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Mousavi H, Rimaz M, Zeynizadeh B. Practical Three-Component Regioselective Synthesis of Drug-Like 3-Aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[ h]cinnolines as Potential Non-Covalent Multi-Targeting Inhibitors To Combat Neurodegenerative Diseases. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1828-1881. [PMID: 38647433 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are one of the prominent health challenges facing contemporary society, and many efforts have been made to overcome and (or) control it. In this research paper, we described a practical one-pot two-step three-component reaction between 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one (1), aryl(or heteroaryl)glyoxal monohydrates (2a-h), and hydrazine monohydrate (NH2NH2•H2O) for the regioselective preparation of some 3-aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnoline derivatives (3a-h). After synthesis and characterization of the mentioned cinnolines (3a-h), the in silico multi-targeting inhibitory properties of these heterocyclic scaffolds have been investigated upon various Homo sapiens-type enzymes, including hMAO-A, hMAO-B, hAChE, hBChE, hBACE-1, hBACE-2, hNQO-1, hNQO-2, hnNOS, hiNOS, hPARP-1, hPARP-2, hLRRK-2(G2019S), hGSK-3β, hp38α MAPK, hJNK-3, hOGA, hNMDA receptor, hnSMase-2, hIDO-1, hCOMT, hLIMK-1, hLIMK-2, hRIPK-1, hUCH-L1, hPARK-7, and hDHODH, which have confirmed their functions and roles in the neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), based on molecular docking studies, and the obtained results were compared with a wide range of approved drugs and well-known (with IC50, EC50, etc.) compounds. In addition, in silico ADMET prediction analysis was performed to examine the prospective drug properties of the synthesized heterocyclic compounds (3a-h). The obtained results from the molecular docking studies and ADMET-related data demonstrated that these series of 3-aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnolines (3a-h), especially hit ones, can really be turned into the potent core of new drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), and/or due to the having some reactionable locations, they are able to have further organic reactions (such as cross-coupling reactions), and expansion of these compounds (for example, with using other types of aryl(or heteroaryl)glyoxal monohydrates) makes a new avenue for designing novel and efficient drugs for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mousavi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rimaz
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran 19395-3697, Iran
| | - Behzad Zeynizadeh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
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2
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Shang H, Wang F, Fan Y, Ma H, Liu Q, Guo C, Zhou P, Chen Q, Xiao Q, Zheng T, Li B, Zuo F, Liu J, Li Z, Yang J. Large-scale quantum emulating simulations of biomolecules: A pilot exploration of parallel quantum computing. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:876-880. [PMID: 38290894 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Shang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Huan Ma
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qi Liu
- National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi, Wuxi 214072, China
| | - Chu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pengyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qi Chen
- National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi, Wuxi 214072, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Tianyu Zheng
- National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi, Wuxi 214072, China
| | - Bin Li
- National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi, Wuxi 214072, China
| | - Fen Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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3
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Qiu W, Liu H, Liu Y, Lu X, Wang L, Hu Y, Feng F, Li Q, Sun H. Regulation of beta-amyloid for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Research progress of therapeutic strategies and bioactive compounds. Med Res Rev 2023. [PMID: 36945751 DOI: 10.1002/med.21947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is difficult to treat. Extracellular amyloid is the principal pathological criterion for the diagnosis of AD. Amyloid β (Aβ) interacts with various receptor molecules on the plasma membrane and mediates a series of signaling pathways that play a vital role in the occurrence and development of AD. Research on receptors that interact with Aβ is currently ongoing. Overall, there are no effective medications to treat AD. In this review, we first discuss the importance of Aβ in the pathogenesis of AD, then summarize the latest progress of Aβ-related targets and compounds. Finally, we put forward the challenges and opportunities in the development of effective AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Qiu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijun Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanyu Hu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Institute of Food and Pharmaceuticals Research, Jiangsu, Huaian, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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4
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Tung BT, Hang TTT, Kim NB, Nhung NH, Linh VK, Thu DK. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics approach to identify potential compounds in Huperzia squarrosa for treating Alzheimer's disease. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 19:955-965. [PMID: 35621378 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2021-0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a lingering progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes patients to lose cognitive function. The enzyme Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), Monoamine oxidase A (MAO A), Beta-secretase cleavage enzyme (BACE 1) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, inhibiting enzymes is an effective method to treat Alzheimer disease. In this study, we evaluated in silico inhibitory effects of AChE, BuChE, MAO A, BACE 1 and NMDA enzyme of Huperzia squarrosa's compounds. METHODS The three-dimensional (3D) of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (PDB ID: 1PBQ), enzyme β-secretase 1 (PDB ID: 4X7I), enzyme monoamine oxidase A (PDB ID: 2Z5X), enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (PDB ID: 4BDS) and enzyme acetylcholinesterase (PDB ID: 1EVE) were retrieved from the Protein Data Bank RCSB. Molecular docking was done by Autodock vina software and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the ligand-protein complex with the least binding energy pose was perfomed by MOE. Lipinski Rule of Five is used to compare compounds with drug-like and non-drug-like properties. Pharmacokinetic parameters of potential compounds were evaluated using the pkCSM tool. RESULTS Based on previous publication of Huperzia squarrosa, we have collected 15 compounds. In these compounds, huperzine B, huperzinine, lycoposerramine U N-oxide, 12-epilycodine N-oxide showed strongly inhibit the five AChE, BuChE, MAO A, BACE 1 and NMDA targets for Alzheimer's treatment. Lipinski rule of five and ADMET predict have shown that four above compounds have drug-likeness properties, good absorption ability and cross the blood-brain barrier, which have the most potential to become drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's in the future. Furthermore, MD study showed that huperzine B and huperzinine have stability of the docking pose with NMDA target. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we found two natural compounds in Huperzia squarrosa including Huperzine B and Huperzinine have drug-likeness properties, good absorption ability and cross the blood-brain barrier, which have potential to become drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bui Thanh Tung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University Hanoi, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Ta Thi Thu Hang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University Hanoi, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Bao Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University Hanoi, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hong Nhung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University Hanoi, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Vu Khanh Linh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University Hanoi, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Dang Kim Thu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University Hanoi, Ha Noi, Vietnam
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Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Phosphorus Analogs of Aspartic Acid as Antiproliferative Agents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27228024. [PMID: 36432120 PMCID: PMC9693455 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient general method for the synthesis of a wide family of α-aminophosphonate analogs of aspartic acid bearing tetrasubstituted carbons is reported through an aza-Reformatsky reaction of α-iminophosphonates, generated from α-aminophosphonates, in an umpolung process. In addition, the α-aminophosphonate substrates showed in vitro cytotoxicity, inhibiting the growth of carcinoma human tumor cell lines A549 (carcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cell) and SKOV3 (human ovarian carcinoma). In view of the possibilities in the diversity of the substituents that offer the synthetic methodology, an extensive profile structure-activity is presented, measuring IC50 values up to 0.34 µM in the A549 and 9.8 µM in SKOV3 cell lines.
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The current state of amyloidosis therapeutics and the potential role of fluorine in their treatment. Biochimie 2022; 202:123-135. [PMID: 35963462 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amyloidosis, commonly known as amyloid-associated diseases, is characterized by improperly folded proteins accumulating in tissues and eventually causing organ damage, which is linked to several disorders ranging from neurodegenerative to peripheral diseases. It has an enormous societal and financial impact on the global health sector. Due to the complexity of protein misfolding and intertwined aggregation, there are no effective disease-modifying medications at present, and the condition is likely mis/non-diagnosed half of the time. Nonetheless, over the last two decades, substantial research into aggregation processes has revealed the possibilities of new intervention approaches. On the other hand, fluorine has been a rising star in therapeutic development for numerous neurodegenerative illnesses and other peripheral diseases. In this study, we revised and emphasized the possible significance of fluorine-modified therapeutic molecules and fluorine-modified nanoparticles (NPs) in the modulation of amyloidogenic proteins, including insulin, amyloid beta peptide (Aβ), prion protein (PrP), transthyretin (TTR) and Huntingtin (htt).
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7
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Liu Q, Kong T, Ni C, Hu J. Dynamic Kinetic Resolution-Enabled Highly Stereoselective Nucleophilic Fluoroalkylation to Access Chiral β-Fluoro Amines. Org Lett 2022; 24:5982-5987. [PMID: 35939038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
β-Fluorinated amine is highly desirable for biological and pharmaceutical science, because replacing a C-H bond with a C-F bond can change the physical and chemical properties of the parent molecule to a large extent but not significantly alter its overall geometry. Herein, the highly stereoselective nucleophilic monofluoromethylation of imines have been developed. It is proposed that the chelated transition state enables the chiral induction by the dynamic kinetic resolution of the chiral α-fluoro carbanions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Taige Kong
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Chuanfa Ni
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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8
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Patel S, Bansoad AV, Singh R, Khatik GL. BACE1: A Key Regulator in Alzheimer's Disease Progression and Current Development of its Inhibitors. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1174-1193. [PMID: 34852746 PMCID: PMC9886827 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211201094031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease with no specific disease-modifying treatment. β-secretase (BACE1) is considered the potential and rationale target because it is involved in the rate-limiting step, which produces toxic Aβ42 peptides that leads to deposits in the form of amyloid plaques extracellularly, resulting in AD. OBJECTIVE This study aims to discuss the role and implications of BACE1 and its inhibitors in the management of AD. METHODS We have searched and collected the relevant quality work from PubMed using the following keywords "BACE1", BACE2", "inhibitors", and "Alzheimer's disease". In addition, we included the work which discusses the role of BACE1 in AD and the recent work on its inhibitors. RESULTS In this review, we have discussed the importance of BACE1 in regulating AD progression and the current development of BACE1 inhibitors. However, the development of a BACE1 inhibitor is very challenging due to the large active site of BACE1. Nevertheless, some of the BACE1 inhibitors have managed to enter advanced phases of clinical trials, such as MK-8931 (Verubecestat), E2609 (Elenbecestat), AZD3293 (Lanabecestat), and JNJ-54861911 (Atabecestat). This review also sheds light on the prospect of BACE1 inhibitors as the most effective therapeutic approach in delaying or preventing AD progression. CONCLUSION BACE1 is involved in the progression of AD. The current ongoing or failed clinical trials may help understand the role of BACE1 inhibition in regulating the Aβ load and cognitive status of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ankush Vardhaman Bansoad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, New Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh), 226002, India
| | - Rakesh Singh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, New Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh), 226002, India
| | - Gopal L. Khatik
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research- Raebareli, New Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, 226002; E-mail: ,
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9
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Taoka BM, Wu WL, Hao J, Dolmaski M, Wang H, Levorse D, Orth P, Hyde LA, Smith B, Michener MS, Kennedy ME, Parker EM, Cumming JN. Design and discovery of C2-fluoroalkyl iminothiazine dioxides as BACE inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 56:128463. [PMID: 34838652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the structure-activity-relationships of novel fluoroalkyl substituents at the C2 position of iminothiazine dioxide beta secretase inhibitors. Key discoveries include reduced amidine basicity and its effect on Pgp, cell potency, and efficacy in various preclinical in vivo efficacy animal models. Findings from these structure-activity-relationships are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Taoka
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Wen-Lian Wu
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Jinsong Hao
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Martin Dolmaski
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Hongwu Wang
- Department of Computational and Structural Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Dorthy Levorse
- Department of Preclinical Development, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Peter Orth
- Department of Computational and Structural Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Lynn A Hyde
- Department of Neuroscience, Safety and Laboratory Animal Research, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Brad Smith
- Department of Safety and Laboratory Animal Research MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Maria S Michener
- Department of Safety and Laboratory Animal Research MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Matthew E Kennedy
- Department of Neuroscience, Safety and Laboratory Animal Research, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Eric M Parker
- Department of Neuroscience, Safety and Laboratory Animal Research, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Jared N Cumming
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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10
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Rombouts FJR, Hsiao CC, Bache S, De Cleyn M, Heckmann P, Leenaerts J, Martinéz-Lamenca C, Van Brandt S, Peschiulli A, Vos A, Gijsen HJM. Modulating physicochemical properties of tetrahydropyridine-2-amine BACE1 inhibitors with electron-withdrawing groups: A systematic study. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 228:114028. [PMID: 34920170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A common challenge for medicinal chemists is to reduce the pKa of strongly basic groups' conjugate acids into a range that preserves the desired effects, usually potency and/or solubility, but avoids undesired effects like high volume of distribution (Vd), limited membrane permeation, and off-target binding to, notably, the hERG channel and monoamine receptors. We faced this challenge with a 3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-2-amine scaffold harboring an amidine, a key structural component of potential inhibitors of BACE1, the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of Aβ species that make up amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease. In our endeavor to balance potency with desirable properties to achieve brain penetration, we introduced a diverse set of groups in beta position of the amidine that modulate logD, PSA and pKa. Given the synthetic challenge to prepare these highly functionalized warheads, we first developed a design flow including predicted physicochemical parameters which allowed us to select only the most promising candidates for synthesis. For this we evaluated a set of commercial packages to predict physicochemical properties, which can guide medicinal chemists in their endeavors to modulate pKa values of amidine and amine bases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chien-Chi Hsiao
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Solène Bache
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michel De Cleyn
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Pauline Heckmann
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jos Leenaerts
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Sven Van Brandt
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Aldo Peschiulli
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ann Vos
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Harrie J M Gijsen
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
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11
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Peschiulli A, Oehlrich D, Van Gool M, Austin N, Van Brandt S, Surkyn M, De Cleyn M, Vos A, Tresadern G, Rombouts FJR, Macdonald GJ, Moechars D, Trabanco A, Gijsen HJM. A Brain-Penetrant and Bioavailable Pyrazolopiperazine BACE1 Inhibitor Elicits Sustained Reduction of Amyloid β In Vivo. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 13:76-83. [PMID: 35059126 PMCID: PMC8762732 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently disclosed a set of heteroaryl-fused piperazine inhibitors of BACE1 that combined nanomolar potency with good intrinsic permeability and low Pgp-mediated efflux. Herein we describe further work on two prototypes of this family of inhibitors aimed at modulating their basicity and reducing binding to the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) channel. This effort has led to the identification of compound 36, a highly potent (hAβ42 cell IC50 = 1.3 nM), cardiovascularly safe, and orally bioavailable compound that elicited sustained Aβ42 reduction in mouse and dog animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Peschiulli
- †Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, §DMPK, Discovery Sciences, and ∥Neuroscience
Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium,
| | - Daniel Oehlrich
- †Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, §DMPK, Discovery Sciences, and ∥Neuroscience
Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium,
| | - Michiel Van Gool
- Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research
& Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Nigel Austin
- †Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, §DMPK, Discovery Sciences, and ∥Neuroscience
Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sven Van Brandt
- †Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, §DMPK, Discovery Sciences, and ∥Neuroscience
Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michel Surkyn
- †Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, §DMPK, Discovery Sciences, and ∥Neuroscience
Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michel De Cleyn
- †Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, §DMPK, Discovery Sciences, and ∥Neuroscience
Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ann Vos
- †Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, §DMPK, Discovery Sciences, and ∥Neuroscience
Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gary Tresadern
- †Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, §DMPK, Discovery Sciences, and ∥Neuroscience
Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frederik J. R. Rombouts
- †Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, §DMPK, Discovery Sciences, and ∥Neuroscience
Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gregor J. Macdonald
- †Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, §DMPK, Discovery Sciences, and ∥Neuroscience
Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Diederik Moechars
- †Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, §DMPK, Discovery Sciences, and ∥Neuroscience
Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Andrés
A. Trabanco
- Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research
& Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Harrie J. M. Gijsen
- †Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, §DMPK, Discovery Sciences, and ∥Neuroscience
Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
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12
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Machauer R, Lueoend R, Hurth K, Veenstra SJ, Rueeger H, Voegtle M, Tintelnot-Blomley M, Rondeau JM, Jacobson LH, Laue G, Beltz K, Neumann U. Discovery of Umibecestat (CNP520): A Potent, Selective, and Efficacious β-Secretase (BACE1) Inhibitor for the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15262-15279. [PMID: 34648711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
After identification of lead compound 6, 5-amino-1,4-oxazine BACE1 inhibitors were optimized in order to improve potency, brain penetration, and metabolic stability. Insertion of a methyl and a trifluoromethyl group at the 6-position of the 5-amino-1,4-oxazine led to 8 (NB-360), an inhibitor with a pKa of 7.1, a very low P-glycoprotein efflux ratio, and excellent pharmacological profile, enabling high central nervous system penetration and exposure. Fur color changes observed with NB-360 in efficacy studies in preclinical animal models triggered further optimization of the series. Herein, we describe the steps leading to the discovery of 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid [6-((3R,6R)-5-amino-3,6-dimethyl-6-trifluoromethyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,4]oxazin-3-yl)-5-fluoro-pyridin-2-yl]amide 15 (CNP520, umibecestat), an inhibitor with superior BACE1/BACE2 selectivity and pharmacokinetics. CNP520 reduced significantly Aβ levels in mice and rats in acute and chronic treatment regimens without any side effects and thus qualified for Alzheimer's disease prevention studies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Machauer
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Lueoend
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Konstanze Hurth
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Siem J Veenstra
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heinrich Rueeger
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Voegtle
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jean-Michel Rondeau
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Structural Biology Platform, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura H Jacobson
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Grit Laue
- Pharmacokinetic-Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karen Beltz
- Pharmacokinetic-Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Neumann
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Ueno T, Matsuoka E, Asada N, Yamamoto S, Kanegawa N, Ito M, Ito H, Moechars D, Rombouts FJR, Gijsen HJM, Kusakabe KI. Discovery of Extremely Selective Fused Pyridine-Derived β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein-Cleaving Enzyme (BACE1) Inhibitors with High In Vivo Efficacy through 10s Loop Interactions. J Med Chem 2021; 64:14165-14174. [PMID: 34553947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
β-Site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is considered to be a promising target for treating Alzheimer's disease. However, all clinical BACE1 inhibitors have failed due to lack of efficacy, and some have even led to cognitive worsening. Recent evidence points to the importance of avoiding BACE2 inhibition along with careful dose titration. In this study, we focused on the fact that the 10s loop lining the S3 pocket in BACE1 can form both "open (up)" and "closed (down)" conformations, whereas in BACE2, it prefers to adopt a "closed" form; thus, more space is available in BACE1. By leveraging the difference, we designed fused pyridine analogues that could reach the 10s loop, leading to 6 with high selectivity and significant Aβ reduction. The cocrystal structures confirmed that 6 significantly increased B-factors of the 10s loop in BACE2 relative to those in BACE1. Thus, the destabilization of BACE2 seems to offer structural insights into the reduced BACE2 potency of 6, explaining the significant improvement in BACE1 selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Ueno
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Eriko Matsuoka
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Naoya Asada
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Shiho Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Naoki Kanegawa
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery & Development, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Mana Ito
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery & Disease Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Hisanori Ito
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery & Disease Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Diederik Moechars
- Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frederik J R Rombouts
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Harrie J M Gijsen
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ken-Ichi Kusakabe
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
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14
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JNJ-67569762, A 2-Aminotetrahydropyridine-Based Selective BACE1 Inhibitor Targeting the S3 Pocket: From Discovery to Clinical Candidate. J Med Chem 2021; 64:14175-14191. [PMID: 34553934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a novel 2-aminotetrahydropyridine class of BACE1 inhibitors is described. Their pKa and lipophilicity were modulated by a pending sulfonyl group, while good permeability and brain penetration were achieved via intramolecular hydrogen bonding. BACE1 selectivity over BACE2 was achieved in the S3 pocket by a novel bicyclic ring system. An optimization addressing reactive metabolite formation, cardiovascular safety, and CNS toxicity is described, leading to the clinical candidate JNJ-67569762 (12), which gave robust dose-dependent BACE1-mediated amyloid β lowering without showing BACE2-dependent hair depigmentation in preclinical models. We show that 12 has a favorable projected human dose and PK and hence presented us with an opportunity to test a highly selective BACE1 inhibitor in humans. However, 12 was found to have a QT effect upon repeat dosing in dogs and its development was halted in favor of other selective leads, which will be reported in the future.
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15
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Kaźmierczak M, Bilska‐Markowska M. Diethylaminosulfur Trifluoride (DAST) Mediated Transformations Leading to Valuable Building Blocks and Bioactive Compounds. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Kaźmierczak
- Faculty of Chemistry Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8 61-614 Poznań Poland
- Centre for Advanced Technologies Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10 61-614 Poznań Poland
| | - Monika Bilska‐Markowska
- Faculty of Chemistry Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8 61-614 Poznań Poland
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16
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Ye ZP, Gao J, Duan XY, Guan JP, Liu F, Chen K, Xiao JA, Xiang HY, Yang H. Electrochemical heterodifunctionalization of α-CF 3 alkenes to access α-trifluoromethyl-β-sulfonyl tertiary alcohols. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8969-8972. [PMID: 34486594 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03288g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented electrochemical heterodifunctionalization of α-CF3 alkenes with benzenesulfonyl hydrazides was accomplished in this work, wherein a β-sulfonyl and a α-hydroxyl group were simultaneously incorporated across the olefinic double bond in a single operation. Consequently, a series of potentially medicinally valuable and densely functionalized α-trifluoromethyl-β-sulfonyl tertiary alcohols were assembled under mild conditions. Electrochemically-driven oxidative 1,2-difunctionlization of electron-deficient alkenes well obviates the need for oxidizing reagents, thus rendering this protocol more eco-friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Peng Ye
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Xin-Yu Duan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Jian-Ping Guan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Jun-An Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Yue Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China. .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
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17
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BACE inhibitor treatment of mice induces hyperactivity in a Seizure-related gene 6 family dependent manner without altering learning and memory. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15084. [PMID: 34302009 PMCID: PMC8302682 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACE inhibitors, which decrease BACE1 (β-secretase 1) cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein, are a potential treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. Clinical trials using BACE inhibitors have reported a lack of positive effect on patient symptoms and, in some cases, have led to increased adverse events, cognitive worsening and hippocampal atrophy. A potential drawback of this strategy is the effect of BACE inhibition on other BACE1 substrates such as Seizure-related gene 6 (Sez6) family proteins which are known to have a role in neuronal function. Mice were treated with an in-diet BACE inhibitor for 4–8 weeks to achieve a clinically-relevant level of amyloid-β40 reduction in the brain. Mice underwent behavioural testing and postmortem analysis of dendritic spine number and morphology with Golgi-Cox staining. Sez6 family triple knockout mice were tested alongside wild-type mice to identify whether any effects of the treatment were due to altered cleavage of Sez6 family proteins. Wild-type mice treated with BACE inhibitor displayed hyperactivity on the elevated open field, as indicated by greater distance travelled, but this effect was not observed in treated Sez6 triple knockout mice. BACE inhibitor treatment did not lead to significant changes in spatial or fear learning, reference memory, cognitive flexibility or anxiety in mice as assessed by the Morris water maze, context fear conditioning, or light–dark box tests. Chronic BACE inhibitor treatment reduced the density of mushroom-type spines in the somatosensory cortex, regardless of genotype, but did not affect steady-state dendritic spine density or morphology in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Chronic BACE inhibition for 1–2 months in mice led to increased locomotor output but did not alter memory or cognitive flexibility. While the mechanism underlying the treatment-induced hyperactivity is unknown, the absence of this response in Sez6 triple knockout mice indicates that blocking ectodomain shedding of Sez6 family proteins is a contributing factor. In contrast, the decrease in mature spine density in cortical neurons was not attributable to lack of shed Sez6 family protein ectodomains. Therefore, other BACE1 substrates are implicated in this effect and, potentially, in the cognitive decline in longer-term chronically treated patients.
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18
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Chen J, Zhang S, Wang W, Sun H, Zhang Q, Liu X. Binding of Inhibitors to BACE1 Affected by pH-Dependent Protonation: An Exploration from Multiple Replica Gaussian Accelerated Molecular Dynamics and MM-GBSA Calculations. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2591-2607. [PMID: 34185514 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, inhibiting the activity of β-amyloid cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) has been considered an efficient approach for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the current work, multiple replica Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (MR-GaMD) simulations and the molecular mechanics general Born surface area (MM-GBSA) method were combined to investigate the effect of pH-dependent protonation on the binding of the inhibitors CS9, C6U, and 6WE to BACE1. Dynamic analyses based on the MR-GaMD trajectory show that pH-dependent protonation strongly affects the structural flexibility, correlated motions, and dynamic behavior of inhibitor-bound BACE1. According to the constructed free energy profiles, in the protonated state at low pH, inhibitor-bound BACE1 tends to populate at more conformations than in high pH. The binding free energies calculated by MM-GBSA suggest that inhibitors possess stronger binding abilities under the protonation conditions at high pH than under the protonation conditions at low pH. Moreover, pH-dependent protonation exerts a significant effect on the hydrogen bonding interactions of CS9, C6U, and 6WE to BACE1, which correspondingly alters the binding abilities of the three inhibitors to BACE1. Furthermore, in different protonated environments, three inhibitors share common interaction clusters and similar binding sites in BACE1, which are reliably used as efficient targets for the design of potent inhibitors of BACE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Chen
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China
| | - Shaolong Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China
| | - Haibo Sun
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China
| | - Qinggang Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Xinguo Liu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
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19
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McKinzie DL, Winneroski LL, Green SJ, Hembre EJ, Erickson JA, Willis BA, Monk SA, Aluise CD, Baker TK, Lopez JE, Hendle J, Beck JP, Brier RA, Boggs LN, Borders AR, Cocke PJ, Garcia-Losada P, Lowe SL, Mathes BM, May PC, Porter WJ, Stout SL, Timm DE, Watson BM, Yang Z, Mergott DJ. Discovery and Early Clinical Development of LY3202626, a Low-Dose, CNS-Penetrant BACE Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8076-8100. [PMID: 34081466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1, known as BACE1, has been a widely pursued Alzheimer's disease drug target owing to its critical role in the production of amyloid-beta. We have previously reported the clinical development of LY2811376 and LY2886721. LY2811376 advanced to Phase I before development was terminated due to nonclinical retinal toxicity. LY2886721 advanced to Phase II, but development was halted due to abnormally elevated liver enzymes. Herein, we report the discovery and clinical development of LY3202626, a highly potent, CNS-penetrant, and low-dose BACE inhibitor, which successfully addressed these key development challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L McKinzie
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Leonard L Winneroski
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Steven J Green
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Erik J Hembre
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jon A Erickson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Brian A Willis
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Scott A Monk
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Christopher D Aluise
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Thomas K Baker
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jose E Lopez
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jörg Hendle
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Biotechnology Center, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - James P Beck
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Biotechnology Center, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Richard A Brier
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | | | - Anthony R Borders
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | | | - Pablo Garcia-Losada
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Stephen L Lowe
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Brian M Mathes
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | | | | | - Stephanie L Stout
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - David E Timm
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Brian M Watson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Zhixiang Yang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Dustin J Mergott
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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20
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Poddar MK, Banerjee S, Chakraborty A, Dutta D. Metabolic disorder in Alzheimer's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:781-813. [PMID: 33638805 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a well known aging-induced neurodegenerative disease is related to amyloid proteinopathy. This proteinopathy occurs due to abnormalities in protein folding, structure and thereby its function in cells. The root cause of such kind of proteinopathy and its related neurodegeneration is a disorder in metabolism, rather metabolomics of the major as well as minor nutrients. Metabolomics is the most relevant "omics" platform that offers a great potential for the diagnosis and prognosis of neurodegenerative diseases as an individual's metabolome. In recent years, the research on such kinds of neurodegenerative diseases, especially aging-related disorders is broadened its scope towards metabolic function. Different neurotransmitter metabolisms are also involved with AD and its associated neurodegeneration. The genetic and epigenetic backgrounds are also noteworthy. In this review, the physiological changes of AD in relation to its corresponding biochemical, genetic and epigenetic involvements including its (AD) therapeutic aspects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal K Poddar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S. C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Soumyabrata Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S. C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
- Departrment of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, Field Neurosciences Institute Research Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - Apala Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S. C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Debasmita Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S. C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
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21
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Rueeger H, Lueoend R, Machauer R, Veenstra SJ, Holzer P, Hurth K, Voegtle M, Frederiksen M, Rondeau JM, Tintelnot-Blomley M, Jacobson LH, Staufenbiel M, Laue G, Neumann U. Synthesis of the Potent, Selective, and Efficacious β-Secretase (BACE1) Inhibitor NB-360. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4677-4696. [PMID: 33844524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Starting from lead compound 4, the 1,4-oxazine headgroup was optimized to improve potency and brain penetration. Focusing at the 6-position of the 5-amino-1,4-oxazine, the insertion of a Me and a CF3 group delivered an excellent pharmacological profile with a pKa of 7.1 and a very low P-gp efflux ratio enabling high central nervous system (CNS) penetration and exposure. Various synthetic routes to access BACE1 inhibitors bearing a 5-amino-6-methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,4-oxazine headgroup were investigated. Subsequent optimization of the P3 fragment provided the highly potent N-(3-((3R,6R)-5-amino-3,6-dimethyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-1,4-oxazin-3-yl)-4-fluorophenyl)-5-cyano-3-methylpicolinamide 54 (NB-360), able to reduce significantly Aβ levels in mice, rats, and dogs in acute and chronic treatment regimens.
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22
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Structure-Based Approaches to Improving Selectivity through Utilizing Explicit Water Molecules: Discovery of Selective β-Secretase (BACE1) Inhibitors over BACE2. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3075-3085. [PMID: 33719429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACE1 is an attractive target for disease-modifying treatment of Alzheimer's disease. BACE2, having high homology around the catalytic site, poses a critical challenge to identifying selective BACE1 inhibitors. Recent evidence indicated that BACE2 has various roles in peripheral tissues and the brain, and therefore, the chronic use of nonselective inhibitors may cause side effects derived from BACE2 inhibition. Crystallographic analysis of the nonselective inhibitor verubecestat identified explicit water molecules with different levels of free energy in the S2' pocket. Structure-based design targeting them enabled the identification of propynyl oxazine 3 with improved selectivity. Further optimization efforts led to the discovery of compound 6 with high selectivity. The cocrystal structures of 7, a close analogue of 6, bound to BACE1 and BACE2 confirmed that one of the explicit water molecules is displaced by the propynyl group, suggesting that the difference in the relative water displacement cost may contribute to the improved selectivity.
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23
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Koriyama Y, Hori A, Ito H, Yonezawa S, Baba Y, Tanimoto N, Ueno T, Yamamoto S, Yamamoto T, Asada N, Morimoto K, Einaru S, Sakai K, Kanazu T, Matsuda A, Yamaguchi Y, Oguma T, Timmers M, Tritsmans L, Kusakabe KI, Kato A, Sakaguchi G. Discovery of Atabecestat (JNJ-54861911): A Thiazine-Based β-Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 Inhibitor Advanced to the Phase 2b/3 EARLY Clinical Trial. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1873-1888. [PMID: 33588527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid β peptides (Aβ) is thought to be one of the causal factors of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aspartyl protease β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the rate-limiting protease for Aβ production, and therefore, BACE1 inhibition is a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of AD. Starting with a dihydro-1,3-thiazine-based lead, Compound J, we discovered atabecestat 1 (JNJ-54861911) as a centrally efficacious BACE1 inhibitor that was advanced into the EARLY Phase 2b/3 clinical trial for the treatment of preclinical AD patients. Compound 1 demonstrated robust and dose-dependent Aβ reduction and showed sufficient safety margins in preclinical models. The potential of reactive metabolite formation was evaluated in a covalent binding study to assess its irreversible binding to human hepatocytes. Unfortunately, the EARLY trial was discontinued due to significant elevation of liver enzymes, and subsequent analysis of the clinical outcomes showed dose-related cognitive worsening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maarten Timmers
- Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Luc Tritsmans
- Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
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Thakur S, Das A, Das T. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones: synthesis of multisubstituted, diverse range of heterocyclic compounds. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02023d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of nitrone is one of the most important methods for the synthesis of different sizes of heterocycles which have enormous applications in natural products, biologically active molecules and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Thakur
- Department of Chemistry
- NIT Jamshedpur
- Jamshedpur 831014
- India
| | - Arunima Das
- Department of Chemistry
- NIT Jamshedpur
- Jamshedpur 831014
- India
| | - Tapas Das
- Department of Chemistry
- NIT Jamshedpur
- Jamshedpur 831014
- India
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Richardson J, Lindsay-Scott PJ, Larichev V, Pocock E. Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Amino-1,3-Oxazines from Thioureas. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery Richardson
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, U.K
| | - Peter J. Lindsay-Scott
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, U.K
| | - Vladimir Larichev
- AMRI UK Ltd., Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, U.K
| | - Emily Pocock
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, U.K
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Rombouts F, Kusakabe KI, Hsiao CC, Gijsen HJM. Small-molecule BACE1 inhibitors: a patent literature review (2011 to 2020). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 31:25-52. [PMID: 33006491 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1832463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inhibition of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) has been extensively pursued as potential disease-modifying treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Clinical failures with BACE inhibitors have progressively raised the bar forever cleaner candidates with reduced cardiovascular liability, toxicity risk, and increased selectivity over cathepsin D (CatD) and BACE2. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of patented BACE1 inhibitors between 2011 and 2020 per pharmaceutical company or research group and highlights the progress that was made in dialing out toxicity liabilities. EXPERT OPINION Despite an increasingly crowded IP situation, significant progress was made using highly complex chemistry in avoiding toxicity liabilities, with BACE1/BACE2 selectivity being the most remarkable achievement. However, clinical trial data suggest on-target toxicity is likely a contributing factor, which implies the only potential future of BACE1 inhibitors lies in careful titration of highly selective compounds in early populations where the amyloid burden is still minimal as prophylactic therapy, or as an affordable oral maintenance therapy following amyloid-clearing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Rombouts
- Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ken-Ichi Kusakabe
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Research, Shionogi & Co., Ltd ., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chien-Chi Hsiao
- Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Beerse, Belgium
| | - Harrie J M Gijsen
- Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Beerse, Belgium
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Ahmed GAR, El Hotaby W, Abbas L, Sherif HHA, Kamel G, Khalil SKH. Synchrotron Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (sFTIRM) analysis of Al-induced Alzheimer's disease in rat brain cortical tissue. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 239:118421. [PMID: 32473558 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium (Al) is reported to promote beta amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, free radical production and disturb acetylcholine metabolism leading to cognitive dysfunction that are strongly associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here we utilized synchrotron Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (sFTIRM) to analyse the fine structure of proteins and lipids in the rat cortical brain tissues in response to AlCl3 toxicity and Lepidium sativum (LS) treatment after 42 and 65 days. For statistical analysis, we used principal component analysis (PCA). Our results showed profusion of gauche rotomers form in membrane lipid acyl chains that increases the membrane fluidity and disorder only in AD group indicated by the detected sνCH2 band shift to higher frequency. All half bands width (HBW) values of the decomposed amide I band showed marked decrease in AD group compared to the other tested groups, together with an increase in the amounts of β-sheets (1641 cm-1) protein and random coil structure (1654 cm-1). These were indicated by a drastic increase in the percentage areas ratios of (1638 cm-1/1654 cm-1) and (1641 cm-1/1654 cm-1) that may be attributed to a stronger the hydrogen bonds that stabilize the protein conformational structure and/or the increase of the β-strand length due to misfolded Aβ formation in response to Al toxicity through transit phase/phases dominated by random coil structure. In curative group, LS treatment reversed these changes and restored the protein and lipid integrities. To conclude, sFTIRM is a powerful tool that shed light on the biomolecular structure of AD-like cortical brain tissue and considered the therapeutic potential of LS as a promising natural AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehan A-R Ahmed
- Spectroscopy Dept., Physics Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.) Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - W El Hotaby
- Spectroscopy Dept., Physics Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.) Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Lamyaa Abbas
- Spectroscopy Dept., Physics Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.) Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hadeer H A Sherif
- Spectroscopy Dept., Physics Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.) Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Gihan Kamel
- SESAME (Synchroton Light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East), Jordan; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Safaa K H Khalil
- Spectroscopy Dept., Physics Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.) Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Giza, Egypt
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Frohn M, Liu L, Siegmund AC, Qian W, Amegadzie A, Chen N, Tan H, Hickman D, Wood S, Wen PH, Bartberger MD, Whittington DA, Allen JR, Bourbeau MP. The development of a structurally distinct series of BACE1 inhibitors via the (Z)-fluoro-olefin amide bioisosteric replacement. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Chen J, Yin B, Wang W, Sun H. Effects of Disulfide Bonds on Binding of Inhibitors to β-Amyloid Cleaving Enzyme 1 Decoded by Multiple Replica Accelerated Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1811-1826. [PMID: 32459964 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The β-amyloid cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) has been thought to be an efficient target for treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Deep insight into inhibitor-BACE1 binding mechanism is of significance for design of potent drugs toward BACE1. In this work, multiple replica accelerated molecular dynamics (MR-aMD) simulations, principal component (PC) analysis, and free energy landscapes were integrated to decode the effect of disulfide bonds (SSBs) in BACE1 on bindings of three inhibitors 3KO, 3KT, and 779 to BACE1. The results from cross-correlation analysis suggest that the breaking of SSBs exerts significant influence on structural flexibility and internal dynamics of inhibitor-bound BACE1. PC analysis and free energy landscapes reveal that the breaking of SSBs not only evidently induces the conformational rearrangement of BACE1 but also highly changes binding poses of three inhibitors in BACE1 and leads to more disordered binding of three inhibitors to BACE1, which is further supported by the increase in binding entropy of inhibitors to BACE1 due to the breaking of SSBs. Residue-based free energy decomposition method was utilized to evaluate contributions of separate residues to inhibitor-BACE1 binding. The results suggest that although the breaking of SSBs in BACE1 does not destroy the interaction network of inhibitors with BACE1 it changes interaction strength of some residues with inhibitors. Meanwhile, the information from residue-based free energy decomposition indicates that residues L91, S96, V130, Y132, Q134, W137, F169, I171, and I179 can be used as efficient targets of drug design toward BACE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Chen
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China
| | - Baohua Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China
| | - Haibo Sun
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China
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30
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Dabur M, Loureiro JA, Pereira MC. Fluorinated Molecules and Nanotechnology: Future 'Avengers' against the Alzheimer's Disease? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082989. [PMID: 32340267 PMCID: PMC7216102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a serious health concern, affecting millions of people globally, which leads to cognitive impairment, dementia, and inevitable death. There is still no medically accepted treatment for AD. Developing therapeutic treatments for AD is an overwhelming challenge in the medicinal field, as the exact mechanics underlying its devastating symptoms is still not completely understood. Rather than the unknown mechanism of the disease, one of the limiting factors in developing new drugs for AD is the blood–brain barrier (BBB). A combination of nanotechnology with fluorinated molecules is proposed as a promising therapeutic treatment to meet the desired pharmacokinetic/physiochemical properties for crossing the BBB passage. This paper reviews the research conducted on fluorine-containing compounds and fluorinated nanoparticles (NPs) that have been designed and tested for the inhibition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide aggregation. Additionally, this study summarizes fluorinated molecules and NPs as promising agents and further future work is encouraged to be effective for the treatment of AD.
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31
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Palchykov VA, Gaponov AA. 1,3-Amino alcohols and their phenol analogs in heterocyclization reactions. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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32
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Anan K, Iso Y, Oguma T, Nakahara K, Suzuki S, Yamamoto T, Matsuoka E, Ito H, Sakaguchi G, Ando S, Morimoto K, Kanegawa N, Kido Y, Kawachi T, Fukushima T, Teisman A, Urmaliya V, Dhuyvetter D, Borghys H, Austin N, Van Den Bergh A, Verboven P, Bischoff F, Gijsen HJM, Yamano Y, Kusakabe KI. Trifluoromethyl Dihydrothiazine‐Based β‐Secretase (BACE1) Inhibitors with Robust Central β‐Amyloid Reduction and Minimal Covalent Binding Burden. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1894-1910. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Anan
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Iso
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Takuya Oguma
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Kenji Nakahara
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Shinji Suzuki
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Takahiko Yamamoto
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
- Current address: API Process Development Department (Biotechnology)Pharmaceutical Technology Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 5–1, Ukima 5-chome, Kita-ku Tokyo 115-8543 Japan
| | - Eriko Matsuoka
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Hisanori Ito
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Gaku Sakaguchi
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Shigeru Ando
- Research Laboratory for DevelopmentShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Kenji Morimoto
- Research Laboratory for DevelopmentShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Naoki Kanegawa
- Research Laboratory for DevelopmentShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Yasuto Kido
- Research Laboratory for DevelopmentShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kawachi
- Research Laboratory for DevelopmentShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Tamio Fukushima
- Research Laboratory for DevelopmentShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Ard Teisman
- Non-Clinical SafetyJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Vijay Urmaliya
- Non-Clinical SafetyJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Deborah Dhuyvetter
- Non-Clinical SafetyJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Herman Borghys
- Non-Clinical SafetyJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Nigel Austin
- Discovery SciencesJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
- Current address: Sosei HeptaresSteinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington Cambridge CB21 6DG UK
| | - An Van Den Bergh
- Discovery SciencesJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Peter Verboven
- Discovery SciencesJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Francois Bischoff
- Discovery SciencesJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Harrie J. M. Gijsen
- Discovery SciencesJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Yoshinori Yamano
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Kusakabe
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
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Chen J, Wang J, Yin B, Pang L, Wang W, Zhu W. Molecular Mechanism of Binding Selectivity of Inhibitors toward BACE1 and BACE2 Revealed by Multiple Short Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Free-Energy Predictions. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4303-4318. [PMID: 31545898 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The β-amyloid cleaving enzymes 1 and 2 (BACE1 and BACE2) have been regarded as the prospective targets for clinically treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the last two decades. Thus, insight into the binding differences of inhibitors to BACE1 and BACE2 is of significance for designing highly selective inhibitors toward the two proteins. In this work, multiple short molecular dynamics (MSMD) simulations are coupled with the molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) method to probe the binding selectivity of three inhibitors DBO, CS9, and SC7 on BACE1 over BACE2. The results show that the entropy effect plays a key role in selectivity identification of inhibitors toward BACE1 and BACE2, which determines that DBO has better selectivity toward BACE2 over BACE1, while CS9 and CS7 can more favorably bind to BACE1 than BACE2. The hierarchical clustering analysis based on energetic contributions of residues suggests that BACE1 and BACE2 share the common hot interaction spots. The residue-based free-energy decomposition method was applied to compute the inhibitor-residue interaction spectrum, and the results recognize four common binding subpockets corresponding to the different groups of inhibitors, which can be used as efficient targets for designing highly selective inhibitors toward BACE1 and BACE2. Therefore, these results provide a useful molecular basis and dynamics information for development of highly selective inhibitors targeting BACE1 and BACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Chen
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357 China
| | - Jinan Wang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Baohua Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Laixue Pang
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357 China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357 China
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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Pettus LH, Bourbeau MP, Bradley J, Bartberger MD, Chen K, Hickman D, Johnson M, Liu Q, Manning JR, Nanez A, Siegmund AC, Wen PH, Whittington DA, Allen JR, Wood S. Discovery of AM-6494: A Potent and Orally Efficacious β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1) Inhibitor with in Vivo Selectivity over BACE2. J Med Chem 2019; 63:2263-2281. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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35
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Huang J, Huang N, Zhang M, Nie J, Xu Y, Wu Q, Shi J. Dendrobium alkaloids decrease Aβ by regulating α- and β-secretases in hippocampal neurons of SD rats. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7627. [PMID: 31534855 PMCID: PMC6733236 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the primary cause of dementia in the elderly. The imbalance between production and clearance of amyloid β (Aβ) is a very early, often initiating factor in AD. Dendrobium nobile Lindl. alkaloids (DNLA) extracted from a Chinese medicinal herb, which have been shown to have anti-aging effects, protected against neuronal impairment in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, we confirmed that DNLA can improve learning and memory function in elderly normal mice, indicating that DNLA has potential health benefits. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Therefore, we further explored the effect of DNLA on neurons, which is closely related to learning and memory, based on Aβ. Methods We exposed cultured hippocampal neurons to DNLA to investigate the effect of DNLA on Aβ in vitro. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assays. Proteins were analyzed by Western blot analysis. Results The cell viability of hippocampal neurons was not changed significantly after treatment with DNLA. But DNLA reduced the protein expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP), disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10), β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and Aβ1-42 of hippocampal neurons in rats and increased the protein expression of ADAM17. Conclusions DNLA decreases Aβ by regulating α- and β-secretase in hippocampal neurons of SD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Nanqu Huang
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi, China
| | | | - Jing Nie
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yunyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jingshan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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36
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Oehlrich D, Peschiulli A, Tresadern G, Van Gool M, Vega JA, De Lucas AI, Alonso de Diego SA, Prokopcova H, Austin N, Van Brandt S, Surkyn M, De Cleyn M, Vos A, Rombouts FJR, Macdonald G, Moechars D, Gijsen HJM, Trabanco AA. Evaluation of a Series of β-Secretase 1 Inhibitors Containing Novel Heteroaryl-Fused-Piperazine Amidine Warheads. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1159-1165. [PMID: 31413800 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite several years of research, only a handful of β-secretase (BACE) 1 inhibitors have entered clinical trials as potential therapeutics against Alzheimer's disease. The intrinsic basic nature of low molecular weight, amidine-containing BACE 1 inhibitors makes them far from optimal as central nervous system drugs. Herein we present a set of novel heteroaryl-fused piperazine amidine inhibitors designed to lower the basicity of the key, enzyme binding, amidine functionality. This study resulted in the identification of highly potent (IC50 ≤ 10 nM), permeable lead compounds with a reduced propensity to suffer from P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michiel Van Gool
- Discovery Sciences Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen−Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Vega
- Discovery Sciences Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen−Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel De Lucas
- Discovery Sciences Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen−Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Sergio A. Alonso de Diego
- Discovery Sciences Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen−Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrés A. Trabanco
- Discovery Sciences Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen−Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
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Moussa-Pacha NM, Abdin SM, Omar HA, Alniss H, Al-Tel TH. BACE1 inhibitors: Current status and future directions in treating Alzheimer's disease. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:339-384. [PMID: 31347728 DOI: 10.1002/med.21622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible, progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder with no current cure. One of the important therapeutic approaches of AD is the inhibition of β-site APP cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1), which is involved in the rate-limiting step of the cleavage process of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) leading to the generation of the neurotoxic amyloid β (Aβ) protein after the γ-secretase completes its function. The produced insoluble Aβ aggregates lead to plaques deposition and neurodegeneration. BACE1 is, therefore, one of the attractive targets for the treatment of AD. This approach led to the development of potent BACE1 inhibitors, many of which were advanced to late stages in clinical trials. Nonetheless, the high failure rate of lead drug candidates targeting BACE1 brought to the forefront the need for finding new targets to uncover the mystery behind AD. In this review, we aim to discuss the most promising classes of BACE1 inhibitors with a description and analysis of their pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters, with more focus on the lead drug candidates that reached late stages of clinical trials, such as MK8931, AZD-3293, JNJ-54861911, E2609, and CNP520. In addition, the manuscript discusses the safety concerns and insignificant physiological effects, which were highlighted for the most successful BACE1 inhibitors. Furthermore, the review demonstrates with increasing evidence that despite tremendous efforts and promising results conceived with BACE1 inhibitors, the latest studies suggest that their clinical use for treating Alzheimer's disease should be reconsidered. Finally, the review sheds light on alternative therapeutic options for targeting AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour M Moussa-Pacha
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shifaa M Abdin
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hany A Omar
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,College of Pharmacy and College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Hasan Alniss
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,College of Pharmacy and College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Taleb H Al-Tel
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,College of Pharmacy and College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Kuo YC, Rajesh R. Challenges in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: recent progress and treatment strategies of pharmaceuticals targeting notable pathological factors. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 19:623-652. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1621750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chih Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Rajendiran Rajesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Fujimoto K, Matsuoka E, Asada N, Tadano G, Yamamoto T, Nakahara K, Fuchino K, Ito H, Kanegawa N, Moechars D, Gijsen HJM, Kusakabe KI. Structure-Based Design of Selective β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1) Inhibitors: Targeting the Flap to Gain Selectivity over BACE2. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5080-5095. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Maia MA, Sousa E. BACE-1 and γ-Secretase as Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12010041. [PMID: 30893882 PMCID: PMC6469197 DOI: 10.3390/ph12010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a growing global health concern with a massive impact on affected individuals and society. Despite the considerable advances achieved in the understanding of AD pathogenesis, researchers have not been successful in fully identifying the mechanisms involved in disease progression. The amyloid hypothesis, currently the prevalent theory for AD, defends the deposition of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) aggregates as the trigger of a series of events leading to neuronal dysfunction and dementia. Hence, several research and development (R&D) programs have been led by the pharmaceutical industry in an effort to discover effective and safety anti-amyloid agents as disease modifying agents for AD. Among 19 drug candidates identified in the AD pipeline, nine have their mechanism of action centered in the activity of β or γ-secretase proteases, covering almost 50% of the identified agents. These drug candidates must fulfill the general rigid prerequisites for a drug aimed for central nervous system (CNS) penetration and selectivity toward different aspartyl proteases. This review presents the classes of γ-secretase and beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1) inhibitors under development, highlighting their structure-activity relationship, among other physical-chemistry aspects important for the successful development of new anti-AD pharmacological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Maia
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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41
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Yang YY, Yang G, Cheng C, Li YX, Zhang JQ, Feng W, Zhao YL, Tang L. Catalyst-free Cleavage of Amide and C–O Double Bond for the Diastereoselective Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl-Containing Dihydrooxazole Derivatives. Org Lett 2019; 21:2236-2240. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Guo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Ying-Xian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Ji-Quan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Wei Feng
- BGI-Shenzhen, Building 11, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Yong-Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China
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42
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New evolutions in the BACE1 inhibitor field from 2014 to 2018. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:761-777. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hu H, Chen Z, Xu X, Xu Y. Structure-Based Survey of the Binding Modes of BACE1 Inhibitors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:880-889. [PMID: 30540177 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACE1 is a key aspartic protease that cleaves the amyloid precursor protein to generate of the amyloid peptide that is believed to be responsible for the Alzheimer's disease amyloid cascade. It is thus recognized as a promising therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease treatment, and large efforts have been made in the discovery of novel BACE1 inhibitors. This Review presents a systematic mining of BACE1 inhibitors based on 354 crystal structures of the BACE1 catalytic domain in complex with ligands in the Protein Data Bank. A thorough exploration on the frequency as well as the patterns of residue-ligand interactions enables us to subdivide the ligand binding pocket into 10 subsites and then identify favorable substructures of ligands for each subsite. In addition, it is found that the assembly of subsites with an 8-like shape is responsible to bind all inhibitors and four major ligand binding modes are revealed. Thus, such a systematic survey deepens our understanding of the structural requirements for establishment of BACE1-ligand interactions that determine the affinity of a ligand to BACE1, which is pivotal for structure-based lead optimization and design of novel inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangchen Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yechun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Balgoon MJ, Ahmed GAR, Qusti SY, Shaker S. Transit phases of β-amyloid and tau proteins formation and re-solubilisation in AD rat hippocampus tissue as probed by ATR-IR spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.npbr.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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45
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Schaduangrat N, Prachayasittikul V, Choomwattana S, Wongchitrat P, Phopin K, Suwanjang W, Malik AA, Vincent B, Nantasenamat C. Multidisciplinary approaches for targeting the secretase protein family as a therapeutic route for Alzheimer's disease. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:1730-1778. [PMID: 30628099 DOI: 10.1002/med.21563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The continual increase of the aging population worldwide renders Alzheimer's disease (AD) a global prime concern. Several attempts have been focused on understanding the intricate complexity of the disease's development along with the on- andgoing search for novel therapeutic strategies. Incapability of existing AD drugs to effectively modulate the pathogenesis or to delay the progression of the disease leads to a shift in the paradigm of AD drug discovery. Efforts aimed at identifying AD drugs have mostly focused on the development of disease-modifying agents in which effects are believed to be long lasting. Of particular note, the secretase enzymes, a group of proteases responsible for the metabolism of the β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) and β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides production, have been underlined for their promising therapeutic potential. This review article attempts to comprehensively cover aspects related to the identification and use of drugs targeting the secretase enzymes. Particularly, the roles of secretases in the pathogenesis of AD and their therapeutic modulation are provided herein. Moreover, an overview of the drug development process and the contribution of computational (in silico) approaches for facilitating successful drug discovery are also highlighted along with examples of relevant computational works. Promising chemical scaffolds, inhibitors, and modulators against each class of secretases are also summarized herein. Additionally, multitarget secretase modulators are also taken into consideration in light of the current growing interest in the polypharmacology of complex diseases. Finally, challenging issues and future outlook relevant to the discovery of drugs targeting secretases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Schaduangrat
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Veda Prachayasittikul
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saowapak Choomwattana
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prapimpun Wongchitrat
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and Innovation, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kamonrat Phopin
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and Innovation, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wilasinee Suwanjang
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and Innovation, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aijaz Ahmad Malik
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bruno Vincent
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Chanin Nantasenamat
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Oguma T, Anan K, Suzuki S, Hisakawa S, Takada A, Ogawa M, Kusakabe KI. Synthesis of a 6-CF3-Substituted 2-Amino-dihydro-1,3-thiazine β-Secretase Inhibitor by N,N-Diethylaminosulfur Trifluoride-Mediated Chemoselective Cyclization. J Org Chem 2018; 84:4893-4897. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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47
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Veenstra SJ, Rueeger H, Voegtle M, Lueoend R, Holzer P, Hurth K, Tintelnot-Blomley M, Frederiksen M, Rondeau JM, Jacobson L, Staufenbiel M, Neumann U, Machauer R. Discovery of amino-1,4-oxazines as potent BACE-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2195-2200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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48
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Coimbra JRM, Marques DFF, Baptista SJ, Pereira CMF, Moreira PI, Dinis TCP, Santos AE, Salvador JAR. Highlights in BACE1 Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment. Front Chem 2018; 6:178. [PMID: 29881722 PMCID: PMC5977085 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder and the most common type of dementia in the elderly. The clinical symptoms of AD include a progressive loss of memory and impairment of cognitive functions interfering with daily life activities. The main neuropathological features consist in extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque deposition and intracellular Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of hyperphosphorylated Tau. Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie neurodegeneration in AD is essential for rational design of neuroprotective agents able to prevent disease progression. According to the "Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis" the critical molecular event in the pathogenesis of AD is the accumulation of Aβ neurotoxic oligomers. Since the proteolytic processing of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) by β-secretase (beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1, BACE1) is the rate-limiting step in the production of Aβ, this enzyme is considered a major therapeutic target and BACE1 inhibitors have the potential to be disease-modifying drugs for AD treatment. Therefore, intensive efforts to discover and develop inhibitors that can reach the brain and effectively inhibit BACE1 have been pursued by several groups worldwide. The aim of this review is to highlight the progress in the discovery of potent and selective small molecule BACE1 inhibitors over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judite R. M. Coimbra
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela F. F. Marques
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Salete J. Baptista
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
- Chem4Pharma, Edifício IPN IncubadoraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia M. F. Pereira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula I. Moreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa C. P. Dinis
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Armanda E. Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge A. R. Salvador
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
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Nakahara K, Fuchino K, Komano K, Asada N, Tadano G, Hasegawa T, Yamamoto T, Sako Y, Ogawa M, Unemura C, Hosono M, Ito H, Sakaguchi G, Ando S, Ohnishi S, Kido Y, Fukushima T, Dhuyvetter D, Borghys H, Gijsen HJM, Yamano Y, Iso Y, Kusakabe KI. Discovery of Potent and Centrally Active 6-Substituted 5-Fluoro-1,3-dihydro-oxazine β-Secretase (BACE1) Inhibitors via Active Conformation Stabilization. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5525-5546. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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50
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Fuchino K, Mitsuoka Y, Masui M, Kurose N, Yoshida S, Komano K, Yamamoto T, Ogawa M, Unemura C, Hosono M, Ito H, Sakaguchi G, Ando S, Ohnishi S, Kido Y, Fukushima T, Miyajima H, Hiroyama S, Koyabu K, Dhuyvetter D, Borghys H, Gijsen HJM, Yamano Y, Iso Y, Kusakabe KI. Rational Design of Novel 1,3-Oxazine Based β-Secretase (BACE1) Inhibitors: Incorporation of a Double Bond To Reduce P-gp Efflux Leading to Robust Aβ Reduction in the Brain. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5122-5137. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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