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Ma Q, Shi Y, Wang D. Phosphonium Salt-Promoted C2-H Functionalization of Heterocyclic N-Oxides. Org Lett 2023; 25:9181-9185. [PMID: 38117207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a phosphonium salt as a remarkable activating agent that enables the direct conversion of C2-H bonds of a variety of heterocyclic N-oxides into C2-N, C2-O, or C2-S bonds with high efficiency. The phosphonium salt was prepared on a >150 g scale in a single step and is tolerant of multiple functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yuze Shi
- Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, China
- Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, China
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2
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Bailey BL, Nguyen W, Cowman AF, Sleebs BE. Chemo-proteomics in antimalarial target identification and engagement. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:2303-2351. [PMID: 37232495 PMCID: PMC10947479 DOI: 10.1002/med.21975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Humans have lived in tenuous battle with malaria over millennia. Today, while much of the world is free of the disease, areas of South America, Asia, and Africa still wage this war with substantial impacts on their social and economic development. The threat of widespread resistance to all currently available antimalarial therapies continues to raise concern. Therefore, it is imperative that novel antimalarial chemotypes be developed to populate the pipeline going forward. Phenotypic screening has been responsible for the majority of the new chemotypes emerging in the past few decades. However, this can result in limited information on the molecular target of these compounds which may serve as an unknown variable complicating their progression into clinical development. Target identification and validation is a process that incorporates techniques from a range of different disciplines. Chemical biology and more specifically chemo-proteomics have been heavily utilized for this purpose. This review provides an in-depth summary of the application of chemo-proteomics in antimalarial development. Here we focus particularly on the methodology, practicalities, merits, and limitations of designing these experiments. Together this provides learnings on the future use of chemo-proteomics in antimalarial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brodie L. Bailey
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - William Nguyen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Alan F. Cowman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Brad E. Sleebs
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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3
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Umumararungu T, Nkuranga JB, Habarurema G, Nyandwi JB, Mukazayire MJ, Mukiza J, Muganga R, Hahirwa I, Mpenda M, Katembezi AN, Olawode EO, Kayitare E, Kayumba PC. Recent developments in antimalarial drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 88-89:117339. [PMID: 37236020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although malaria remains a big burden to many countries that it threatens their socio-economic stability, particularly in the countries where malaria is endemic, there have been great efforts to eradicate this disease with both successes and failures. For example, there has been a great improvement in malaria prevention and treatment methods with a net reduction in infection and mortality rates. However, the disease remains a global threat in terms of the number of people affected because it is one of the infectious diseases that has the highest prevalence rate, especially in Africa where the deadly Plasmodium falciparum is still widely spread. Methods to fight malaria are being diversified, including the use of mosquito nets, the target candidate profiles (TCPs) and target product profiles (TPPs) of medicine for malarial venture (MMV) strategy, the search for newer and potent drugs that could reverse chloroquine resistance, and the use of adjuvants such as rosiglitazone and sevuparin. Although these adjuvants have no antiplasmodial activity, they can help to alleviate the effects which result from plasmodium invasion such as cytoadherence. The list of new antimalarial drugs under development is long, including the out of ordinary new drugs MMV048, CDRI-97/78 and INE963 from South Africa, India and Novartis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théoneste Umumararungu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda.
| | - Jean Bosco Nkuranga
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Gratien Habarurema
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Jean Baptiste Nyandwi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Marie Jeanne Mukazayire
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Janvier Mukiza
- Department of Mathematical Science and Physical Education, School of Education, College of Education, University of Rwanda, Rwanda; Rwanda Food and Drugs Authority, Nyarutarama Plaza, KG 9 Avenue, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Raymond Muganga
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda; Rwanda Food and Drugs Authority, Nyarutarama Plaza, KG 9 Avenue, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Innocent Hahirwa
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Matabishi Mpenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Alain Nyirimigabo Katembezi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda; Rwanda Food and Drugs Authority, Nyarutarama Plaza, KG 9 Avenue, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Emmanuel Oladayo Olawode
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, 18301 N Miami Ave #1, Miami, FL 33169, USA
| | - Egide Kayitare
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Pierre Claver Kayumba
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
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Ong HW, Adderley J, Tobin AB, Drewry DH, Doerig C. Parasite and host kinases as targets for antimalarials. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:151-169. [PMID: 36942408 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2185511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The deployment of Artemisinin-based combination therapies and transmission control measures led to a decrease in the global malaria burden over the recent decades. Unfortunately, this trend is now reversing, in part due to resistance against available treatments, calling for the development of new drugs against untapped targets to prevent cross-resistance. AREAS COVERED In view of their demonstrated druggability in noninfectious diseases, protein kinases represent attractive targets. Kinase-focussed antimalarial drug discovery is facilitated by the availability of kinase-targeting scaffolds and large libraries of inhibitors, as well as high-throughput phenotypic and biochemical assays. We present an overview of validated Plasmodium kinase targets and their inhibitors, and briefly discuss the potential of host cell kinases as targets for host-directed therapy. EXPERT OPINION We propose priority research areas, including (i) diversification of Plasmodium kinase targets (at present most efforts focus on a very small number of targets); (ii) polypharmacology as an avenue to limit resistance (kinase inhibitors are highly suitable in this respect); and (iii) preemptive limitation of resistance through host-directed therapy (targeting host cell kinases that are required for parasite survival) and transmission-blocking through targeting sexual stage-specific kinases as a strategy to protect curative drugs from the spread of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wee Ong
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Jack Adderley
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Rmit University, Bundoora VIC Australia
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Advanced Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David H Drewry
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Christian Doerig
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Rmit University, Bundoora VIC Australia
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5
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Recent approaches in the drug research and development of novel antimalarial drugs with new targets. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2023; 73:1-27. [PMID: 36692468 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2023-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a serious worldwide medical issue that results in substantial annual death and morbidity. The availability of treatment alternatives is limited, and the rise of resistant parasite types has posed a significant challenge to malaria treatment. To prevent a public health disaster, novel antimalarial agents with single-dosage therapies, extensive curative capability, and new mechanisms are urgently needed. There are several approaches to developing antimalarial drugs, ranging from alterations of current drugs to the creation of new compounds with specific targeting abilities. The availability of multiple genomic techniques, as well as recent advancements in parasite biology, provides a varied collection of possible targets for the development of novel treatments. A number of promising pharmacological interference targets have been uncovered in modern times. As a result, our review concentrates on the most current scientific and technical progress in the innovation of new antimalarial medications. The protein kinases, choline transport inhibitors, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors, isoprenoid biosynthesis inhibitors, and enzymes involved in the metabolism of lipids and replication of deoxyribonucleic acid, are among the most fascinating antimalarial target proteins presently being investigated. The new cellular targets and drugs which can inhibit malaria and their development techniques are summarised in this study.
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Rose BT, Timmerman JC, Bawel SA, Chin S, Zhang H, Denmark SE. High-Level Data Fusion Enables the Chemoinformatically Guided Discovery of Chiral Disulfonimide Catalysts for Atropselective Iodination of 2-Amino-6-arylpyridines. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22950-22964. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brennan T. Rose
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IIllinois 61801, United States
| | - Jacob C. Timmerman
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Seth A. Bawel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IIllinois 61801, United States
| | - Steven Chin
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Scott E. Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IIllinois 61801, United States
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7
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Efficacy of the Antimalarial MMV390048 against Babesia Infection Reveals Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase as a Druggable Target for Babesiosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0057422. [PMID: 35924942 PMCID: PMC9487540 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00574-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-Babesia effect of MMV390048, a drug that inhibits Plasmodium by targeting the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4K). The half inhibitory concentration (IC50) of MMV390048 against the in vitro growth of Babesia gibsoni was 6.9 ± 0.9 μM. In immunocompetent mice, oral treatment with MMV390048 at a concentration of 20 mg/kg effectively inhibited the growth of B. microti (Peabody mjr strain). The peak parasitemia in the control group was 30.5%, whereas the peak parasitemia in the MMV390048-treated group was 3.4%. Meanwhile, MMV390048 also showed inhibition on the growth of B. rodhaini (Australia strain), a highly pathogenic rodent Babesia species. All MMV390048-treated mice survived, whereas the mice in control group died within 10 days postinfection (DPI). The first 7-day administration of MMV390048 in B. microti-infected, severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice delayed the rise of parasitemia by 26 days. Subsequently, a second 7-day administration was given upon recurrence. At 52 DPI, a parasite relapse (in 1 out of 5 mice) and a mutation in the B. microti PI4K L746S, a MMV390048 resistance-related gene, were detected. Although the radical cure of B. microti infection in immunocompromised host SCID mice was not achieved, results from this study showed that MMV390048 has excellent inhibitory effects on Babesia parasites, revealing a new treatment strategy for babesiosis: targeting the B. microti PI4K.
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Rathod GK, Jain M, Sharma KK, Das S, Basak A, Jain R. New structural classes of antimalarials. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 242:114653. [PMID: 35985254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains a major vector borne disease claiming millions of lives worldwide due to infections caused by Plasmodium sp. Discovery and development of antimalarial drugs have previously been dominated majorly by single drug therapy. The malaria parasite has developed resistance against first line and second line antimalarial drugs used in the single drug therapy. This has drawn attention to find ways to alleviate the disease burden supplanted by combination therapy with multiple drugs to overcome drug resistance. Emergence of resistant strains even against the combination therapy has now mandated the revision of the current antimalarial pharmacotherapy. Research efforts of the past decade led to the discovery and identification of several new structural classes of antimalarial agents with improved biological attributes over the older ones. The following is a comprehensive review, addressed to the new structural classes of heterocyclic and natural compounds that have been identified during the last decade as antimalarial agents. Some of the classes included herein contain one or more pharmacophores amalgamated into a single bioactive scaffold as antimalarial agents, which act upon the conventional and novel targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan K Rathod
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Meenakshi Jain
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Krishna K Sharma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Samarpita Das
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Ahana Basak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Rahul Jain
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India.
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Looker O, Dans MG, Bullen HE, Sleebs BE, Crabb BS, Gilson PR. The Medicines for Malaria Venture Malaria Box contains inhibitors of protein secretion in
Plasmodium falciparum
blood stage parasites. Traffic 2022; 23:442-461. [PMID: 36040075 PMCID: PMC9543830 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum parasites which cause malaria, traffic hundreds of proteins into the red blood cells (RBCs) they infect. These exported proteins remodel their RBCs enabling host immune evasion through processes such as cytoadherence that greatly assist parasite survival. As resistance to all current antimalarial compounds is rising new compounds need to be identified and those that could inhibit parasite protein secretion and export would both rapidly reduce parasite virulence and ultimately lead to parasite death. To identify compounds that inhibit protein export we used transgenic parasites expressing an exported nanoluciferase reporter to screen the Medicines for Malaria Venture Malaria Box of 400 antimalarial compounds with mostly unknown targets. The most potent inhibitor identified in this screen was MMV396797 whose application led to export inhibition of both the reporter and endogenous exported proteins. MMV396797 mediated blockage of protein export and slowed the rigidification and cytoadherence of infected RBCs—modifications which are both mediated by parasite‐derived exported proteins. Overall, we have identified a new protein export inhibitor in P. falciparum whose target though unknown, could be developed into a future antimalarial that rapidly inhibits parasite virulence before eliminating parasites from the host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madeline G. Dans
- Burnet Institute Melbourne Australia
- School of Medicine Deakin University Geelong Australia
| | - Hayley E. Bullen
- Burnet Institute Melbourne Australia
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Brad E. Sleebs
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville Victoria Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Brendan S. Crabb
- Burnet Institute Melbourne Australia
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Monash University Melbourne Australia
| | - Paul R. Gilson
- Burnet Institute Melbourne Australia
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
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Singh V, Mambwe D, Korkor CM, Chibale K. Innovation Experiences from Africa-Led Drug Discovery at the Holistic Drug Discovery and Development (H3D) Centre. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1221-1230. [PMID: 35978699 PMCID: PMC9377003 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
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As the so-called “next frontier” in global
economic
terms, Africa’s disease burden continues to choke and cripple
economic growth across the continent. The highest burden is attributable
to malaria and tuberculosis (TB), which also remain among the deadliest
infectious diseases affecting mankind the world over (Malaria, 627,000
deaths; TB, 1.5 million deaths, in 2020). In achieving self-determination
with respect to the health needs of all who live on the continent,
Africa must align with global north efforts and be a source of health
innovation. This will in part require the creation of an ecosystem
of innovative pharmaceutical R&D and expanding it across the continent
by scaling up through sustained performance and excellence. To this
end, the Holistic Drug Discovery and Development (H3D) Centre at University
of Cape Town in South Africa has risen to this challenge. Here, we
highlight the innovation experiences gained at H3D, covering the advances
made in our quest to contribute to a global pipeline of therapeutic
interventions against malaria and TB. We discuss selected chemical
series starting from their identification, structure–activity
relationships, mode of action, safety, proof-of-concept studies, and
lessons learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Singh
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Dickson Mambwe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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Demarta-Gatsi C, Donini C, Duffy J, Sadler C, Stewart J, Barber JA, Tornesi B. Malarial PI4K inhibitor induced diaphragmatic hernias in rat: Potential link with mammalian kinase inhibition. Birth Defects Res 2022; 114:487-498. [PMID: 35416431 PMCID: PMC9321963 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background MMV390048 is an aminopyridine plasmodial PI4K inhibitor, selected as a Plasmodium blood‐stage schizonticide for a next generation of malaria treatments to overcome resistance to current therapies. MMV390048 showed an acceptable preclinical safety profile and progressed up to Phase 2a clinical trials. However, embryofetal studies revealed adverse developmental toxicity signals, including diaphragmatic hernias and cardiovascular malformations in rats but not rabbits. Methods In vivo exposures of free plasma concentrations of compound in rats were assessed in relation to in vitro human kinase inhibition by MMV390048, using the ADP‐Glo™ Kinase Assay. Results We demonstrate a potential link between the malformations seen in the embryofetal developmental (EFD) studies and inhibition of the mammalian PI4Kβ paralogue, as well as inhibition of the off‐target kinases MAP4K4 and MINK1. PI3Kγ may also play a role in the embryofetal toxicity as its in vitro inhibition is covered by in vivo exposure. The exposures in the rabbit embryofetal development studies did not reach concentrations likely to cause PI4K inhibition. Overall, we hypothesize that the in vivo malformations observed could be due to inhibition of the PI4K target in combination with the off‐targets, MAP4K4 and MINK1. However, these relationships are by association and not mechanistically proven. Conclusions Deciphering if the EFD effects are dependent on PI4K inhibition, and/or via inhibition of other off‐target kinases will require the generation of novel, more potent, and more specific PI4K inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Demarta-Gatsi
- Translational Medicine department, Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Donini
- Translational Medicine department, Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - James Duffy
- Translational Medicine department, Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Belen Tornesi
- Translational Medicine department, Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
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12
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Fragment-based virtual screening discovers potential new Plasmodium PI4KIIIβ ligands. BMC Chem 2022; 16:19. [PMID: 35331319 PMCID: PMC8944149 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-022-00812-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III beta phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4KIIIβ) is the only clinically validated drug target in Plasmodium kinases and therefore a critical target in developing novel drugs for malaria. Current PI4KIIIβ inhibitors have solubility and off-target problems. Here we set out to identify new Plasmodium PI4K ligands that could serve as leads for the development of new antimalarial drugs by building a PPI4K homology model since there was no available three-dimensional structure of PfPI4K and virtually screened a small library of ~ 22 000 fragments against it. Sixteen compounds from the fragment-based virtual screening (FBVS) were selected based on ≤ − 9.0 kcal/mol binding free energy cut-off value. These were subjected to similarity and sub-structure searching after they had passed PAINS screening and the obtained derivatives showed improved binding affinity for PfPI4K (− 10.00 to − 13.80 kcal/mol). Moreover, binding hypothesis of the top-scoring compound (31) was confirmed in a 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation and its binding pose retrieved after the system had converged at about 10 ns into the evolution was described to lay foundation for a rationale chemical-modification to optimize binding to PfPI4K. Overall, compound 31 appears to be a viable starting point for the development of PPI4K inhibitors with antimalarial activity.
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13
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Erhunse N, Sahal D. Protecting future antimalarials from the trap of resistance: Lessons from artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) failures. J Pharm Anal 2021; 11:541-554. [PMID: 34765267 PMCID: PMC8572664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Having faced increased clinical treatment failures with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA-PPQ), Cambodia swapped the first line artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) from DHA-PPQ to artesunate-mefloquine given that parasites resistant to piperaquine are susceptible to mefloquine. However, triple mutants have now emerged, suggesting that drug rotations may not be adequate to keep resistance at bay. There is, therefore, an urgent need for alternative treatment strategies to tackle resistance and prevent its spread. A proper understanding of all contributors to artemisinin resistance may help us identify novel strategies to keep artemisinins effective until new drugs become available for their replacement. This review highlights the role of the key players in artemisinin resistance, the current strategies to deal with it and suggests ways of protecting future antimalarial drugs from bowing to resistance as their predecessors did.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nekpen Erhunse
- Malaria Drug Discovery Research Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo-State, Nigeria
| | - Dinkar Sahal
- Malaria Drug Discovery Research Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
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14
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Tisnerat C, Dassonville-Klimpt A, Gosselet F, Sonnet P. Antimalarial drug discovery: from quinine to the most recent promising clinical drug candidates. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:3326-3365. [PMID: 34344287 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210803152419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a tropical threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, resulting in 409,000 deaths in 2019. The delay of mortality and morbidity has been compounded by the widespread of drug resistant parasites from Southeast Asia since two decades. The emergence of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium in Africa, where most cases are accounted, highlights the urgent need for new medicines. In this effort, the World Health Organization and Medicines for Malaria Venture joined to define clear goals for novel therapies and characterized the target candidate profile. This ongoing search for new treatments is based on imperative labor in medicinal chemistry which is summarized here with particular attention to hit-to-lead optimizations, key properties, and modes of action of these novel antimalarial drugs. This review, after presenting the current antimalarial chemotherapy, from quinine to the latest marketed drugs, focuses in particular on recent advances of the most promising antimalarial candidates in clinical and preclinical phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Tisnerat
- AGIR UR4294, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens. France
| | | | | | - Pascal Sonnet
- AGIR UR4294, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens. France
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15
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Paymode DJ, Chang L, Chen D, Wang B, Kashinath K, Gopalsamuthiram V, McQuade DT, Vasudevan N, Ahmad S, Snead DR. Application of Vinamidinium Salt Chemistry for a Palladium Free Synthesis of Anti-Malarial MMV048: A "Bottom-Up" Approach. Org Lett 2021; 23:5400-5404. [PMID: 34185545 PMCID: PMC9385109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
MMV390048 (1) is a clinical compound under investigation
for antimalarial activity. A new synthetic route was developed which
couples two aromatic fragments while forming the central pyridine
ring over two steps. This sequence takes advantage of raw materials
used in the existing etoricoxib supply chain and eliminates the need
for palladium catalysts, which were projected to be major cost-drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh J Paymode
- Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Le Chang
- WuXi AppTec (Wuhan) Co. Ltd., Wuhan East Lake High-tech Development Zone, Wuhan 430075, P. R. of China
| | - Dan Chen
- WuXi AppTec (Wuhan) Co. Ltd., Wuhan East Lake High-tech Development Zone, Wuhan 430075, P. R. of China
| | - Binglin Wang
- WuXi AppTec (Wuhan) Co. Ltd., Wuhan East Lake High-tech Development Zone, Wuhan 430075, P. R. of China
| | - Komirishetty Kashinath
- Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | | | - D Tyler McQuade
- Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - N Vasudevan
- Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Saeed Ahmad
- Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - David R Snead
- Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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16
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Ullah I, Sharma R, Mete A, Biagini GA, Wetzel DM, Horrocks PD. The relative rate of kill of the MMV Malaria Box compounds provides links to the mode of antimalarial action and highlights scaffolds of medicinal chemistry interest. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:362-370. [PMID: 31665424 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rapid rate-of-kill (RoK) is a key parameter in the target candidate profile 1 (TCP1) for the next-generation antimalarial drugs for uncomplicated malaria, termed Single Encounter Radical Cure and Prophylaxis (SERCaP). TCP1 aims to rapidly eliminate the initial parasite burden, ideally as fast as artesunate, but minimally as fast as chloroquine. Here we explore whether the relative RoK of the Medicine for Malaria Venture (MMV) Malaria Box compounds is linked to their mode of action (MoA) and identify scaffolds of medicinal chemistry interest. METHODS We used a bioluminescence relative RoK (BRRoK) assay over 6 and 48 h, with exposure to equipotent IC50 concentrations, to compare the cytocidal effects of Malaria Box compounds with those of benchmark antimalarials. RESULTS BRRoK assay data demonstrate the following relative RoKs, from fast to slow: inhibitors of PfATP4>parasite haemoglobin catabolism>dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHFR-TS)>dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH)>bc1 complex. Core-scaffold clustering analyses revealed intrinsic rapid cytocidal action for diamino-glycerols and 2-(aminomethyl)phenol, but slow action for 2-phenylbenz-imidazoles, 8-hydroxyquinolines and triazolopyrimidines. CONCLUSIONS This study provides proof of principle that a compound's RoK is related to its MoA and that the target's intrinsic RoK is also modified by factors affecting a drug's access to it. Our findings highlight that as we use medicinal chemistry to improve potency, we can also improve the RoK for some scaffolds. Our BRRoK assay provides the necessary throughput for drug discovery and a critical decision-making tool to support development campaigns. Finally, two scaffolds, diamino-glycerols and 2-phenylbenzimidazoles, exhibit fast cytocidal action, inviting medicinal chemistry improvements towards TCP1 candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ullah
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Raman Sharma
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - Antonio Mete
- Medsyndesign Ltd, Advanced Technology Innovation Centre, 5 Oakwood Drive, Loughborough, UK
| | - Giancarlo A Biagini
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dawn M Wetzel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Paul D Horrocks
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
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17
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Abstract
"Drug resistance is an unavoidable consequence of the use of drugs; however, the emergence of multi-drug resistance can be managed by accurate diagnosis and tailor-made regimens."Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), is one of the most paramount health perils that has emerged in the 21st century. The global increase in drug-resistant strains of various bacterial pathogens prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to develop a priority list of AMR pathogens. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), an acid-fast bacillus that causes tuberculosis (TB), merits being one of the highest priority pathogens on this list since drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) accounts for ∼29% of deaths attributable to AMR. In recent years, funded collaborative efforts of researchers from academia, not-for-profit virtual R&D organizations and industry have resulted in the continuous growth of the TB drug discovery and development pipeline. This has so far led to the accelerated regulatory approval of bedaquiline and delamanid for the treatment of DR-TB. However, despite the availability of drug regimes, the current cure rate for multi-drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) treatment regimens is 50% and 30%, respectively. It is to be noted that these regimens are administered over a long duration and have a serious side effect profile. Coupled with poor patient adherence, this has led to further acquisition of drug resistance and treatment failure. There is therefore an urgent need to develop new TB drugs with novel mechanism of actions (MoAs) and associated regimens.This Account recapitulates drug resistance in TB, existing challenges in addressing DR-TB, new drugs and regimens in development, and potential ways to treat DR-TB. We highlight our research aimed at identifying novel small molecule leads and associated targets against TB toward contributing to the global TB drug discovery and development pipeline. Our work mainly involves screening of various small molecule chemical libraries in phenotypic whole-cell based assays to identify hits for medicinal chemistry optimization, with attendant deconvolution of the MoA. We discuss the identification of small molecule chemotypes active against Mtb and subsequent structure-activity relationships (SAR) and MoA deconvolution studies. This is followed by a discussion on a chemical series identified by whole-cell cross-screening against Mtb, for which MoA deconvolution studies revealed a pathway that explained the lack of in vivo efficacy in a mouse model of TB and reiterated the importance of selecting an appropriate growth medium during phenotypic screening. We also discuss our efforts on drug repositioning toward addressing DR-TB. In the concluding section, we preview some promising future directions and the challenges inherent in advancing the drug pipeline to address DR-TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Singh
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South
African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research
Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease
and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South
African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research
Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease
and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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18
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Discovery and development of 2-aminobenzimidazoles as potent antimalarials. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 221:113518. [PMID: 34058708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to frontline antimalarials, including artemisinin combination therapies, highlights the need for new molecules that act via novel mechanisms of action. Herein, we report the design, synthesis and antimalarial activity of a series of 2-aminobenzimidazoles, featuring a phenol moiety that is crucial to the pharmacophore. Two potent molecules exhibited IC50 values against P. falciparum 3D7 strain of 42 ± 4 (3c) and 43 ± 2 nM (3g), and high potency against strains resistant to chloroquine (Dd2), artemisinin (Cam3.IIC580Y) and PfATP4 inhibitors (SJ557733), while demonstrating no cytotoxicity against human cells (HEK293, IC50 > 50 μM). The most potent molecule, possessing a 4,5-dimethyl substituted phenol (3r) displayed an IC50 value of 6.4 ± 0.5 nM against P. falciparum 3D7, representing a 12-fold increase in activity from the parent molecule. The 2-aminobenzimidazoles containing a N1-substituted phenol represent a new class of molecules that have high potency in vitro against P. falciparum malaria and low cytotoxicity. They possessed attractive pharmaceutical properties, including low molecular weight, high ligand efficiency, high solubility, synthetic tractability and low in vitro clearance in human liver microsomes.
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19
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Monastyrskyi A, Brockmeyer F, LaCrue AN, Zhao Y, Maher SP, Maignan JR, Padin-Irizarry V, Sakhno YI, Parvatkar PT, Asakawa AH, Huang L, Casandra D, Mashkouri S, Kyle DE, Manetsch R. Aminoalkoxycarbonyloxymethyl Ether Prodrugs with a pH-Triggered Release Mechanism: A Case Study Improving the Solubility, Bioavailability, and Efficacy of Antimalarial 4(1 H)-Quinolones with Single Dose Cures. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6581-6595. [PMID: 33979164 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical development of numerous small molecules is prevented by their poor aqueous solubility, limited absorption, and oral bioavailability. Herein, we disclose a general prodrug approach that converts promising lead compounds into aminoalkoxycarbonyloxymethyl (amino AOCOM) ether-substituted analogues that display significantly improved aqueous solubility and enhanced oral bioavailability, restoring key requirements typical for drug candidate profiles. The prodrug is completely independent of biotransformations and animal-independent because it becomes an active compound via a pH-triggered intramolecular cyclization-elimination reaction. As a proof-of-concept, the utility of this novel amino AOCOM ether prodrug approach was demonstrated on an antimalarial compound series representing a variety of antimalarial 4(1H)-quinolones, which entered and failed preclinical development over the last decade. With the amino AOCOM ether prodrug moiety, the 3-aryl-4(1H)-quinolone preclinical candidate was shown to provide single-dose cures in a rodent malaria model at an oral dose of 3 mg/kg, without the use of an advanced formulation technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Monastyrskyi
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, CHE 205, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Fabian Brockmeyer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 102 Hurtig Hall, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alexis N LaCrue
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Yingzhao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 102 Hurtig Hall, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Steven P Maher
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Coverdell Center, Rm 370B, 500 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jordany R Maignan
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, CHE 205, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Vivian Padin-Irizarry
- Department of Biology, Clayton State University, 2000 Clayton State Boulevard, Morrow, Georgia 30260, United States.,Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Coverdell Center, Rm 370B, 500 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Yana I Sakhno
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, CHE 205, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Prakash T Parvatkar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 102 Hurtig Hall, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ami H Asakawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 102 Hurtig Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lili Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 102 Hurtig Hall, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Debora Casandra
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Sherwin Mashkouri
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Dennis E Kyle
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States.,Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Coverdell Center, Rm 370B, 500 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Roman Manetsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, CHE 205, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 102 Hurtig Hall, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 102 Hurtig Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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20
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Priebbenow DL, Mathiew M, Shi DH, Harjani JR, Beveridge JG, Chavchich M, Edstein MD, Duffy S, Avery VM, Jacobs RT, Brand S, Shackleford DM, Wang W, Zhong L, Lee G, Tay E, Barker H, Crighton E, White KL, Charman SA, De Paoli A, Creek DJ, Baell JB. Discovery of Potent and Fast-Acting Antimalarial Bis-1,2,4-triazines. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4150-4162. [PMID: 33759519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel 3,3'-disubstituted-5,5'-bi(1,2,4-triazine) compounds with potent in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum parasites were recently discovered. To improve the pharmacokinetic properties of the triazine derivatives, a new structure-activity relationship (SAR) investigation was initiated with a focus on enhancing the metabolic stability of lead compounds. These efforts led to the identification of second-generation highly potent antimalarial bis-triazines, exemplified by triazine 23, which exhibited significantly improved in vitro metabolic stability (8 and 42 μL/min/mg protein in human and mouse liver microsomes). The disubstituted triazine dimer 23 was also observed to suppress parasitemia in the Peters 4-day test with a mean ED50 value of 1.85 mg/kg/day and exhibited a fast-killing profile, revealing a new class of orally available antimalarial compounds of considerable interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Priebbenow
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Mitch Mathiew
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Da-Hua Shi
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Jitendra R Harjani
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Julia G Beveridge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Marina Chavchich
- The Department of Drug Evaluation, Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4051, Australia
| | - Michael D Edstein
- The Department of Drug Evaluation, Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4051, Australia
| | | | | | - Robert T Jacobs
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), P.O. Box 1826, Route de Pré-Bois 20, CH-1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Brand
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), P.O. Box 1826, Route de Pré-Bois 20, CH-1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David M Shackleford
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Wen Wang
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Longjin Zhong
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Given Lee
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Erin Tay
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Helena Barker
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Elly Crighton
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Karen L White
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Susan A Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Amanda De Paoli
- Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Darren J Creek
- Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Jonathan B Baell
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre for Fragment-Based Design, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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21
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Adderley J, Williamson T, Doerig C. Parasite and Host Erythrocyte Kinomics of Plasmodium Infection. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:508-524. [PMID: 33593681 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malaria remains a heavy public health and socioeconomic burden in tropical and subtropical regions. Increasing resistance against front-line treatments implies that novel targets for antimalarial intervention are urgently required. Protein kinases of both the parasites and their host cells possess strong potential in this respect. We present an overview of the updated kinome of Plasmodium falciparum, the species that is the largest contributor to malaria mortality, and of current knowledge pertaining to the function of parasite-encoded protein kinases during the parasite's life cycle. Furthermore, we detail recent advances in drug initiatives targeting Plasmodium kinases and outline the potential of protein kinases in the context of the growing field of host-directed therapies, which is currently being explored as a novel way to combat parasite drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Adderley
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Tayla Williamson
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Christian Doerig
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
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22
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Xie Z, Yang X, Duan Y, Han J, Liao C. Small-Molecule Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Nononcologic Diseases. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1283-1345. [PMID: 33481605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Great successes have been achieved in developing small-molecule kinase inhibitors as anticancer therapeutic agents. However, kinase deregulation plays essential roles not only in cancer but also in almost all major disease areas. Accumulating evidence has revealed that kinases are promising drug targets for different diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, central nervous system disorders, viral infections, and malaria. Indeed, the first small-molecule kinase inhibitor for treatment of a nononcologic disease was approved in 2011 by the U.S. FDA. To date, 10 such inhibitors have been approved, and more are in clinical trials for applications other than cancer. This Perspective discusses a number of kinases and their small-molecule inhibitors for the treatment of diseases in nononcologic therapeutic fields. The opportunities and challenges in developing such inhibitors are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouling Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yajun Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jihong Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Chenzhong Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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23
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Mustière R, Vanelle P, Primas N. Plasmodial Kinase Inhibitors Targeting Malaria: Recent Developments. Molecules 2020; 25:E5949. [PMID: 33334080 PMCID: PMC7765515 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in reducing malaria cases and ensuing deaths is threatened by factors like mutations that induce resistance to artemisinin derivatives. Multiple drugs are currently in clinical trials for malaria treatment, including some with novel mechanisms of action. One of these, MMV390048, is a plasmodial kinase inhibitor. This review lists the recently developed molecules which target plasmodial kinases. A systematic review of the literature was performed using CAPLUS and MEDLINE databases from 2005 to 2020. It covers a total of 60 articles and describes about one hundred compounds targeting 22 plasmodial kinases. This work highlights the strong potential of compounds targeting plasmodial kinases for future drug therapies. However, the majority of the Plasmodium kinome remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France;
| | - Nicolas Primas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France;
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24
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Fienberg S, Eyermann CJ, Arendse LB, Basarab GS, McPhail JA, Burke JE, Chibale K. Structural Basis for Inhibitor Potency and Selectivity of Plasmodium falciparum Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase Inhibitors. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:3048-3063. [PMID: 32966036 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PfPI4K) has emerged as a promising new drug target for novel antimalarial therapeutics. In the absence of a reliable high-resolution three-dimensional structure, a homology model of PfPI4K was built as a tool for structure-based drug design. This homology model has been validated against three distinct chemical series of potent inhibitors using docking and energy minimizations to elucidate the interactions crucial for PI4K inhibition and potent antiplasmodium activity. Despite its potential as an antimalarial target, the similarity between PfPI4K and structurally related human kinases poses a risk for human off-target kinase activity and associated toxicity. Comparative docking between PfPI4K and human phosphoinositide kinases (PIKs) presents compelling evidence for the origins of selectivity. This in-depth analysis of the PfPI4K homology model, the binding modes of the inhibitors, and the interactions responsible for selectivity over human kinases provides a powerful template for future optimization of Plasmodium PI4K inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Fienberg
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Charles J. Eyermann
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Lauren B. Arendse
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Science, Observatory, Cape Town 7935, South Africa
| | - Gregory S. Basarab
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Jacob A. McPhail
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - John E. Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Science, Observatory, Cape Town 7935, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
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Moolman C, van der Sluis R, Beteck RM, Legoabe LJ. An Update on Development of Small-Molecule Plasmodial Kinase Inhibitors. Molecules 2020; 25:E5182. [PMID: 33171706 PMCID: PMC7664427 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria control relies heavily on the small number of existing antimalarial drugs. However, recurring antimalarial drug resistance necessitates the continual generation of new antimalarial drugs with novel modes of action. In order to shift the focus from only controlling this disease towards elimination and eradication, next-generation antimalarial agents need to address the gaps in the malaria drug arsenal. This includes developing drugs for chemoprotection, treating severe malaria and blocking transmission. Plasmodial kinases are promising targets for next-generation antimalarial drug development as they mediate critical cellular processes and some are active across multiple stages of the parasite's life cycle. This review gives an update on the progress made thus far with regards to plasmodial kinase small-molecule inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantalle Moolman
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; (C.M.); (R.M.B.)
| | - Rencia van der Sluis
- Focus Area for Human Metabolomics, Biochemistry, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa;
| | - Richard M. Beteck
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; (C.M.); (R.M.B.)
| | - Lesetja J. Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; (C.M.); (R.M.B.)
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26
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Madhav H, Hoda N. An insight into the recent development of the clinical candidates for the treatment of malaria and their target proteins. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:112955. [PMID: 33131885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is an endemic disease, prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions which cost half of million deaths annually. The eradication of malaria is one of the global health priority nevertheless, current therapeutic efforts seem to be insufficient due to the emergence of drug resistance towards most of the available drugs, even first-line treatment ACT, unavailability of the vaccine, and lack of drugs with a new mechanism of action. Intensification of antimalarial research in recent years has resulted into the development of single dose multistage therapeutic agents which has advantage of overcoming the antimalarial drug resistance. The present review explored the current progress in the development of new promising antimalarials against prominent target proteins that have the potential to be a clinical candidate. Here, we also reviewed different aspects of drug resistance and highlighted new drug candidates that are currently in a clinical trial or clinical development, along with a few other molecules with excellent antimalarial activity overs ACTs. The summarized scientific value of previous approaches and structural features of antimalarials related to the activity are highlighted that will be helpful for the development of next-generation antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Madhav
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India.
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India.
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27
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de Araújo RV, Santos SS, Sanches LM, Giarolla J, El Seoud O, Ferreira EI. Malaria and tuberculosis as diseases of neglected populations: state of the art in chemotherapy and advances in the search for new drugs. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 115:e200229. [PMID: 33053077 PMCID: PMC7534959 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria and tuberculosis are no longer considered to be neglected diseases by the World Health Organization. However, both are huge challenges and public health problems in the world, which affect poor people, today referred to as neglected populations. In addition, malaria and tuberculosis present the same difficulties regarding the treatment, such as toxicity and the microbial resistance. The increase of Plasmodium resistance to the available drugs along with the insurgence of multidrug- and particularly tuberculosis drug-resistant strains are enough to justify efforts towards the development of novel medicines for both diseases. This literature review provides an overview of the state of the art of antimalarial and antituberculosis chemotherapies, emphasising novel drugs introduced in the pharmaceutical market and the advances in research of new candidates for these diseases, and including some aspects of their mechanism/sites of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Vinicius de Araújo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas,
Departamento de Farmácia, Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos
Contra Doenças Negligenciadas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Soraya Silva Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas,
Departamento de Farmácia, Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos
Contra Doenças Negligenciadas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Luccas Missfeldt Sanches
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas,
Departamento de Farmácia, Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos
Contra Doenças Negligenciadas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Jeanine Giarolla
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas,
Departamento de Farmácia, Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos
Contra Doenças Negligenciadas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Omar El Seoud
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química, Departamento de
Química Fundamental, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Elizabeth Igne Ferreira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas,
Departamento de Farmácia, Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos
Contra Doenças Negligenciadas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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28
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Akester JN, Njaria P, Nchinda A, Le Manach C, Myrick A, Singh V, Lawrence N, Njoroge M, Taylor D, Moosa A, Smith AJ, Brooks EJ, Lenaerts AJ, Robertson GT, Ioerger TR, Mueller R, Chibale K. Synthesis, Structure-Activity Relationship, and Mechanistic Studies of Aminoquinazolinones Displaying Antimycobacterial Activity. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1951-1964. [PMID: 32470286 PMCID: PMC7359024 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Phenotypic whole-cell screening against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in glycerol–alanine–salts
supplemented with Tween 80 and iron (GASTE-Fe) media led to the identification
of a 2-aminoquinazolinone hit compound, sulfone 1 which
was optimized for solubility by replacing the sulfone moiety with
a sulfoxide 2. The synthesis and structure–activity
relationship (SAR) studies identified several compounds with potent
antimycobacterial activity, which were metabolically stable and noncytotoxic.
Compound 2 displayed favorable in vitro properties and was therefore selected for in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) studies where it was found to be extensively
metabolized to the sulfone 1. Both derivatives exhibited
promising PK parameters; however, when 2 was evaluated
for in vivo efficacy in an acute TB infection mouse
model, it was found to be inactive. In order to understand the in vitro and in vivo discrepancy, compound 2 was subsequently retested in vitro using
different Mtb strains cultured in different media.
This revealed that activity was only observed in media containing
glycerol and led to the hypothesis that glycerol was not used as a
primary carbon source by Mtb in the mouse lungs,
as has previously been observed. Support for this hypothesis was provided
by spontaneous-resistant mutant generation and whole genome sequencing
studies, which revealed mutations mapping to glycerol metabolizing
genes indicating that the 2-aminoquinazolinones kill Mtb in
vitro via a glycerol-dependent mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N. Akester
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Paul Njaria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Aloysius Nchinda
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Claire Le Manach
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Alissa Myrick
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Vinayak Singh
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Nina Lawrence
- H3D, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Mathew Njoroge
- H3D, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Dale Taylor
- H3D, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Atica Moosa
- MRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Anthony J. Smith
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Elizabeth J. Brooks
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Anne J. Lenaerts
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Gregory T. Robertson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Thomas R. Ioerger
- Department of Computer Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3112, United States
| | - Rudolf Mueller
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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29
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Sternberg AR, Roepe PD. Heterologous Expression, Purification, and Functional Analysis of the Plasmodium falciparum Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase IIIβ. Biochemistry 2020; 59:2494-2506. [PMID: 32543181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we heterologously expressed, purified, and analyzed the function of the sole Plasmodium falciparum phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), found that the enzyme is a "class III" or "Vps34" PI3K, and found that it is irreversibly inhibited by Fe2+-mediated covalent, nonspecific interactions with the leading antimalarial drug, dihydroartemisinin [Hassett, M. R., et al. (2017) Biochemistry 56, 4335-4345]. One of several P. falciparum phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases [putative IIIβ isoform (PfPI4KIIIβ)] has generated similar interest as a druggable target; however, no validation of the mechanism of action for putative PfPI4K inhibitors has yet been possible due to the lack of purified PfPI4KIIIβ. We therefore codon optimized the pfpi4kIIIβ gene, successfully expressed the protein in yeast, and purified an N-lobe catalytic domain PfPI4KIIIβ protein. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay strategy previously perfected for analysis of PfPI3K (PfVps34), we measured the apparent initial rate, Km,app(ATP), and other enzyme characteristics and found full activity for the construct and that PfPI4KIIIβ activity is most consistent with the class IIIβ designation. Because several novel antimalarial drug candidates with different chemical scaffolds have been proposed to target PfPI4KIIIβ, we titrated enzyme inhibition for these candidates versus purified PfPI4KIIIβ and PfVps34. We also analyzed the activity versus purified PfPI4KIIIβ mutants previously expressed in P. falciparum selected for resistance to these drugs. Interestingly, we found that a putative PfPI4KIIIβ inhibitor currently in advanced trials (MMV390048; MMV '0048) is a potent inhibitor of both PfVps34 and PfPI4KIIIβ. These data are helpful for further preclinical optimization of an exciting new class of P. falciparum PI kinase inhibitor ("PfPIKi") antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Sternberg
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, 37th & O Street Northwest, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Paul D Roepe
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, 37th & O Street Northwest, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
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30
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Veale CGL, Müller R. Recent Highlights in Anti-infective Medicinal Chemistry from South Africa. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:809-826. [PMID: 32149446 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Global advancements in biological technologies have vastly increased the variety of and accessibility to bioassay platforms, while simultaneously improving our understanding of druggable chemical space. In the South African context, this has resulted in a rapid expansion in the number of medicinal chemistry programmes currently operating, particularly on university campuses. Furthermore, the modern medicinal chemist has the advantage of being able to incorporate data from numerous related disciplines into the medicinal chemistry process, allowing for informed molecular design to play a far greater role than previously possible. Accordingly, this review focusses on recent highlights in drug-discovery programmes, in which South African medicinal chemistry groups have played a substantive role in the design and optimisation of biologically active compounds which contribute to the search for promising agents for infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
| | - Ronel Müller
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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31
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Hassett MR, Roepe PD. Origin and Spread of Evolving Artemisinin-Resistant Plasmodium falciparum Malarial Parasites in Southeast Asia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:1204-1211. [PMID: 31642425 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we provide an epidemiological history of the emergence and ongoing spread of evolving Plasmodium falciparum artemisinin resistance (ARTR). Southeast Asia has been the focal point for emergence and spread of multiple antimalarial drug resistance phenomena, and is once again for evolving ARTR, also known as the "delayed clearance phenotype" (DCP). The five countries most impacted, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam, each have complex histories of antimalarial drug use over many decades, which have in part molded the use of various artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) within each country. We catalog the use of ACTs, evolving loss of ACT efficacy, and the frequency of pfk13 mutations (mutations associated with ARTR) in the Greater Mekong Subregion and map the historical spread of ARTR/DCP parasites. These data should assist improved surveillance and deployment of next-generation ACTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Hassett
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Paul D Roepe
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
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Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Antimalarial Activity of the Novel Plasmodium Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase Inhibitor MMV390048 in Healthy Volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.01896-19. [PMID: 31932368 PMCID: PMC7179259 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01896-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MMV390048 is a novel antimalarial compound that inhibits Plasmodium phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase. The safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic profile, and antimalarial activity of MMV390048 were determined in healthy volunteers in three separate studies. A first-in-human, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, single-ascending-dose study was performed. Additionally, a volunteer infection study investigated the antimalarial activity of MMV390048 using the Plasmodium falciparum induced blood-stage malaria (IBSM) model. MMV390048 is a novel antimalarial compound that inhibits Plasmodium phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase. The safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic profile, and antimalarial activity of MMV390048 were determined in healthy volunteers in three separate studies. A first-in-human, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, single-ascending-dose study was performed. Additionally, a volunteer infection study investigated the antimalarial activity of MMV390048 using the Plasmodium falciparum induced blood-stage malaria (IBSM) model. Due to the high pharmacokinetic variability with the powder-in-bottle formulation used in both of these studies, a third study was undertaken to select a tablet formulation of MMV390048 to take forward into future studies. MMV390048 was generally well tolerated when administered as a single oral dose up to 120 mg, with rapid absorption and a long elimination half-life. Twelve adverse events were considered to be potentially related to MMV390048 in the first-in-human study but with no obvious correlation between these and MMV390048 dose or exposure. Although antimalarial activity was evident in the IBSM study, rapid recrudescence occurred in most subjects after treatment with 20 mg MMV390048, a dose expected to be subtherapeutic. Reformulation of MMV390048 into two tablet formulations (tartaric acid and Syloid) resulted in significantly reduced intersubject pharmacokinetic variability. Overall, the results of this study suggest that MMV390048 is well tolerated in humans, and the pharmacokinetic properties of the compound indicate that it has the potential to be used for antimalarial prophylaxis or inclusion in a single-dose cure. MMV390048 is currently being tested in a phase 2a study in Ethiopian adults with acute, uncomplicated falciparum or vivax malaria monoinfection. (The three clinical trials described here were each registered with ClinicalTrials.gov as follows: first-in-human study, registration no. NCT02230579; IBSM study, registration no. NCT02281344; and formulation optimization study, registration no. NCT02554799.)
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Tiash S, Saunders J, Hart CJS, Ryan JH, Riches AG, Skinner-Adams TS. An image-based Pathogen Box screen identifies new compounds with anti-Giardia activity and highlights the importance of assay choice in phenotypic drug discovery. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2020; 12:60-67. [PMID: 32234669 PMCID: PMC7113605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis, the most prevalent human intestinal parasite causes the disease, giardiasis. On an annual basis G. duodenalis infects ~1 billion people, of which ~280 million develop symptomatic disease. Giardiasis can be severe and chronic, causing malnutrition, stunted growth and poor cognitive development in children. Current treatment options rely on drugs with declining efficacy and side-effects. To improve the health and well-being of millions of people world-wide, new anti-Giardia drugs with different modes of action to currently used drugs are required. The Medicines for Malaria Venture's Pathogen Box, a collection of bio-active compounds specifically chosen to stimulate infectious disease drug discovery, represents an opportunity for the discovery of new anti-Giardia agents. While the anti-Giardia activity of Pathogen Box compounds has been reported, this work failed to identify known anti-Giardia controls within the compound set. It also reported the activity of compounds previously screened and shown to be inactive by others, suggesting data may be inaccurate. Given these concerns the anti-Giardia activity of Pathogen Box compounds was re-assessed in the current study. Data from this work identified thirteen compounds with anti-Giardia IC50 values ≤2 μM. Five of these compounds were reference compounds (marketed drugs with known anti-microbial activity), or analogues of compounds with previously described anti-Giardia activity. However, eight, including MMV676358 and MMV028694, which demonstrated potent sub-μM IC50s against assemblage A, B and metronidazole resistant parasites (0.3 μM and 0.9 μM respectively), may represent new leads for future drug development. Interestingly, only four of these compounds were identified in the previously reported Pathogen Box screen highlighting the importance of assay selection and design when assessing compounds for activity against infectious agents. 13 compounds with anti-Giardia IC50 values < 2 μM were identified. 8 compounds represent new leads for drug development. MMV676358 and MMV028694 demonstrated the most promising acting. Data highlight the importance of assay selection and design in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Tiash
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, 46 Don Young Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Jake Saunders
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, 46 Don Young Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Christopher J S Hart
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, 46 Don Young Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - John H Ryan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Biomedical Manufacturing, Bayview Av., Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Andrew G Riches
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Biomedical Manufacturing, Bayview Av., Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Tina S Skinner-Adams
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, 46 Don Young Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
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Dans MG, Weiss GE, Wilson DW, Sleebs BE, Crabb BS, de Koning-Ward TF, Gilson PR. Screening the Medicines for Malaria Venture Pathogen Box for invasion and egress inhibitors of the blood stage of Plasmodium falciparum reveals several inhibitory compounds. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:235-252. [PMID: 32135179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With emerging resistance to frontline treatments, it is vital that new drugs are identified to target Plasmodium falciparum. One of the most critical processes during parasites asexual lifecycle is the invasion and subsequent egress of red blood cells (RBCs). Many unique parasite ligands, receptors and enzymes are employed during egress and invasion that are essential for parasite proliferation and survival, therefore making these processes druggable targets. To identify potential inhibitors of egress and invasion, we screened the Medicines for Malaria Venture Pathogen Box, a 400 compound library against neglected tropical diseases, including 125 with antimalarial activity. For this screen, we utilised transgenic parasites expressing a bioluminescent reporter, nanoluciferase (Nluc), to measure inhibition of parasite egress and invasion in the presence of the Pathogen Box compounds. At a concentration of 2 µM, we found 15 compounds that inhibited parasite egress by >40% and 24 invasion-specific compounds that inhibited invasion by >90%. We further characterised 11 of these inhibitors through cell-based assays and live cell microscopy, and found two compounds that inhibited merozoite maturation in schizonts, one compound that inhibited merozoite egress, one compound that directly inhibited parasite invasion and one compound that slowed down invasion and arrested ring formation. The remaining compounds were general growth inhibitors that acted during the egress and invasion phase of the cell cycle. We found the sulfonylpiperazine, MMV020291, to be the most invasion-specific inhibitor, blocking successful merozoite internalisation within human RBCs and having no substantial effect on other stages of the cell cycle. This has significant implications for the possible development of an invasion-specific inhibitor as an antimalarial in a combination based therapy, in addition to being a useful tool for studying the biology of the invading parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline G Dans
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Greta E Weiss
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Danny W Wilson
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia; Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Brad E Sleebs
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Brendan S Crabb
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Paul R Gilson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
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35
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McPhail JA, Burke JE. Drugging the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K) and Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase (PI4K) Family of Enzymes for Treatment of Cancer, Immune Disorders, and Viral/Parasitic Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1274:203-222. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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36
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Yadav BS, Chaturvedi N, Marina N. Recent Advances in System Based Study for Anti-Malarial Drug Development Process. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:3367-3377. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190902162105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Presently, malaria is one of the most prevalent and deadly infectious disease across Africa,
Asia, and America that has now started to spread in Europe. Despite large research being carried out in the
field, still, there is a lack of efficient anti-malarial therapeutics. In this paper, we highlight the increasing efforts
that are urgently needed towards the development and discovery of potential antimalarial drugs, which must be
safe and affordable. The new drugs thus mentioned are also able to counter the spread of malaria parasites that
have been resistant to the existing agents.
Objective:
The main objective of the review is to highlight the recent development in the use of system biologybased
approaches towards the design and discovery of novel anti-malarial inhibitors.
Method:
A huge literature survey was performed to gain advance knowledge about the global persistence of
malaria, its available treatment and shortcomings of the available inhibitors. Literature search and depth analysis
were also done to gain insight into the use of system biology in drug discovery and how this approach could be
utilized towards the development of the novel anti-malarial drug.
Results:
The system-based analysis has made easy to understand large scale sequencing data, find candidate
genes expression during malaria disease progression further design of drug molecules those are complementary of
the target proteins in term of shape and configuration.
Conclusion:
The review article focused on the recent computational advances in new generation sequencing,
molecular modeling, and docking related to malaria disease and utilization of the modern system and network
biology approach to antimalarial potential drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh S. Yadav
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Information Science and Technology, Partizahska, Ohrid, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
| | - Navaneet Chaturvedi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Information Science and Technology, Partizahska, Ohrid, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
| | - Ninoslav Marina
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Information Science and Technology, Partizahska, Ohrid, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
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Veale CGL, Laming D, Swart T, Chibale K, Hoppe HC. Exploring the Antiplasmodial 2-Aminopyridines as Potential Antitrypanosomal Agents. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:2034-2041. [PMID: 31670464 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently we reported the results of a screen of the Pathogen Box in which we identified 4-(2-amino-5-(4-(methylsulfonyl) phenyl) pyridin-3-yl)-2-methoxyphenol (MMV010576, 1) as our priority antitrypanosomal hit. This compound had previously been identified as a potent and selective antiplasmodial agent, where a focused optimization campaign, resulted in a medium-sized library of compounds, with favorable drug-like properties, one of which (MMV048, 2, 5-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-6'-(trifluoromethyl)-[3,3'-bipyridin]-2-amine) is currently undergoing clinical trials for malaria. Accordingly, we investigated this library, in order to elucidate structural activity relationship details of this class of compounds as inhibitors of Trypanosoma brucei. Our study has identified several structural features important for antitrypanosomal activity, which are distinct from those required for antiplasmodial activity. Results from this study can be exploited to develop potent antitrypanosomal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
| | | | - Tarryn Swart
- Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D) South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
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Feng LS, Xu Z, Chang L, Li C, Yan XF, Gao C, Ding C, Zhao F, Shi F, Wu X. Hybrid molecules with potential in vitro antiplasmodial and in vivo antimalarial activity against drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:931-971. [PMID: 31692025 DOI: 10.1002/med.21643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a tropical disease, leading to around half a million deaths annually. Antimalarials such as quinolines are crucial to fight against malaria, but malaria control is extremely challenged by the limited pipeline of effective pharmaceuticals against drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum which are resistant toward almost all currently accessible antimalarials. To tackle the growing resistance, new antimalarial drugs are needed urgently. Hybrid molecules which contain two or more pharmacophores have the potential to overcome the drug resistance, and hybridization of quinoline privileged antimalarial building block with other antimalarial pharmacophores may provide novel molecules with enhanced in vitro and in vivo activity against drug-resistant (including multidrug-resistant) P falciparum. In recent years, numerous of quinoline hybrids were developed, and their activities against a panel of drug-resistant P falciparum strains were screened. Some of quinoline hybrids were found to possess promising in vitro and in vivo potency. This review emphasized quinoline hybrid molecules with potential in vitro antiplasmodial and in vivo antimalarial activity against drug-resistant P falciparum, covering articles published between 2010 and 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhi Xu
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Le Chang
- WuXi AppTec Co, Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuan Li
- WuXi AppTec Co, Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Feng Shi
- WuXi AppTec Co, Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- WuXi AppTec Co, Ltd, Wuhan, China
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39
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Narula AK, Azad CS, Nainwal LM. New dimensions in the field of antimalarial research against malaria resurgence. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ashton TD, Devine SM, Möhrle JJ, Laleu B, Burrows JN, Charman SA, Creek DJ, Sleebs BE. The Development Process for Discovery and Clinical Advancement of Modern Antimalarials. J Med Chem 2019; 62:10526-10562. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Trent D. Ashton
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Shane M. Devine
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jörg J. Möhrle
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, ICC, Route de Pré-Bois 20, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benoît Laleu
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, ICC, Route de Pré-Bois 20, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy N. Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, ICC, Route de Pré-Bois 20, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Susan A. Charman
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Darren J. Creek
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Brad E. Sleebs
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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41
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van der Watt ME, Reader J, Churchyard A, Nondaba SH, Lauterbach SB, Niemand J, Abayomi S, van Biljon RA, Connacher JI, van Wyk RDJ, Le Manach C, Paquet T, González Cabrera D, Brunschwig C, Theron A, Lozano-Arias S, Rodrigues JFI, Herreros E, Leroy D, Duffy J, Street LJ, Chibale K, Mancama D, Coetzer TL, Birkholtz LM. Potent Plasmodium falciparum gametocytocidal compounds identified by exploring the kinase inhibitor chemical space for dual active antimalarials. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:1279-1290. [PMID: 29420756 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Novel chemical tools to eliminate malaria should ideally target both the asexual parasites and transmissible gametocytes. Several imidazopyridazines (IMPs) and 2-aminopyridines (2-APs) have been described as potent antimalarial candidates targeting lipid kinases. However, these have not been extensively explored for stage-specific inhibition of gametocytes in Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Here we provide an in-depth evaluation of the gametocytocidal activity of compounds from these chemotypes and identify novel starting points for dual-acting antimalarials. Methods We evaluated compounds against P. falciparum gametocytes using several assay platforms for cross-validation and stringently identified hits that were further profiled for stage specificity, speed of action and ex vivo efficacy. Physicochemical feature extraction and chemogenomic fingerprinting were applied to explore the kinase inhibition susceptibility profile. Results We identified 34 compounds with submicromolar activity against late stage gametocytes, validated across several assay platforms. Of these, 12 were potent at <100 nM (8 were IMPs and 4 were 2-APs) and were also active against early stage gametocytes and asexual parasites, with >1000-fold selectivity towards the parasite over mammalian cells. Front-runner compounds targeted mature gametocytes within 48 h and blocked transmission to mosquitoes. The resultant chemogenomic fingerprint of parasites treated with the lead compounds revealed the importance of targeting kinases in asexual parasites and gametocytes. Conclusions This study encompasses an in-depth evaluation of the kinase inhibitor space for gametocytocidal activity. Potent lead compounds have enticing dual activities and highlight the importance of targeting the kinase superfamily in malaria elimination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëtte E van der Watt
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control and South African Medical Research Council Collaborating Centre for Malaria Research, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Janette Reader
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control and South African Medical Research Council Collaborating Centre for Malaria Research, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Alisje Churchyard
- Plasmodium Molecular Research Unit, Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Sindisiwe H Nondaba
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control and South African Medical Research Council Collaborating Centre for Malaria Research, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Sonja B Lauterbach
- Plasmodium Molecular Research Unit, Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Jandeli Niemand
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control and South African Medical Research Council Collaborating Centre for Malaria Research, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Sijuade Abayomi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control and South African Medical Research Council Collaborating Centre for Malaria Research, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Riëtte A van Biljon
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control and South African Medical Research Council Collaborating Centre for Malaria Research, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Jessica I Connacher
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control and South African Medical Research Council Collaborating Centre for Malaria Research, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Roelof D J van Wyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control and South African Medical Research Council Collaborating Centre for Malaria Research, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Claire Le Manach
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Tanya Paquet
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Diego González Cabrera
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Christel Brunschwig
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Anjo Theron
- Biosciences, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, PO Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Sonia Lozano-Arias
- GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Janneth F I Rodrigues
- GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esperanza Herreros
- GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Didier Leroy
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, International Center Cointrin, Route de Pré-Bois 20, 1215, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - James Duffy
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, International Center Cointrin, Route de Pré-Bois 20, 1215, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Leslie J Street
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council, Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Dalu Mancama
- Biosciences, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, PO Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Theresa L Coetzer
- Plasmodium Molecular Research Unit, Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control and South African Medical Research Council Collaborating Centre for Malaria Research, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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Cabrera AC. Collaborative drug discovery and the Tres Cantos Antimalarial Set (TCAMS). Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1304-1310. [PMID: 30980903 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Malaria affects a population of over 200 million people worldwide. New drugs are needed because of widespread resistance, and the hunt for such drugs involves a coordinated research effort from the scientific community. The release of the Tres Cantos Antimalarial Set (TCAMS) in 2010 represented a landmark in the field of collaborative drug discovery for malaria. This set of >13 000 molecules with confirmed activity against several strains of Plasmodium falciparum was publicly released with the goal of fostering additional research beyond the GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) network of collaborators. Here, we examine the outcomes realized from TCAMS over the past 8 years and whether the expectations surrounding this initiative have become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Cortes Cabrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidad de Alcalá, Crta Madrid-Zaragoza Km 33.6, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
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43
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Tse EG, Korsik M, Todd MH. The past, present and future of anti-malarial medicines. Malar J 2019; 18:93. [PMID: 30902052 PMCID: PMC6431062 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Great progress has been made in recent years to reduce the high level of suffering caused by malaria worldwide. Notably, the use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets for malaria prevention and the use of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) for malaria treatment have made a significant impact. Nevertheless, the development of resistance to the past and present anti-malarial drugs highlights the need for continued research to stay one step ahead. New drugs are needed, particularly those with new mechanisms of action. Here the range of anti-malarial medicines developed over the years are reviewed, beginning with the discovery of quinine in the early 1800s, through to modern day ACT and the recently-approved tafenoquine. A number of new potential anti-malarial drugs currently in development are outlined, along with a description of the hit to lead campaign from which it originated. Finally, promising novel mechanisms of action for these and future anti-malarial medicines are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin G Tse
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Marat Korsik
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Matthew H Todd
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia. .,School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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Veale CGL. Unpacking the Pathogen Box-An Open Source Tool for Fighting Neglected Tropical Disease. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:386-453. [PMID: 30614200 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Pathogen Box is a 400-strong collection of drug-like compounds, selected for their potential against several of the world's most important neglected tropical diseases, including trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, filariasis, schistosomiasis, dengue virus and trichuriasis, in addition to malaria and tuberculosis. This library represents an ensemble of numerous successful drug discovery programmes from around the globe, aimed at providing a powerful resource to stimulate open source drug discovery for diseases threatening the most vulnerable communities in the world. This review seeks to provide an in-depth analysis of the literature pertaining to the compounds in the Pathogen Box, including structure-activity relationship highlights, mechanisms of action, related compounds with reported activity against different diseases, and, where appropriate, discussion on the known and putative targets of compounds, thereby providing context and increasing the accessibility of the Pathogen Box to the drug discovery community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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45
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Veale CGL, Hoppe HC. Screening of the Pathogen Box reveals new starting points for anti-trypanosomal drug discovery. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:2037-2044. [PMID: 30647879 PMCID: PMC6301270 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00319j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to uncover new starting points for anti-trypansomal drug discovery through the screening of the Pathogen Box against Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Our study identified compounds 35, 39, 46, 53 and 56 whose activity and selectivity highlighted them as promising candidates with potential for further study and optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics , Pietermaritzburg Campus , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Private Bag X01 , Scottsville , 3209 , South Africa . ; Tel: +27 33 260 6365
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , Rhodes University , Grahamstown , 6140 , South Africa . ; Tel: +27 46 603 8262
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Mvango S, Matshe WMR, Balogun AO, Pilcher LA, Balogun MO. Nanomedicines for Malaria Chemotherapy: Encapsulation vs. Polymer Therapeutics. Pharm Res 2018; 35:237. [PMID: 30324329 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is one of the oldest infectious diseases that afflict humans and its history extends back for millennia. It was once prevalent throughout the globe but today it is mainly endemic to tropical regions like sub-Saharan Africa and South-east Asia. Ironically, treatment for malaria has existed for centuries yet it still exerts an enormous death toll. This contradiction is attributed in part to the rapid development of resistance by the malaria parasite to chemotherapeutic drugs. In turn, resistance has been fuelled by poor patient compliance to the relatively toxic antimalarial drugs. While drug toxicity and poor pharmacological potentials have been addressed or ameliorated with various nanomedicine drug delivery systems in diseases like cancer, no clinically significant success story has been reported for malaria. There have been several reviews on the application of nanomedicine technologies, especially drug encapsulation, to malaria treatment. Here we extend the scope of the collation of the nanomedicine research literature to polymer therapeutics technology. We first discuss the history of the disease and how a flurry of scientific breakthroughs in the latter part of the nineteenth century provided scientific understanding of the disease. This is followed by a review of the disease biology and the major antimalarial chemotherapy. The achievements of nanomedicine in cancer and other infectious diseases are discussed to draw parallels with malaria. A review of the current state of the research into malaria nanomedicines, both encapsulation and polymer therapeutics polymer-drug conjugation technologies, is covered and we conclude with a consideration of the opportunities and challenges offered by both technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindisiwe Mvango
- Biopolymer Modification & Therapeutics Lab, Polymers & Composites, Materials Science & Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Meiring Naude Road, Brummeria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - William M R Matshe
- Biopolymer Modification & Therapeutics Lab, Polymers & Composites, Materials Science & Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Meiring Naude Road, Brummeria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Abideen O Balogun
- Department of Medicine, Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lynne A Pilcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Mohammed O Balogun
- Biopolymer Modification & Therapeutics Lab, Polymers & Composites, Materials Science & Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Meiring Naude Road, Brummeria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
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Investigating Sulfoxide-to-Sulfone Conversion as a Prodrug Strategy for a Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase Inhibitor in a Humanized Mouse Model of Malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00261-18. [PMID: 30249687 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00261-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo antimalarial efficacies of two phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4K) inhibitors, a 3,5-diaryl-2-aminopyrazine sulfoxide and its corresponding sulfone metabolite, were evaluated in the NOD-scid IL2Rγnull (NSG) murine malaria disease model of Plasmodium falciparum infection. We hypothesized that the sulfoxide would serve as a more soluble prodrug for the sulfone, which would lead to improved drug exposure with oral dosing. Both compounds had similar efficacy (90% effective dose [ED90], 0.1 mg kg-1 of body weight) across a quadruple-dose regimen. Pharmacokinetic profiling revealed rapid sulfoxide clearance via conversion to sulfone, with sulfone identified as the major active metabolite. When the sulfoxide was dosed, the exposure of the sulfone achieved was as much as 2.9-fold higher than when the sulfone was directly dosed, thereby demonstrating that the sulfoxide served as an effective prodrug for the treatment of malaria.
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Hennessey KM, Rogiers IC, Shih HW, Hulverson MA, Choi R, McCloskey MC, Whitman GR, Barrett LK, Merritt EA, Paredez AR, Ojo KK. Screening of the Pathogen Box for inhibitors with dual efficacy against Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006673. [PMID: 30080847 PMCID: PMC6095626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is need for a more efficient cell-based assay amenable to high-throughput drug screening against Giardia lamblia. Here, we report the development of a screening method utilizing G. lamblia engineered to express red-shifted firefly luciferase. Parasite growth and replication were quantified using D-luciferin as a substrate in a bioluminescent read-out plateform. This assay was validated for reproducibility and reliability against the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) Pathogen Box compounds. For G. lamblia, forty-three compounds showed ≥ 75% inhibition of parasite growth in the initial screen (16 μM), with fifteen showing ≥ 95% inhibition. The Pathogen Box was also screened against Nanoluciferase expressing (Nluc) C. parvum, yielding 85 compounds with ≥ 75% parasite growth inhibition at 10 μM, with six showing ≥ 95% inhibition. A representative set of seven compounds with activity against both parasites were further analyzed to determine the effective concentration that causes 50% growth inhibition (EC50) and cytotoxicity against mammalian HepG2 cells. Four of the seven compounds were previously known to be effective in treating either Giardia or Cryptosporidium. The remaining three shared no obvious chemical similarity with any previously characterized anti-parasite diarrheal drugs and offer new medicinal chemistry opportunities for therapeutic development. These results suggest that the bioluminescent assays are suitable for large-scale screening of chemical libraries against both C. parvum and G. lamblia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Hennessey
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ilse C. Rogiers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Han-Wei Shih
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Hulverson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ryan Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Molly C. McCloskey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Grant R. Whitman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lynn K. Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ethan A. Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alexander R. Paredez
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kayode K. Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Mathews ES, Odom John AR. Tackling resistance: emerging antimalarials and new parasite targets in the era of elimination. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30135714 PMCID: PMC6073090 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14874.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a significant contributor to global human mortality, and roughly half the world’s population is at risk for infection with
Plasmodium spp. parasites. Aggressive control measures have reduced the global prevalence of malaria significantly over the past decade. However, resistance to available antimalarials continues to spread, including resistance to the widely used artemisinin-based combination therapies. Novel antimalarial compounds and therapeutic targets are greatly needed. This review will briefly discuss several promising current antimalarial development projects, including artefenomel, ferroquine, cipargamin, SJ733, KAF156, MMV048, and tafenoquine. In addition, we describe recent large-scale genetic and resistance screens that have been instrumental in target discovery. Finally, we highlight new antimalarial targets, which include essential transporters and proteases. These emerging antimalarial compounds and therapeutic targets have the potential to overcome multi-drug resistance in ongoing efforts toward malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Mathews
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Audrey R Odom John
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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O' Neill PM, Stocks PA, Sabbani S, Roberts NL, Amewu RK, Shore ER, Aljayyoussi G, Angulo-Barturén I, Belén M, Jiménez-Díaz, Bazaga SF, Martínez MS, Campo B, Sharma R, Charman SA, Ryan E, Chen G, Shackleford DM, Davies J, Nixon GL, Biagini GA, Ward SA. Synthesis and profiling of benzylmorpholine 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane analogue N205: Towards tetraoxane scaffolds with potential for single dose cure of malaria. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2996-3005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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