1
|
Gocher-Demske AM, Cui J, Szymczak-Workman AL, Vignali KM, Latini JN, Pieklo GP, Kimball JC, Avery L, Cipolla EM, Huckestein BR, Hedden L, Meisel M, Alcorn JF, Kane LP, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA. IFNγ-induction of T H1-like regulatory T cells controls antiviral responses. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:841-854. [PMID: 36928412 PMCID: PMC10224582 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01453-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are an immunosuppressive population that are required to maintain peripheral tolerance and prevent tissue damage from immunopathology, via anti-inflammatory cytokines, inhibitor receptors and metabolic disruption. Here we show that Treg cells acquire an effector-like state, yet remain stable and functional, when exposed to interferon gamma (IFNγ) during infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis and influenza A virus. Treg cell-restricted deletion of the IFNγ receptor (encoded by Ifngr1), but not the interleukin 12 (IL12) receptor (encoded by Il12rb2), prevented TH1-like polarization (decreased expression of T-bet, CXC motif chemokine receptor 3 and IFNγ) and promoted TH2-like polarization (increased expression of GATA-3, CCR4 and IL4). TH1-like Treg cells limited CD8+ T cell effector function, proliferation and memory formation during acute and chronic infection. These findings provide fundamental insights into how Treg cells sense inflammatory cues from the environment (such as IFNγ) during viral infection to provide guidance to the effector immune response. This regulatory circuit prevents prolonged immunoinflammatory responses and shapes the quality and quantity of the memory T cell response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Gocher-Demske
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jian Cui
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Kate M Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Julianna N Latini
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gwen P Pieklo
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jesse C Kimball
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lyndsay Avery
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ellyse M Cipolla
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Program in Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brydie R Huckestein
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Program in Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lee Hedden
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marlies Meisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John F Alcorn
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lawrence P Kane
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Agnihotri P, Mishra AK, Agarwal P, Vignali KM, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA, Mariuzza RA. Epitope Mapping of Therapeutic Antibodies Targeting Human LAG3. J Immunol 2022; 209:1586-1594. [PMID: 36104110 PMCID: PMC9696730 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte activation gene 3 protein (LAG3; CD223) is an inhibitory receptor that is highly upregulated on exhausted T cells in tumors and chronic viral infection. Consequently, LAG3 is now a major immunotherapeutic target for the treatment of cancer, and many mAbs against human (h) LAG3 (hLAG3) have been generated to block its inhibitory activity. However, little or no information is available on the epitopes they recognize. We selected a panel of seven therapeutic mAbs from the patent literature for detailed characterization. These mAbs were expressed as Fab or single-chain variable fragments and shown to bind hLAG3 with nanomolar affinities, as measured by biolayer interferometry. Using competitive binding assays, we found that the seven mAbs recognize four distinct epitopes on hLAG3. To localize the epitopes, we carried out epitope mapping using chimeras between hLAG3 and mouse LAG3. All seven mAbs are directed against the first Ig-like domain (D1) of hLAG3, despite their different origins. Three mAbs almost exclusively target a unique 30-residue loop of D1 that forms at least part of the putative binding site for MHC class II, whereas four mainly recognize D1 determinants outside this loop. However, because all the mAbs block binding of hLAG3 to MHC class II, each of the epitopes they recognize must at least partially overlap the MHC class II binding site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pragati Agnihotri
- W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Arjun K Mishra
- W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Priyanka Agarwal
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA; and
| | - Kate M Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA; and
| | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA; and
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA; and
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Roy A Mariuzza
- W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD;
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guy C, Mitrea DM, Chou PC, Temirov J, Vignali KM, Liu X, Zhang H, Kriwacki R, Bruchez MP, Watkins SC, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA. LAG3 associates with TCR-CD3 complexes and suppresses signaling by driving co-receptor-Lck dissociation. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:757-767. [PMID: 35437325 PMCID: PMC9106921 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
LAG3 is an inhibitory receptor that is highly expressed on exhausted T cells. Although LAG3-targeting immunotherapeutics are currently in clinical trials, how LAG3 inhibits T cell function remains unclear. Here, we show that LAG3 moved to the immunological synapse and associated with the T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, in the absence of binding to major histocompatibility complex class II-its canonical ligand. Mechanistically, a phylogenetically conserved, acidic, tandem glutamic acid-proline repeat in the LAG3 cytoplasmic tail lowered the pH at the immune synapse and caused dissociation of the tyrosine kinase Lck from the CD4 or CD8 co-receptor, which resulted in a loss of co-receptor-TCR signaling and limited T cell activation. These observations indicated that LAG3 functioned as a signal disruptor in a major histocompatibility complex class II-independent manner, and provide insight into the mechanism of action of LAG3-targeting immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Guy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Diana M Mitrea
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Dewpoint Therapeutics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Po-Chien Chou
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jamshid Temirov
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kate M Vignali
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xueyan Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard Kriwacki
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Marcel P Bruchez
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Andrews LP, Vignali KM, Szymczak-Workman AL, Burton AR, Brunazzi EA, Ngiow SF, Harusato A, Sharpe AH, Wherry EJ, Taniuchi I, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA. A Cre-driven allele-conditioning line to interrogate CD4 + conventional T cells. Immunity 2021; 54:2209-2217.e6. [PMID: 34551314 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells share common developmental pathways with CD8+ T cells, and upon maturation, CD4+ T conventional T (Tconv) cells lack phenotypic markers that distinguish these cells from FoxP3+ T regulatory cells. We developed a tamoxifen-inducible ThPOKCreERT2.hCD2 line with Frt sites inserted on either side of the CreERT2-hCD2 cassette, and a Foxp3Ametrine-FlpO strain, expressing Ametrine and FlpO in Foxp3+ cells. Breeding these mice resulted in a CD4conviCreERT2-hCD2 line that allows for the specific manipulation of a gene in CD4+ Tconv cells. As FlpO removes the CreERT2-hCD2 cassette, CD4+ Treg cells are spared from Cre activity, which we refer to as allele conditioning. Comparison with an E8IiCreERT2.GFP mouse that enables inducible targeting of CD8+ T cells, and deletion of two inhibitory receptors, PD-1 and LAG-3, in a melanoma model, support the fidelity of these lines. These engineered mouse strains present a resource for the temporal manipulation of genes in CD4+ T cells and CD4+ Tconv cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence P Andrews
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Kate M Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | | | - Amanda R Burton
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Erin A Brunazzi
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Shin Foong Ngiow
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Akihito Harusato
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ichiro Taniuchi
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu C, Somasundaram A, Manne S, Gocher AM, Szymczak-Workman AL, Vignali KM, Scott EN, Normolle DP, John Wherry E, Lipson EJ, Ferris RL, Bruno TC, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA. Neuropilin-1 is a T cell memory checkpoint limiting long-term antitumor immunity. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1010-1021. [PMID: 32661362 PMCID: PMC7442600 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Robust CD8+ T cell memory is essential for long-term protective immunity, but is often compromised in cancer where T cell exhaustion leads to loss of memory precursors. Immunotherapy via checkpoint blockade may not effectively reverse this defect, potentially underlying disease relapse. Here we report that mice with a CD8+ T cell-restricted neuropilin-1 (NRP1) deletion exhibited substantially enhanced protection from tumor re-challenge and sensitivity to anti-PD1 immunotherapy, despite unchanged primary tumor growth. Mechanistically, NRP1 cell-intrinsically limited the self-renewal of the CD44+PD1+TCF1+TIM3– progenitor exhausted T cells (pTEX), which was associated with their reduced ability to induce c-Jun/AP-1 expression upon T cell receptor (TCR) re-stimulation, a mechanism that may contribute to terminal T cell exhaustion at the cost of memory differentiation in wildtype tumor-bearing hosts. These data suggest that blockade of NRP1, a unique “immune memory checkpoint”, may promote the development of long-lived tumor-specific TMEM that are essential for durable anti-tumor immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ashwin Somasundaram
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sasikanth Manne
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Angela M Gocher
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Kate M Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ellen N Scott
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Graduate Program of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel P Normolle
- Biostatistics Facility, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Evan J Lipson
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), and Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tullia C Bruno
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu C, Chikina M, Deshpande R, Menk AV, Wang T, Tabib T, Brunazzi EA, Vignali KM, Sun M, Stolz DB, Lafyatis RA, Chen W, Delgoffe GM, Workman CJ, Wendell SG, Vignali DAA. Treg Cells Promote the SREBP1-Dependent Metabolic Fitness of Tumor-Promoting Macrophages via Repression of CD8 + T Cell-Derived Interferon-γ. Immunity 2019; 51:381-397.e6. [PMID: 31350177 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are crucial for immune homeostasis, but they also contribute to tumor immune evasion by promoting a suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Mice with Treg cell-restricted Neuropilin-1 deficiency show tumor resistance while maintaining peripheral immune homeostasis, thereby providing a controlled system to interrogate the impact of intratumoral Treg cells on the TME. Using this and other genetic models, we showed that Treg cells shaped the transcriptional landscape across multiple tumor-infiltrating immune cell types. Treg cells suppressed CD8+ T cell secretion of interferon-γ (IFNγ), which would otherwise block the activation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1)-mediated fatty acid synthesis in immunosuppressive (M2-like) tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Thus, Treg cells indirectly but selectively sustained M2-like TAM metabolic fitness, mitochondrial integrity, and survival. SREBP1 inhibition augmented the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade, suggesting that targeting Treg cells or their modulation of lipid metabolism in M2-like TAMs could improve cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Maria Chikina
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Rahul Deshpande
- Health Sciences Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ashley V Menk
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Tracy Tabib
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Erin A Brunazzi
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kate M Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ming Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Robert A Lafyatis
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Greg M Delgoffe
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Stacy G Wendell
- Health Sciences Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Clinical Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bettini ML, Chou PC, Guy CS, Lee T, Vignali KM, Vignali DAA. Cutting Edge: CD3 ITAM Diversity Is Required for Optimal TCR Signaling and Thymocyte Development. J Immunol 2017; 199:1555-1560. [PMID: 28733484 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For the αβ or γδTCR chains to integrate extracellular stimuli into the appropriate intracellular cellular response, they must use the 10 ITAMs found within the CD3 subunits (CD3γε, CD3δε, and ζζ) of the TCR signaling complex. However, it remains unclear whether each specific ITAM sequence of the individual subunit (γεδζ) is required for thymocyte development or whether any particular CD3 ITAM motif is sufficient. In this article, we show that mice utilizing a single ITAM sequence (γ, ε, δ, ζa, ζb, or ζc) at each of the 10 ITAM locations exhibit a substantial reduction in thymic cellularity and limited CD4-CD8- (double-negative) to CD4+CD8+ (double-positive) maturation because of low TCR expression and signaling. Together, the data suggest that ITAM sequence diversity is required for optimal TCR signal transduction and subsequent T cell maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Bettini
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; .,Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Po-Chein Chou
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Clifford S Guy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Thomas Lee
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Kate M Vignali
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; .,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Q, Chikina M, Szymczak-Workman AL, Horne W, Kolls JK, Vignali KM, Normolle D, Bettini M, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA. LAG3 limits regulatory T cell proliferation and function in autoimmune diabetes. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/9/eaah4569. [PMID: 28783703 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aah4569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory receptors (IRs) are pivotal in controlling T cell homeostasis because of their intrinsic regulation of conventional effector T (Tconv) cell proliferation, viability, and function. However, the role of IRs on regulatory T cells (Tregs) remains obscure because they could be required for suppressive activity and/or limit Treg function. We evaluated the role of lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3; CD223) on Tregs by generating mice in which LAG3 is absent on the cell surface of Tregs in a murine model of type 1 diabetes. Unexpectedly, mice that lacked LAG3 expression on Tregs exhibited reduced autoimmune diabetes, consistent with enhanced Treg proliferation and function. Whereas the transcriptional landscape of peripheral wild-type (WT) and Lag3-deficient Tregs was largely comparable, substantial differences between intra-islet Tregs were evident and involved a subset of genes and pathways that promote Treg maintenance and function. Consistent with these observations, Lag3-deficient Tregs outcompeted WT Tregs in the islets but not in the periphery in cotransfer experiments because of enhanced interleukin-2-signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 signaling and increased Eos expression. Our study suggests that LAG3 intrinsically limits Treg proliferation and function at inflammatory sites, promotes autoimmunity in a chronic autoimmune-prone environment, and may contribute to Treg insufficiency in autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianxia Zhang
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Maria Chikina
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Andrea L Szymczak-Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - William Horne
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Kate M Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Daniel Normolle
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Maria Bettini
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. .,Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
He Y, Rangarajan S, Kerzic M, Luo M, Chen Y, Wang Q, Yin Y, Workman CJ, Vignali KM, Vignali DAA, Mariuzza RA, Orban J. Identification of the Docking Site for CD3 on the T Cell Receptor β Chain by Solution NMR. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19796-805. [PMID: 26109064 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.663799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex is composed of a genetically diverse αβ TCR heterodimer associated noncovalently with the invariant CD3 dimers CD3ϵγ, CD3ϵδ, and CD3ζζ. The TCR mediates peptide-MHC recognition, whereas the CD3 molecules transduce activation signals to the T cell. Although much is known about downstream T cell signaling pathways, the mechanism whereby TCR engagement by peptide-MHC initiates signaling is poorly understood. A key to solving this problem is defining the spatial organization of the TCR-CD3 complex and the interactions between its subunits. We have applied solution NMR methods to identify the docking site for CD3 on the β chain of a human autoimmune TCR. We demonstrate a low affinity but highly specific interaction between the extracellular domains of CD3 and the TCR constant β (Cβ) domain that requires both CD3ϵγ and CD3ϵδ subunits. The mainly hydrophilic docking site, comprising 9-11 solvent-accessible Cβ residues, is relatively small (∼400 Å(2)), consistent with the weak interaction between TCR and CD3 extracellular domains, and devoid of glycosylation sites. The docking site is centered on the αA and αB helices of Cβ, which are located at the base of the TCR. This positions CD3ϵγ and CD3ϵδ between the TCR and the T cell membrane, permitting us to distinguish among several possible models of TCR-CD3 association. We further correlate structural results from NMR with mutational data on TCR-CD3 interactions from cell-based assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan He
- From the W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
| | - Sneha Rangarajan
- From the W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Melissa Kerzic
- From the W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Ming Luo
- From the W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China, and
| | - Yihong Chen
- From the W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Qian Wang
- From the W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Yiyuan Yin
- From the W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Creg J Workman
- the Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Kate M Vignali
- the Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- the Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Roy A Mariuzza
- From the W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742,
| | - John Orban
- From the W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bettini ML, Guy C, Dash P, Vignali KM, Hamm DE, Dobbins J, Gagnon E, Thomas PG, Wucherpfennig KW, Vignali DAA. Membrane association of the CD3ε signaling domain is required for optimal T cell development and function. J Immunol 2014; 193:258-67. [PMID: 24899501 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The TCR:CD3 complex transduces signals that are critical for optimal T cell development and adaptive immunity. In resting T cells, the CD3ε cytoplasmic tail associates with the plasma membrane via a proximal basic-rich stretch (BRS). In this study, we show that mice lacking a functional CD3ε-BRS exhibited substantial reductions in thymic cellularity and limited CD4- CD8- double-negative (DN) 3 to DN4 thymocyte transition, because of enhanced DN4 TCR signaling resulting in increased cell death and TCR downregulation in all subsequent populations. Furthermore, positive, but not negative, T cell selection was affected in mice lacking a functional CD3ε-BRS, which led to limited peripheral T cell function and substantially reduced responsiveness to influenza infection. Collectively, these results indicate that membrane association of the CD3ε signaling domain is required for optimal thymocyte development and peripheral T cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Bettini
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Clifford Guy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Pradyot Dash
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Kate M Vignali
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - David E Hamm
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA 98102; and
| | - Jessica Dobbins
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Etienne Gagnon
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Collison LW, Delgoffe GM, Guy CS, Vignali KM, Chaturvedi V, Fairweather D, Satoskar AR, Garcia KC, Hunter CA, Drake CG, Murray PJ, Vignali DAA. The composition and signaling of the IL-35 receptor are unconventional. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:290-9. [PMID: 22306691 PMCID: PMC3529151 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 35 (IL-35) belongs to the IL-12 family of heterodimeric cytokines but has a distinct functional profile. IL-35 suppresses T cell proliferation and converts naive T cells into IL-35-producing induced regulatory T cells (iTr35 cells). Here we found that IL-35 signaled through a unique heterodimer of receptor chains IL-12Rβ2 and gp130 or homodimers of each chain. Conventional T cells were sensitive to IL-35-mediated suppression in the absence of one receptor chain but not both receptor chains, whereas signaling through both chains was required for IL-35 expression and conversion into iTr35 cells. Signaling through the IL-35 receptor required the transcription factors STAT1 and STAT4, which formed a unique heterodimer that bound to distinct sites in the promoters of the genes encoding the IL-12 subunits p35 and Ebi3. This unconventional mode of signaling, distinct from that of other members of the IL-12 family, may broaden the spectrum and specificity of IL-35-mediated suppression.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cytokine Receptor gp130/immunology
- Interleukins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Multimerization
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Receptors, Interleukin/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-12/immunology
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/immunology
- STAT4 Transcription Factor/immunology
- Signal Transduction
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren W Collison
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The need for reliable, multicistronic vectors for multigene delivery is at the forefront of biomedical technology. It is now possible to express multiple proteins from a single open reading frame (ORF) using 2A peptide-linked multicistronic vectors. These small sequences, when cloned between genes, allow for efficient, stoichiometric production of discrete protein products within a single vector through a novel "cleavage" event within the 2A peptide sequence. Expression of more than two genes using conventional approaches has several limitations, most notably imbalanced protein expression and large size. The use of 2A peptide sequences alleviates these concerns. They are small (18-22 amino acids) and have divergent amino-terminal sequences, which minimizes the chance for homologous recombination and allows for multiple, different 2A peptide sequences to be used within a single vector. Importantly, separation of genes placed between 2A peptide sequences is nearly 100%, which allows for stoichiometric and concordant expression of the genes, regardless of the order of placement within the vector. This protocol describes the use of recombinant polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to connect multiple 2A-linked protein sequences. The final construct is subcloned into an expression vector.
Collapse
|
13
|
Szymczak-Workman AL, Vignali KM, Vignali DAA. Design and construction of 2A peptide-linked multicistronic vectors. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2012; 2012:199-204. [PMID: 22301656 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.ip067876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The need for reliable, multicistronic vectors for multigene delivery is at the forefront of biomedical technology. This article describes the design and construction of 2A peptide-linked multicistronic vectors, which can be used to express multiple proteins from a single open reading frame (ORF). The small 2A peptide sequences, when cloned between genes, allow for efficient, stoichiometric production of discrete protein products within a single vector through a novel "cleavage" event within the 2A peptide sequence. Expression of more than two genes using conventional approaches has several limitations, most notably imbalanced protein expression and large size. The use of 2A peptide sequences alleviates these concerns. They are small (18-22 amino acids) and have divergent amino-terminal sequences, which minimizes the chance for homologous recombination and allows for multiple, different 2A peptide sequences to be used within a single vector. Importantly, separation of genes placed between 2A peptide sequences is nearly 100%, which allows for stoichiometric and concordant expression of the genes, regardless of the order of placement within the vector.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The need for reliable, multicistronic vectors for multigene delivery is at the forefront of biomedical technology. It is now possible to express multiple proteins from a single open reading frame (ORF) using 2A peptide-linked multicistronic vectors. These small sequences, when cloned between genes, allow for efficient, stoichiometric production of discrete protein products within a single vector through a novel "cleavage" event within the 2A peptide sequence. The easiest and most effective way to assess 2A cleavage is to perform transient transfection of 293T cells (human embryonic kidney cells) followed by western blot analysis, as described in this protocol. 293T cells are easy to grow and can be efficiently transfected with a variety of vectors. Cleavage can be assessed by detection with antibodies against the target proteins or anti-2A serum.
Collapse
|
15
|
Vignali DA, Collison LW, Workman CJ, Kuo TT, Boyd K, Wang Y, Vignali KM, Cross R, Sehy D, Blumberg RS, Henderson AL, Chaturvedi V, Turk MJ. IL-35 and regulatory T cell function. Cytokine 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
16
|
Collison LW, Workman CJ, Kuo TT, Boyd K, Wang Y, Vignali KM, Cross R, Sehy D, Blumberg RS, Vignali DAA. The inhibitory cytokine IL-35 contributes to regulatory T-cell function. Nature 2007; 450:566-9. [PMID: 18033300 DOI: 10.1038/nature06306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1418] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (T(reg)) cells are a critical sub-population of CD4+ T cells that are essential for maintaining self tolerance and preventing autoimmunity, for limiting chronic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma and inflammatory bowel disease, and for regulating homeostatic lymphocyte expansion. However, they also suppress natural immune responses to parasites and viruses as well as anti-tumour immunity induced by therapeutic vaccines. Although the manipulation of T(reg) function is an important goal of immunotherapy, the molecules that mediate their suppressive activity remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that Epstein-Barr-virus-induced gene 3 (Ebi3, which encodes IL-27beta) and interleukin-12 alpha (Il12a, which encodes IL-12alpha/p35) are highly expressed by mouse Foxp3+ (forkhead box P3) T(reg) cells but not by resting or activated effector CD4+ T (T(eff)) cells, and that an Ebi3-IL-12alpha heterodimer is constitutively secreted by T(reg) but not T(eff) cells. Both Ebi3 and Il12a messenger RNA are markedly upregulated in T(reg) cells co-cultured with T(eff) cells, thereby boosting Ebi3 and IL-12alpha production in trans. T(reg)-cell restriction of this cytokine occurs because Ebi3 is a downstream target of Foxp3, a transcription factor that is required for T(reg)-cell development and function. Ebi3-/- and Il12a-/- T(reg) cells have significantly reduced regulatory activity in vitro and fail to control homeostatic proliferation and to cure inflammatory bowel disease in vivo. Because these phenotypic characteristics are distinct from those of other IL-12 family members, this novel Ebi3-IL-12alpha heterodimeric cytokine has been designated interleukin-35 (IL-35). Ectopic expression of IL-35 confers regulatory activity on naive T cells, whereas recombinant IL-35 suppresses T-cell proliferation. Taken together, these data identify IL-35 as a novel inhibitory cytokine that may be specifically produced by T(reg) cells and is required for maximal suppressive activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren W Collison
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li N, Wang Y, Forbes K, Vignali KM, Heale BS, Saftig P, Hartmann D, Black RA, Rossi JJ, Blobel CP, Dempsey PJ, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA. Metalloproteases regulate T-cell proliferation and effector function via LAG-3. EMBO J 2007; 26:494-504. [PMID: 17245433 PMCID: PMC1783452 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight control of T-cell proliferation and effector function is essential to ensure an effective but appropriate immune response. Here, we reveal that this is controlled by the metalloprotease-mediated cleavage of LAG-3, a negative regulatory protein expressed by all activated T cells. We show that LAG-3 cleavage is mediated by two transmembrane metalloproteases, ADAM10 and ADAM17, with the activity of both modulated by two distinct T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling-dependent mechanisms. ADAM10 mediates constitutive LAG-3 cleavage but increases approximately 12-fold following T-cell activation, whereas LAG-3 shedding by ADAM17 is induced by TCR signaling in a PKCtheta-dependent manner. LAG-3 must be cleaved from the cell surface to allow for normal T-cell activation as noncleavable LAG-3 mutants prevented proliferation and cytokine production. Lastly, ADAM10 knockdown reduced wild-type but not LAG-3(-/-) T-cell proliferation. These data demonstrate that LAG-3 must be cleaved to allow efficient T-cell proliferation and cytokine production and establish a novel paradigm in which T-cell expansion and function are regulated by metalloprotease cleavage with LAG-3 as its sole molecular target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nianyu Li
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Karen Forbes
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kate M Vignali
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bret S Heale
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Paul Saftig
- The Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Hartmann
- Department for Human Genetics, KU Leuven and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB4), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roy A Black
- Department of Inflammation, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John J Rossi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Carl P Blobel
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery at Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter J Dempsey
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105, USA. Tel.: +1 901 495 2332; Fax: +1 901 495 3107; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic (Tg) mice have revolutionized our understanding of many aspects of T-cell biology. Whereas they provide an almost unlimited source of T cells with a single specificity, breeding them onto different backgrounds and/or new knockout/knock-in mouse models is often time-consuming (6 months to several years), which can make the process costly and can significantly delay research. This protocol describes a new method for expressing defined TCR-alpha and TCR-beta proteins from a single 2A peptide-linked multicistronic retroviral vector in mice, using retrovirus-mediated stem cell gene transfer. We refer to these as 'retrogenic' (Rg) mice ('retro' from retrovirus and 'genic' from Tg) to avoid confusion with traditional transgenic mice. We have successfully used this approach to express over 50 different TCRs on several different mouse backgrounds in as little as 6 weeks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Holst
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Holst J, Vignali KM, Burton AR, Vignali DAA. Rapid analysis of T-cell selection in vivo using T cell-receptor retrogenic mice. Nat Methods 2006; 3:191-7. [PMID: 16489336 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic as well as knockout and knockin mice have had a large impact on our understanding of T-cell development, signal transduction and function, the need to cross these mice delays experiments considerably. Here we provide a methodology for the rapid expression of TCRs in mice using 2A peptide-linked multicistronic retroviral vectors to transduce stem cells of any background before adoptive transfer into RAG-1(-/-) mice. For simplicity, we refer to these as retrogenic mice. We demonstrate that these retrogenic mice are comparable to transgenic mice expressing three commonly used TCRs (OT-I, OT-II [corrected] and AND). We also show that retrogenic mice expressing male antigen-specific TCRs (HY, MataHari and Marilyn) facilitated the analysis of positive and negative selection in female and male mice, respectively. We examined various tolerance mechanisms in epitope-coupled TCR retrogenic mice. This powerful resource could expedite the identification of proteins involved in T-cell development and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Holst
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Holst J, Vignali KM, Burton AR, Vignali DAA. Erratum: Rapid analysis of T-cell selection in vivo using T cell–receptor retrogenic mice. Nat Methods 2006. [DOI: 10.1038/nmeth0406-327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
21
|
Szymczak AL, Workman CJ, Gil D, Dilioglou S, Vignali KM, Palmer E, Vignali DAA. The CD3ε Proline-Rich Sequence, and Its Interaction with Nck, Is Not Required for T Cell Development and Function. J Immunol 2005; 175:270-5. [PMID: 15972658 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.1.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The CD3epsilon proline-rich sequence (PRS) binds to the cytosolic adaptor molecule Nck after TCR ligation. It has been proposed that this interaction is essential for immunological synapse formation and T cell activation. To assess the physiological importance of the CD3epsilon PRS, we have generated mice that lack this motif (CD3epsilon.PRS(M)). Pull-down experiments demonstrated the inability of Nck to bind to the CD3epsilon PRS in thymocytes from mutant mice after TCR ligation. Surprisingly, no differences were observed in the number and percentage of T cell subsets in the thymus and spleen, and there was no apparent defect in positive or negative selection. Furthermore, the proliferative response of CD3epsilon.PRS(M) T cells to staphylococcal enterotoxin B and anti-CD3 Ab was normal. TCR surface expression, constitutive internalization, and Ag-induced down-modulation were also normal. These data suggest that the interaction between the CD3epsilon PRS and Nck, or any other Src homology 3 domain-containing molecule, is not essential for T cell development and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Szymczak
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Szymczak AL, Workman CJ, Wang Y, Vignali KM, Dilioglou S, Vanin EF, Vignali DAA. Erratum: Corrigendum: Correction of multi-gene deficiency in vivo using a single 'self-cleaving' 2A peptide–based retroviral vector. Nat Biotechnol 2004. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt0604-760b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
23
|
Szymczak AL, Workman CJ, Wang Y, Vignali KM, Dilioglou S, Vanin EF, Vignali DAA. Correction of multi-gene deficiency in vivo using a single 'self-cleaving' 2A peptide–based retroviral vector. Nat Biotechnol 2004; 22:589-94. [PMID: 15064769 DOI: 10.1038/nbt957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 911] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2003] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Attempts to generate reliable and versatile vectors for gene therapy and biomedical research that express multiple genes have met with limited success. Here we used Picornavirus 'self-cleaving' 2A peptides, or 2A-like sequences from other viruses, to generate multicistronic retroviral vectors with efficient translation of four cistrons. Using the T-cell receptor:CD3 complex as a test system, we show that a single 2A peptide-linked retroviral vector can be used to generate all four CD3 proteins (CD3epsilon, gamma, delta, zeta), and restore T-cell development and function in CD3-deficient mice. We also show complete 2A peptide-mediated 'cleavage' and stoichiometric production of two fluorescent proteins using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based system in multiple cell types including blood, thymus, spleen, bone marrow and early stem cell progenitors.
Collapse
|
24
|
Arnold PY, Vignali KM, Miller TB, La Gruta NL, Cauley LS, Haynes L, Scott Adams P, Swain SL, Woodland DL, Vignali DAA. Reliable generation and use of MHC class II:gamma2aFc multimers for the identification of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells. J Immunol Methods 2002; 271:137-51. [PMID: 12445737 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(02)00343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
MHC tetramers have proven to be powerful reagents for the analysis of MHC class I-restricted T cells. However, generating similarly reliable reagents for MHC class II-restricted T cells has been elusive. Here we evaluated the utility of MHC class II:gamma2aFc multimers, which contain the MHC class II extracellular domains, with or without recombinantly attached peptides, dimerized via a fos-jun leucine zipper and attached to the hinge of murine IgG2a. We have successfully generated 24 multimers in either myeloma or Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells, with an average yield of 7 mg/L. 'Empty' MHC class II:gamma2aFc multimers were effectively used in peptide binding assays. Similar versions that contained recombinantly attached peptides stimulated T cells in an antigen-specific, MHC-restricted manner, and identified antigen-specific nai;ve and effector T cells by flow cytometry. Furthermore, we have successfully used these reagents to stain T cells generated following viral infection. Thus, MHC class II:gamma2aFc multimers are robust and reliable reagents for the analysis of MHC class II-restricted T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Y Arnold
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cauley LS, Cookenham T, Miller TB, Adams PS, Vignali KM, Vignali DAA, Woodland DL. Cutting edge: virus-specific CD4+ memory T cells in nonlymphoid tissues express a highly activated phenotype. J Immunol 2002; 169:6655-8. [PMID: 12471092 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.12.6655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that CD4(+) memory T cells persist in nonlymphoid organs following infections. However, the development and phenotype of these peripheral memory cells are poorly defined. In this study, multimerized MHC-Ig fusion proteins, with a covalently attached peptide sequence from the Sendai virus hemagglutinin/neuraminidase gene, have been used to identify virus-specific CD4(+) T cells during Sendai virus infection and the establishment of peripheral CD4(+) memory populations in the lungs. We show declining frequencies of virus-specific CD4(+) T cells in the lungs over the course of approximately 3 mo after infection. Like peripheral CD8(+) T cells, the CD4(+) have an acutely activated phenotype, suggesting that a high level of differentiation is required to reach the airways and persist as memory cells. Differences in CD25 and CD11a expression indicate that the CD4(+) cells from the lung airways and parenchyma are distinct memory populations.
Collapse
|
26
|
Arnold PY, La Gruta NL, Miller T, Vignali KM, Adams PS, Woodland DL, Vignali DAA. The Majority of Immunogenic Epitopes Generate CD4+ T Cells That Are Dependent on MHC Class II-Bound Peptide-Flanking Residues. J Immunol 2002. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.8.4674-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
27
|
Arnold PY, La Gruta NL, Miller T, Vignali KM, Adams PS, Woodland DL, Vignali DAA. The majority of immunogenic epitopes generate CD4+ T cells that are dependent on MHC class II-bound peptide-flanking residues. J Immunol 2002; 169:739-49. [PMID: 12097376 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.2.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Peptides bind to MHC class II molecules with a defined periodicity such that the peptide-flanking residues (PFRs) P-1 and P11, which lie outside the core binding sequence (P1-P9), are solvent exposed and accessible to the TCR. Using a novel MHC class II:peptide binding assay, we defined the binding register for nine immunogenic epitopes to formally identify the flanking residues. Seven of the nine epitopes, restricted by H-2A(k), H-2A(g7), or H-2E(k), were found to generate T cells that were completely dependent on either P-1 or P11, with dependency on P-1 favored over P11. Such PFR dependency appears to be influenced by the type of amino acid exposed, in that residues that can form salt bridges or hydrogen bonds are favored over small or hydrophobic residues. Peptides containing alanine substitutions at P-1 or P11 in place of PFRs that mediate dependency were considerably less immunogenic and mediated a substantially reduced in vitro recall response to the native protein, inferring that PFR recognition increases immunogenicity. Our data suggest that PFR recognition is a common event characteristic of all MHC class II-restricted T cell responses. This key feature, which is not shared by MHC class I-restricted responses, may underlie the broad functional diversity displayed by MHC class II-restricted T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Y Arnold
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Vignali DA, Vignali KM. Profound enhancement of T cell activation mediated by the interaction between the TCR and the D3 domain of CD4. J Immunol 1999; 162:1431-9. [PMID: 9973399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
CD4 plays an important role in the activation and development of CD4+ T cells. This is mediated via its bivalent interaction with MHC class II molecules and the TCR:CD3 complex through p56lck. Recent studies have implicated a third site of interaction between the membrane-proximal extracellular domains of CD4 and the TCR. Due to these multiple interactions, direct evidence for the functional importance of this extracellular association has remained elusive. Furthermore, the residues that mediate this interaction are unknown. In this study, we analyzed the function of 61 CD4 mutants. Alanine substitution of just 2 residues, either Q114/F182 or F182/F201, which are partially buried and located close to the D2/D3 interface, completely abrogated CD4 function. Direct evidence for the functional importance of TCR:CD4.D3 interaction was obtained using an anti-CD3fos:anti-CD4jun-bispecific Ab. Surprisingly, it induced strong T cell activation in hybridomas transfected with cytoplasmic-tailless CD4, despite the lack of association with either p56lck or MHC class II molecules. However, this effect was completely abrogated with the CD4 mutants Q114A/F182A or F182A/F201A. These data demonstrate that TCR:CD4.D3 interaction can have a profound effect on T cell activation and obviates the need for receptor oligomerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38101, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Vignali DAA, Vignali KM. Profound Enhancement of T Cell Activation Mediated by the Interaction Between the TCR and the D3 Domain of CD4. The Journal of Immunology 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.3.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CD4 plays an important role in the activation and development of CD4+ T cells. This is mediated via its bivalent interaction with MHC class II molecules and the TCR:CD3 complex through p56lck. Recent studies have implicated a third site of interaction between the membrane-proximal extracellular domains of CD4 and the TCR. Due to these multiple interactions, direct evidence for the functional importance of this extracellular association has remained elusive. Furthermore, the residues that mediate this interaction are unknown. In this study, we analyzed the function of 61 CD4 mutants. Alanine substitution of just 2 residues, either Q114/F182 or F182/F201, which are partially buried and located close to the D2/D3 interface, completely abrogated CD4 function. Direct evidence for the functional importance of TCR:CD4.D3 interaction was obtained using an anti-CD3fos:anti-CD4jun-bispecific Ab. Surprisingly, it induced strong T cell activation in hybridomas transfected with cytoplasmic-tailless CD4, despite the lack of association with either p56lck or MHC class II molecules. However, this effect was completely abrogated with the CD4 mutants Q114A/F182A or F182A/F201A. These data demonstrate that TCR:CD4.D3 interaction can have a profound effect on T cell activation and obviates the need for receptor oligomerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario A. A. Vignali
- *Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38101; and
- †Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Kate M. Vignali
- *Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38101; and
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Carson RT, Desai DD, Vignali KM, Vignali2 DAA. Cutting Edge: Immunoregulation of Th Cells by Naturally Processed Peptide Antagonists. The Journal of Immunology 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Th cells recognize protein Ags as short peptides bound to MHC class II molecules. Altered peptide ligands can antagonize (inhibit) T cell responses to stimulatory peptides. Peptides generated by APC may contain peptide flanking residues (PFR), which lie outside the minimal binding epitope and can be recognized by the TCR. Our data show that PFR-dependent T cells were found to be potently antagonized by peptides that lack PFR and responded poorly to native protein or the immunogenic epitope delivered by a recombinant influenza virus. These data provide the first evidence that Ag processing generates both stimulatory and antagonist peptides from a single immunogenic epitope, an observation that may have important implications for T cell immunoregulation and autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard T. Carson
- *Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38101; and
| | - Dharmesh D. Desai
- *Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38101; and
| | - Kate M. Vignali
- *Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38101; and
| | - Dario A. A. Vignali2
- *Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38101; and
- †Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Carson RT, Desai DD, Vignali KM, Vignali DA. Immunoregulation of Th cells by naturally processed peptide antagonists. J Immunol 1999; 162:1-4. [PMID: 9886362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Th cells recognize protein Ags as short peptides bound to MHC class II molecules. Altered peptide ligands can antagonize (inhibit) T cell responses to stimulatory peptides. Peptides generated by APC may contain peptide flanking residues (PFR), which lie outside the minimal binding epitope and can be recognized by the TCR. Our data show that PFR-dependent T cells were found to be potently antagonized by peptides that lack PFR and responded poorly to native protein or the immunogenic epitope delivered by a recombinant influenza virus. These data provide the first evidence that Ag processing generates both stimulatory and antagonist peptides from a single immunogenic epitope, an observation that may have important implications for T cell immunoregulation and autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R T Carson
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38101, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Carson RT, Vignali KM, Woodland DL, Vignali DA. T cell receptor recognition of MHC class II-bound peptide flanking residues enhances immunogenicity and results in altered TCR V region usage. Immunity 1997; 7:387-99. [PMID: 9324359 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Naturally processed MHC class II-bound peptides possess ragged NH2 and COOH termini. It is not known whether these peptide flanking residues (PFRs), which lie outside the MHC anchor residues, are recognized by the TCR or influence immunogenicity. Here we analyzed T cell responses to the COOH-terminal PFR of the H-2A(k) immunodominant epitope of hen egg lysozyme (HEL) 52-61. Surprisingly, the majority of T cells were completely dependent on, and specific for, the COOH-terminal PFR of the immunogen. In addition, there were striking correlations between TCR V beta usage and PFR dependence. We hypothesize that the V alpha CDR1 region recognizes NH2-terminal PFRs, while the V beta CDR1 region recognizes COOH-terminal PFRs. Last, peptides containing PFRs were considerably more immunogenic and mediated a greater recall response to the HEL protein. These results demonstrate that PFRs, which are a unique characteristic of peptides bound to MHC class II molecules, can have a profound effect on TCR recognition and T cell function. These data may have important implications for peptide-based immunotherapy and vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R T Carson
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38101, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|