ADAM10 and ADAM17. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:E1390-401. [PMID: 22689693 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met signaling has been implicated in mammalian placental development. Integral c-Met can be released from endothelial cell membrane by proteolysis to form a soluble, truncated protein [soluble Met (sMet)], which is biochemically able to bind HGF and may disrupt HGF/c-Met signaling. By far, production of sMet in human placenta has not been reported, and the shedding mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN In this study, production of sMet in healthy pregnant placenta and preeclamptic ones was compared, and the role of sMet on trophoblast cell invasion as well as the regulation of c-Met shedding by HGF were investigated in an immortal trophoblast cell line, B6Tert-1. RESULTS Placenta productions of sMet, pro- and active forms of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) and ADAM17 in preeclamptic patients were significantly higher than those in normal pregnant women. In B6Tert-1 cells, the HGF-induced promotion on cell invasion and activation of MAPK and AKT could be extensively blocked by sMet. ADAM10 and ADAM17, but not ADAM12, were explored to be sheddases of c-Met. HGF down-regulated c-Met receptor expression, whereas it up-regulated pro- and active/mature forms of ADAM10 and ADAM17 expression, which resulted in enhanced sMet production. Stimulation of H(2)O(2) caused an increase in active ADAM10, pro-ADAM17, and active ADAM17 levels and thus excessive c-Met shedding. CONCLUSIONS HGF could negatively self-control its regulatory effect on trophoblast cell invasion via enhancing proteolysis of its receptor. Unbalancing of HGF self-control by oxidative stress may lead to impeding placentation in relevance to preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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17
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Guo S, Peng M, Zhao Q, Zhang W. Role of ADAM10 and ADAM17 in CD16b shedding mediated by different stimulators. Chin Med Sci J 2012; 27:73-79. [PMID: 22770404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the main proteinases responsible for CD16b shedding under different stimulators. METHODS HEK293 cell line stably expressing CD16b was constructed by lentivirus system. The cell line was then overexpressed with a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) or ADAM17, suppressed with short hairpin RNA of ADAM10 or ADAM17, and reconstituted with ADAM10 or ADAM17, respectively. After each treatment, the cell line was stimulated with ionomycin or phorbol 12-myristate- 13-acetate (PMA) for 12 hours. The soluble CD16b released from cell membrane was detected by immunoprecipition and immunoblot. Quantitation was then implemented to compare the amount of soluble CD16b in cell supernatant after stimulation. RESULTS HEK293 cell line stably expressing CD16b was successfully established. When CD16b expressing cell line was overexpressed with ADAM10, shedding of CD16b was increased after stimulation with ionomycin but not PMA; when the cell line overexpressed with ADAM17, shedding of CD16b was increased after stimulation with PMA but not ionomycin. Similarly, when ADAM10 was suppressed by short hairpin RNA, CD16b shedding was decreased after stimulation with ionomycin; when ADAM17 was suppressed by short hairpin RNA, CD16b shedding was decreased after stimulation with PMA. The shedding of CD16b was increased again when CD16b expressing cell line was reconstituted with ADAM10 and stimulated by ionomycin or reconstituted with ADAM17 and stimulated by PMA. CONCLUSIONS Both ADAM10 and ADAM17 could shed CD16b, but they possess differed preferences. ADAM10 is the main sheddase under stimulation of ionomycin, while ADAM17 is the main sheddase under stimulation of PMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Guo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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18
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Abstract
γ-Secretase is a membrane embedded aspartyl protease complex with presenilin as the catalytic component. Along with β-secretase, this enzyme produces the amyloid β-protein of Alzheimer's disease (AD) from the amyloid β-protein precursor. Because of its key role in the pathogenesis of AD, γ-secretase has been a prime target for drug discovery, and many inhibitors of this protease have been developed. The therapeutic potential of these inhibitors is virtually negated by the fact that γ-secretase is an essential part of the Notch signaling pathway, rendering the compounds unacceptably toxic upon chronic exposure. However, these compounds have served as useful chemical tools for biological investigations. In contrast, γ-secretase modulators continue to be of keen interest as possible AD therapeutics. These modulators either shift amyloid β-protein production to shorter, less pathogenic peptides or inhibit the proteolysis of amyloid β-protein precursor selectively compared to that of Notch. The various chemical types of inhibitors and modulators will be discussed, along with their use as probes for basic biology and their potential as AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Wolfe
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Abstract
The formation, maintenance, and plasticity of neural circuits rely upon a complex interplay between progressive and regressive events. Increasingly, new functions are being identified for axon guidance molecules in the dynamic processes that occur within the embryonic and adult nervous system. The magnitude, duration, and spatial activity of axon guidance molecule signaling are precisely regulated by a variety of molecular mechanisms. Here we focus on recent progress in understanding the role of protease-mediated cleavage of guidance factors required for directional axon growth, with a particular emphasis on the role of metalloprotease and γ-secretase. Since axon guidance molecules have also been linked to neural degeneration and regeneration in adults, studies of guidance receptor proteolysis are beginning to define new relationships between neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. These findings raise the possibility that the signaling checkpoints controlled by proteases could be useful targets to enhance regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Bai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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20
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Nishimura M. [Nicastrin]. Nihon Rinsho 2011; 69 Suppl 8:115-118. [PMID: 22787765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Nishimura
- Neurology Unit, Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science
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21
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Mathews JA, Ford J, Norton S, Kang D, Dellinger A, Gibb DR, Ford AQ, Massay H, Kepley CL, Scherle P, Keegan AD, Conrad DH. A potential new target for asthma therapy: a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) involvement in murine experimental asthma. Allergy 2011; 66:1193-200. [PMID: 21557750 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated levels of CD23, a natural regulator of IgE production, have been shown to decrease the signs of lung inflammation in mice. The aim of this study was to study the involvement of ADAM10, the primary CD23 sheddase, in experimental asthma. METHODS ADAM10 was blocked either by using mice with a B-cell-specific deletion of the protease or pharmacologically by intranasal administration of selective ADAM10 inhibitors. Airway hypersensitivity (AHR) and bronchoaveolar lavage fluid (BALF) eosinophilia and select BALF cytokine/chemokine levels were then determined. RESULTS Using an IgE and mast cell-dependent mouse model, B-cell-specific ADAM10(-/-) mice (C57B/6 background) exhibited decreased eosinophilia and AHR when compared with littermate (LM) controls. Treatment of C57B/6 mice with selective inhibitors of ADAM10 resulted in an even further decrease in BALF eosinophilia, as compared with the ADAM10(-/-) animals. Even in the Th2 selective strain, Balb/c, BALF eosinophilia was reduced from 60% to 23% respectively. In contrast, when an IgE/mast cell-independent model of lung inflammation was used, the B-cell ADAM10(-/-) animals and ADAM10 inhibitor treated animals had lung inflammation levels that were similar to the controls. CONCLUSIONS These results thus show that ADAM10 is important in the progression of IgE-dependent lung inflammation. The use of the inhibitor further suggested that ADAM10 was important for maintaining Th2 levels in the lung. These results thus suggest that decreasing ADAM10 activity could be beneficial in controlling asthma and possibly other IgE-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Mathews
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Garbers C, Jänner N, Chalaris A, Moss ML, Floss DM, Meyer D, Koch-Nolte F, Rose-John S, Scheller J. Species specificity of ADAM10 and ADAM17 proteins in interleukin-6 (IL-6) trans-signaling and novel role of ADAM10 in inducible IL-6 receptor shedding. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:14804-11. [PMID: 21454673 PMCID: PMC3083187 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.229393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypomorphic ADAM17(ex/ex) mice showed defects in mucosal regeneration due to inefficient enhanced GFR shedding. ADAM17 is the main sheddase of interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) to induce IL-6 trans-signaling. However, serum levels of soluble murine IL-6R were not reduced in ADAM17(ex/ex) mice, and murine ADAM17 was not the major sheddase of murine IL-6R. Shedding of murine IL-6R by murine ADAM17 was rescued in chimeric murine IL-6R proteins containing any extracellular domain but not the transmembrane and intracellular domain of human IL-6R. Apoptosis is a physiological stimulus of ADAM17-mediated shedding of human IL-6R. Even though apoptosis induced IL-6R shedding in mice, the responsible protease was identified as ADAM10. ADAM10 also was identified as protease responsible for ionomycin-induced shedding of murine and human IL-6R. However, in ADAM10-deficient murine embryonic fibroblasts, compensatory shedding of human IL-6R was mediated by ADAM17, but loss of ADAM10-mediated shedding of murine IL-6R was compensated by an as-yet-unidentified protease. Finally, we identified physiological purinergic P2X7 receptor stimulation as a novel inducer of murine and human IL-6R shedding solely mediated by ADAM10. In conclusion, we describe an unexpected species specificity of ADAM10 and ADAM17 and identified ADAM10 as novel inducible sheddase of IL-6R in mice and humans, which might have consequences for the interpretation of phenotypes from ADAM17- and ADAM10-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Garbers
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nathalie Jänner
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, Germany
| | - Athena Chalaris
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Doreen M. Floss
- the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, Düsseldorf, Germany, and
| | - Dörte Meyer
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- the Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, Düsseldorf, Germany, and
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Huth T, Rittger A, Saftig P, Alzheimer C. β-Site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) cleaves cerebellar Na+ channel β4-subunit and promotes Purkinje cell firing by slowing the decay of resurgent Na+ current. Pflugers Arch 2011; 461:355-71. [PMID: 21246381 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-010-0913-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In cerebellar Purkinje cells, the β4-subunit of voltage-dependent Na(+) channels has been proposed to serve as an open-channel blocker giving rise to a "resurgent" Na(+) current (I (NaR)) upon membrane repolarization. Notably, the β4-subunit was recently identified as a novel substrate of the β-secretase, BACE1, a key enzyme of the amyloidogenic pathway in Alzheimer's disease. Here, we asked whether BACE1-mediated cleavage of β4-subunit has an impact on I (NaR) and, consequently, on the firing properties of Purkinje cells. In cerebellar tissue of BACE1-/- mice, mRNA levels of Na(+) channel α-subunits 1.1, 1.2, and 1.6 and of β-subunits 1-4 remained unchanged, but processing of β4 peptide was profoundly altered. Patch-clamp recordings from acutely isolated Purkinje cells of BACE1-/- and WT mice did not reveal any differences in steady-state properties and in current densities of transient, persistent, and resurgent Na(+) currents. However, I (NaR) was found to decay significantly faster in BACE1-deficient Purkinje cells than in WT cells. In modeling studies, the altered time course of I (NaR) decay could be replicated when we decreased the efficiency of open-channel block. In current-clamp recordings, BACE1-/- Purkinje cells displayed lower spontaneous firing rate than normal cells. Computer simulations supported the hypothesis that the accelerated decay kinetics of I (NaR) are responsible for the slower firing rate. Our study elucidates a novel function of BACE1 in the regulation of neuronal excitability that serves to tune the firing pattern of Purkinje cells and presumably other neurons endowed with I (NaR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Huth
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 17, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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24
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Tomita T. [Biology and pathobiology of the intramembrane proteolysis by gamma-secretase]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 2009; 54:1747-1753. [PMID: 19827607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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25
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Takahashi C, Muraguchi T, Takegami Y, Miki T. [Regulation of Notch signaling and its polarity mediated by ectodomain shedding of DSL ligands]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 2009; 54:1742-1746. [PMID: 19827606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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26
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Sehara-Fujisawa A. [Introduction: Membrane protein shedding by ADAM protease]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 2009; 54:1717-1720. [PMID: 19827602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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27
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Hoffmeister A, Dietz G, Zeitschel U, Mössner J, Rossner S, Stahl T. BACE1 is a newly discovered protein secreted by the pancreas which cleaves enteropeptidase in vitro. JOP 2009; 10:501-506. [PMID: 19734625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Activity of beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme1 (BACE1) is required for the generation of beta-amyloid peptides, the principal constituents of plaques in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Strong BACE1 expression has also been described in pancreatic tissue. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to reveal the cell type-specific expression of BACE1 in the pancreas and to identify a substrate for BACE1 in this organ. METHODS RT-PCR of microdissected rat pancreatic tissue was carried out in order to analyze BACE1 expression within pancreatic acini. Pancreatic juice was examined by western blot analysis and by an enzymatic activity assay in order to reveal the presence of secreted BACE1. Database analysis suggested enteropeptidase as a putative substrate for BACE1 in pancreatic juice. In vitro digestion of enteropeptidase by BACE1 was performed to demonstrate this cleavage. RESULTS We demonstrate the expression of BACE1 in the islets of Langerhans and at the apical pole of pancreatic acinar cells. Recombinant BACE1 cleaves enteropeptidase in vitro. Furthermore, some results suggested the presence of BACE1 enzymatic activity in pancreatic juice and pancreatic tissue. DISCUSSION We hypothesize that enteropeptidase is a BACE1 substrate in vivo. If so, BACE1 could protect the pancreas from premature trypsinogen activation due to the occasionally occurring reflux of enteropeptidase.
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28
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Tomita T. [Structure and function analysis of gamma-secretase complex toward development of therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 2009; 54:1684-1689. [PMID: 21089607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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29
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Sato K. [Molecular mechanisms of protein localization in the endoplasmic reticulum]. Seikagaku 2009; 81:581-591. [PMID: 19697861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
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Tousseyn T, Thathiah A, Jorissen E, Raemaekers T, Konietzko U, Reiss K, Maes E, Snellinx A, Serneels L, Nyabi O, Annaert W, Saftig P, Hartmann D, De Strooper B. ADAM10, the rate-limiting protease of regulated intramembrane proteolysis of Notch and other proteins, is processed by ADAMS-9, ADAMS-15, and the gamma-secretase. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:11738-47. [PMID: 19213735 PMCID: PMC2670177 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805894200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAM10 is involved in the proteolytic processing and shedding of proteins such as the amyloid precursor protein (APP), cadherins, and the Notch receptors, thereby initiating the regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) of these proteins. Here, we demonstrate that the sheddase ADAM10 is also subject to RIP. We identify ADAM9 and -15 as the proteases responsible for releasing the ADAM10 ectodomain, and Presenilin/gamma-Secretase as the protease responsible for the release of the ADAM10 intracellular domain (ICD). This domain then translocates to the nucleus and localizes to nuclear speckles, thought to be involved in gene regulation. Thus, ADAM10 performs a dual role in cells, as a metalloprotease when it is membrane-bound, and as a potential signaling protein once cleaved by ADAM9/15 and the gamma-Secretase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tousseyn
- Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (K. U. Leuven), Department for Developmental and Molecular Genetics, and Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), K. U. Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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31
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Tohda S. [Functional analysis of notch in the pathophysiology of leukemia]. Rinsho Byori 2009; 57:351-356. [PMID: 19489437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Notch signaling regulates the self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Since acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) originates from dysregulated hematopoietic cells, the Notch system may be involved in the abnormal growth. We found that AML cells express not only Notch proteins but also Notch ligand proteins, which suggests the possibility of autonomous Notch activation. It is known that more than half of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cases have activating mutations of the NOTCH1 gene. We report that one out of 20 AML samples and none out of 20 MDS samples showed NOTCH1 mutation. We established an AML cell line, TMD7, which proliferates in response to a Notch ligand, Dll1 protein. Notch activation by ligand stimulation suppressed the cytokine-induced differentiation and apoptosis of U937 cells. For OCI/AML-6 and THP1 cells, Notch ligands suppressed the growth and self-renewal capacity while inducing differentiation into macrophage-like cells. For primary AML cells, the Notch ligands exhibited diverse effects on the short-term growth. The ligands reduced the self-renewal capacity and induced differentiation in some samples. For NOTCH1-mutated T ALL cells, gamma-secretase inhibitors(GSI), which block Notch activation, suppress the growth. We found that GSI suppressed the in vitro growth of some B-cell lymphoma and AML cell lines without NOTCH1 mutations through the induction of apoptosis. GSI may be useful as a novel molecular target therapy for various leukemias. For this purpose, we have to clarify the mechanism behind the effects. Laboratory tests regarding the expression and function of Notch will be important for individualized diagnosis and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Tohda
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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32
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Peiretti F, Canault M, Morange P, Alessi MC, Nalbone G. [The two sides of ADAM17 in inflammation: implications in atherosclerosis and obesity]. Med Sci (Paris) 2009; 25:45-50. [PMID: 19154693 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/200925145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2023] Open
Abstract
ADAM17 was initially characterized as the TNF Alpha Converting Enzyme (TACE) and, until now, has been the most studied member of the ADAM family. It is a type I transmembrane metalloproteinase involved in the shedding of the extracellular domain of several transmembrane proteins (at least 40) such as cytokines, growth factors, receptors or adhesion molecules. As a consequence, depending on the transmembrane molecule cleaved, one may expect possible opposite effects of ADAM17 activity on inflammation (e.g. TNF and its receptors). The role of ADAM17 in regulating inflammatory cellular processes is clearly demonstrated in cells deficient in active ADAM17 or expressing substrates mutated for the ADAM17 cleavage site. As ADAM17-deficient mice died at birth, mice overexpressing the mutated uncleavable form of some substrates and recently conditional knock-out of ADAM17 are used to approach in vivo the role of this metalloprotease in regulating inflammation. Arguments are provided that ADAM17 plays a role in atherosclerosis, in adipose tissue metabolism, insulin resistance and diabetes. The multitude of substrates cleaved by ADAM17 makes this enzyme an attractive candidate to study its role in inflammation-driven pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Peiretti
- Inserm U626, Faculté de Médecine, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France.
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33
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Abstract
The identification of activating mutations in NOTCH1 in over 50% of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALL) has generated major interest in the elucidation of the mechanisms of transformation downstream of oncogenic NOTCH and in the targeting of the NOTCH signaling pathway in this disease. Small molecule gamma-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) block NOTCH1 signaling in T-ALL lymphoblasts, yet the clinical development of GSIs has been held back by the development of gastrointestinal toxicity and their weak antileukemic effects against human T-ALL. However, new therapeutic strategies aiming to optimize the use of anti-NOTCH1 therapies for T-ALL, including combination therapies with molecularly targeted drugs and glucocorticoids, have started to emerge as a result of improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms that mediate the effects of GSIs in leukemic cells and the intestinal epithelium. This review focuses on the molecular basis of NOTCH1-induced transformation, the mechanisms of action of oncogenic NOTCH1 and clinical significance of NOTCH1 mutations in T-ALL.
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MESH Headings
- Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/physiology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic
- Cocarcinogenesis
- Early Termination of Clinical Trials
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/physiology
- Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage
- Humans
- Lymphopoiesis/genetics
- Lymphopoiesis/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/physiology
- Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/embryology
- Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/physiopathology
- Preleukemia/genetics
- Prognosis
- Receptor, Notch1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Notch1/genetics
- Receptor, Notch1/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo A Ferrando
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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34
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Tagami S, Okochi M, Fukumori A, Takeda M. [Amyloid-beta 42 generating process may have a biological role in regulation of Notch signaling intensity]. Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi 2008; 28:177-183. [PMID: 19108503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Presenilin (PS)/gamma-secretase degrades transmembrane domains of betaAPP and Notch-1, generating Abeta and NICD. Some cleavages by PS/gamma-secretase have diversity. gamma-Cleavage of betaAPP occurs mainly at residue 40 (gamma40) and at residue 42 (gamma42), producing Abeta 40 and Abeta42, respectively. An increase in the proportion of gamma42 to gamma40 cleavage is consistently observed in many familial Alzheimer disease-associated PS or betaAPP mutants, but it is unclear whether such changes in the precision of PS/gamma-secretase have any biological effects. We found that S3 cleavage of Notch-1 by PS/gamma-secretase has diversity, resulting in the production of two types of NICD with distinct ability to transmit Notch signaling. We also showed that the precision of S3 cleavage and Notch signaling intensity can be modulated by physiological factors. Although some PS/gamma-secretase modulators (GSM) have been known to change the precision of gamma-cleavage, it is unknown whether there are any modulators which change the S3 cleavage precision. We found such a compound increasing Notch signaling intensity. Our findings suggest that i) abnormally up-or-down regulated Notch signaling may be corrected by modifying the S3 cleavage precision and that ii) effects on the S3 cleavage precision should be carefully examined in developments of GSM lowering Abeta42 for AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Tagami
- Laboratory Psychiatry, Department of Integrated Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, D3, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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35
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Kallhoff-Munoz V, Hu L, Chen X, Pautler RG, Zheng H. Genetic dissection of gamma-secretase-dependent and -independent functions of presenilin in regulating neuronal cell cycle and cell death. J Neurosci 2008; 28:11421-31. [PMID: 18971484 PMCID: PMC2615184 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2873-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle markers have been shown to be upregulated and proposed to lead to apoptosis of postmitotic neurons in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Presenilin (PS) plays a critical role in AD pathogenesis, and loss-of-function studies in mice established a potent effect of PS in cell proliferation in peripheral tissues. Whether PS has a similar activity in the neuronal cell cycle has not been investigated. PS exhibits gamma-secretase-dependent and -independent functions; the former requires aspartate 257 (D257) as part of the active site, and the latter involves the hydrophilic loop domain encoded by exon 10. We used two novel mouse models, one expressing the PS1 D257A mutation on a postnatal PS conditional knock-out background and the other deleting exon 10 of PS1, to dissect the gamma-secretase-dependent and -independent activities of PS in the adult CNS. Whereas gamma-secretase plays a dominant role in neuronal survival, our studies reveal potent neuronal cell cycle regulation mediated by the PS1 hydrophilic loop. Although neurons expressing cell cycle markers do not directly succumb to apoptosis, they are more vulnerable under stress conditions. Importantly, our data identify a novel pool of cytoplasmic p53 as a downstream mediator of this cellular vulnerability. These results support a model whereby the PS gamma-secretase activity is essential in maintaining neuronal viability, and the PS1 loop domain modulates neuronal homeostasis through cell cycle and cytoplasmic p53 control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lingyun Hu
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | | | - Robia G. Pautler
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
- Huffington Center on Aging, and
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36
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Kitazume S, Hashimoto Y. [Biological significance of glycosyltransferase cleavage]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 2008; 53:1456-1459. [PMID: 21089347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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37
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Iwata N, Higuchi M, Saido TC. [Therapeutic strategy by manipulating some protease activities for Alzheimer's disease]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2008; 131:320-325. [PMID: 18480559 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.131.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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38
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Sugimoto H. [New approaches for the development of anti-Alzheimer's disease drugs based on the cholinergic hypothesis and amyloid hypothesis]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2008; 131:338-340. [PMID: 18480562 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.131.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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39
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Bell KFS, Zheng L, Fahrenholz F, Cuello AC. ADAM-10 over-expression increases cortical synaptogenesis. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 29:554-65. [PMID: 17187903 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cortical cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic terminals become upregulated during early stages of the transgenic amyloid pathology. Abundant evidence suggests that sAPP alpha, the product of the non-amyloidogenic alpha-secretase pathway, is neurotrophic both in vitro and when exogenously applied in vivo. The disintegrin metalloprotease ADAM-10 has been shown to have alpha-secretase activity in vivo. To determine whether sAPP alpha has an endogenous biological influence on cortical presynaptic boutons in vivo, we quantified cortical cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic presynaptic bouton densities in either ADAM-10 moderate expressing (ADAM-10 mo) transgenic mice, which moderately overexpress ADAM-10, or age-matched non-transgenic controls. Both early and late ontogenic time points were investigated. ADAM-10 mo transgenic mice display significantly elevated cortical cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic presynaptic bouton densities at the early time point (8 months). Only the cholinergic presynaptic bouton density remains significantly elevated in late-staged ADAM-10 mo transgenic animals (18 months). To confirm that the observed elevations were due to increased levels of endogenous murine sAPP alpha, exogenous human sAPP alpha was infused into the cortex of non-transgenic control animals for 1 week. Exogenous infusion of sAPP alpha led to significant elevations in the cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic cortical presynaptic bouton populations. These results are the first to demonstrate an in vivo influence of ADAM-10 on neurotransmitter-specific cortical synaptic plasticity and further confirm the neurotrophic influence of sAPP alpha on cortical synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen F S Bell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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40
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Noda M. [Roles of an extracellular matrix regulator RECK in mouse development]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 2008; 53:324-330. [PMID: 21089299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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41
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Abstract
The role of extrinsic cues in guiding developing axons is well established; however, the means by which the activity of these extrinsic cues is regulated is poorly understood. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) enzymes are Zn-dependent proteinases that can cleave guidance cues or their receptors in vitro. Here, we identify the first example of a metalloproteinase that functions in vertebrate axon guidance in vivo. Specifically, ADAM10 is required for formation of the optic projection by Xenopus retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons. Xadam10 mRNA is expressed in the dorsal neuroepithelium through which RGC axons extend. Pharmacological or molecular inhibition of ADAM10 within the brain each resulted in a failure of RGC axons to recognize their target. In contrast, molecular inhibition of ADAM10 within the RGC axons themselves had no effect. These data argue strongly that in the dorsal brain ADAM10 acts cell non-autonomously to regulate the guidance of RGC axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Chen
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Carrie L. Hehr
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | | | - Jennifer C. Hocking
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Sarah McFarlane
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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42
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by an accumulation in the brain of amyloid beta peptides (Abeta). The production of Abeta requires two sequential cleavages induced by beta- and gamma-secretases on the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP). Altered activity of these secretases is involved in the pathogenesis of AD. The expression and activity of beta-secretase (BACE1) is augmented in the brain in late-onset sporadic AD. Mutant presenilin 1 (PS1), the major genetic defect of early-onset familial AD (FAD), alters the activity of gamma-secretase, leading to increased production of Abeta42. Here we review the role of oxidative stress as a molecular link between the beta- and the gamma-secretase activities, and provide a mechanistic explanation of the pathogenesis of sporadic late-onset AD. We also discuss evidence for a role of the same mechanism in the pathogenesis of familial AD carrying PS1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tabaton
- Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Via De Toni 2, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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Kim DY, Carey BW, Wang H, Ingano LAM, Binshtok AM, Wertz MH, Pettingell WH, He P, Lee VMY, Woolf CJ, Kovacs DM. BACE1 regulates voltage-gated sodium channels and neuronal activity. Nat Cell Biol 2007; 9:755-64. [PMID: 17576410 PMCID: PMC2747787 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACE1 activity is significantly increased in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients, potentially contributing to neurodegeneration. The voltage-gated sodium channel (Na(v)1) beta2-subunit (beta2), a type I membrane protein that covalently binds to Na(v)1 alpha-subunits, is a substrate for BACE1 and gamma-secretase. Here, we find that BACE1-gamma-secretase cleavages release the intracellular domain of beta2, which increases mRNA and protein levels of the pore-forming Na(v)1.1 alpha-subunit in neuroblastoma cells. Similarly, endogenous beta2 processing and Na(v)1.1 protein levels are elevated in brains of BACE1-transgenic mice and Alzheimer's disease patients with high BACE1 levels. However, Na(v)1.1 is retained inside the cells and cell surface expression of the Na(v)1 alpha-subunits and sodium current densities are markedly reduced in both neuroblastoma cells and adult hippocampal neurons from BACE1-transgenic mice. BACE1, by cleaving beta2, thus regulates Na(v)1 alpha-subunit levels and controls cell-surface sodium current densities. BACE1 inhibitors may normalize membrane excitability in Alzheimer's disease patients with elevated BACE1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo Yeon Kim
- Neurobiology of Disease Laboratory, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Muraguchi T, Takegami Y, Ohtsuka T, Kitajima S, Chandana EPS, Omura A, Miki T, Takahashi R, Matsumoto N, Ludwig A, Noda M, Takahashi C. RECK modulates Notch signaling during cortical neurogenesis by regulating ADAM10 activity. Nat Neurosci 2007; 10:838-45. [PMID: 17558399 DOI: 10.1038/nn1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report that during cortical development in the mouse embryo, reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK) critically regulates Notch signaling by antagonizing the ectodomain shedding of Notch ligands, which is mediated by a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 10 (ADAM10). In the embryonic brain, RECK is specifically expressed in Nestin-positive neural precursor cells (NPCs). Reck-deficient NPCs undergo precocious differentiation that is associated with downregulated Nestin expression, impaired Notch signaling and defective self-renewal. These phenotypes were substantially rescued either by enhancing Notch signaling or by suppressing endogenous ADAM10 activity. Consequently, we found that RECK regulates the ectodomain shedding of Notch ligands by directly inhibiting the proteolytic activity of ADAM10. This mechanism appeared to be essential for Notch ligands to properly induce Notch signaling in neighboring cells. These findings indicate that RECK is a physiological inhibitor of ADAM10, an upstream regulator of Notch signaling and a critical modulator of brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyuki Muraguchi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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45
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Hiraoka Y, Ohno M, Yoshida K, Okawa K, Tomimoto H, Kita T, Nishi E. Enhancement of alpha-secretase cleavage of amyloid precursor protein by a metalloendopeptidase nardilysin. J Neurochem 2007; 102:1595-1605. [PMID: 17555553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide, the principal component of senile plaques in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease, is derived from proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by beta- and gamma-secretases. Alternative cleavage of APP by alpha-secretase occurs within the Abeta domain and precludes generation of Abeta peptide. Three members of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) family of proteases, ADAM9, 10 and 17, are the main candidates for alpha-secretases. However, the mechanism that regulates alpha-secretase activity remains unclear. We have recently demonstrated that nardilysin (EC 3.4.24.61, N-arginine dibasic convertase; NRDc) enhances ectodomain shedding of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor through activation of ADAM17. In this study, we show that NRDc enhances the alpha-secretase activity of ADAMs, which results in a decrease in the amount of Abeta generated. When expressed with ADAMs in cells, NRDc dramatically increased the secretion of alpha-secretase-cleaved soluble APP and reduced the amount of Abeta peptide generated. A peptide cleavage assay in vitro also showed that recombinant NRDc enhances ADAM17-induced cleavage of the peptide substrate corresponding to the alpha-secretase cleavage site of APP. A reduction of endogenous NRDc by RNA interference was accompanied by a decrease in the cleavage by alpha-secretase of APP and increase in the amount of Abeta generated. Notably, NRDc is clearly expressed in cortical neurons in human brain. Our results indicate that NRDc is involved in the metabolism of APP through regulation of the alpha-secretase activity of ADAMs, which may be a novel target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Hiraoka
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanBiomolecular Characterization Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mikiko Ohno
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanBiomolecular Characterization Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshida
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanBiomolecular Characterization Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsuya Okawa
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanBiomolecular Characterization Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tomimoto
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanBiomolecular Characterization Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toru Kita
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanBiomolecular Characterization Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Nishi
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanBiomolecular Characterization Unit, Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanDepartment of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Zhao J, Fu Y, Yasvoina M, Shao P, Hitt B, O'Connor T, Logan S, Maus E, Citron M, Berry R, Binder L, Vassar R. Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 levels become elevated in neurons around amyloid plaques: implications for Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. J Neurosci 2007; 27:3639-49. [PMID: 17409228 PMCID: PMC6672403 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4396-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) (beta-secretase) initiates generation of beta-amyloid (Abeta), which plays an early role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). BACE1 levels are increased in postmortem AD brain, suggesting BACE1 elevation promotes Abeta production and AD. Alternatively, the BACE1 increase may be an epiphenomenon of late-stage AD. To distinguish between these possibilities, we analyzed BACE1 elevation using a highly specific BACE1 antibody, BACE-Cat1, made in BACE1-/- mice, which mount a robust anti-BACE1 immune response. Previous BACE1 immunohistochemical studies lack consistent results because typical BACE1 antibodies produce nonspecific background, but BACE-Cat1 immunolabels BACE1 only. BACE1 elevation was recapitulated in two amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mouse lines. 5XFAD mice form amyloid plaques at young ages and exhibit neuron loss. In contrast, Tg2576 form plaques at a more advanced age and do not show cell death. These two mouse lines allow differentiation between early Abeta-induced events and late phenomena related to neuron death. BACE1 levels became elevated in parallel with amyloid burden in each APP transgenic, starting early in 5XFAD and late in Tg2576. The increase in BACE1 protein occurred without any change in BACE1 mRNA level, indicating a posttranscriptional mechanism. In APP transgenic and AD brains, high BACE1 levels were observed in an annulus around Abeta42-positive plaque cores and colocalized with neuronal proteins. These results demonstrate that amyloid plaques induce BACE1 in surrounding neurons at early stages of pathology before neuron death occurs. We conclude that BACE1 elevation is most likely triggered by the amyloid pathway and may drive a positive-feedback loop in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, and
| | - Yifan Fu
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, and
| | - Marina Yasvoina
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, and
| | - Peizhen Shao
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, and
| | - Brian Hitt
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, and
| | - Tracy O'Connor
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, and
| | - Sreemathi Logan
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, and
| | - Erika Maus
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, and
| | | | - Robert Berry
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, and
| | - Lester Binder
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, and
| | - Robert Vassar
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, and
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47
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Ma H, Lesné S, Kotilinek L, Steidl-Nichols JV, Sherman M, Younkin L, Younkin S, Forster C, Sergeant N, Delacourte A, Vassar R, Citron M, Kofuji P, Boland LM, Ashe KH. Involvement of beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) in amyloid precursor protein-mediated enhancement of memory and activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:8167-72. [PMID: 17470798 PMCID: PMC1859992 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0609521104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) undergoes sequential cleavages to generate various polypeptides, including the amyloid-beta protein (Abeta), which forms amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD), secreted APPalpha (sAPPalpha) which enhances memory, and the APP intracellular domain (AICD), which has been implicated in the regulation of gene transcription and calcium signaling. The beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) cleaves APP in an activity-dependent manner to form Abeta, AICD, and secreted APPbeta. Because this neural activity was shown to diminish synaptic transmission in vitro [Kamenetz F, Tomita T, Hsieh H, Seabrook G, Borchelt D, Iwatsubo T, Sisodia S, Malinow R (2003) Neuron 37:925-937], the prevailing notion has been that this pathway diminishes synaptic function. Here we investigated the role of this pathway in vivo. We studied transgenic mice overproducing APP that do not develop AD pathology or memory deficits but instead exhibit enhanced spatial memory. We showed enhanced synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus that depends on prior synaptic activity. We found that the enhanced memory and synaptic plasticity are abolished by the ablation of one or both copies of the BACE1 gene, leading to a significant decrease in AICD but not of any other APP cleavage products. In contrast to the previously described negative effect of BACE1-mediated cleavage of APP on synaptic function in vitro, our in vivo work indicates that BACE1-mediated cleavage of APP can facilitate learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Ma
- Departments of Neurology
- Neuroscience, and
| | | | | | | | | | - Linda Younkin
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| | - Steven Younkin
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| | - Colleen Forster
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Nicolas Sergeant
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U837, Centre Jean Pierre Aubert, F-59045 Lille, France
| | - André Delacourte
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U837, Centre Jean Pierre Aubert, F-59045 Lille, France
| | - Robert Vassar
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Martin Citron
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320; and
| | | | | | - Karen H. Ashe
- Departments of Neurology
- Neuroscience, and
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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48
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Li N, Wang Y, Forbes K, Vignali KM, Heale BS, Saftig P, Hartmann D, Black RA, Rossi JJ, Blobel CP, Dempsey PJ, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA. Metalloproteases regulate T-cell proliferation and effector function via LAG-3. EMBO J 2007; 26:494-504. [PMID: 17245433 PMCID: PMC1783452 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight control of T-cell proliferation and effector function is essential to ensure an effective but appropriate immune response. Here, we reveal that this is controlled by the metalloprotease-mediated cleavage of LAG-3, a negative regulatory protein expressed by all activated T cells. We show that LAG-3 cleavage is mediated by two transmembrane metalloproteases, ADAM10 and ADAM17, with the activity of both modulated by two distinct T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling-dependent mechanisms. ADAM10 mediates constitutive LAG-3 cleavage but increases approximately 12-fold following T-cell activation, whereas LAG-3 shedding by ADAM17 is induced by TCR signaling in a PKCtheta-dependent manner. LAG-3 must be cleaved from the cell surface to allow for normal T-cell activation as noncleavable LAG-3 mutants prevented proliferation and cytokine production. Lastly, ADAM10 knockdown reduced wild-type but not LAG-3(-/-) T-cell proliferation. These data demonstrate that LAG-3 must be cleaved to allow efficient T-cell proliferation and cytokine production and establish a novel paradigm in which T-cell expansion and function are regulated by metalloprotease cleavage with LAG-3 as its sole molecular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianyu Li
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Karen Forbes
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kate M Vignali
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bret S Heale
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Paul Saftig
- The Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Hartmann
- Department for Human Genetics, KU Leuven and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB4), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roy A Black
- Department of Inflammation, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John J Rossi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Carl P Blobel
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery at Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter J Dempsey
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105, USA. Tel.: +1 901 495 2332; Fax: +1 901 495 3107; E-mail:
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49
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Chan SM, Weng AP, Tibshirani R, Aster JC, Utz PJ. Notch signals positively regulate activity of the mTOR pathway in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2007; 110:278-86. [PMID: 17363738 PMCID: PMC1896117 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-039883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutive Notch activation is required for the proliferation of a subgroup of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Downstream pathways that transmit pro-oncogenic signals are not well characterized. To identify these pathways, protein microarrays were used to profile the phosphorylation state of 108 epitopes on 82 distinct signaling proteins in a panel of 13 T-cell leukemia cell lines treated with a gamma-secretase inhibitor (GSI) to inhibit Notch signals. The microarray screen detected GSI-induced hypophosphorylation of multiple signaling proteins in the mTOR pathway. This effect was rescued by expression of the intracellular domain of Notch and mimicked by dominant negative MAML1, confirming Notch specificity. Withdrawal of Notch signals prevented stimulation of the mTOR pathway by mitogenic factors. These findings collectively suggest that the mTOR pathway is positively regulated by Notch in T-ALL cells. The effect of GSI on the mTOR pathway was independent of changes in phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and Akt activity, but was rescued by expression of c-Myc, a direct transcriptional target of Notch, implicating c-Myc as an intermediary between Notch and mTOR. T-ALL cell growth was suppressed in a highly synergistic manner by simultaneous treatment with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and GSI, which represents a rational drug combination for treating this aggressive human malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Chan
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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50
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Abstract
Proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is modulated by the action of enzymes alpha-, beta- and gamma-secretases, with the latter two mediating the amyloidogenic production of amyloid-beta (Abeta). Cellular modulators of APP processing are well known from studies of genetic mutations (such as those found in APP and presenilins) or polymorphisms (such as the apolipoprotein E4 epsilon-allele) that predisposes an individual to early or late-onset Alzheimer's disease. In recent years, several classes of molecule with modulating functions in APP processing and Abeta secretion have emerged. These include the neuronal Munc-18 interacting proteins (Mints)/X11s, members of the reticulon family (RTN-3 and RTN-4/Nogo-B), the Nogo-66 receptor (NgR), the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 and the Rho family GTPases and their effectors. Mints and NgR bind to APP directly, while RTN3 and Nogo-B interact with the beta-secretase BACE1. Phosphorylated APP is a Pin1 substrate, which binds to its phosphor-Thr668-Pro motif. These interactions by and large resulted in a reduction of Abeta generation both in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of Rho and Rho-kinase (ROCK) activity may underlie the ability of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and statins to reduce Abeta production, a feat which could also be achieved by Rac1 inhibition. Detailed understanding of the underlying mechanisms of action of these novel modulators of APP processing, as well as insights into the molecular neurological basis of how Abeta impairs leaning and memory, will open up multiple avenues for the therapeutic intervention of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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